CMS for Southland Murihiku 2015–2025, Volume 1

CMS

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Southland Murihiku 20145–20245, Volume 1 REVISED DRAFT JuneNovember 20134

Contents

Foreword 5 Introduction 6 Purpose of conservation management strategies 6 CMS structure 8 Interpretation 9 CMS term 810 Relationship with other Department of Conservation strategic documents and tools 810 Relationship with other planning processes 911 Tenure review 9 Legislative tools 1012 International obligations 1113 Part One 1512 1.1 Southland Murihiku 1512 1.2 Vision for Southland Murihiku—20654 1515 1.3 Distinctive features, values and issues of Southland Murihiku 1717 1.4 Treaty of Waitangi responsibilities 2424 1.5 Southland Murihiku by 20254 3232 Part Two—Places 4939 2.1 Takitimu Place 5040 2.2 Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 5646 2.3 Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 7260 2.4 Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place 8470 2.5 Longwood O Hekeia Place 9277 2.6 Freshwater Wai Māori Place 9983 2.7 Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 10991 2.8 Awarua Place 11798 2.9 Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place 126106 2.10 Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place 133113 Part Three—Specific policy requirements for Southland Murihiku 153129 General 153 Authorisations (General) 155 Vehicles 158 Motorised vehicles (other than aircraft and watercraft) 158 Mountain bikes (non-motorised vehicles) 160 Electric power-assisted pedal cycles 163 Other forms of transport 165 Watercraft 165 Aircraft 166

2 Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 20154-20254 Animals 173 Dogs 173 Horses and pack animals 175 Structures and utilities 177 Private accommodation and related facilities 178 Marine mammal viewing 180 Commercial eeling 182 Sports fish and game bird hunting 183 Grazing and farming 184 Mining 185 Sand and shingle extraction 187 Commercial filming and photography 187 Collection of material 189 Wild animals 189 Game animals (see also Wild animals) 192 Sporting and other competitive events 193 Recreational activities using fixed anchors 194 Fire management 196 Part Four—Implementation, monitoring, reporting and review 198160

Glossary 199161 Appendices 223181 Appendix 1: 225183 Work or activities of the Department of Conservation that may meet the requirements of Section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemptions from land use consents in Southland Murihiku Appendix 2: 239196 Important eEcosystems and habitats types within Southland Murihiku Appendix 3: 264202 Islands over 1 ha administered by the Department of Conservation in Southland Murihiku Appendix 4: 278216 Priority indigenous ecosystem management unitssites on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku identified by the Department of Conservation through the natural heritage prioritising processesmanagement system in February 2012 Appendix 5: 300223 Threatened and at risk indigenous flora and fauna Threats or pests and wild animals present in Southland Murihiku Appendix 6: 288233 Threats or pests and wild animals Threatened and at risk flora and fauna present in Southland Murihiku Appendix 7: 313244 Nationally Iiconic species in Southland Murihiku Appendix 8: 314245 Marine habitats and ecosystems in Southland Murihiku Appendix 9: 323253 Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes in Southland Murihiku

3 Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 20154-20254 Appendix 10: 327256 Actively conserved historic places on public conservation lands and waters, or managed by the Department, in Southland Murihiku Appendix 11: 334262 Icon and GatewayRecreation destinations in Southland Murihiku Appendix 12: 336264 Prescriptions for the management of visitor management zones Appendix 13: 268 Prescriptions for the management of aircraft zones Appendix 14: 343270 Statements of outstanding universal values for World Heritage Areas in Southland Murihiku Appendix 15: 351278 Criteria for which the Waituna-Awarua Wetland Complex was nominated as a Wetland of International Importance was nominated Appendix 136: 352279 Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions relating toTōpuni in Southland Murihiku Appendix 17: 282 Deeds of Recognition in Southland Murihiku Appendix 18: 283 Nohoanga entitlements in Southland Murihiku Appendix 19: 284 Taonga species (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Schedule 97) Appendix 20: 288 Protocols on the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues

4 Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 20154-20254 Foreword

Southland Murihiku is home to some of New Zealand’s most distinctive and special landscapes. From the wild and remote subantarctic islands, to rich beech forests, alpine tops, lush river valleys, rugged coastlines and expansive estuaries, Southland Murihiku contains a diverse range of treasured ecosystems and species. Many of these are internationally recognised, including the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands and Te Wāhipounamu—South- West New Zealand World Heritage Areas and the Waituna Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance. With over half of Southland Murihiku in public ownership, conservation plays a significant role in supporting the economic, cultural, social and spiritual well- being of Southlanders. Conservation is becoming increasingly recognised as a valuable contributor to New Zealand’s long-term prosperity and public conservation lands and waters play a vital role in providing important ecosystem services such as fresh water, soil protection, carbon storage and flood protection. These ecosystem services help Southland Murihiku to maintain its important farming and tourism industries. This draft Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) has been prepared in consultation with Ngāi Tahu and communities and Ngāi Tahu whānui. It builds on the wisdom, skills, knowledge and experience we have collectively gained over the past decade, and sets out our aspirations for the next 10 years and beyond. It reaffirms the Department’s desire to work alongside others, including, iwi, other government agencies, individuals, business and the community to achieve the best conservation outcomes for Southland Murihiku. This CMS recognises that public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku are well worth visiting. They are places to enjoy, relax in and experience some of the most spectacular natural settings in New Zealand. From iconic visitortourist destinations such as Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, to family- friendly Gateway destinations like Forest Hill near Winton or The Bluff/Motupōhue, Southland Murihiku offers something for everyone. By integrating national and local priorities, and identifying outcomes for places that are special to the community and tangata whenua, this CMS sets out management direction for the next 10 years. By working together, we can significantly grow the amount of conservation achieved, and further enhance the enjoyment and benefit people gain from public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku. This draft CMS has been developed alongside our communities but would be further improved by your feedback. We look forward to receiving your view on this draft CMS and the future direction of conservation in Southland Murihiku.

Neil Clifton Conservator Otago and Southland

Introduction

Purpose of conservation management strategies Conservation, as defined under section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987 (the Act), is the ‘preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations’. The functions of the Department of Conservation (the Department) are for the most part identified in section 6 of the Act and in other Acts listed in the First Schedule of the Act. The purpose of a conservation management strategy (CMS), as defined by section 17D of the Act, is to implement statements of general policyies (including the Conservation General Policy 2005), and to establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources, including species managed by the Department of Conservation (the Department), and for recreation, tourism and other conservation purposes. The Act creates a hierarchy of documents to guide the Department in its management. The Act is at the top, the General Policy is next, and below that are the CMS and conservation management plans, and other management plans. In Southland, there is already an operative Stewart Island/Rakiura CMS 2011 (and the operative Rakiura National Park Management Plan 2011, which was prepared and approved concurrently). Therefore, this document does not apply to Stewart Island/Rakiura1. Rather, this CMS is the result of a review of the previous Mainland Southland/West Otago CMS 1998, as well as the previous Subantarctic Islands CMS 1998. It incorporates these two CMSs into one CMS for Southland Murihiku2. There is one operative national park management plan in Southland Murihiku, which was prepared under the National Parks Act 1980: the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007. There are no other operative conservation management plans in Southland Murihiku. Statutory framework for the management of public conservation lands and waters Conservation Act 1987 National Parks Act 1980

General Policy General Policy

Conservation management strategies National park management plans Conservation management plans

1 However it should be noted that Stewart Island/Rakiura is on occasion referred to in Part One of this CMS, in order to provide a complete Southland Murihiku context. 2 The term ‘Southland Murihiku’ within this document refers to the Southland region, including the subantarctic islands, and islands in the Foveaux Strait and around Fiordland; but excluding Stewart Island/Rakiura and associated islands that are covered by the Stewart Island/Rakiura CMS.

A lower order planning document cannot derogate from a higher order one; meaning that it cannot be contrary to it. The lower in order a planning document is, the greater the level of detail as to management intentions. The general policies relevant to this CMSstrategy are the:  Conservation General Policy 2005, which applies to all conservations lands, waters and resources managed by the Department under the following Acts: the Conservation Act 1987, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Reserves Act 1977, the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978  General Policy for National Parks 2005, which sets expectations and takes priority for national park management planning, under the National Parks Act 1980. Other legislation for which the Minister of Conservation has a role or that is relevant to this CMSstrategy includes the Electricity Act 1992, the Freedom Camping Act 2011, the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014Historic Places Act 1993, the Protected Objects Act 1975, the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986, the Crown Minerals Act 1991, the Walking Access Act 2008, the Game Animal Council Act 2013, the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005, the Manapouri-Te Anau Development Act 1963, the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997, the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Te Rūnanga O Ngāi Tahu Act 1996, the Waitutu Block Settlement Act 1997 and the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998. All public conservation lands and waters must be managed in accordance with the legislation under which they are held. All operative provisions of this strategy must be interpreted and applied in line with that legislation. The operative parts of this strategy are the objectives, outcome statements, policies and milestones:  Objectives describe the goals that we want to achieve across Southland Murihiku, and support national directions and community aspirations to achieve integrated management.  Outcome statements describe the future state of a ‘Place’, including its values and reflecting the changes at that Place over the 10-year term of the strategy, and will be used when making decisions.  Policies describe the course of action or guiding principles to be used when making decisions.  Milestones are special events that are measurable steps towards achieving the objective or outcome statement. All other text is provided as supportive background material. Each CMSconservation management strategy is prepared with public participation according to the process set out in the Conservation Act 1987. Preparation of this CMSstrategy has involved: a) A pilot study of a self-administered online mapping interface and questionnaire method known as Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), jointly conducted by the Department, the University of Queensland and the University of Waikato. This was used to collect information on public values, experiences and development preferences for public conservation lands and waters within the Southland Murihiku region.

b) A series of public workshops and open days held across Southland Murihiku to discuss the CMS process, draft Place boundaries and the values that people hold regarding the draft Places. Workshops were held in Te Anau, Invercargill, Gore and Otautau and open days were held in Invercargill, Tapanui, Lumsden, Gore and Otautau. c) A hui with Ngāi Tahu whānui ki Murihiku held at the Te Rau Aroha Marae to discuss the CMS process, draft Place boundaries and values (particularly cultural values) that representatives of the Ngāi Tahu whānui have regarding draft Places. d) Targeted one-on-one meetings with Kaitiaki Rōpū and other key stakeholders (e.g. district and regional councils) to discuss draft Places and issues, as required. e) Liaison with the Southland Conservation Board (a statutory body with a conservation advisory and community liaison role within Southland Murihiku), to ensure that the Board was kept up to date throughout the whole process and was involved in the resolution of any issues raised. The CMS is approved by the New Zealand Conservation Authority. CMS structure This CMSstrategy describes the conservation values present in Southland Murihiku, and provides guidance for the Department’s work in the form of a vision, objectives, outcomes for Places, policies and milestones, translating the Department’s Strategic Outcomes to Southland Murihiku. The Places described in Part Two of this CMSstrategy have been identified for the purposes of integrated conservation management and require some specific management direction. This CMSstrategy has two volumes. Volume I includes:  a vision for Southland Murihiku, and whole region objectives, policies and milestones (Part One);,  outcomes, policies and milestones for Places within Southland Murihiku (Part Two);, and  other specific whole region policies and milestones that address legislative and general policy requirements (Parts Three and Four);  objectives for implementation monitoring and reporting, and review (Part Four);  the Glossary; and  Appendices. The vision, objectives and milestones in Part One, the policies in Part Three, and objective(s) in Part Four apply to the whole of Southland Murihiku. Volume I also contains the Appendices. Volume II contains the maps and a public conservation lands and waters inventory. Objectives, outcomes, policies and outcomes may also refer to information in various appendices and maps (see contents page). All other text is provided as supportive background material. Guidance for the interpretation of this CMS is provided below and at the start of Parts One, Two and Three.

Interpretation All public conservation lands and waters must be managed in accordance with the legislation under which they are held. All operative provisions of this CMS must be interpreted and in accordance with that legislation. The parts of this CMS that have legal effect are the objectives, outcomes, policies and glossary:  Objectives describe the goals that the Department wants to achieve across Southland Murihiku, and support national directions and community aspirations to achieve integrated management.  Outcomes describe the future state of a ‘Place’, including its values and expected changes at that Place over the 10-year term of the CMS, and will be used for conservation management and decision making. This applies whether or not there is a relevant policy for a Place.  Policies describe the course of action or guiding principles to be used for conservation management and decision making.  The glossary defines words and phrases. The Minister’s decision-making powers are, in most cases, delegated to departmental employees. When that is the case, that person acts as the Minister’s delegate. The Director-General’s decision-making powers are also, in most cases, delegated.

POLICIES 3.1.2 Manage pPublic conservation lands and waters will be managedto be consistently with the provisions of the relevant legislation, general policy and thestatutory purpose for which they are held. 2. The operative parts of this CMS are the objectives, outcomes, policies and glossary. 3. The policies in this section, the objectives and policies in Part One, and the policies in Part Three of this CMS apply to all lands, waters and resources administered by the Department in Southland Murihiku. 4. The outcomes and policies in each section of Part Two apply to all lands, waters and resources administered by the Department in that section. 5. Where the outcomes and policies in Part Two differ from the objectives or policies in Part One and/or the policies in Part Three, the provisions in Part Two prevail. 6. An integrated approach will be applied by the Department to its management within Southland Murihiku and to cross-boundary management of public conservation lands and waters. 3.1.17. In interpreting the policies in this CMSstrategy the words ‘will’, ‘should’ and ‘may’ have the following meanings: a) Policies where legislation provides no discretion for decision-making or a deliberate decision has been made by the Minister to direct decision-makers, state that a particular action or actions ‘will’ be undertaken.

b) Policies that carry with them a strong expectation of outcome without diminishing the constitutional role of the Minister and other decision- makers, state that a particular action or actions ‘should’ be undertaken. c) Policies intended to allow flexibility in decision-making, state that a particular action or actions ‘may’ be undertaken. 8. Approved national park and conservation management plans continue to have effect until they are amended, reviewed, withdrawn or revoked. 9. Approved national park and conservation management plans have primacy until such time as they are reviewed; then their review will be undertaken within the framework established by this CMS. CMS term This CMSstrategy will have effect for 10 years from approval, or until formally amended or reviewed in full or in part. The term of this CMSstrategy is from 20154 to 20254 but may be extended with ministerial approval. Relationship with other Department of Conservation strategic documents and tools This CMSstrategy must be read in conjunction with the Conservation and National Parks General Policies, as these are the key statutory tools directing the content of conservation management strategies. Relevant provisions of the General Policies are not repeated in this CMSstrategy. This CMS should also be read in conjunction with the Department’s Statement of Intent. The Conservation General Policy (2005) provides clear direction that each CMSconservation management strategy should integrate the management of Places to achieve national conservation outcomes and coordinate planning between Places in other conservation management strategies. To help achieve this integration towards national conservation outcomes, the high-level objectives of the Department’s Statement of Intent 20142–187 and national priorities identified through the Department’s national decision-making support tools are reflected in this CMS strategy. These tools, including those for natural heritage management and destination management systems, identify national priorities for the delivery of the Department’s biodiversity, historic and recreation functions. National priorities for ecosystems and recreation are identified on Maps 2 and 2.1 (Indicative (Eecosystem priorities and recreation destinations priorities). In this CMSstrategy, the term ‘priority ecosystem unitsite’ refers to a site where conservation work will most effectively contribute to protecting the full range of indigenous ecosystems on public conservation lands and waters nationally. These sites have been identified through the application of the Department’s natural heritage prioritising processesmanagement system. Research and increased knowledge will result in adaptations to management approaches. Threatened and at risk species are referred to by their status according to their level of threat of extinctionas identified in the New Zealand Threat Classification System (2008). ‘Iconic species’ are those that the public has told the Department help define New Zealand’s identity. ‘Iconic natural features’ are

10 places highly valued by the public for recreation, tourism, education and research. References to rRecreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters have been categorised as a suite of destinations to reflect known and potential demand, and to capture people’s outdoor leisure preferences. This is part of an approach known as Destination Management. ‘Icon destinations’ are those that the Department has identified as high profile, popular destinationsaspirational and unique places that underpinare crucial to domestic national and international tourism, and provide memorable visitor experiences in New Zealand. ‘Gateway destinations’ are places that introduce New Zealanders tothe Department will promote as suitable for people’s first adventures in the outdoors and allow them to learn about conservation, or repeat adventures of a gentle nature. These destinations may provide for a diverse range of activities but include many traditional camping and tramping destinations. ‘Local Treasures’ are vehicle-accessible, locally important locations that provide recreation opportunities for, andnearby destinations valued by the local community, and managed to grow community connections with, nearby communities and use of those places. ‘Backcountry’ destinations opportunities are provide for more challenging adventuresrecreation opportunities, including popular walks and tramps, within the body of large-scale natural settings in the backcountry that are managed to attract a wider range of visitors. CMSonservation management strategies integrate the Department’s national priorities with identified local priorities identified through consultation with the community,. They guide for the Department’s management of pPlaces, business planning and the Statement of Intent, decisions on concessions and other authorisations, and identify opportunities for collaborative efforts to achieve more conservation. Relationship with other planning processes CMSonservation management strategies are part of a wider planning framework. In preparing a CMSconservation management strategies, the Conservation General Policy (2005) requires that regard be given to local government planning documents. In turn, local government planning processes are required to have regard to the Department’s statutory plans when preparing documents under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Planning for natural and historic resources cannot be undertaken in isolation from wider regional, local government and iwi planning processes. Integration of this planning framework will ensure that plans and policies work as building blocks to deliver good conservation and environmental outcomes at a regional scale. An example of this is the marine protected areas process, which aims to identify and protect a range of marine habitats, ecosystems and species, based on a classification system (see Appendix 8). Under the Biosecurity Act 1993, regional councils are responsible for preparing regional pest management strategies and pathway plans to ensure a coordinated approach to pest control is taken. The Department will work with regional councils on the preparation of these strategies and plans.

Tenure review Tenure review of pastoral leases and other Crown lands is a process run by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). The process allows for the transfer to freehold title of lands for farming or other purposes, subject to the protection of significant inherent values and the securing of public access to those lands or other public conservation lands. Protection of significant inherent values is achieved by return to full Crown ownership as public conservation land, by covenanting and, in the case of public access, by access easements. The Department’s role is to provide advice to LINZ on the identification of significant inherent values, including public access, and recommendations for their protection and management. The Department does not have a statutory decision-making role in the process, but the outcomes for formal protection and management of significant inherent values and public access predominantly occur under the Conservation Act 1987 and Reserves Acts 1977. Legislative tools

Exemption from land use consents Section 4(3) of the RMA exempts the Department from obtaining district council land use consents where activities are consistent with a CMS, conservation management planstrategy or similar document, and do not have significant adverse effects beyond the boundary of public conservation lands and waters. Appendix 1 of this CMSstrategy lists many activities that the Department considers meet the requirements for an exemption under Section 4(3)(a) and (b) of the RMA. The facilities and activities listed in Appendix 1 are listed for the sole purpose of enabling the exemption under Section 4(3) of the RMA and do not represent an undertaking in terms of the provision of these facilities. Closure of areas and access restrictions Section 13 of the Conservation Act 1987 enables the Minister of Conservation to close areas administered under that Act for reasons of public safety or emergency. This section also enables the Minister to close areas if a CMSconservation management strategy provides for the closure for conservation purposes (see Part Three, Policy 3.1.3). Access to national parks may be restricted to preserve native plants and animals or for the general welfare of the park. Access to reserves may also be restricted under the conditions for use of the reserve by public notice, or signage.Closures of the whole or part of conservation areas may be required in Southland Murihiku for the following conservation purposes:  Biosecurity  Eradication of animal pests using aerial bait operations  Protection of a species, or historic or cultural sites  Tree felling  Public safety. Bylaws and regulations Bylaws can be established for reserves under the Reserves Act 1977 or for national parks under the National Parks Act 1980, and regulations can be made

for conservation areas and other conservation purposes under the Conservation Act 1987. During the life-time of this CMSstrategy, the Department intends to progress any bylaws or regulations that may be proposed by this CMSstrategy and to amend the existing Fiordland National Park Bylaws 1981 (as proposed by the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007). Conservation management plans Sections 17E and 17GF of the Conservation Act 1987 provide for the preparation of conservation management plans for the purpose of implementing a CMSconservation management strategy and establishing detailed objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources for a place, or and for recreation, tourism or other conservation purposes. The Act provides for the intention to prepare a conservation management plan to be identified in a CMSconservation management strategy. International obligations New Zealand is a signatory to many international agreements that are relevant to conservation. The Department implements these agreements in accordance with its functions and has responsibilities for a number of species under these agreements. Examples of important international agreements of most relevance within Southland Murihiku include the:  the Convention on Biological Diversity;  the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention);  the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Flora and Fauna (CITES);  the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling;  the Convention on Migratory Species;  the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources;  the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty;  the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter;  the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978;  the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (the Ramsar Convention);  the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; and  the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. World Heritage Areas Southland Murihiku has two World Heritage Areas: Te Wāhipounamu—South- West New Zealand and the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands (see Appendix 14). The World Heritage Convention requires that each country prepares a tentative list of sites that could meet the criteria for nomination as additional

World Heritage Areas. Of the 11 sites New Zealand submitted to the World Heritage Committee in 2007, the ‘Waters and Seabed of the Fiords of Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua)’, which was proposed as an extension to the existing Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area, is the only proposed additional site within Southland Murihiku. Wetland of International Importance The Waituna Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance within Southland Murihiku includes public conservation lands and waters, and private land (see Appendix 15). The Arawai Kākāriki wetland restoration programme, which undertakes research to improve understanding of wetland restoration issues and develop best practice wetland management and monitoring tools, is a good example of how Ramsar obligations are being met.

Part One

1.1 The Department in Southland Murihiku This section contains a vision, objectives and milestones that apply to all public conservation lands, waters and resources in Southland Murihiku (see Map 1). Where there is a more specific provision in Part Two or Part Three, thate more specific provision prevails. This section, along with Part Two, guides the Department when it advocates for conservation off public conservation lands and waters. 1.2 Vision for Southland Murihiku—20654 The 50-year Vision sets the long-term picture for the conservation of natural and historic resources of Southland Murihiku. It goes well beyond the 10-year life of this CMSstrategy and may change over time. The Department of Conservation also has a 100-yearnational longer-term Vision : New Zealand is the greatest living space on Earth Kāore he wāhi i tua atu i a Āotearoa, hei wāhi noho i te ao This Vision is aspirational, a great deal bigger than conservation and a great deal bigger than the Department. It challenges the Department to connect with others in order to achieve it, often in ways that expand the traditional view of the Department’s role and, in addition to its primary Treaty partner within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā, who its traditional partners are. In doing so, it requires the Department to build empathy, trust and understanding, so that both traditional and non-traditional audiences engage in a common vision. Conservation is an investment in New Zealand’s future prosperity—with ‘prosperity’ defined in the broadest environmental, heritageeconomic, cultural, social and economicenvironmental terms. The nation’s greatest asset is environmental capital and therefore the aim is to shift perceptions of conservation as a cost, to conservation as an investment. The Department wants to inspire and involve others to work together to achieve more conservation than it could achieve alone. It means changing the way people perceive a healthy environment, so that they understand and value spending on nature conservation, seeing that it delivers a broad range of benefits, such as healthy soils, clean air and fresh water. The benefits nature provides are also multi-faceted and broad—they feed our social, physical, cultural and spiritual health, and our wealth. This allows people to be drawn to making ‘New Zealand the greatest living space on Earth’ through many pathways. Working towards the 100-yearlonger-term Vision for the Department and the 50-year Vision for Southland Murihiku, the Department aims to increase the amount of conservation work being achieved over the life of this CMS20-year period from 2014 to 2034 by building strong local partnerships with its primary Treaty partner Ngāi Tahutangata whenua, and communities, other agencies and business. Neither the ecological or social environment of New Zealand will be the same in 100 years as they are today. The Department will adapt its management as the

15 decades pass in response to climate and demographic changes so as to maintain relevance to New Zealanders and to demonstrate inspirational conservation leadership. Future revisions of the CMS will reflect those adaptations.

LONG-TERM VISION FOR SOUTHLAND MURIHIKU—20654 The communities of Southland Murihiku understand that investing in conservation is essential to the economic, cultural, social and environmental well-being of both the region and New Zealand, now and into the future. Their commitment and active involvement demonstrate that the intrinsic and cherished natural heritage values of Southland Murihiku are fundamental to their identity and lifestyle. An effective TreatyCollaborative partnerships with between the Department and Ngāi Tahu delivers gains to the conservation of natural, historic and cultural resources, whānui create an enduring relationship that enables the exercise of kaitiakitanga (cultural guardianship) and protection of ngā taonga tuku iho (treasured resources)and recognises the contribution to conservation of Ngāi Tahu resources, knowledge and values. Ngāi Tahu actively contributes to decision-making and management, which is effective in protecting natural, historic and cultural resources. More conservation is achieved by working cooperatively with Ngāi Tahu whānui, communities, businesses and other agencies; resulting in new, innovative, and enduring conservation outcomes, that are responsive to change, increase the number and range of protected and thriving biodiversity refuges and species. The combination of diverse marine areas, isolated islands, interconnected patchworks and vast unbroken areas of natural and intact ecosystems within Southland Murihiku provide havens for an abundance of indigenous species. These values continue to be recognised through the World Heritage Area status of the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands and Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area. In many places, the natural biodiversity of Southland Murihiku is restored, healthy and functioning, benefiting ecosystem services and underpinning the region’s ecological wealth, which agriculture and other industry sectors depend upon, and showing the way for conservation throughout New Zealand. Rivers run clean from the mountains to the sea—ki uta ki tai. Their water is drinkable, and they are a focal point for recreational activities such as swimming and fishing. Migratory species, such as tuna/eels, seabirds and whales are abundant and their habitats are protected and enhanced. The landscapes, natural environment, and historic and cultural heritage of Southland Murihiku are valued for their connections with past ways of life, defining who we are. Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community are proud of their local history and heritage places, and their associated stories are shared with others. Pou whenua draw attention to important Ngāi Tahu associations with whenua tupuna. The extensive natural playgrounds of Southland Murihiku are premier destinations for a range of recreation opportunities, which are suitable for all ages and abilities, from families with young children and the elderly, through to

those seeking a wilderness experience. Visitor destinations are part of a well- managed network and are worthy of their international reputation. Visitors to Southland Murihiku are encouraged to experience everything that the region’s natural heritage has to offer, without diminishing the enjoyment of others or the environment. Southland Murihiku’s ‘flourishing ketefood basket’ supports a range of opportunities for hunting and gathering activities that are vital to the ongoing expression of Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community’s identity. By demonstrating a long-term commitment, and delivering a measurable benefit to conservation, the commercial use of public conservation lands and waters contributes to the regional and national economy.

1.3 Distinctive features, values and issues of Southland Murihiku Southland Murihiku covers the southernmost areas of New Zealand. It is sparsely populated relative to its large land area. Invercargill is the largest population centre, with approximately 53 000 people. Southland Murihiku contains some of the most distinctive landscapes in New Zealand and a diverse range of indigenous ecosystems. Even with the ever changing weather, Southlanders and visitors love spending time exploring the outdoors, which provides an excellent opportunity for increasing support for the conservation of New Zealand’s natural and historic resources. The main themes for managing and contributing to conservation in Southland Murihiku are: i) Collaborating with others ii) Safeguarding valuable flora and fauna iii) Connecting people with indigenous biodiversity iv) Maintaining accessible, well-managed visitor destinations v) Valuing a rich and diverse cultural and historic heritage. Collaborating with others The Department has a solid history of working with others to achieve conservation gains through partnerships with Ngāi Tahu whānui, community groups, agencies and businesses. Some long-standing relationships are more traditional, such as working closely with Kaitiaki Rōpū, which was established in 1991 and includes representatives from the four Papatipu Rūnanga3 in Southland Murihiku, and covering all aspects of the Department’s work. The ‘Save Manapouri’ campaign, which began in 1959, has been credited with awakening a ‘green consciousness’ in New Zealand, establishing the ‘Guardians of the Lakes’ even before the Department was formed. The Tiwai Aluminium Smelter (NZAS), which was originally owned by Comalco and then by Rio Tinto Alcan, supports the nationally critical kākāpō (Strigops habroptila) programme

3 See section 1.4: Treaty of Waitangi responsibilities.

17 and celebrated its 20th year in 2010; nationally, this is the longest running partnership for conservation between the Department and an external company. More recent examples include relationships with: the Bluff Hill/Motupōhue Environment Trust, which is restoring The Bluff/Motupōhue; the Fiordland Conservation Trust, which provides independent funding and resources to protect the natural treasures or taonga of southern New Zealand; and the Te Araroa Trust, which is developing a continuous walking trail from Cape Reinga (Te Rerenga wairua) to The Bluff/Motupōhue. Many concessionaries are also involved in conservation projects; for example, in Milford Sound/Piopiotahi several projects are either supporting a species or restoring a special site, which benefit local biodiversity while also enhancing the experience for visitors. There are strong working relationships between agencies in Southland Murihiku, enabling effective integrated management across jurisdictional boundaries. This means that special places are managed as a whole, regardless of the different legislative responsibilities of the agencies. Examples include:  The Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project—a partnership between the Department, Environment Southland Regional Council, the New Zealand Archaeological Association, the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Southland District Council, Invercargill City Council and Te Aō Marama Incorporated on behalf of the Kaitiaki Rūnaka o Murihiku, which aims to update information on archaeological sites in the coastal marine environment, record new sites, and collect information about and respond to threats to these sites, particularly coastal erosion.  The development of freedom camping policies with Southland District Council.  The Fiordland Integrated Coastal Management Project, which involves the Department, Environment Southland Regional Council and key stakeholders, and aims to develop a holistic outcome for Milford Sound/Piopiotahi.  Logistical support from the Royal New Zealand Navy for management activities on the subantarctic islands. The Department intends towill continue to working alongside others, helping them to achieve their own positive conservation outcomes. These partnerships enable conservation messages to reach a wider audience. For example, as part of the successful Mitre 10 partnership, which supports the nationally critical takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri), Mitre 10 outlets around New Zealand feature aspects of the takahē programme. Barriers4 to the Department engaging and partnering with communities in Southland Murihiku include people not having enough time, having other commitments or, in some instances not knowing how to be involved. While the Department cannot resolve all these barriers, some can be addressed in new and innovative ways to enable more people to be involved in conservation projects in Southland Murihiku. Collaborating with others is the way of the future. Potential conservation projects could involve pest management or eradication; site and habitat restoration; construction or maintenance of facilities; indigenous species

4 From an awareness survey carried out in Southland Murihiku in 2009.

18 transfers; development of ecological corridors; cultural and historic site maintenance; raising awareness of conservation issues; and promotion of conservation to the wider community. Continuing to build partnerships with schools will also achieves conservation outcomes. The Department is enthusiastic about realising these potential opportunities. Existing relationships and projects provide a good platform for greater collaboration, while new, mutually beneficial relationships canwill achieve more conservation gains in the future. Safeguarding valuable flora and fauna Southland Murihiku contains some national strongholds for terrestrial indigenous ecosystem and species that are valued by Southlanders. In addition, there are vast natural areas that are rich in marine and aquatic wildlife. Some of the special characteristics of the region include:  A myriad of intactsignificant ecosystems, some of which are found only within this region, including the Waituna Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance, and the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area and New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands World Heritage Area.  Distinctive fauna and conservation success stories, such as the nationally critical takahē and kākāpō (which is also an Iconic species).  An amazing diversity of upland lizards for a temperate region; for example, the Sinbad skink (Oligosoma pikitanga) population is beginning to improvebeginning to flourish as a result of a community conservation initiative.  A large variety of marine mammals inhabiting the coast, including the nationally critical rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri; formerly known as Hooker’s sea lion), and the nationally endangered tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and tohorā/southern right whale (Eubalaena australis). Terrestrial conservation focuses on indigenous ecosystem restoration of priority ecosystem unitssites (see Appendix 4), and management of threatened and at risk species (see Appendix 56), through pest control programmes (see Appendix 6), translocations and biosecurity programmes, such as has been carried out in Eglinton Valley, the Murchison Mountains, Resolution Island and Secretary Island in Fiordland, and the subantarctic islands. This work will ensures that a representative range of biodiversity is protected into the future, and that indigenous species and ecosystem strongholds are enhanced. In conjunction with other agencies, Ssurveillance and prevention of new pest species arriving, controlling and suppressing fires, managing the effects of climate change and encouraging good land stewardship also contribute to terrestrial conservation. The region’s valuable freshwater resources are administered by many agencies. One of Tthe Department’s roles includes will continue to advocacyte for the conservation of dynamic physical processes that protect freshwater habitats, particularly indigenous plant and animal communities; wetlands; upland water cycles; unimpeded flow of streams and rivers; fluctuating lake levels; natural floodplain ecology; and buffers along the riparian areasmargins of streams to protect them from activities or the loss of indigenous vegetation. Other high priorities include preventing the spread of pest organisms such as didymo (Didymosphenia germinata) and halting the reduction in numbers of New

Zealand’s largest indigenous freshwater fish, the declining tuna/longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii). Priorities for marine conservation include:  Managing marine reserves to ensure that the full benefit of protection is realised, as well as investigating and achieving protection for other important marine ecosystems.  Managing biosecurity threats posed by unwanted organisms.  Ensuring, through protection measures and awareness raising, that marine wildlife such as the rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, tohorā/southern right whale and tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin are flourishing within intact ecosystems. Connecting people with indigenous biodiversity Southland Murihiku has a number of important indigenous biodiversity refuges including: the subantarctic islands; Resolution Island and Secretary Island in Fiordland; the Murchison Mountains; Pomona Island in Lake Manapouri; Rarotoka Island in Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa); and Eglinton Valley. Two of the Department’s primary goals are to raise awareness and understanding about the importance of these refuges, and to build connections with Southland communities, including youth, that canwill be passed on from generation to generation. Because of the need to ensure that some of New Zealand’s most precious indigenous species are protected, many of these refuges are not easily accessible and people cannot be directly involved. For example, the subantarctic islands are a National Nature Reserve and a special permit is required to land on them; furthermore, these islands are not easy to access physically. Those people who are fortunate enough to visit these islands usually become enthusiastic ambassadors for their conservation values. The challenge is to encourage the wider populations of Southland Murihiku and New Zealand to also value the existence and protection of these and other refuge islands from afar. The permanent ‘Roaring Forties’ exhibit at the Southland Museum and Art Gallery is an excellent way to display interpretation about the subantarctic islands for a wider audience. Throughout mainland Southland Murihiku, there are a large number of remnant indigenous ecosystem areas that have the potential to provide for increased community enjoyment and involvement. An example is Forest Hill Scenic Reserve, which has open public access, relatively easy physical access and is close to a population base. Many people visit Forest Hill for a short bush walk, run or picnic; however, the natural conservation values of this biodiversity hotspot could be more widely promoted. Another way of connecting people with indigenous biodiversity is to improve access to public conservation lands and waters—particularly ‘landlocked’ areas, such as the north western side of the Takitimu Forest Conservation Area, where access across private land is desired by the public. The Department can do more to increase awareness of and connect people with the important indigenous biodiversity refuges in Southland Murihiku, and developments in information technology and communications can achieve this without putting threatened species at risk.

Maintaining accessible, well-managed visitor destinations Southlanders are more likely to visit public conservation lands and waters than the ‘average’ New Zealander (62% compared with 51%)5. The Department wishes to translate this high level of visitation into more people valuing conservation and greater participation in other areas such as volunteer activity. It is possible to access a full range of recreational experiences and activities within Southland Murihiku, from easy front country sites to remote and rugged areas. Providing readily accessible information on the internet about these sites is important, so that people are aware of the variety of different front country, backcountry and remote experiences available. Short walks and sightseeing are the two most common activities undertaken by local residents on public conservation lands and waters. Hunting, fishing and tramping have also traditionally been popular activities for locals as well as international visitors, and these are particularly valued in Southland Murihiku. One in ten Southland Murihiku residents over the age of 16 actively participate in mountain biking, compared with one in 15 New Zealanders overall. Currently, most mountain biking activity occurs on private land or land administered by other agencies, but more opportunities could be provided on public conservation lands and waters. Southlanders are also more likely to participate in jogging/running and canoeing/kayaking than other New Zealanders. The Ffive of New Zealand’s Icon destinations are found in Southland Murihiku are all within Fiordland National Park:  Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, which attracts around 425 000the most visitors annually and offers views of Mitre Peak.  The Milford Road Journey, which includes a number of popular short walks and scenic spots along the Milford Road, such as Mirror Lake, The Chasm and Mackay Creek, complementing the visitor experience at Milford Sound/Piopiotahi.  Three Great Walks (the Milford, Kepler and Routeburn (part) Tracks), which provide some of New Zealand’s premier tramping opportunities. Other locations that attract large numbers of visitors include the Fiordland National Park Visitor Centre in Te Anau, The Bluff/Motupōhue (a Gateway destination), Doubtful Sound/Patea, Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay (a Gateway destination) and Waipapa Point. These locations contrast with:  Large tracts of public conservation lands and waters, such as the Takitimu and Eyre Mountains, and much of Fiordland National Park, which receive far less use and are valued for the traditional, backcountry and remote experiences they provide.  The subantarctic islands, for which conservation management requires limits on the numbers of visitors and access is only available to a few intensively managed sites, in order to protect the high natural values of these islands. Providing for an aging population is a particular challenge for the Department. People aged 65 years and over accounted for 12% of New Zealand's population in 2006 and this is projected to increase to 25% by the late 2040s. Improvements

5 The 2011 National Survey of New Zealanders.

21 in overall health and life expectancy mean that many older people are remaining fitter, healthier and more active for longer. The Department may also needs to cater for an increase in visitors seeking shorter, moreeasily accessible walking opportunities. There is increased interest from community groups and businesses in providing recreational facilities and expanding the range of opportunities that are available to the public. In particularFor example, there are a number of proposals for cycleways or mountain bike tracks throughout Southland Murihiku. There is also potential for businesses and the community to maintain existing facilities on public conservation lands and waters. Actively involving others in the management of recreation opportunities and their effects, increases the sense of ownership and responsibility, thereby increasing support for conservation and all it has to offer. In all cases, given the nature of the landscapes and natural processes that have shaped Southland, the Department also needs to manage the natural hazards and risks posed by them when providing safe access for visitors to public conservation lands and waters. Valuing a rich and diverse cultural and historic heritage Early Māori settlement of the south dates back to the earliest records of occupation in New Zealand, and the rich cultural traditions of Ngāi Tahu whānui keep connections between the people and the land alive. Known archaeological sites reinforce the cultural traditions of seasonal collection of mahinga kai (traditional food), and demonstrate that Māori ancestors had an extensive knowledge of both the land and sea and their resources in all corners of Southland Murihiku and as far south as the subantarctic islands. Less tangible are the numerous important ara tawhito (ancestral trails) distinctive to the Southland Murihiku cultural and historic landscape, some by land and others by sea. TraditionalThese include pathways to pounamu (greenstone) sources are a less tangible but equally important and distinctive feature of southern heritage. The seasonal harvest of tītī (muttonbirds), which continues as a living cultural practice, is another distinctive feature of the south, and related sites can be found at departure points and resting places en route to the Titi/Muttonbird Islands, as well as on the islands themselves. Much remains to be learned of the early human history of Southland Murihiku through the study of these places. Early European visitors have also left a distinctive heritage in the south. The most notable of these is Captain James Cook, who anchored the Resolution in Dusky Sound for 5 weeks. Cook was followed closely by the first European sealers in Luncheon Cove, and then the first shipwreck, the Endeavour, in nearby Facile Harbour. Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa) was a favourite spot for early whalers and Cuttle Cove in Preservation Inlet was one of the first two whaling bases to be set up in New Zealand when shore-based whaling became established. There was a great deal of interaction and trade between new arrivals and local Māori, which was associated with sealing and whaling, and ultimately led to New Zealand’s first multi-cultural families and settlements. These early interactions and blending of cultures have had a strong influence on the character and identity of southern New Zealand, and also leave a legacy of important historic and cultural sites. This includes sites associated with early

22 farming, timber milling, gold mining, hunting, aviation, road building and tourism. The history of conservation science is often overlooked even though it is integral to the Department’s role. The pioneering work of Richard Henry, who transferred native birds to sanctuary islands in Dusky Sound over 100 years agoe, was internationally ground breaking, and his observations continue to have value for indigenous species management. Furthermore, several notable expeditions and numerous individual scientists from as early as the 1840s have visited the subantarctic islands, and these and other expeditions within Southland Murihiku have laid the foundation upon which much of the modern conservation and scientific knowledge of these areas is built. Although historicArchaeological sites are legally protected under the Historic Places Act 1993, and archaeological and historic sites are protected under conservation legislation. iIt is also important to physically protect thesem sites from threats. and Tthis is often done in a manner that is consistent with their importance and the viability of conservation work. A large portion of the sites in Southland Murihiku are relatively remote and therefore difficult to access for conservation work. Access costs are often the largest component of maintenance, and this is particularly true for the subantarctic islands. Transport is at times shared with other programmes, and can be supported by the Royal New Zealand Navy and by paying volunteers6 who are keen to visit places that are otherwise inaccessible to them. Coastal eErosion affects about 70% of recorded sites in the coastal marine environment across all land tenures7. Given that a large proportion of historic sites fall within this area, including the earliest occupation and settlement sites of both Māori and Europeans, this is a serious issue that is likely towill be exacerbated asif the sea level rises. In response, the Department has been working in partnership with others on the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project, which has made considerable knowledge gains and saved information from a number of important sites that are under severe threat. Rescue and site monitoring work is ongoing. To date, the Department has had a strong focus on conserving historic sites, protecting the physical fabric associated with historic and cultural stories, and providing visitor access and interpretation. While great progress has been made, both the fabric and the stories have a better chance of survival if the individuals, communities and groups who value them are aware, connected and engaged in the conservation process. Therefore, the Department aims to work more closely with the community to increase their engagement with cultural and historic values. Southland Murihiku has a strong heritage community, with over 200 small groups focused on all aspects of heritage, from small museums and vintage machinery clubs, to oral history and genealogy groups. By increasing the interaction with these groups, connections can be made between their areas of interest and the heritage that is managed by the Department. Despite the heritage community having a small population base in relation to the breadth of heritage values, there is a great potential for future success in working together.

6 ‘Paying volunteers’ are volunteers that contribute towards the cost of their volunteer experience. 7 Brooks, E.; Jacomb, C.; Walter, R. 2008: Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project. Waiparau Head to Rowallan Burn. Southern Pacific Archaeological Research. 14 p.

1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahuof Waitangi responsibilities The Conservation Act 1987 and all the Acts listed in its First Schedule must be interpreted and administered so as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (Conservation Act 1987: section 4). The Department also has specific responsibilities under Treaty settlement legislation. As Southland Murihiku falls entirely within the takiwā of Ngāi Tahu, the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 applies. Ngāi Tahu are the mana whenua of Southland Murihiku and the primary Treaty of Waitangi partner with the Department. This enduring partnership recognises Ngāi Tahu tino rangatiratanga (self determination), enables the exercise of kaitiakitanga (cultural guardianship) and protects ngā taonga tuku iho (treasured resources). To fully realise this primary partnership and shared values the Department acknowledges that active engagement and participation up to decision making occurs on many levels. The Department’s investment in stronger and more coordinated relationships with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga allows us to walk side by side to restore and enhance the mauri of public conservation lands and waters. The Department seeks to take into account the values and aspirations of Ngāi Tahu, the primary Treaty partner within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā, as it works towards building ‘partnerships with others’ to achieve more conservation. In its modern form Ngāi Tahu is an amalgamation of three main strands of whakapapa—Waitaha, Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāi Tahu. The iwi of Ngāi Tahu comprises 18 Papatipu Rūnanga, and the tribal structure includes a governing body called Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, as set up in the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996. There are four Papatipu Rūnanga whose rohe (area of authority) is in Southland Murihiku (refer Table 1). These are Awarua, Hokonui, Oraka/Aparima and Waihopai Rūnanga. The Department recognises the role of Ngāi Tahu areas kaitiaki (guardians) holdingand acknowledges their mana whenua, —the special relationship they have with the lands, waters and resources. Some of the most important wāhi tapu sites and places of ancestral significance in Southland Murihiku are on public conservation lands and waters. Southland Murihiku is threaded with traditional routes that were walked centuries ago by the earliest Māori travelling from the coast to inland resources. Physical sites, including wāhi tapu (sacred sites), pā (fortified sites), urupā (burial sites), waka landings, tauranga waka (waka mooring sites), midden and terraces, can be found along the coast. These special places are legacies of Ngāi Tahu, a reminder of their whakapapa (genealogy), and are imbued with historic, cultural and spiritual values. Mahinga kai is a cornerstone of Ngāi Tahu culture, and access to mahinga kai resources continues to be important for the ongoing expression of Ngāi Tahu identity. The Department recognises all these roles and values. An enduring and effective Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu helps to achieve conservation of natural resources and historic and cultural heritage. Relationships with Ngāi Tahu whanui vary, and take a unique form with different rūnanga or hapū, or with respect to individual places, species or resources. Active contribution to decision-making is a required component of every relationship.

The special and traditional relationships of Ngāi Tahu with the natural environment are being explicitly recognised, enabling Ngāi Tahu to better participate in decision-making processes when appropriate. The Department and Ngāi Tahu have developed guidelines and documents that assist in maintaining and developing their relationship under the above legislation. These guidelines and documents, which are used in the day-to-day management of public conservation lands and waters, cover customary use, species recovery, historic and cultural heritage, concessions and relationship matters. They will need regular reviewing and improvement, and new guidelines and protocols developed, to recognise changing needs over time. The potential to develop a close working relationship for places and species of special importance to Ngāi Tahu will need investigating where this would help mutually beneficial outcomes. Processes and protocols may be needed to provide guidance for community and business organisations, and others, carrying out activities on public conservation lands and waters to ensure there is appropriate recognition and protection of Ngāi Tahu Treaty rights and values. Table 1: The Papatipu Rūnanga of Southland Murikihu

Papatipu Takiwā Rūnanga

Waihopai Rūnaka The takiwā of Waihopai Rūnaka centres on Waihopai and extends northwards to Te Matau sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with other Murihiku Runanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Te Rūnanga o The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Awarua centres on Awarua and extends to the Awarua coasts and estuaries adjoining Waihopai sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Te Rūnanga o The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Oraka Aparima centres on Oraka and extends Oraka Aparima from Waimatuku to Tawhititarere sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains from Whakatipu-Waitai to Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Hokonui Rūnaka The takiwā of Hokonui Rūnaka centres on the Hokonui region and includes a shared interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhitarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Source: Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (Declaration of Membership) Order 2001 Responsibilities under specific legislation relating to Ngāi Tahu In addition to the Department’s responsibilities under section 4 of the Conservation Act 1987, specific provisions in the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997, Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 (the Deed) and Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provide further opportunity and direction for the Crown and Ngāi Tahu to work together to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Deed was signed in 1997 by representatives of Ngāi Tahu and the Crown. The settlement was later passed into law through the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, which provides for a full and final settlement of Ngāi Tahu claims. Settlement provisions include Tōpuni, Statutory Adviser, Deeds of

Recognition, nohoanga sites, taonga species and Protocols, as well as those regarding pounamu and customary use.

Tōpuni The concept of Tōpuni derives from the traditional Ngāi Tahu tikanga (customary values and practices) of persons of rangatira (chiefly) status, extending their mana and protection over a person or area by placing their cloak over them or it. In its new application, a Tōpuni confirms and places an overlay of Ngāi Tahu values on specific pieces of public conservation lands and waters. A Tōpuni does not override or alter the underlyingexisting land status (e.g. national park), but does ensures that Ngāi Tahu values in relation to Tōpuni are alsoactively recognised, acknowledged and provided for. The Tōpuni addressed in this CMSstrategy, as identified and described in Appendix 13.16, are:  Motupōhue (Bluff Hill) (see section 2.8—Awarua Place)  Takitimu Range (see section 2.1—Takitimu Place)  Tutoko (see section 2.2—Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place)

Statutory Adviser Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu is also Statutory Adviser for the above Tōpuni sites, which enables Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu it to have greater input into the management of each site. The Minister of Conservation must have particular regard to any advice received directly fromgiven by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu in relation to these sites when considering any draft CMSconservation management strategy, conservation management plan or national park management plan affecting that site, or when making written recommendations to the New Zealand Conservation Authority in respect of that site.

Deed of Recognition There are 12a number of Deed of Recognition sites within Southland Murihiku, which are listed in Appendix 13.27. A Deed of Recognition provides for Ngāi Tahu input into the decision-making processes of the Crown body responsible for the administration of each named area. A Deed of Recognition recognises the particular Ngāi Tahu cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association with each area. A Deed of Recognition obliges the Department to consult with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and to have particular regard to its views in relation to the management of each area.

Nohoanga entitlements The term nohoanga literally means 'a place to sit' and traditionally referred to the seasonal occupation sites that were an integral part of the mobile lifestyle of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna (ancestors) as they moved around in pursuit of various foods and other natural resources, such as pounamu. This traditional concept has been given contemporary effect in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Ngāi Tahu whānui have been granted 72 nohoanga entitlements (campsites) to temporarily and exclusively occupy land that is close to waterways, on a non- commercial basis, for the purposes of lawful customary fishing and gathering of other natural resources. Seven of these nohoanga entitlement sites are located on public conservation lands within Southland Murihiku (see Appendix 13.38).

The nohoanga entitlement sites provide Ngāi Tahu with an opportunity to experience the landscape as their tūpuna did, and to rekindle the traditional practices of gathering of food and other natural resources, which are an essential part of Ngāi Tahu culture. The Department supports and encourages the utilisation of these sites. The nohoanga entitlement sites may be used for up to 210 days each year between mid-August and the end of April. Camping shelters or similar temporary dwellings can be erected during this period. The sites are approximately 1 hectare in size, are set back from marginal strips, and were chosen to not unreasonably impair existing public access or use at the time of granting. They are subject to all legislation, bylaws, regulations, and land and water management practices, such as pest and river control. Nohoanga entitlement sites provide Ngāi Tahu whānui with an opportunity to experience the landscape as their tūpuna did, and to rekindle the traditional practices of gathering food and other natural resources, which are an essential part of Ngāi Tahu culture.

Taonga species management Taonga species are culturally significant species of animals and plants that are treasured by Ngāi Tahu whānui. Although all natural resources are considered as ‘taonga’ by Ngāi Tahu whānui, specific species (refer Appendix 13.4) are identified as ‘taonga species’ under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (the Act) for the purposes of sections 288-296, 298-302, and 304 of the Act(see Appendix 19). Through sections 288 and 298 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Crown acknowledges the cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association of Ngāi Tahu whānui with the taonga species. These include species of birds, plants, and marine mammals, fish and shellfish, many of which the Department is actively managing. The Act also provides for participation by Ngāi Tahu whānui in consultation processes connected with the Minister of Conservation’s or the Director-General of Conservation’s decision over the management of certain taonga species, as well as participation in some species recovery groups8. For species not listed as taonga under the Act, Ngāi Tahu still has a kaitiaki responsibility for them and wishes to be involved, including in species translocations and management. For example, Ngāi Tahu whānui has a representative on the kiwi and takahē recovery groups, which advise on the management of those species within Fiordland National Park and beyond.

Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu Protocols The Minister of Conservation has issued Protocols in relation to how the Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu will work together on specified matters of cultural importance to Ngāi Tahu. Appendix 13.520 provides a copy of the Protocols.

8 ‘Species recovery groups’, as referred to in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, have been replaced by alternative species management systems within the Department; however, Ngāi Tahu participation in the management of taonga species will continue.

Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997 and pounamu management The Ngāi Tahu claims settlement also includes the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997. This Act returned all pounamu (otherwise known as greenstone, and including all nephrite, semi-nephrite, bowenite and specific serpentine resources) occurring in its natural state in the takiwā (tribal area) of Ngāi Tahu whānui, which was the property of the Crown, to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Pounamu is managed by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu in accordance with the Ngāi Tahu Pounamu Resource Management Plan. This Plan allows the public to fossick for small amounts of pounamu on the beaches of Te Tai o Poutini (the West Coast of the South Island) and to take however much an individual can carry on their person or in a backpack within a 24-hour period. Fossicking may also occur in other areas (excluding public conservation lands and waters) where the kaitiaki rūnanga have not placed a rāhui (restriction). Where any pounamu is discovered outside the public fossicking areas and/or is larger than an individual can carry (e.g. a boulder), Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu should be notified of the find. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu should also be contacted, in the first instance, about all other enquiries and matters relating to pounamu.

Customary use Carrying out customary use practices and retaining mātauranga (knowledge) enables Ngāi Tahu to maintain and sustain their cultural and economic identity. Often, animal and plant taonga only remain on public conservation lands and waters. Applications for the customary use of animals and plants can be made under the Conservation Act 1987, the National Parks Act 1980, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Reserves Act 1977. Through the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, Ngāi Tahu whānui do not require a permit to hold specimens9 that are protected by the Wildlife Act 1953. However, authorisations are required to hold whalebone and to take plant materials and clays from public conservation lands and waters. Authorisations to take indigenous fish are onlyalso required to take indigenous fish fromfor reserves and national parks. The Department and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu have developed thean Allocation of Cultural Materials Guidelines 2007 for the Ngāi Tahu takiwā to guide staff and applicants in the processing of applications. Although the commercial component of the customary right of Ngāi Tahu to take tuna/eels was settled in the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claim Settlement) Act 1992, the customary right of Ngāi Tahu to take tuna/eels on a non-commercial basis remains. Ngāi Tahu management plans Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga have prepared the following non-statutory documents, which do not form part of this CMS, but help to provide an understanding of Ngāi Tahu cultural values:  Te Rūnanga o Ngai Tāhu Ffreshwater Ppolicy (1999). Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.  Kai Tahu Ki Otago Nnatural Rresources Mmanagement Pplan 2005. Kai Tahu ki Otago, Dunedin.

9 The dead bodies or any part of the dead bodies of any species of wildlife are absolutely protected pursuant to section 3 of the Wildlife Act 1953 or partially protected pursuant to section 5 of that Act.

 Hazardous Ssubstances and Nnew Oorganisms Ppolicy Sstatement 2008. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.  Pounamu resource management plan 2002. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.  Ngāi Tahu ki Murihiku Nnatural Rresource and Eenvironmental Iiwi Mmanagement Pplan 2008 (Te Tangi a Tauira—The Cry of the People).

1.4.1 OBJECTIVES 1.4.1.1 Maintain and strengthen the Treaty partnershiprelationships with Ngāi Tahu whānui to enhance conservation and recognise mana. This partnership isThese relationships should be based on mutual good faith, active contributions to decision-making, cooperation and respect. 1.4.1.2 Formalise relationships, through agreements with Ngāi Tahu whānui to enhance and support those relationships. 1.4.1.3 Actively consult and work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, ensuring consultation is early, ongoing, informed and effective. 1.4.1.4 ConsiderSupport customary practices and the customary use of traditional materials and indigenous species by Ngāi Tahu whānui, consistent with kaitiakitanga, the relevant legislation, regulations, general policies, and the purposes for which the land is held. 1.4.1.5 Encourage Ngāi Tahu whānui involvement and participation in the conservation management ofn public conservation lands and waters. 1.4.1.6 Promote integrated conservation management for areas adjoining public conservation lands or waters that have been returned to Ngāi Tahu whānui through Treaty of Waitangi settlements. 1.4.1.7 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, where the Department has a common interest, to advocate for the protection of mahinga kai, wāhi tapu and other cultural resources located outside public conservation lands and waters in accordance with the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997, Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 and Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 1.4.1.8 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui to establish and review formal protocols to: a) provide for the customary use of traditional materials and indigenous species; and b) guide the management of marine mammal strandings; c) recognise the rangatira and kaitiaki role of Ngāi Tahu with regard to translocations of taonga species; and d) recognise the rangatira and kaitiaki responsibilities of Ngāi Tahu with regard to translocations of other indigenous species. 1.4.1.9 Promote authenticity in the use of Ngāi Tahu stories, terms and images, and provide for the development of protocols around the use of these by business and community groups involved in conservation projects and activities on public conservation lands and waters.

1.4.1.109 Acknowledge the ownership of pounamu by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and ensure relevant legislation is given effect to when activities associated with pounamu occur.

1.4.2 POLICIES 1.4.2.1 Ensure that Department of Conservation staff are aware of the provisions of the Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 and the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions. 1.4.2.2 Actively consult and wWork with Ngāi Tahu whānui in accordance with the Gguidelines and protocols, reviewed as necessary, for Department of Conservation liaisonengagement with Papatipu Rūnanga and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 1.4.2.3 Support Kaitiaki Rōpū as a forum to promoteMaintain effective communication between Papatipu Rūnanga and the Department of Conservation. 1.4.2.4 May provide for the non-commercial customary use of tuna/eels and other indigenous freshwater fish from public conservation waters where: a) the effects of the harvest are understood, and adverse effects on indigenous species or ecosystems within those waters are avoided or otherwise minimised; b) the activity is consistent with the outcome for the Place and, where the activity is in the national park, the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; c) there is an established tradition of such customary use at the site; and d) it is consistent with section 50 of the Reserves Act 1977, in the case of reserves under that Act. 1.4.2.5 Consult with Papatipu Rūnanga on proposals for the taking of and/or research relating to taonga species. 1.4.2.6 Explore with Ngāi Tahu whānui how customary Ngāi Tahu conservation practices, such as rahui (restriction on resources), may be used and supported to achieve shared conservation goals. 1.4.2.7 Help ensure the protection of pounamu by advising concessionaires and the public that pounamu belongs to Ngāi Tahu whānui. 1.4.2.78 Work with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga to implement the Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu Guidelines for Management of Wāhi Tapu and Wāhi Taonga: Protection and Management of Historical and Cultural Heritage on Public Conservation Lands and Waters. 1.4.2.8 Take into account Ngāi Tahu values when developing commercial partnerships to ensure the role and values of Ngāi Tahu in relation to such partnerships are fully considered. 1.4.2.9 Work with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Pāpātipu Rūnanga to develop guidelines to ensure cultural sensitivity regarding the use of taonga species within advertising and promotional material. Encourage

conservation partnerships to adopt these guidelines when advertising/promoting conservation projects. 1.4.2.10 Ensure that the three Topuni and 7seven nohoanga entitlement sites on public conservation lands within Southland Murihiku are managed in accordance within sections 237-252 and 255–268 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 1.4.2.11 Consult with Ngāi Tahu during the processing of concession applications, in accordance with ‘trigger levels’ for such consultation, and provide for regular reviews of those ‘triggers’ as determined with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga. 1.4.2.12 Seek that Ngāi Tahu tikanga and kawa (protocols) are upheld where iwi or hapu from outside of the Ngāi Tahu takiwā is involved in conservation projects within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā. 1.4.2.13 Ensure that concessions for guiding, or otherwise taking visitors onto public conservation lands and waters, include provisions to recognise and provide for Ngāi Tahu values and the respectful use of Ngāi Tahu cultural information. 1.4.2.14 May consider and/or support the erection of Ngāi Tahu pou whenua (cultural markers) on or beside public conservation lands and waters. 1.4.2.15 Develop, with Ngāi Tahu, ‘guidelines’ for consultation regarding land exchanges of stewardship lands and reviews of those guidelines. 1.4.2.167 Help ensure the protection of pounamu by advising concessionaires and the public that pounamu belongs to Ngāi Tahu whānui.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Completed Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Nil Guidelines to identify cultural representation regarding the use of taonga species within advertising and promotional material.  Systems and processes to monitor and measure Treaty engagement. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Advocacy undertaken regarding the protection of mahinga kai, wāhi tapu and other Ngāi Tahu cultural resources.  Report on the satisfaction of Ngāi Tahu whānui with the Department’s activities to help them to maintain their cultural relationships with taonga and to implement the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the satisfaction of Ngāi Tahu whanui with the Department’s activities to help them to maintain their cultural relationships with taonga and to implement the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.

1.5 Southland Murihiku by 20254 This section outlines national and regional conservation objectivesoutcomes for natural heritage, history, recreation, public engagement and conservation gains from business partnerships to be delivered by management of conservation resources within Southland Murihiku over the next 10 years (refer Introduction). These national conservation objectivesoutcomes in this Part are linked to the intermediate outcomes in the Department’s Outcome Statement and 100- yearlonger-term Vision, as detailed in the Department’s Statement of Intent 20142–20187. The wording of the headings for sections 1.5.1-1.5.5 mirror those used for the intermediate outcomes. Maps 2 and 2.1 demonstrates the ecosystem priorities (refer Appendix 4) and Icon and Gateway destinations priorities (refer Appendix 11) in Southland Murihiku as part of the jigsaw of nationalpriority ecosystem and recreation outcomes identified by the Department. Regional objectives are consistent with the national objectives but identify specific goals for Southland Murihiku. 1.5.1 The diversity of our Nnatural heritage is maintained and restored Places the Department considers nationally important for natural heritage management in Southland Murihiku include:  National strongholds—for indigenous species, such as the kākāpō on Anchor Island, in Fiordland the kākā in Waitutu Forest and the takahē in the Murchison Mountains, ofall in Fiordland.  Indigenous alpine ecosystems—home to robust populations of alpine birds, such as the nationally endangeredvulnerable pīwauwau/rock wren (Xenicus gilviventris) and naturally uncommon kea (Nestor notabilis).  Diverse marine habitats and ecosystems—support a variety of seabirds and marine mammals, such as the rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin and tohorā/southern right whale. Of particular note are biogenic reefs, which are hidden under the surface in Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa). The clean, high- current and exposed waters around these reefs produce habitats of high biological value, which not only drive the productivity of the region’s fisheries, but also provide foraging habitats and food sources for many birds, such as the nationally vulnerable hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes).  Bog pine shrublands—a naturally rare indigenous ecosystem that has survived since the last glaciation period. Examples include the Wilderness Scientific Reserve (a priority ecosystem site), the Dale/Takaro Conservation Area and the terraces of the Waiau River.  Intact dune systems—have retained their natural and indigenous values due to active control of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria). Examples include Sand Hill Point (a priority ecosystem site); Fortrose Spit, with its extensive and unusual Raoulia aff. hookerii (AK239529) (declining) coastal mat daisy cushionfield; and the Coal River dune system in Fiordland, which contains several indigenous sandbinding plants such as the decliningrelict pīngao (Ficinia spiralis).

 Upland tussock grasslands—an extensive ecosystem that ranges from the moist, raised, undulating tablelands of the Garvie Mountains, through the drier Eyre and Takitimu Mountains (priority ecosystem sites), to the wet but rich tussock grassland mosaics of Fiordland (which contains a number of priority ecosystem unitssites). All of these sites contain a rich diversity of indigenous plant and invertebrate species, including several endemic species, such as Parahebe spectabilis and a ngaokeoke/velvet worm (Ooperipatellus nanus) in the Takitimu Mountains.  The subantarctic islands—New Zealand’s continental geography extends far to 55°the south, incorporating these islands. They have had minimal human impact and rise above the ocean, retaining an ancient and significant terrestrial biodiversity, as well as seabirds and marine mammals, including the nationally critical Bounty Island shag (Leucocarbo ranfurlyi) and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion.  Lake Manapouri and Lake Te Anau—complex indigenous vegetation communities and sequences surround the fluctuating riparian areasmargins of these lakes, which contain at least 30 threatened or at risk species.  Wetlands—the region is fortunate to retain a diversity of wetlands that have intact hydrological functions and integrated ecological settings. The most notable example is the Waituna Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance (part of a priority ecosystem unitsite). Others are the peat bogs at Bayswater Peatland Scenic Reserve, Borland Mire and Kepler Mire (all priority ecosystem sites).  Dramatic and distinctive landforms and landscapes—giving Southland Murihiku its visual identity, and resulting from millions of years of geological processes that have shaped the land. The Department implements its responsibilities under the Forest and Rural Fire Act 1977, the Fire Service Act 1975, and the Forest and Rural Fire Regulations 2005 through its National Fire Plan.

Threatened species, priority ecosystem unitssites and nationally Iiconic species Nationally, the Department is managing a representative range of indigenous terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, as well as threatened and at risk flora and fauna. Appendices 2, 4 and 56 identify the rich diversity of indigenous ecosystems, and the threatened and at risk flora and fauna that are present, and the Department’s priority ecosystem unitssites on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku. In addition, eight nationally Iiconic species (see Appendix 7) are found in the region: kākāpō, kiwi (Apteryx australis and A. owenii), kea, tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae), rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), ferns, kōwhai (Sophora microphylla) and tuatara (Spenodon punctatus). The kākāpō, which is primarily nocturnal, is the only flightless parrot, the heaviest parrot and the only parrot to have a lek breeding system (where males compete for ‘calling posts’ in specially dug-out bowls and produce ‘booming’ calls to attract female mates) in the world. It ismay also be one of the world’s longest lived birds. Because of its vulnerability to animal pestspredators, the species has been reduced from a common forest bird to nationally critical status.

Individuals are now confined to a few island havens and rely on intensive management. Therefore, their presence is a special feature of the region and highly valued. The nationally vulnerable Fiordlandnorthern and southern tokoeka/ (large brown kiwi, (Apteryx australis australis) are still widespread across Fiordland in unknown numbers, but they are becoming reliant on animal pest management programmes for their survival. The Fiordland National Park population probably represents one of the largest and most extensive that remains in the country. Offshore islands within the region also provide security for the little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii), which was once widespread across the South Island before animal pests exterminated it from the mainland. The cheeky kea is familiar to those that travel into the mountains within mainland Southland Murihiku. The extroverted nature of these birds can be amusing, but is a concern when they damage property. Although they have declined in number and are classified as nationally endangerednaturally uncommon, they remain widespread in Fiordland. Tūī is well known within the region, mainly due to its ability to live within a built environment and residential gardens. Its call is often melodious and easily recognisable. Rimu, one of the forest giants, is widespread across the lowlands of mainland Southland Murihiku. However, rimu-dominated forests are now an uncommon feature as they have been reduced by past forest clearance and timber harvest. Only one of the eight New Zealand kōwhai species, the South Island kōwhai (Sophora microphylla), is found on mainland Southland Murihiku, where it is quite widespread and grows as a riparian tree along some rivers, streams and lakes. It is a well-recognised species, with profuse flowering signalling the arrival of spring and providing an important seasonal nectar source for tūī. There are in excess of 100 ferns in the region, of which six are threatened or at risk, found from the coast to above the treeline. However, they are most common in indigenous forest habitats, with sheltered, moist, lowland forest areas being home to the greatest diversity. These ferns vary from tiny, ground- hugging plants to ponga/poka/tree ferns that can grow to over 10 metres tall. Ferns provide the characteristic lush appearance of the rainforests in Southland Murihiku. Lastly, tuatara are known to have been present in Southland Murihiku from undated records of sub-fossil remains. Tuatara are now found only in captivity at the Southland Museum, which runs a successful breeding programme and is also a popular local attraction.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.1.1 The diversity of New Zealand’s natural heritage is maintained and restored with priority given to: a) conserving a full range of New Zealand’sContribute to building a national network of representative ecosystems conserved to a healthy functioning state, with an emphasisfocusing on the ecosystems listed in Appendix 2 and the priority ecosystem units sites listed in Appendix 4;

b) supporting the work of others to maintain and restore ecosystem types selected from Appendix 2; cb) conserving threatened species to ensure persistence10, with an emphasis on those species listed in Appendix 5; dc) maintaining or restoring populations of nationally iconic species that occur locally, with an emphasis on those species listed in Appendix 7; and ed) conserving significant geological features, landforms and landscapes, including those identified in Appendix 9, where they are on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.1.2 Contribute to efforts to ensure the persistence11 of nationally threatened and at risk species, as listed in Appendix 6. 1.5.1.3 Contribute to efforts to maintain or restore the Iconic species, listed in Appendix 7, that occur locally. 1.5.1.24 Build partnerships with others to maintain or restore the species, natural features and ecosystems that collectively are valued by a local community as defining their localitylocally treasured natural heritage. 1.5.1.35 ContributeEngage in collaborative processes to building a nationally representative network of marine reserves and other marine protected areas, taking into account the marine ecosystems listed in Appendix 8. 1.5.1.4 Advocate for the protection of priority natural heritage, such as priority ecosystem units and threatened species; and significant geological features, landforms and landscapes at risk of permanent degradation selected from Appendix 9. 1.5.1.5 Raise community awareness of fire threat, in partnership with other fire-fighting authorities and at sites where this will achieve conservation benefits. 1.5.1.6 Work with landowners, Ministry for Primary Industries, Fish and Game Councils, local government and other agencies, and advocate for the: a) protection of freshwater fisheries, fish habitat and fish passage; b) preservation of threatened indigenous species; and c) maintenance and improvement of habitat connectivity and water quality from the headwaters of waterways to the coast. 1.5.1.7 Contain or control plant and animal pests and wild animals, including those identified in Appendix 6, through a targeted strategic and sustainable multi-threat management approach. 1.5.1.8 Foster management action on plant and animal pest and wild animal control involving inter-agency, concessionaire and community involvement, where possible and desirable. 1.5.1.9 Work with others to manage or avoid threats to marine mammals, particularly tohorā/southern right whales, tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins

10 Persistence is achieved when there is a 95% probability of a species surviving over the next 50 years or three generations (whichever is longer). 11 Persistence is achieved when there is a 95% probability of a species surviving over the next 50 years or three generations (whichever is longer).

and terehu/bottlenose dolphins, to ensure their recovery and protection. 1.5.1.10 Manage islands in accordance with the purposes for which they are held and the guidance provided in Appendix 3. 1.5.1.6 Maintain the islands in Fiordland and the subantarctic islands as safe havens for many of New Zealand’s indigenous species and ecosystems. 1.5.1.7 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to ensure that a representative range of priority ecosystem sites are rehabilitated and conserved to a healthy functioning state. 1.5.1.8 Manage the effects of pest and wild animals on priority ecosystem sites, through a strategic and sustainable landscape multi-threat management approach. 1.5.1.9 Manage the effects of pest plants through surveillance, containment and control programmes, with emphasis at priority ecosystem sites. 1.5.1.119 Contribute to Crown tenure review processes to seek the protection of significant inherentconservation values12. 1.5.1.12 Support relevant agencies in the implementation of the Regional Pest Management Strategy. 1.5.1.130 Engender an appreciation and understanding of Southland Murihiku’s indigenous biodiversity and ecosystem values, locally, nationally and internationally. 1.5.1.141 Work with businesses and others to foster greater engagement and support for conservation and the management of natural resources through the application of best conservation and environmental management practices. 1.5.1.152 Work with others to Ssafeguard the integrity, functioning and resilience of the coastal environments and indigenous ecosystems, including marine and intertidal areas, estuaries and dune systems. 1.5.1.13 Safeguard and protect marine mammal populations. 1.5.1.164 Maintain and re-establish permanent populations of threatened indigenous species along the coastline. 1.5.1.175 Support and encourage the development of ecological corridors linking areas of conservation value. 1.5.1.186 Interpret and protect nationally and internationally important geological features, landforms and landscapes. 1.5.1.197 Support research into the ecosystem services that are provided by public conservation lands and waters to better understand and quantify these services and their benefits, and convey this information to the public. 1.5.1.2018 Progress the nomination of World Heritage Areas on New Zealand’s tentative list in Southland Murihiku in accordance with government priorities, by working with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies.

12 ‘Significant inherent value’ in the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998, in relation to any land, means inherent value of such importance, nature, quality or rarity that the land deserves the protection of management under the Reserves Act 1977 or the Conservation Act 1987.

1.5.1.19 Contribute to Crown tenure review processes to seek the protection of conservation values. 1.5.1.21 Contribute to multi-agency management of water bodies.

MILESTONES - OUTPUTS Completed Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation ofScheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes atfor priority ecosystem unitssites identified in the milestones in Southland MurihikuPart Two.  Report on the number ofScheduled outputs for nationally threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  Identification of Ccollaborative restoration opportunities for ecosystems and species have been identified, in conjunction with Ngāi Tahu whānui, and the community and others. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the number of additionalScheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes for priority ecosystem unitssites in Southland Murihikuthat have work programmes implemented.  Report on the number ofScheduled outputs for nationally threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  A review and implementation of Bbylaws and regulations over public conservation lands and waters have been reviewed or implemented.  Report onIdentification of any significant changes in the range and populations of animal and plant pests, and wild animals.  Report on progressA review of mechanisms to increase marine protected areas. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the number of additionalScheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes for priority ecosystem unitssites in Southland Murihikuthat have work programmes implemented.  Report on the number ofScheduled outputs for nationally threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  A Rreport onidentifying the outcomes of collaborative restoration projects.  Report on progress regarding the World Heritage Area nomination of the waters and seabed of the fiords of Fiordland.  Report onIdentification of any significant changes in the range and populations of animal and plant pests, and wild animals.  Report on progressAction taken to increase marine protected areas.

1.5.2 Historic and cultural heritagey is protected and brought to life There are approximately 700 recorded archaeological sites on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, and a large number of buildings, structures, airstrips and tracks that also have some historic value. Furthermore, it is likely that many more sites remain undiscovered. Pre-1900 archaeological sites are protected under the Historic Places Act 1993, and all historic places are protected by the Historic Places, Conservation, National Parks and Reserves Acts. Given their large number, it is not possible to undertake active conservation on all recorded archaeological sites and historic places. In the 1990s, the Department undertook an evaluation of all archaeological sites and historic places on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, in order to establish a list of priority places for active conservation. A range of places was selected representing all aspects of human history through time, and all aspects of life, activities and cultures, by considering historic, physical and cultural significance, threats and conservation needs, accessibility and interpretative value, and relative representativeness or rarity. This formed the basis for the list of actively conserved historic places in Appendix 10. The New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT) maintains a register of nationally significant historic places. There are three registered places on public conservation lands and waters in the region: Waipapa Point; Port Craig School; and the site of Richard Henry’s house on Pigeon Island/Wāwāhi Waka, in Dusky Sound. These places are included on the list of actively conserved historic places (Appendix 10) and the NZHPT is consulted over their management. Places of significance to Ngāi Tahu whānui are often culturally sensitive and so only a few have been identified in the list of actively conserved historic places (Appendix 10). The Department works with Ngāi Tahu whānui to identify places that are under threat and to undertake protection or management where necessary. The Department is actively seeking to better understand what people and communities value and why, in order to better manage historic and cultural heritage. Helping people to connect with their historic places is essential for conservation and the vitality of heritage and culture. Wherever possible, the Department provides access to actively conserved historic places, and interpretation13 to help visitors to understand and appreciate the historic and cultural heritage in Southland Murihiku. A number of the actively conserved historic places that are easily accessible to visitors have already been developed to enhance the visitor experience and to bring heritage to life. These include Port Craig, Waipapa Point and sites along the Milford Track Great Walk (an Icon destination). Some actively conserved places are more difficult to reach, however (e.g. sites in coastal Fiordland), so they are brought to life in other ways, such as through publications or, in the case of the subantarctic island sites, through the Roaring Forties exhibition at the Southland Museum and Art Gallery.

13 It is acknowledged that some of this interpretation is Ngāi Tahu whānui interpretation, and so appropriate liaison should take place with Ngāi Tahu whānui.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.2.1 Historic and cultural heritage on public conservation lands and waters is valued by New Zealanders. 1.5.2.2 Understand the location, value, significancenature and condition of historic places on public conservation lands and waters, and ensure that records of the location, value, significancenature and condition of these places are up to date. 1.5.2.32 Profile the historic icon sites and selected actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10, through quality interpretation, both on- and off-site, to enable visitors to identify with historic sites and their stories. 1.5.2.43 Prioritise for protection and conservation the actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 on the basis of their historical, cultural and physical significance, their value to Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, and their conservation need requirements. 1.5.2.54 Understand the expectations of Ngāi Tahu whānui, the community and others regarding the identification, protection conservation and management of wāhi tapu and historic places on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.2.65 Build relationships with Ngāi Tahu whānui, the community and business to increase understanding, skill and active management and support for historic places. 1.5.2.78 Undertake conservation work (repair and maintenance) at actively conserved historic places having regard to conservation plans, national and international best practice and the ICOMOS NZ charter14. 1.5.2.8 Work with Ngāi Tahu to identify and manage places of importance to them according to the values of those places, and where there is a common interest, support Papatipu Rūnanga to lead management. 1.5.2.9 Work with Ngāi Tahu to implement and update interpretation that tells their history on public conservation lands and waters, at places of importance to Ngāi Tahu, including ara tawhito (ancestral trails). 1.5.2.10 Work with Ngāi Tahu to protect cultural sites and whenua tupuna on public conservation lands and waters from adverse effects of development. 1.5.2.11 Contribute to Crown tenure review processes to seek the protection of historic heritage values. 1.5.2.126 Support or undertake work to add to and improve historic records through general surveys and site monitoring. 1.5.2.137 Undertake research to improve knowledge about actively conserved historic places, alongside thematic research to provide context for those places. 1.5.2.8 Undertake conservation work (repair and maintenance) at actively conserved historic places having regard to conservation plans, national and international best practice and the ICOMOS NZ charter15.

15 ICOMOS: the International Council on Monuments and Sites (see Glossary for definition).

1.5.2.149 Improve or maintain existing, physical access to actively conserved historic places (where public access can be provided for), and enhance the visitor experience to make the places safe, interesting, attractive and engaging. 1.5.2.150 Work collaboratively with Ngāi Tahu whānui and agencies to identify, protect, and conserve and correctly interpret historic and cultural heritage, including cultural markers within the landscape, such as through the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project. 1.5.2.161 Work with community heritage interest groups to further shared goals, and support each other to build skills and knowledge. 1.5.2.172 Recognise the interconnectedness of diverse elements of tangible and intangible heritage, and living cultural traditions.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Completed Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the conditionA baseline report on the condition of the actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10.  Heritage assessments have been completed for all actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10, including identification of Ngāi Tahu values.  Identification of new sites for inclusion in Appendix 10, including sites important to Ngāi Tahu.  Information on actively conserved historic places is available on the Department’s website. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the conditionMonitoring against the baseline report on the condition of the actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10.  Report on theSteps taken to development of relationships with Ngāi Tahu, the community and businesses to support historic and cultural heritage.  Report on pProgress made for those sites where connecting people with the historic and cultural heritage is being actively interpreted and promoted. Completed Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the conditionAn increased number of the actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 are stable and not deteriorating.  Report on theSteps taken to maintain relationships with Ngāi Tahu, the community and businesses to support historic and cultural heritage.

15 ICOMOS: the International Council on Monuments and Sites (see Glossary for definition).

 Report onMaintenance of those sites where connecting people with the historic and cultural heritage is being actively interpreted and promoted.

1.5.3 More people participate in Rrecreation The Department uses a combination of approachesis seeking to manageincrease participation in recreation, including destination management, visitor management zones, and visitor groups. The intent of destination management (refer Glossary and Appendix 11) is to increase recreational use on public conservation lands and waters by understanding and responding to visitor preferences. It is a holistic approach that considers marketing and the contribution of community and business to the visitor experience, and focuses on the predominant visitor groups accessing different destinations (refer Glossary for a fuller definition of destinationTo help maintain quality recreation opportunities for local, national and international visitors, the Department has developed a process known as Destination Management, which defines four categories) of visitor destinations:  Icon destinations – people travelling on holiday,  Gateway destinations – new participants,  Local Treasure destinations – the recreation needs of local communities, and  Backcountry – the recreation needs of the backcountry community(refer to Glossary and the visitor management zone prescriptions in Appendix 12 for more detail). The Department has identified Icon and Gateway destinations in Southland Murihiku (referare listed in Appendix 11). Priority is given to developing and maintaining the Icon destinations, which underpin New Zealand’s domestic and international tourism, and the family-friendly Gateway destinations, where New Zealanders can be introduced to the outdoors and connect with conservation. In addition to these, the Department manages a wide range of Local Treasure destinations in the front country and an extensive network of Backcountry destinations. These are not listed in Appendix 11, but are referred to in relevant Places in Part Two. Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations are currently defined by the provision of facilities, which continues to evolve over time to meet user demand and requirements. The purpose of visitor management zones (refer Map 3 and Appendix 12), which use the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)16, is to plan for a range of recreation opportunities from short stops next to main highways, to multi-day wilderness experiences. Visitor groups are described in the 1996 Visitor Strategy17 and used to guide the application of visitor management zones and destination categories. They ensure that visitors are able to seek out different locations to suit the type of experience that they want to experience. The Department uses other operational tools to manage individual facilities at a more detailed level, taking into account visitor management zones, destination categories and visitor groups, while recognising that certain locations with long-

16 The New Zealand Recreation Spectrum – Guidelines for users (1993) Hillary Commission and Department of Conservation. 17 Department of Conservation (1996) Visitor Strategy. www.doc.govt.nz

41 standing patterns of use may not fit typical or desired descriptors or categories assigned under a particular approach. For example, there may be a Local Treasure destination in a backcountry or remote zone where day visitors are known to venture often, such as the Southern Sounds historic sites in Fiordland. In the future, there may be a needIt will be necessary to prioritise management effort in the future so that recreation provision is achievable within the resources available to the Departmentacross the visitor destinations, particularly targeting those that can deliver the most benefit (health, wealth and well-being) to New Zealand. Where possible, the Department will seeks to collaborate or partner with others to maintain or better develop visitor opportunitiesfacilities on public conservation lands and waters, and elsewhere. The heritage and/or historic value of backcountry facilities is highly regarded by New Zealanders and internationally, and to assist their retention an agreement has been reached between the outdoor recreation clubs and the Department to facilitate shared management arrangements for these facilities. Visitor destinations where the Department will focus its effort to increase participation on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku that are the focus of the Department’s effort are:  The Icon destinations of the Kepler Track, Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, the Milford Road Journey, the Milford Track and the Routeburn Track (part).  The Gateway destinations of The Bluff/Motupōhue, Croydon Bush, Forest Hill, the Hollyford Track, Mavora Lakes, Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay and the Greenstone/Caples Track (part).  Other sites that are identified in Part Two as recreation opportunities that are highly valued by Southlanders, and which include a range of opportunities that enable the development and expansion of skills and experiences in the outdoors (such as the Kiwi bBurn Track and the Mavora-Greenstone walkway).

OBJECTIVES 1.5.3.1 Understand and be responsive to demand for particular types ofoutdoor recreation and other forms of participation when provideing facilities and services recreation opportunities where: a) demand is evident; b) demand is expected to be maintained; and c) the recreational opportunities are consistent with: i) the protection of indigenous natural, historic and cultural values; and ii) the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held. 1.5.3.2 Contribute to a national network of visitor opportunities by promoting the Icon and Gateway destinations identifiedlisted in Appendix 11 as strategic attractions within the network of opportunities offered in Southland Murihiku. 1.5.3.3 Contribute to a national network of visitor opportunities by promoting the Local Treasures and Backcountry destinations, as locally important locationsvalued by local communities and as more challenging

attractions respectively, within the network of opportunities offered in Southland Murihiku. 1.5.3.4 Collaborate with the community to build support for the contribution Southland Murihiku makes to the best mix of visitor opportunities across New Zealand. 1.5.3.45 Build partnerships with others to plan for, maintain and/or better develop locally treasured destinations and backcountry recreation destinations. 1.5.3.56 Provide visitors with the opportunity for a positive social, physical and learning experience on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.3.610 Work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to enhanceachieve priorities for improved public access to public conservation lands and waters for recreation, and from public conservation land to enhance public access to the coastal margin and rivers, where this will not affect natural, cultural or historic heritage values. 1.5.3.711 Contribute to Crown tenure review processes and work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission and leaseholders to enhance public access to public conservation lands and waters and to seek the provision of recreation opportunities. 1.5.3.8 Work with outdoor recreation clubs to recognise the historic and/or heritage value of existing backcountry visitor facilities in Southland Murihiku, their ongoing value for backcountry recreation, and to assist with their management and retention wherever possible. 1.5.3.9 Seek to avoid or otherwise minimise conflicts between visitors undertaking different types of activities in the same location. 1.5.3.10 Enhance visitors’ understanding and appreciation of natural, historic and cultural values, particularly at Icon and Gateway destinations and at major concessionaire destinations. 1.5.3.11 Understand and encourage visitor desires to undertake voluntary conservation work as recreation, including when initiated by concessionaires. 1.5.3.127 Encourage recreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters that are consistent with outcomes for a Place, and that meet one or more of the following: a) emphasise access close tofrom urban and holiday accommodation areas, and State Highways; b) are consistent with the outcomes for a Place; bc) integrate recreation opportunities on and off public conservation lands and waters; cd) integrate recreation opportunities across Southland Murihiku, and with neighbouring public conservation lands and waters; de) integrate recreation opportunities with objectives in 1.5.1 to 1.5.5contribute to the Department’s national conservation outcomes; e) provide education benefits to schools and educational groups; and

f) have been subject to thorough environmental impact assessment and landscape design processes, and will have minimal environmental and landscape impacts; and g) are supported or enabled by facilities that able to be maintained into the future. 1.5.3.138 Ensure that the natural, and historic resources,and cultural valuesheritage, and a full spectrum of visitor experiences, including natural quiet, solitude, self-reliance and remoteness, on public conservation lands and waters are protected, while providing a range of quality recreation opportunities and facilities. 1.5.3.149 Undertake long-term monitoring of visitor numbers, characteristics, experiences and satisfaction at the Icon and Gateway destinations identified in Appendix 11, and at other selected visitor destinations, and make this information available to other agencies and businesses that also provide visitor facilities. 1.5.3.10 Work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to enhance public access to public conservation land, and from public conservation land to the coastal margin and rivers, where this will not affect natural, cultural or historic heritage values. 1.5.3.11 Contribute to Crown tenure review processes and work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to enhance public access. 1.5.3.15 Work with others to understand the needs, barriers and demand for disabled visitors to public conservation lands and waters, and seek to provide opportunities to enable them to participate.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Ninety-five percent of people are satisfied with their recreational experience at Icon and Gateway destinations in Southland Murihiku.  Report on pProgress made to build partnerships with the community to maintain and develop Local Treasures and Backcountry destinations. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the contribution that visitorAn assessment of the success of Icon and Gateway destinations in Southland Murihiku are making towardsin increasing the number of people recreating on public conservation lands and waters.  Report on visitor numbers and experiences at Icon and Gateway destinations, and other selected visitor destinations.  Report on pProgress made to improve public access to and from public conservation lands and waters.  Report on pProgress made to build partnerships with the community to maintain and develop Local Treasures and Backcountry destinations. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Ninety-five percent of people are satisfied with their recreational experience atAn assessment of the success of Icon, and Gateway, Local

Treasure and Backcountry destinations in Southland Murihiku in increasing the number of people recreating on public conservation lands and waters.  Report on the contribution that visitor destinations in Southland Murihiku are making towards increasing the number of people recreating on public conservation lands and waters.  Maintained and improved Ppublic access to and from public conservation lands and waters has been improved.  Partnerships with the community areto maintaining and developing Local Treasures and Backcountry destinations.

1.5.4 Community engagement More people engage with conservation and value its benefits The Department recognises that it has an important role in facilitating partnerships and supporting others to engage in conservation. As such, the Department is keen to work with a range of partners throughout the community, including youth, and for these relationships to be enduring, mutually beneficial and able to achieve ongoing conservation results. It is important that all partners are inspired and empowered to do conservation through their own initiatives, and that their input is valued and they are satisfied with their involvement. The Department works with a wide range of other statutory agencies to achieve common objectives and mutually agreed priorities. Examples include: the New Zealand Transport Agency on roading; the New Zealand Walking Access Commission on access; TBfree New Zealand (see TBfree website)on possum control; regional councils on biodiversity and pest management; Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga on historic heritage management; the Southland Fish and Game Council on sports fish and game bird-related issues; the Police and Search and Rescue on emergency response; the Royal New Zealand Navy on conservation management and compliance; and the Game Animal Council on improving hunting opportunities. There are numerous opportunities for new projects to be initiated or for partnerships, including with Papatipu Rūnanga and their educational initiatives, to be further developed to enhance conservation. Examples of places where communities have signalled an interest in initiating or leading conservation programmes include:  The development of recreational facilities within the Longwood O Hekeia Place, and at Croydon Bush and the Hokonui Hills within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  The development and promotion of values surrounding smaller settlements, such as Tapanui within the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara Place, and Bluff and Omaui within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  The development of a sanctuary at Forest Hill within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  Opportunities to get involved with conservation within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.

 Involvement in the management of the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex, including the Waituna Lagoon, in the Awarua Place. Business partnerships, that support a variety of creative and innovative conservation projects, couldmay be developed across Southland Murihiku.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.4.1 Increase community understanding, technical skill and active management and support for conservation in Southland Murihiku. 1.5.4.2 Seek opportunities that connect more people to the value of conservation values. 1.5.4.3 Work with a range of partners (such as Ngāi Tahu whānui, statutory agencies, regional and local authorities, businesses, schools and the wider community) in enduring relationships to achieve ongoing conservation outcomesresults. 1.5.4.4 Focus relationship building in those areas where cooperative relationships support priority conservation outcomes. 1.5.45.51 Achieve recognition of the contribution that public conservation lands and waters within Southland Murihiku make to the well-being and economic prosperity of the Southland Murihiku region and New Zealandbeyond. 1.5.45.62 Raise public awareness that intact, functioning indigenous ecosystems underpin New Zealand’s economy, both directly and indirectly. 1.5.4.75 Adopt a coordinated approach for the management and protection of sites where multiple agencies have a role, such as for the Waituna Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance within the Awarua Place. 1.5.4.86 Seek opportunities to integrate conservation values into messaging from other agencies (such as visitor information) where it can increase the number of people who engage with conservation and value its benefits.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on Ooutcomes from programmes aimed at increasing the amount of conservation achieved with partners in Southland Murihiku.  Report on Ngāi Tahu whānui and stakeholder satisfaction with engagement in Southland Murihiku.  Eighty percent of people surveyed in Southland Murihiku value conservation. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on Ooutcomes from programmes aimed at increasing the amount of conservation achieved with partners in Southland Murihiku.  Report on Ngāi Tahu whānui and stakeholder satisfaction with engagement in Southland Murihiku.

Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Programmes aimed at increasing the amount of conservation achieved with partners in Southland Murihiku have been reviewed and revised.  Report on Ngāi Tahu whānui and stakeholder satisfaction with engagement in Southland Murihiku.  Ninety-five percent of people surveyed in Southland Murihiku value conservation.

1.5.5 Conservation gains from more Bbusiness partnerships The Department is seeking to double the amount of conservation achieved over the next 20 years by working with others. Business opportunities and partnerships that help deliver conservation gains are part of that objective. Engaging in conservation offers progressive businesses the opportunity to add to their worth, value and reputation, and to contribute to the protection of New Zealand’s natural, historic and cultural heritage. Southland Murihiku has a large variety of concessionaires and other businesses, from those that provide tourism opportunities on public conservation lands and waters, such as guided walks or helicopter access, to those that use resources, such as hydro-electric power generation. Many of these concessionaires and other businesses already make a significant contribution not only to the regional’s and national economiesy, but also to its conservation, through their support of a variety of projects, including pest control programmes and providing transportation for conservation volunteers. Businesses are, and can be, an integral part of the conservation community in Southland Murihiku. As with the community involvement outlined above, there are also a number of opportunities where even greater conservation outcomes could be achieved by new business partnerships (see Part Two). The Department intends to seek out and make the most of these opportunities.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.5.1 Achieve recognition of the contribution that public conservation lands and waters within Southland Murihiku make to the well-being and economic prosperity of the Southland Murihiku region and beyond. 1.5.5.2 Raise public awareness that intact, functioning, indigenous ecosystems underpin New Zealand’s economy, both directly and indirectly. 1.5.5.13 Work with concessionaires and other businesses to enhance the conservation experience of their customers, and build support for conservation and deliver conservation gains consistent with the purposes for which the land is held. 1.5.5.24 Work with regional tourism organisations, other promotional groups, and businesses to create and develop opportunities to promote conservation initiatives, products and services. 1.5.5.35 Seek opportunities to work with businesses that are looking for ways to demonstrate their commitment to and engagement with conservation.

1.5.5.46 Work with relevant agencies to seek ways to reduceavoid duplication of regulatory controls on public conservation lands and waters, and to streamline and seek efficiencies in statutory processes. 1.5.5.7 Continue to work with relevant agencies to streamline and seek efficiencies in statutory processes.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the level of Cconservation outcomes due toengagement and investment of the commercial sector in conservation partnerships with businesses in Southland Murihiku.  Report on the level of return on investment for key products and services (backcountry huts, conservation campsites, visitor centre network) provided by the Department in Southland Murihiku. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the level of Cconservation outcomes due toengagement and investment of the commercial sector in conservation partnerships with businesses in Southland Murihiku.  Report on the level of return on investment for key products and services (backcountry huts, conservation campsites, visitor centre network) provided by the Department in Southland Murihiku. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the level of Cconservation outcomes due toengagement and investment of the commercial sector in conservation partnerships with businesses in Southland Murihiku.  Report on the level of return on investment for key products and services (backcountry huts, conservation campsites, visitor centre network) provided by the Department in Southland Murihiku.

Part Two—Places

This section addresses Places in Southland Murihiku (see Map 5) that have been identified for the purposes of integrated conservation management (Conservation General Policy 2005) and which require some specific management direction. Each Place has a description, an outcome statement (outcome), policies and milestones:  Outcomes statements describe the future state of a Place, including its values and reflect the expected changes at that Place over the 10-year term of the CMS., andThey will be used for conservation management and when making decisions, including in the absence of a relevant specific policy for a Place.  Policies describe the course of action or guiding principles to be used for conservation management and when making decisions. Policies refer to public conservation lands and waters (where applicable) within a Place unless they are addressing matters of advocacy.  Milestones are specific actionsspecial events that are measurable steps towards achieving the outcomes statementand policies. Part Two must be read in conjunction with Parts One and Three. Where the outcomes and policiesprovisions in Part Two are more specific thandiffer from the objectives and policiesprovisions in Part One and/or Part Three, the more specific provisions of Part Two prevail. The Places in Southland Murihiku are: 2.1 Takitimu Place 2.2 Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2.3 Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2.4 Eastern High County Mata-puke Taratara Place 2.5 Longwood O Hekeia Place 2.6 Freshwater Wai Māori Place 2.7 Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2.8 Awarua Place 2.9 Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place 2.10 Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place

2.1 Takitimu Place The Takitimu Forest Conservation Area (45510 ha) makes up the majority of this Place, along with a number of smaller marginal strips that are also managed by the Department (see Map 5.1). The Takitimu Place is strongly connected to the surrounding Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place due to the high visibility between these two Places and the downstream influence of the high-country environment. Description The Takitimu Place is of special significance to Ngāi Tahu whānui and has been identified asis mostly covered by a tTōpuni site in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (see refer 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendix 16). The maunga (mountains) were named by the legendary Tamatea, the captain of the Takitimu waka, in memory of the waka after it struck trouble in Te Waewae Bay and was eventually wrecked. The Takitimu maunga are symbolic reminders of the famous exploits of Tamatea in the south and the tupuna (ancestral) waka Takitimu; they are forever locked into the landscape and add lustre to the spiritual valueswhenua tupuna of the Wwestern Southland Murihiku landscape. This Place contains the headwaters of the Aparima River, which has historic, spiritual and traditional values that are important to Ngāi Tahu whānui, and is a Deed of Recognition area under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (seerefer 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendix 17). The Department is keen to work closely with Ngāi Tahu on the management of the Takitimu Place, to ensure that the important cultural values present are protected and celebrated. One collaborative idea is to investigate the creation of a ‘cultural park’. Te Koawa Turoa O Takitimu/Jericho Valley is an important mahinga kai resource managed by Ngāi Tahu, which provides a strong point of connection and entry to the Takitimu maunga. The historic New Zealand Forest Service (NZFS) wild animal control hut network in the Takitimu Place represents an important aspect of the region’s history. A heritage assessment has recommended that the intact network of huts be retained and managed consistently to protect their values. Where possible, cCommunity partnerships couldshould be sought to help retain and manage these huts. There are also a few other historic sites within the Takitimu Place; however none of these are actively conserved. The Takitimu Place— is acknowledged locally as the ‘home of the long weekend tramping trip’. It —is highly valued by the community for the range of traditional recreation opportunities it offers, such as hunting, fishing and tramping. The public conservation lands and waters within this Place are primarily accessible from the Princhester Creek and Aparima River valleys. Te Araroa Trail provides access across private and Crown pastoral lease land, and public conservation lands and waters on the eastern edge of the Takitimu Forest Conservation Area. Public access is one of the main issues in this Place, with large areas of public conservation lands and waters being virtually ‘landlocked’ by adjoining freehold pastoral land and accessible only by crossing the rugged interior or following scrubby river banks. This is especially true on the northwestern side of the Takitimu Forest Conservation Area. Consequently, the community would like the Department to work with adjoining landowners and

50 the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to facilitate improved access to the public conservation lands and waters within this Place. Historically, there werehave been no commercial or recreational aircraft landings on the public conservation lands and waters within this Place,. This has primarily been to protect the important cultural and remote recreational values present. However, in the future a very low number of aircraft landings can nowmay be authorised at a few designated sites to help improve access, particularly in the northwestern and southern parts of this Place. In addition, aircraft canmay facilitate hunter access for the purpose of wild animal control activities during the roar (see Part Three). Aircraft access should, however, be mMonitoringed is important to ensure that the important cultural and remote recreational values are protected. If these values are being adversely impacted, the Department maycould reduce the number of landings, or cease recreational and tourism aircraft activity altogether. Most of the Takitimu Place isshould be managed for a remote visitor experience, with visitors only encountering a few people at most during their visit and, almost without exception, experiencing natural quiet. The fringes of this Place can receive more use than the western central area and isshould be managed for a backcountry experience, where visitors can expect some interactions with others, while still experiencing areas of natural quiet. Some business opportunities within this Place can occurmay be allowed where they are consistent with the traditional recreational use of the Place, such as guided fishing or guided hunting, or where they support cultural initiatives. This Place is one of the few in Southland Murihiku that is still being specifically managed for its traditional recreational experiences, significant cultural values and high natural values. Therefore, any commercial activity isshould be at a scale that ensures that these values continue to dominate. The Takitimu Mountains are a distinctive, mountainous part of Southland Murihiku. The mountains are rugged, have ancient volcanic origins and are geologically very important, with two sites having international significance (see Table A9.1, Appendix 9). They dominate the view from most locations in Southland Murihiku and represent an important and culturally valuable landscape both locally and nationally. The Takitimu Mountains have been identified as havingare of outstanding qualitiesnatural character (as identified in the Southland Regional Landscape Assessment 1997), due to their relative natural state, high natural quiet and significance within the Southland Murihiku landscape (see Table A9.2, Appendix 9). The Public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place remains virtually undeveloped, with only a few tracks and 11 basic NZFS huts. Any future development has the potential to adversely affect the values present and needs to be carefully managed to ensure that the traditional, remote recreational experience, outstanding natural character and cultural traditions are protected. The Takitimu Mountains are a priority ecosystem site, containing extensive indigenous forest areas, with intact altitudinal sequences evident, and alpine tussocklands, shrublands, wetlands, screes, rocky areas and fellfields. The forest is dominated by tawai/silver beech (NothofagusLophozonia menziesii), though there are also localised stands of mixed hardwood forest containing abundant kōwhai, and a range of threatened and at risk plants, such as the declining fragrant tree daisy (Olearia fragrantissima), Coprosma obconica, bloodwood (Coprosma wallii) and Melicytus flexuosus, and the naturally uncommon fierce

51 lancewood (Pseudo-panax ferox). Many indigenous animals are found throughout these forest systems, including threatened and at risk species such as the nationally critical pekapeka/long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatusa), the nationally endangered barrier skink (Oligosoma judgeii), the nationally vulnerable kārearea/Eastern New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae “eastern”) and Takitimu gecko (Mokopiriraku cryptozoicus), and the naturally uncommon endemic ngaokeoke/velvet worm Ooperipatellus nanus, and the recovering kārearea/eastern New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae “eastern”) and. This Place is home to a valuable and distinctive lizard community, within which many species have extremely restricted geographic ranges and are vulnerable to animal pestsintroduced predators and loss of habitat as a result of wilding pines (mainly Pinus contorta). The alpine areas contain a rich diversity of indigenous plants and invertebrates, including the declining scree buttercup Ranunculus pilifera, and the naturally uncommon Hebe dilatata. and Takitimu speedwell (Parahebe spectabilis), is a sub-shrub that is endemic to the northwestern Takitimu Mountains. The mosaic of freshwater systems that drain the sides of the mountains are relatively pristine—particularly those that originate from the Takitimu Forest Conservation Area—and contain a variety of indigenous species. Non-migratory galaxiids such as the declining southern flathead galaxias (Galaxias “Ssouthern sp.”) and the nationally vulnerabledeclining Gollum galaxias (Galaxias gollumoides) abound in the small tributary streams, which are important refuge habitats for these species. The braided rivers are nesting sites for threatened species like the nationally endangered tarapirohe/black- fronted tern (Chlidonias albostriatus) and nationally vulnerable pohowera/banded dotterel (Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus). There are also a number of important and intact valley floor wetland systems, some of which are on private land and the largest of which are found in the Aparima River, Waterloo Burn and Wairaki River catchments. The Aparima River originates within this Place and is one of the four major rivers that drain across the Southland Plains. High-country areas play an important role in providing water yield and good quality water to downstream freshwater systems, such as in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. Therefore, it is important that water yield and quality within the Takitimu Place is protected. The management of freshwater systems is covered in section 2.6—Freshwater Wai Māori Place. One of the biggest threats to the Takitimu Place is wilding pines from nearby forestry blocks, which have the potential to invade the protected indigenous forest and tussock grassland systems. Therefore, it is important for the Department to work with adjoining landowners to ensure that this threat is minimised, wilding pines are removed, and the vulnerable indigenous ecosystems and landscapes are protected. Red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus), fallow deer (Dama dama), goats (Capra hircus), pigs (Sus scrofa) and possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are present within the Takitimu Place. These introduced animals can adversely affect indigenous forest and alpine ecosystems, and in recent years their control within this Place has been carried out by recreational hunters and the Department’s wild animal control operations. The Department seeks to continue working with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including adjoining landowners, on the management of this Place, with an emphasis on celebrating the cultural and historic values present,

52 as well as protecting the significant natural, landscape, ecological and recreational values.

Outcomes, policies and milestones for the Takitimu Place

OUTCOME The natural and distinctively rugged forested and alpine landscapes of the Takitimu Place are intact and dominate viewpoints throughout Southland Murihiku. The traditional cultural journeys and associated stories that weave across Takitimu are revealed through interpretation. Visitors and locals appreciate and understand the natural landscapes as cultural landscapes, and their part in the Southland Murihiku identity. Ngāi Tahu whānui are actively involved in the management of this Place, and are supported in showcasing and celebrating their cultural heritage values. Known as the home of the ‘long weekend tramping trip’, traditional activities, such as hunting, fishing and tramping are the main recreational uses of this Place. A number of Backcountry destinations provide While easily accessed by foot, but there are limited opportunities for motorised vehicles. Aircraft landings occasionally occur at a few designated sites, while being sensitive to cultural values and protecting the traditional remote experience; the wider Place is free from aircraft activity. Natural quiet prevails in this expansive and remote setting. Through working in partnership with the community, the historic values of the Backcountry destinations of the former and intact New Zealand Forest Service wild animal control hut network are recognised, protected and enjoyed. Tawai/silver beech and tussocklands dominate the extensive indigenous forest and alpine areas. As a priority ecosystem site, tThe intact altitudinal indigenous vegetation sequences are maintained in a healthy and functioning state. This Place is a showcase for endemic species, with managed populations of threatened and at risk species recovering. The community appreciates the ecological values of this Place and is actively involved in its protection. The spread of wilding plant species is no longer a threat. Important braided river and wetland ecosystems on private land are retained and protected. The mountainous environment and indigenous freshwater ecosystems provide plentiful high-quality water downstream to the adjoining Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. Commercial recreational activity supports cultural initiatives or is otherwise indistinguishable from traditional recreational use. Limited structural development, with minimal artificial noise and light, is of such a scale that the natural and cultural landscapes retain their dominance, and adverse effects on the Takitimu Mountains priority ecosystems site are avoided.

POLICIES 2.1.1 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to: a) increase awareness of the conservation, historic and cultural values of the Takitimu Place;

b) protect the traditional remote experience of the Takitimu Place; and c) avoid the spread of pest plants onto public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place, in conjunction with adjoining landowners and relevant agencies. 2.1.2 Support community initiatives that celebrate the historic and cultural values of the Takitimu Place where these are consistent with the outcome for the Place, including working with Ōraka Aparima Rūnaka on their management of Te Kōawa Turoa o Takitimuinvestigating the creation of a cultural park18. 2.1.3 Should not grant authorisations for structuresal and utilities development within the Takitimu Place unless: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) the structure or utility is consistent with the outcome for this Place; cb) adverse effects on the Takitimu Mountains priority ecosystems site, natural landscapes, cultural and historic values, and traditional remote recreational values are avoided; and dc) indigenous vegetation sequences are not fragmented. 2.1.4 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Takitimu Place where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7 or in accordance with the following criteria: a) landings only occur at the Cheviot Downs Hut, Telford Hut, Whare Creek Hut and Spence Hut (as shown on Map 5.1); b) there are no more than two landings per hut site per week; b) landings only occur at the Cheviot Downs Hut, Redcliff Hut, Whare Creek Hut and Spence Hut (as shown on Map 5.1); c) the activity is consistent with Ngāi Tahu Protocols (see Appendix 13.520); and d) aircraft use does not adversely affect cultural values or the remote experience of other visitors. 2.1.5 May review concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Takitimu Place through a public process if monitoring shows: a) cultural values and/or the remote experience of other visitors are being adversely affected; or b) more landing sites or more than two landings per hut site per week (in total for the whole Place) can be accommodated without impacting on cultural values or the remote experience of other visitors. 2.1.6 Work with adjoining landowners and the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to improve public access to the public conservation lands and waters in the Takitimu Place, particularly on the north western side of this Place. 2.1.7 Should allow motorised vehicles within the Takitimu Place only:

18 It is acknowledged that the concept of a ‘cultural park’ is yet to be developed; thus, it remains to be clarified what such a development might entail and whether it would be an appropriate way forward.

a) on the roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.1.8 Should allow mountain bikes within the Takitimu Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.1; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. 2.1.9 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Takitimu Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.1; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. Table 2.1. Mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle access within the Takitimu Place

Conservation unit Access

Takitimu Conservation Aparima River Track from Dunrobin Valley Road end to Area Aparima Huts

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the Takitimu Mountains priority ecosystem site and the threatened and at risk species in the Takitimu Place.  An investigation of Iinitiatives that protect and celebrate the cultural and historic values of the Takitimu Place have been investigated, such as the creation of a cultural park. Discussions with adjacent landowners, the community and the New Zealand Walking Access Commission have commenced, to establish a minimum of two additional public access points to landlocked public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place.  Actions in accordance with the programme to remove wilding pines from public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place and minimise the threat of reinvasion. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the Takitimu Mountains priority ecosystem site and the threatened and at risk species in the Takitimu Place.  Work has been undertaken with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the community to Iimproved the interpretation and promotion of the important cultural and historic values present within the Takitimu Place.

 Monitoring of aircraft activity in the Takitimu Place is underway. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the Takitimu Mountains priority ecosystem site and the threatened and at risk species in the Takitimu Place.  The provision of At least two additional, practical to use, public access points have been provided to public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place, and readily available information describing these access points is readily available to the public.  An assessment has been carried out regardingof the effects of aircraft activity in the Takitimu Place.  Removal of wilding pines from public conservation lands and waters within the Takitimu Place and the minimisation of the threat of reinvasion.

2.2 Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place The Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place encompasses: the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, and Fiordland National Park (the Park), plus some smaller areas of public conservation lands and waters; South Island Landless Natives Act 1906 (SILNA) land on the southern coast, some of which is protected by Conservation Covenants; and the associated marine area (out to 12 nautical miles), from Awarua Point in the north to Sand Hill Point in the south, and including Solander Island (Hautere) (see Maps 5.2, 5.2.1 and 5.2.2). The international significance of this Place as one of the world’s most special natural and cultural sites was recognised in 1990, when all but a small area in the south-eastit was identified as part of the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area (see Appendix 14). The Park is managed under the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007;, and the marine area under the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005 and the Regional Coastal Plan for Southland 2008. Management of the waters of lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, the tributaries of the Waiau River, and all other rivers flowing into the lakes, are also subject to the Manapouri-Te Anau Development Act 1963. The north-eastern part of this Place adjoins the Te Wāhipounamu Place in the West Coast Tai Poutini CMS; and the Mount Aspiring National Park Place, and the Western Lakes and Mountains Place in the Otago CMS. Description The Māori history of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place reaches back to its traditional creation, and the associated stories explain land formations and name areas in recognition of this. Tamatea, a chief who voyaged around the fiords in his waka Takitimu, gave the chiseled terrain the name ‘Te Rua-o-te- moko’, likening the deep gouges adorning the impressive cliff faces of the fiords to the tattoos on a chief's face. The Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place was a regular seasonal home for southern Māori, and a place for collection of pounamu and food. The coastline and the margins of a number of lakes provided important waka landing sites

56 and campsites, which were utilised during coastal voyages and visits to the area for mahinga kai. Allof these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. Wāhi tapu, rock art and urupā reflect the long use of the area by Māori, and many related sites arehave been recorded in conjunction with the Ngāi Tahu Rock Art Trust and local Rūnanga, some of which are actively conserved historic places (see Appendix 10). The northern fiords should be the focus of futurerequire further survey work. Mt Tutoko, which is in the Park, is identified as a tTōpuni site, Statutory Advisoris a and Deed of Recognition area and Ngāi Tahu are a statutory adviser under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (see refer 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendices 16 and 17). In addition, Lake Manapouri/(Moturau), Lake Te Anau/(Te Ana-au), Lake Hauroko and the Waiau River are allalso Deed of Recognition areas under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, in recognition of their special historic, spiritual and traditional values for the people of Ngāi Tahu whānui (see Appendix 17). Fiordland was also a focus for some of New Zealand’s earliest European industry, in the form of sealing and whaling. More recent history includes mining, timber milling, shipwrecks, lighthouses, and some attempts at settlement, and aerial venison recovery. Fiordland has a large number of actively conserved historic places (see Appendix 10), including two sites in Dusky Sound: internationally significant Astronomer Point, where James Cook’s astronomer William Wales determined the latitude and longitude of New Zealand; and the nationally significant house site of the early conservation pioneer Richard Henry on Pigeon Island/Wāwahi Waka. While there is no historic site associated with it, Dusky Sound is also important for the indigenous wildlife recorded by early naturalists on board James Cook’s Resolution in 1773. The first indigenous New Zealand fish known to European science was collected from Lake Forster, which drains into Pickersgill Harbour; because the spotted pattern of the fish resembled a galaxy of stars, the fish later became known as Galaxias argenteus (the giant kōkopu/taiwharu). The Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place covers a diverse range of outstanding landscapes, including over 40 000 hectares of islands, fiords, cliffs, mountains, lakes, rivers, sand dunes and estuaries. The basement geology of Fiordland is dominated by hard crystalline plutonic rocks, which have risen up as mountains and been shaped, and continue to be shaped, by water, ice, avalanches and erosion. Northern Fiordland has high, steep mountains and deep fiords, which contrast with the more subdued relief of southern Fiordland. The whole of Fiordland receives high rainfall, with parts having some of the highest annual rainfall in New Zealand. The landscape and character of the Fiordland Te Rua-o- te-moko Place is highly valued by visitors and locals alike, with words like ‘pristine’, ‘unspoilt’, ‘stunning’ and ‘outstanding’ being used to describe this Place. There are opportunities for this beauty to be enjoyed in areas that are uncrowded and where natural quiet prevails, allowing visitors to step back in time. The Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place is one of the most expansive natural areas of New Zealand and contains 1837 priority ecosystem unitssites, including:  Extensive tawai/silver beech forests, and areas of diverse podocarp, hardwood and mixed beech-hardwood-podocarp forest.  An impressive vastness of upland and alpine tussocklands, rock, shrub, herbfields, wetland and rockfell ecosystems.

 Intact wetlands, lakes and rivers.  A dramatic and diverse coastline that includes important dune systems, herbfields and shrublands. Fiordland is biologically diverse, containing over one-third of New Zealand’s indigenous plant species, some of which are only found in this Place. It is a national stronghold for many threatened and at risk plants, including the nationally vulnerable heart-leaved kōhūhū (Pittosporum obcordatum); the declining waiū-atua/sand spurge (Euphorbia glauca), Coprosma pedicellata, Melicytus flexuosus, linear leaved tree daisy (Olearia lineata), and four beech mistletoe species; and two endemic, naturally uncommon snow tussocks (Chionochola nivifera and C. spiralis) and four speargrass species (Aciphylla congesta, A. crosby-smithiana, A. leighii and A. takahea). The nationally critical takahē and kākāpō are both back from the brink of extinction and living in Fiordland. Ancient indigenous animal associations also include species of pekapeka/bats, lizards, numerous birds, fish, wētā and many other invertebrates. This Place contains hundreds of islands that range in size from small rock stacks to larger islands over 1 hectare (see Appendix 3), the largest of which is Resolution Island (20 860 ha). Many of the islands are possum-free, some are rat-free (Rattus spp.), and there is the potential to eradicate or control stoats (Mustela erminea) and other pest and wild animals in the long term. Some islands provide valuable refuges for a number of New Zealand’s threatened species, such as kākāpō on Anchor Island and the nationally vulnerable North Island kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) on Secretary Island. Some community groups and businesses are actively involved in the management of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, carrying out biodiversity work and maintaining recreational assets. The continuation and growth of these relationships is essential for the long term management of this Place to increase the number of areas that are secure from the effects of pest and wild animal species19; improve the ongoing viability of indigenous biodiversity; enhance recreation opportunities; and protect historic and cultural heritage. This Place provides a wide variety of recreation opportunities for everybody, from short walks through to multi-day mountaineering trips, hunting and mountain biking. Within this Place, visitors can experience high-use areas such as the Icon destination of Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, as well as remote areas like Big Bay and the gazetted Glaisnock and Pembroke Wilderness Areas. This Place also includes the Icon destinations of the Milford, Routeburn (part) and Kepler Great Walks, and the Gateway destinations of the Hollyford and Greenstone/Caples (part) Tracks. These tracks give thousands of visitors each year a chance to experience Fiordland. The Hump Ridge Track is managed by the community and is also highly valued, offering visitors the opportunity to be immersed in a more remote experience. Hunting is a popular recreational activity within this Place, particularly during the roar, with hunters travelling from all over the country to hunt in this magnificent, remote and wild environment. Hunters use this area to hunt for trophy deer, venison, chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), and pigs and game birds. The Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place is also popular for fishing, diving and climbing. Aircraft are often used to enable these recreational activities to occur.

19 Such as deer, possums, hares (Lepus europaeus), tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), feral goats, pigs, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), ferrets (Mustela putorius), feral cats (Felis catus) and stoats.

Fiordland coastal marine area In recognition of its ‘local, national, and international importance, unique marine environment, distinctive biological diversity, and outstanding landscape and cultural heritage’, the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005 (the Act) established the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area and eight marine reserves. The Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area encompasses all of the coastal marine area of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te–moko Place, except around Solander Island (Hautere). The eight marine reserves cover areas of inner fiord and fiord entrance habitats that were not previously represented within the two existing marine reserves (Piopiotahi (Milford Sound); and Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut), in Doubtful Sound/Patea), which were gazetted in 1993. The Act also established the Fiordland Marine Guardians, a statutory stakeholder advisory group with a number of functions includingwhose responsibility is to providinge advice and recommendations to the management agencies and Ministers responsible for the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area, and facilitating and promoting the integrated management of the area. The Guardians’ vision is ‘That the quality of Fiordland's marine environment and fisheries, including the wider fishery experience, be maintained or improved for future generations to use and enjoy’. The marine reserves are the only ones located along the mainland coastline of Southland Murihiku, encompassing over 10 000 hectares and protecting a diverse range of species. Monitoring is undertaken in the marine reserves and the wider Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area to track changes in key species such as rāwaru/blue cod (Parapercis colias) and kōura papatea/rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii), and other biodiversity values over time. Freshwater that is discharged into Deep Cove, Doubtful Sound/Patea from the Manapouri Power Scheme has altered the hydrographic environment in this area resulting in some changes to the marine communities. The Fiordland Coastal Marine Area/Te Mimi o Tū Te Rakiwhānoa statutory area (under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) covers all of the coastal marine area of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te–moko Place, including Solander Island (Hautere), but also extends eastwards into the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place (see section 2.9). Deep, glacially-carved fiords penetrate an average of 20 km inland along the western coastline of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place. There are 15 main fiords extending from Milford Sound/ Piopiotahi in the north to Preservation Inlet in the south. The waters of the fiords are unique from a global perspective, because it is possible to see species that are usually deep-dwelling, such as red and black corals and sea pens, at shallow depths. This phenomenon is known as deep-water emergence and occurs in the fiords due to the light-limiting, tannin- stained freshwater layer that sits on top of the seawater. The fiords are home to a diverse range of marine species, and the rock wall communities are amongst some of the most diverse marine communities in the world. Due to Tthe extent of the values present within the fiords means that they could be eligible for inclusion in the Te Wāhipounamu—South-West New Zealand World Heritage Area, and they are on New Zealand’s tentative list to be nominated for inclusion in the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Areaas such.

The southern coast from Puysegur Point to Sand Hill Point is characterised by a series of marine terraces that were formed over a period of 600 000 years. Exposed craggy stacks and reefs produce a highly scenic seascape of national importance. Some threatened and at risk seabirds and marine mammals are found within the Fiordland coastal marine area, such as the nationally endangeredvulnerable tawaki/Fiordland crested penguin (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus), for which coastal Fiordland is an important stronghold. The relict tītī/mottled petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata) also breeds along the coast. Nationally endangered tohorā/southern right whales can sometimes be seen during winter and spring throughout the fiords and into Te Waewae Bay in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, and this population appears to be increasing. However, careful management of the coastal marine area is required to ensure that this population is not affected by increasing activity or development. Extension of the marine mammal sanctuary at Te Waewae Bay along the south coast and into Preservation and Chalky Inlets would allow the tohorā/southern right whale population to re-establish its historic breeding grounds. Nationally endangered terehu/bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can also be found, at their southern limit, within the Fiordland coastal marine area. There are three populations of resident terehu/bottlenose dolphins: one that ranges between the northern fiords and is commonly seen in Milford Sound/ Piopiotahi, one in Doubtful Sound/Patea and one in the Dusky/Breaksea Sound complex. Many visitors enjoy the opportunity to observe the dolphins in their natural environment. However, research indicates that in recent years the population of terehu/bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound/Patea has been declining, and so the Department is working with stakeholders, including Ngāi Tahu, the Fiordland Marine Guardians, Environment Southland Regional Council, the science community and the wider community to ensure their ongoing presence into the future. Kekeno/New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) have been increasing in numbers since the early 1800s when they were hunted for their skins, and there are now many breeding colonies throughout the coastal areas of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place. While the internal waters of the fiords themselves are closed to commercial fishing, the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place is home to an established and successful coastal and offshore fishing industry. There is also a very successful sea-based tourism industry, with a number of commercial tourism vessels operating within the fiords offering sightseeing tours and access to some of the more remote parts of this Place. Milford Sound/Piopiotahi receives the majority of tourism use within the Fiordland coastal marine area, with visitor numbers declining the further south and north travelled. This enables visitors to experience a range of different environments, from high-use areas in parts of Milford Sound/ Piopiotahi, to the less-visited areas of Doubtful Sound/Patea and the isolation of the southern fiords20. A number of recreational vessels also use the fiords, particularly in Doubtful Sound/Patea. The Fiordland coastal marine area has very few aquatic pests. However it is under threat from a number of invasive species from across the globe, most

20 The ‘southern fiords’ refers to all fiords south of Doubtful Sound/Patea within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place.

notably the Japanese kelp Undaria pinnatifida, which is present in most ports throughout New Zealand. This species was found in Sunday Cove, Breaksea Sound, in 2010, and poses a major threat to the ecological integrity of the fiords due to its colonising characteristics and ability to outcompete indigenous seaweeds. Other aquatic pest species also pose a considerable threat to this relatively intact environment. Therefore, the Department willintends to continue to working with all relevant agencies and interested parties to ensure that effective biosecurity measures are implemented to protect the integrity of the nationally important ecosystems within the Fiordland coastal marine area. Because of the values associated with the coastal margin of Fiordland National Park and the need to improve integrated management across the foreshore, the Department has identifiedshould investigatinge the additionng of the area between the mean high and low water marks to the Park. Milford Sound/Piopiotahi and Doubtful Sound/Patea Milford Sound/Piopiotahi is one of the four Icon destinations within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place. It is a major tourism drawcard for Southland Murihiku as well as New Zealand. Milford Sound/Piopiotahi is the most accessible of the fiords, with State Highway 94, which is known as the ‘Milford Road Journey’ (another Icon destination), travelling directly to it. Visitors can also fly directly to the Milford aerodrome, which is in Fiordland National Park. Milford Sound/Piopiotahi is highly valued locally, nationally and internationally for its outstanding landscapes, pockets of tranquillity and marine wildlife. Visitors to this area can partake in a number of different activities, including cruising on the fiord, diving and kayaking. Doubtful Sound/Patea has restricted road access (viafrom West Arm, Lake Manapouri) and is another popular site for day and overnight cruises, kayaking and fishing. The small, resident population of terehu/bottlenose dolphins found predominantly in Doubtful Sound/Patea, which lives at one of the southernmost locations in the world for this species, are an important feature of this fiord. A number of measures are in place to protect this population, including the ‘Doubtful Sound Marine Mammal Code of Management’. Fiordland National Park Fiordland National Park has its own management plan, which contains the outcomes planned for the Park and more detailed management directions, as required by the National Parks Act 1980 and the General Policy for National Parks 2005. This information is not repeated in this CMSstrategy and can be viewed in the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 (the Plan), or any successor to it. However, this CMSstrategy also contains a number of provisions that are not addressed in the Plan and may affect the management of the National Park, including and may require a review of the Plan to be implemented. These are: a) addition ofng Awarua Point Conservation Area to the National Park (see Policy 2.2.43); b) proposed new mountain biking opportunities in the National Park (see Policy 2.2.109 and text box below); and c) proposed new electric power-assisted pedal cycling opportunities on existing formed roads in the National Park (see Policy 3.4.1).

PROPOSAL TO ALLOW MOUNTAIN BIKING ON EXISTING AND NEW TRACKS IN FIORDLAND NATIONAL PARK In addition to the existing mountain biking opportunities in Fiordland National Park (see Table 3.1, Policy 3.3.1), the Department is considering allowing mountain biking on a number of other existing and/or new purpose-built tracks (see Table 3.2, Policy 3.3.6) in Fiordland National Park. The existing tracks are on sections of the Kepler Track and sections of the Hollyford Track from Hollyford Road end to Martins Bay. The new tracks are proposed to be at Forest Burn, at Harts Hill, along the edge of Lake Te Anau (Te Anau to Te Anau Downs), from Supply Bay to Frazers Beach (Lake Manapouri), and from Balloon Loop to Supply Bay Road. Your initial feedback is sought on these proposed new mountain biking opportunities in Fiordland National Park through the public notification of this strategy. If there is public support for new mountain biking opportunities in Fiordland National Park, the Department will undertake a partial review of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007. This will be carried out in accordance with sections 46 and 47 of the National Parks Act 1980 and General Policy for National Parks 2005. Any such review will consider a number of matters, including measures to minimise adverse effects (including cumulative effects) on national park values and to protect the experiences of, and avoid creating hazards for, others. This could include trial periods, restricted seasons, limits on numbers, one-way flow and adherence to a nationally recognised user code. Monitoring of mountain biking use would also need to be considered, along with what actions should be taken if adverse effects arise, including the possibility of use no longer being allowed.

Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas The Awarua Point and Pyke Forest Conservation Areas are located to the north of Fiordland National Park. These areas are warmer and wetter than the Park, but just as biologically rich. They have strong affinities with South Westland, and Pyke Forest Conservation Area includes the priority ecosystem unitsite at Big Bay, which contains podocarp-dominated forest, the Waiuna lagoon and associated wetlands, a diversity of other wetlands, dunes, and a gravel beach. This area predominantly offers a remote setting for users seeking a back-to- basics experience, particularly within the weastern part of Awarua Point Conservation Area, which acts as a buffer to the adjoining Olivine Wilderness Area within the adjacent Mount Aspiring National Park. The Alabaster airstrip, adjacent to the Pyke River (in Pyke Forest Conservation Area), is the main access point to this area for aircraft. Therefore, aircraft landings canshould be expected during the roar. There is a small settlement of private huts at Big Bay, which are historically associated with white-baiting in the area. A number of these are authorised (see ‘Private accommodation and related facilities’ in Part 3) and were originally permitted by the New Zealand Forest Service. Therefore, given the are historic and cultural values associated with these huts, they should be allowed to remain. As a result, in accordance with policy 10 in the Conservation General Policy

2005 and policy 3.10.4 in Part Three of this strategy, public use of the huts will need to be phased in. The Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas are at the southeast end of Fiordland National Park. They contain extensive beech forest and atwo priority ecosystems unitsites, Dean Burn-Mangapiri and Lill Burn, which contains podocarp forest, frost flatskōwhai forest and some important wetland areas, such as the Upper Lillburn Bog and Chocolate Bog. There are also two ecological areas (Diggers Ridge Ecological Area and Lillburn Ecological Area) in the Dean Forest Conservation Area, (with the Diggers Ridge Ecological Areawhich overlaying parts of the priority ecosystem unitsites), and the Waikoau Ecological Area is within the Rowallan Forest Conservation Area. Threatened species, such as the nationally vulnerable mohua/yellowhead (Mohoua ochrocephala) and the declining scarlet mistletoes (Peraxilla colensoi) and pirita/white mistletoe (Tupeia antarctica), can be found in the beech- podocarp forests. The giant tōtara (Podocarpus totara) stand along the Waiau River valley in the Dean Forest Conservation Area is a key feature of this area, containing some of the largest tōtara trees in Southland Murihiku. These two Conservation Areas offer a backcountry experience, with mechanised access, including aircraft landings. They are a popular location for a number of recreational activities, particularly recreational hunting and four-wheel driving. The Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas complement the values of Fiordland National Park. Therefore, the Department shouldAn investigatione to adding them to the Park is an option, not only due to their contiguous nature with the Park, but also because of their complementary conservation and heritage values.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place

OUTCOME The Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area status of much of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place is internationally renowned. The vast and spectacular natural landscapes of this Place remain intact, and the biologically diverse, uninterrupted altitudinal ecosystem sequences function naturally, providing habitats for ancient and unique biota. Extensive, indigenous alpine ecosystems support an exceptional range of indigenous plants and animals, including the lastflourishing wild populations of takahē in the Murchison Mountains, and kaka and long-tailed bats in Waitutu. Fiordland continues to be a stronghold for threatened and at risk indigenous bird and plant species that were once common across New Zealand, and the ongoing viability of these species is strongly linked to the managed priority ecosystem unitssites found throughout this Place. The pristine nature of the majority of the lakes and their indigenous aquatic and shoreline flora are maintained, with indigenous vegetation dominating their catchments. There are fewno barriers to indigenous migratory species journeying between these lakes and the sea. The nature of the landscape and integrated pest control programmes allows some areas to remain virtually free of deer and possums, with the greater extent of this Place also free of hares, tahr, feral goats, pigs and other animal

63 pestsseveral predatory species including hedgehogs, ferrets and feral cats. Reduced deer numbers enable vulnerable indigenous vegetation to recover. Indigenous ecosystems on numerous island refuges, including Breaksea, Resolution, Secretary and Solander (Hautere) Islands, are secure from the effects of pests and wild animals, and populations of translocated threatened and at risk birds continue to thrive. Although stoats and rats are still found throughout mainland Fiordland they are controlled in large tracts of indigenous forest with the support of community and business projects, enabling indigenous birdlife populations to improverecover. This Place offers an array of experiences, from popular, easily accessible locations that visitors can drive into and be instantly immersed in nature, to expansive, awe-inspiring landscapes and areas of extensive, untouched wilderness and natural tranquillity for the more adventurous. Visitors can undertake a range of activities, the most common being camping, picnicking, tramping, walking, climbing, sports fishing, hunting, boating, sailing, rafting, kayaking, caving, sightseeing, bird watching, photography and painting. Mountain biking opportunities are available in some locations where conservation values are not adversely affected and effects on other users can be managed. Aircraft landings within Fiordland National Park mainly occur at designated high-use sites, with limited landings beyond those sites to protect natural and recreational values. Within the Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, aircraft landings frequently occur in areas that are more inaccessible by foot or motorised vehicles, while in the Pyke Forest and Awarua Point Conservation Areas there are only occasional aircraft landings to protect the remote nature of these areas. Milford Sound/Piopiotahi is an Icon destination that leaves a lasting impression on hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Visitors can take the inspiring journey into Milford by road, boat or air, with seasonal and weather variations bringing new dimensions to the journey every day. Numerous short walks along the Icon destination of the Milford Road Journey enable visitors to be awed by the grandeur of this area. Visitors learn about the special indigenous flora and fauna, the factors that threaten them, and the opportunities to contribute to their conservation. The Icon destinations of the Milford, Kepler and Routeburn Tracks continue to be regarded as ‘must do’ Great Walks, —offering visitors the opportunity to enjoy breathtaking mountain views, enchanted forests, cascading waterfalls and peaceful lakes, and to learn about Ngāi Tahu culture, history and traditions, and other history. The Gateway destinations of the Hollyford and Greenstone/ Caples Tracks provide visitors with the chance to have a safe but more challenging backcountry experience. The cultural values associated with the outstanding landscapes of this Place are better known. Sites of importance to Ngāi Tahu whānui are respected and managed in partnership with them, ensuring the protection of places and the continuation of their cultural connections. Historic and cultural values are brought to life through interpretation, giving visitors an enhanced appreciation of the heritage values and leaving them with a connection to the lives of previous generations. The outstanding stories

64 associated with Captain Cook, pioneering conservationist Richard Henry, and the sealing and whaling industries are highlighted, alongside the locally important stories of pioneer settlements, gold mining, sawmilling and the fishing industry. The natural and wild character of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place prevails, including the ability to view a clear night sky that is unaffected by artificial light. Commercial activity within this Place actively promotes and enhances conservation and recreational values, and does not diminish the outstanding natural character and natural quiet within the greater part of this Place. Structural development is clustered around existing facilities, such as near townships or along State Highway 94, and enhances these sites.

Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas The scenery, ecological systems and natural features of the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, whose mountain and lowland indigenous forests are contiguous with Fiordland National Park, are nationally recognised and acknowledged with the extension of national park status to these areas. The Awarua Point and Pyke Forest Conservation Areas contribute a vast tract of lowland mixed hardwood, podocarp and beech forest, as well as a rich diversity of wetlands and open water areas with pristine hydrology and soils. The abundant birdlife along the shores of the Waiuna Lagoon and the outstanding indigenous aquatic species inhabiting the lagoon are maintained. The Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas contribute beech- podocarp forests that contain threatened and at risk species. Community initiatives have reduced pig numbers in these areas, improving the indigenous understorey vegetation. Relationships with adjacent Māori landowners are strong, with the values of these lands being respected and integrated management across the boundaries being achieved.

The Fiordland coastal marine area The interdependence of the indigenous terrestrial and marine ecosystems is acknowledged and recognisedby the inclusion of the foreshore of the national park, and the inclusion of the waters and seabed of the fiords of Fiordland in the Te Wāhipounamu—South-West New Zealand World Heritage Area in the Fiordland National Park. Working closely with Ngāi Tahu whānui, the Fiordland Marine Guardians, and relevant agencies, commercial interests and the community, integrated management and protection is achieved across the land and marine interface, and the introduction and establishment of invasive species is prevented. Wild, rugged landscapes dominate, and natural character increases the further south and west people venture, with the southern fiords offering a near- wilderness experience. The marine environment is thriving, with ample opportunities for visitors to observe marine mammals and other marine wildlife from the water, air and land in a way that does not adversely affect the wildlife. Tohorā/southern right whales, terehu/bottlenose dolphins, and tawaki/ Fiordland crested penguins are regular sights, with populations stable or increasing.

An enhanced representative range of marine ecosystems and species are protected across this environment, and the marine reserves are managed to preserved and improvein their natural habitat valuesstate. People are aware of and appreciate the importance of the Fiordland coastal marine area, and are actively involved in its protection. Structural development within the Fiordland coastal marine area does not detract from the outstanding natural character and natural quiet of this Place, particularly in the southern fiords, where the only modifications are those necessary to support visitor access, scientific research and monitoring, or the existing fishing industry, and artificial light does not prevent viewing of the night sky. Commercial recreational activities promote the values of the Fiordland coastal marine area and all commercial activities are aware of the need for healthyundertaken in harmony with marine ecosystems, avoiding impacts on important marine habitats or significant species and maintaining and enhancing visitor experiences.

Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas The scenery, ecological systems and natural features of the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, whose mountain and lowland indigenous forests are contiguous with Fiordland National Park, are nationally recognised and acknowledged by a mechanism that integrates the management of these areas with the national park. The Awarua Point and Pyke Forest Conservation Areas contribute a vast tract of lowland mixed hardwood, podocarp and beech forest, as well as a rich diversity of wetlands and open water areas with pristine hydrology and soils. The abundant birdlife along the shores of the Waiuna Lagoon and the outstanding indigenous aquatic species inhabiting the lagoon are maintained. The Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas contribute beech- podocarp forests that contain threatened and at risk species. Community initiatives have reduced pig numbers in these areas, improving the indigenous understorey vegetation. Relationships with adjacent Māori landowners are strong, with the values of these lands being respected and integrated management across the boundaries being achieved.

POLICIES 2.2.1 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place that are within the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated andto maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal values (Appendix 14). 2.2.2 Manage Fiordland National Park in accordance with it’sthe Fiordland Nnational Ppark Mmanagement Pplan 2007, or any amendment or successor to itincluding the visitor management and aircraft provisions. 2.2.3.1.12 May grant concessions in the Glaisnock or Pembroke Wilderness Areas in accordance with the Fiordland National Park Management

Plan 2007 until such time as a review of that plan is approved. Beyond that time, if provision is made for concessions they are considered only where necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area's indigenous natural resources. Concessions activity that meets this test will: a) demonstrate that the activity is necessary or that it actively benefits the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; b) not use vehicles, motorised water craft or motorised aircraft in the area, other than in accordance with Policy 3.20.6; c) not establish encampments or defined tracks, routes, or trails; d) not involve the erection or maintenance of buildings or machinery; e) not involve the taking in or use of animals or livestock in the area; f) be consistent with the outcome and policies for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place and the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; g) be consistent with the relevant aircraft zones shown on Map 4, the visitor management zones as described in Appendix 12 and shown on Map 3 and the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; h) be indistinguishable from other independent users of the wilderness area; and i) be self-reliant. 2.2.43 Investigate the addition of the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, and the foreshore between the low and high mean water mark to Fiordland National Park, through a public process in accordance with section 8 of the National Parks Act 1980. In the meantime, continue to manage the Conservation Areas under the Conservation Act 1987, while having regard to the adjacent national park and the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007. 2.2.54 Progress the nomination for the waters and seabed of the fiords of Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) to be added to the Te Wāhipounamu—South- West New Zealand World Heritage Area. 2.2.65 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies (such as Southland Regional Council, Southland District Council, Fiordland Marine Guardians, New Zealand Transport Agency, Civil Aviation Authority and Milford Community Trust), commercial interests, and the wider community to: a) promote and increase awareness of the significant ecological, historic and cultural values of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, including interpretation and recognition of the Māori cultural landscape; b) in conjunction with relevant agencies (such as Environment Southland, Fiordland Marine Guardians, New Zealand Transport Agency, Civil Aviation Authority and Milford Community Trust), develop and sustain an integrated approach to managing Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, and access to it as an Icon destination, thereby enhancing its international reputation;

c) in conjunction with the Fiordland Marine Guardians and other management agencies, achieve the ongoing integrated management of the Fiordland coastal marine area; d) in conjunction with the Fiordland Marine Guardians, the fisheries sector and relevant agencies, undertake a public process to investigate and increase the size of the Te Wae Wae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary by extending it westwards along the southern coastline into Preservation and Chalky Inlets, for the purpose of fostering a permanentto protect breeding ground for tohorā/ southern right whales; and e) in conjunction with relevant agencies and the commercial sector, ensure that structural development and commercial use within the Fiordland coastal marine area: i) is consistent with the outcome for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place; ii) avoids adverse effects on the values present, in particular: A. marine reserves, marine mammal sanctuaries, and marine ecosystems; B. marine mammals, marine wildlife (including seabirds) and their habitats; C. natural character, including: iI. gazetted wilderness areas; iiII. the extensive areas of natural quiet and the unmodified landscape values of the southern fiords, as well as the northern fiords between Doubtful Sound/Patea and Milford Sound/Piopiotahi; and iiiIII. the relative natural quiet and landscape values of the Doubtful Sound/Patea complex; and D. wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and archaeological values; iii) avoids shipping accidents and/or oil spills; and iv) avoids the introduction of new aquatic pest organisms, and has adequate surveillance and control procedures in place. 2.2.76 Should only allowpermit motorised vehicles in the Pyke Forest and Awarua Point Conservation Areas only: a) on the existing (as at 31 Dec 2012) formed roads around the whitebaiting settlement at Big Bay; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.2.87 Should only allowpermit motorised vehicles in the Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas only: a) on theformed roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.2.98 May allow the development of new formed roads within the Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas for motorised vehicle use in accordance with Policy 3.2.4 in Part Three and subject to, but not limited to:

a) consistency with the General Policy for National Parks 2005 and the management of Fiordland National Park, in accordance with Policies 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 above; b) the suitability of the soil for regular motorised vehicle use; c) the avoidance of adverse effects on threatened, at risk and Iconic species, priority ecosystem unitssites, and ecological areas; d) the avoidance of adverse effects on significant geological features, landforms and landscapes (as identified in Appendix 9); e) the avoidance, remediation or mitigation of adverse effects on other recreational activities; and f) unrestricted public use at no charge. 2.2.109 Should allow mountain bikes within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three; or c) as set out in the national park management plan for Fiordland National Park, where the activity is within the national park, and May develop new mountain biking opportunities within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, in accordance with: a) Policies 8.6(g)–8.6(k) in the General Policy for National Parks 2005; and b) Policies 3.3.2–3.3.7 in Part Three of this strategy. 2.2.11 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) as set out in the national park management plan for Fiordland National Park, where the activity is within the national park; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. 2.2.120 MayShould grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas only where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or where it is: a) safe and practical to do so; b) consistent with the outcome for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place;and cb) consistent with the relevant provisions in section 5.5.1 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 for the East Fiordland Air Activity Zone; and d) there are no adverse effects on the Diggers Ridge, Lilburn and Waikoau Ecological Areas. 2.2.131 Should only grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Pyke Forest and Awarua Point Conservation Areas only where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or at: a) the Alabaster airstrip (as shown on Map 5.2.1); or b) other sites, in accordance with the following criteria:

i) it is consistent with the outcome for the Fiordland Te Rua-o- te-moko Place; ii) it is consistent with the relevant provisions in section 5.5.1 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 for the North Fiordland Air Activity Zone; iii) there are no adverse effects on the remote experience within these Conservation Areas or the wilderness experience within the Olivine Wilderness Area (in Mount Aspiring National Park) are avoided, remedied or mitigated; and iv) these Conservation Areas are cannot bereasonably accessibleed by aircraft landing off public conservation lands and waters21; and v) there is no increase in the cumulative effect of all noise impacts within these Conservation Areas. 2.2.142 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest or Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas where the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with, and the structure or utility: a) is consistent with the outcome for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place; b) cannot reasonably be located off public conservation lands and waters; c) is co-located with existing structures where reasonably possible; d) does not displace visitors; and e) does not adversely affect the values present, in particular the: i) intrinsic natural character and recreational values of these areas, including natural quiet, remote and wilderness values; and ii) sensitive ecological values, including the integrity of indigenous ecosystems and habitats, particularly threatened and at risk species, priority ecosystem unitssites and ecological areas, as well as the natural ecological linkages between land, freshwater and marine environments. 2.2.153 May permit commercial aerial-, land- and water-based marine mammal and other wildlife viewing operations within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place where any adverse effects of the operations can be avoided. Monitoring of these operations should be undertaken to understand their impact on marine mammals and other wildlife, and to inform future management. 2.2.164 Continue to advocate to relevant agencies for the protection of marine mammals within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, in particular the terehu/bottlenose dolphin populations. 2.2.175 Support mechanisms to protect a full representative range of the indigenous marine ecosystems within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place.

21 Arcraft activity at Big Bay is already available from the foreshore seaward of public conservation land.

2.2.186 Work with Ngāi Tahu and others to Iimprove archaeological records in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, particularly in the northern fiords.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of wWork programmes for the priority ecosystem sites, the marine reserves and the threatened and at risk species in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place are on track.  Input into regional council planning processes tohas ensured that the southern fiords are being managed to retain their wild and isolated nature.  Commenced Aan investigation to add the Awarua Point, Pyke Forest, Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest Conservation Areas, and the foreshore, to Fiordland National Park is underway.  An assessment has been carried out to determine whether to undertake a review of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 to provide for new mountain biking opportunities in Fiordland National Park. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of wWork programmes for the priority ecosystem sites, the marine reserves and the threatened and at risk species in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place are on track.  Input into regional council planning processes tohas ensured that biosecurity measures are included on coastal permits to protect island refuges and the coastal marine area in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place from the effects of pests and wild animals.  Ongoing monitoring of terehu/bottlenose dolphin populations and other marine mammals in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place tohas ensured that management actions are being taken to give the populations their best possible chance to increase.  Commenced Iinvestigations are underway to progress increasing the size of the Te Waewae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary into Preservation and Chalky Inlets.  Investigations are underway to pProgressed thea nomination for the Fiordland coastal marine area to be added to the Te Wāhipounamu— South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of wWork programmes for the priority ecosystem sites, the marine reserves and the threatened and at risk species in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place are on track.  Identification and investigations for the protection of Tthe full representative range of indigenous marine ecosystems within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place has been identified and investigated for protection.

 The Fiordland Marine Guardians are being supported and are engaged in the protection of the marine ecosystems within the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place.  Improved Kknowledge of archaeological sites in the northern fiords has been improved.

2.3 Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place The Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place comprises all of the high- country land in northwestern Southland (see Maps 5.3 and 5.3.1). The main blocks of public conservation lands and waters within this Place are the Eyre Mountains/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park, Mavora Park Conservation Area and Snowdon Forest Conservation Area. There are also some smaller blocks, such as the Burwood Bush (Red Tussock) Scientific Reserve. The Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place is strongly linked to the Takitimu Place, the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place and the Fiordland Te-Rua-o-te-moko Place within this CMSstrategy, and the Western Lakes and Mountains Place in the Otago CMS. Many values are shared across these Places. Description The Māori name ‘Mata-puke Koikoi’ refers to the rough and rugged high country that is found within this Place, including the Eyre Mountains, Snowdon Peak and the Livingstone Mountains. This name is similar in nature to that given to the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place, illustrating the strong linkage between these two Places. While the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place is highly valued for its ecological, cultural and historic values, the community particularly values the natural character within this Place, including the landscapes, natural quiet, and backcountry and remote recreation opportunities. The Mavora Park and Snowdon Forest Conservation Areas are two of several areas of public conservation lands and waters within this Place that have been internationally recognised as part of the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area (see Appendix 14). In addition, the northern portions of these Conservation Areas (parts of the Livingstone and Eglinton ranges) have been identified as being suitable for inclusion in Fiordland National Park. This Place contains a diverse range of habitats that support threatened and at risk indigenous plant and animal species. There are also a number of priority ecosystem unitssites that include areas of frost flatstussockland, bog pine (Halocarpus bidwillii) shrubland, beech forest, peat and moss bogs, ultramafic tussockland/stonefield/rocklandgrassland and mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) shrubland, and freshwater lakes. Ngāi Tahu whānui have a special relationship with the North and South Mavora Lakes (Manawapōpōre/ and Hikuraki), the Mataura River and the Oreti River,. This relationship is formally recognised through Deeds of Recognitions for these areas under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (see Appendix 17)

72 and the nohoanga entitlements (see Appendix 18) at two of these sites (refer 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu). In part, this reflects an ara tawhito (traditional trail) that extended along the Oreti River, linking with the Mavora wetlands, the Greenstone valley and westward.addition, Part 10 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 contains specific provisions relating to management of the leaseback conservation area that is within Southland Murihiku. This CMSstrategy must be consistent with the terms of the lease of the leaseback conservation area. The Mataura River has a Water Conservation Order (1997) in recognition of its outstanding fisheries and angling amenity features. The Oreti River also has a Water Conservation Order (2008) because of its brown trout (Salmo trutta) and nationally criticalendangered karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull (Larus bulleri) habitat, angling amenity, and significance in accordance with tikanga Māori. There are culturally important traditional pounamu trails22 within this Place, such as along the Oreti River. The Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place is near Te Anau, and is circled by the rural service towns of Mossburn, Lumsden, Athol and Garston. This, coupled with its accessibility, has resulted in it being a highly valued area for local and traditional recreational activities, including horse riding, tramping, mountain biking, hunting, fishing, climbing, kayaking, four-wheel driving and trail bike riding. The Mavora-Greenstone walkway (which comprises part of Te Araroa Trail) is a Backcountry destination that passes through this Place and links with the Western Lakes and Mountains Place in the Otago CMS. Horse riding has traditionally occurred in selected areas, such as around the Mavora Lakes, Eyre Creek and the upper catchment of the Mataura River, with facilities catering for overnight use by horse riders at Mavora; there is also potential to provide for an increase in horse riding opportunities. The northern portion of the Eyre Mountain/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park is valued by recreational hunters, as it is an important area for chamois hunting, mainly during summer months. There are specific roadstracks designated for motorised vehicle activities such as four-wheel driving and trail bike riding. Mountain biking is already well catered for within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place, but there are also opportunities for growth of this activity. This Place is primarily managed for backcountry recreational experiences, with some opportunities for more remote experiences away from road ends, particularly at higher altitudes. Although recreational use of this Place has been low in the past, there is scope to increase use without affecting the backcountry and remote recreational experiences. Historically, there washas been little commercial activity within this Place, which has protected the traditional local ‘kiwi’ camping experience and remote recreation opportunities. However, some limited commercial activity canmay be allowed where it is compatible with the traditional use of this Place, such as guided hunting, fishing, walking, mountain biking and horse riding. Some float plane landings can occur on North Mavora Lake, and there is also an unmaintained grass landing strip near Shirkers Bush that can be used for aircraft landings. Aircraft also provide access to remote locations for

22 It is not permitted to knowingly disturb, remove or recover pounamu from public conservation land without the authorisation of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu.

73 recreational hunting, particularly chamois hunting, and other recreational activities that are reliant on aircraft access, such as heli-skiing. However, aircraft can impact upon natural quiet and the remote experience that is sought after within parts of this Place. Therefore, to ensure that these values are not affected, aircraft landings are specifically managed at many locations within the wider Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place should be a rare occurrence and applications for concessions to land aircraft within this Place should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in accordance with this approach. The landscape and natural character of this Place are awe-inspiring, despite having been modified by humans lighting fires during pre-European times, and as a result of pastoralism from the late 1800s until much of the area became public conservation lands and waters. These landscapes have retained remnants of woody indigenous vegetation that were not burnt and many areas have recovered. The journey into Mavora gradually unfolds into an expansive landscape. Mavora is the heart of this Place, with clear lakes surrounded by tussocklands, forested mountains and naturally eroding peaks, and minimal signs of recent modification. Future development within this Place needs to take account ofshould not detract from this natural character. Beech Hut and Dog Box Bivvy, which are located in the Eyre Mountains/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park, are former musterers’ huts dating from 1905 and 1916, respectively, and are actively conserved historic sites. Much of the remaining hut network in the Conservation Park dates from wild animal control operations carried out by the former New Zealand Forest Service in the 1960s, and provides a degree of historic interest. High-country environments throughout Southland Murihiku play an important role in maintaining water yields, quality and flow in lower catchments. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the indigenous freshwater ecosystems within this Place are maintained, including the headwaters of rivers such as the Mataura, Oreti, Mararoa, Whitestone and Upukerora. The Department’s management directions for indigenous freshwater ecosystems are provided in section 2.6—Freshwater Wai Māori Place. The indigenous flora within this Place is rich and represents the transition from wetter Fiordland to drier Central Otago, with intact altitudinal vegetation sequences from the valley floor to alpine habitats, such as within the Eyre/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park. A number of indigenous plants are endemic to this Place, such as the naturally uncommon Thomson’s mountain daisyies (Celmisia thomsonii), and Celmisia. philocremna, the taramea/Eyre Mountain speargrass (Aciphylla spedenii), and the buttercup Ranunculus scrithalis. On the valley floors, fescue and copper tussock (Chionochloa rubra cuprea) are the dominant indigenous grasses with the occasional silver (Poa cita) and snow tussock. Extensive and diverse alpine communities and large areas of snow tussock grasslands can be found within this Place, which are sensitive to impacts from recreational activities where they reach lower altitude, such as in the Eyre Creek catchment. Scree communities are also an important feature of this Place, such as at Mt Bee. Historically, the scree community on Mt Bee was planted with exotic vegetation, including coniferspine trees, for land stabilisation purposes, and without management these have the potential to threaten areas of indigenous vegetation through their spread, particularly onat the Eyre Mountains priority ecosystem site. In general, the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

74 has a low invasion level of coniferspine trees that require control. However, there is potential for the levels of invasion to increase in the future at some sites, such as within the Mataura catchment and West Dome. Therefore, the Department will needintends to work with adjoining landowners to ensure that there is adequate control in these areas. Nationally, 90% of New Zealand’s wetlands areas have been lost, and they continue to be under threat. Therefore, the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place, which is home to a range of wetland communities, is very important (see also sections 2.6—Freshwater Wai Māori Place, 2.7—Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and 2.8—Awarua Place). Wetland habitats are well represented along the valley floors, such as in the Te Anau Basin, including on private land; in the Mavora Lakes/Upper Mararoa valley; and at the priority ecosystem unitssites of the Henry Creek, Lake Te Aroha, Wash Creek and Snowden ForestDunton wetlands. Important wetland areas also extend into alpine areas within this Place. The wetlands range from infertile, acidic peat bogs that are dominated by wire rush (Empodisma minus) and cushion-forming species, through to more fertile, nutrient-rich fens and swamp wetlands. Some of the wetlands retain species like the nationally vulnerable buttercup Ranunculus ternatifolius, the declining tufted hair grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), the naturally uncommon buttercup Ranunculus ternatifolius and sedges. Some uncommon wetland types are also present, including ephemeral (seasonally wetted) wetlands, cushion bogs and snowbanks. Well-developed turf communities can be found around the shoreline of South Mavora Lake, which is home to a number of threatened and at risk plant species, including the nationally vulnerable creeping herb Gratiola concinna and the naturally uncommon sedge Carex bergrenii. The Mavora Lakes contain tall- rooted aquatic indigenous vegetation and invertebrates, providing significant habitat for trout and the declining tuna/longfin eel. Important populations of indigenous fish, particularly the nationally vulnerable alpine galaxias (Galaxias aff. paucispondylus ‘Southland’) and the declining Gollum galaxias, are found in the Upukerora, Whitestone, Mararoa and Oreti catchments and rivers feeding North Mavora Lake. Significant and celebrated geological features of this Place include the Mavora Lakes, which are excellent examples of moraine dammed lakes and the location of New Zealand’s only occurrence of vuagnatite. There are also exposures of ultramafic soils that occur from West Dome northwards and through to the heart of the Livingstone Mountains, including at the priority ecosystem unitsite at Coal Hill. These ultramafic soils are toxic to many plants and so do not support forest growth. The indigenous vegetation is relatively simple but does include a number of threatened and at risk species, such as the nationally critical limestone myrrhherb Chaerophyllum basicola, the nationally endangered sedge Carex uncifolia, and the naturally uncommon Speden’s mountain daisy (Celmisia spedenii), forget-me-not Myosotis sp. “Mossburn” and West Dome bitter cress (Cardamine sp. “West Dome”). This Place is also home to a diverse range of indigenous fauna, such as the nationally critical pekapeka/long-tailed bat; the nationally vulnerableendangered South Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis); nationally vulnerable kārearea/Eastern New Zealand falcon, pohowera/banded dotterel and mohua/yellowhead; and the declining green skink (Oligosoma chloronoton); and the recovering kārearea/eastern New Zealand falcon. The

75 giant carnivorous landsnail Powelliphanta spedeni var. spedeni and weevil Lyperobius spedeni have their high-country strongholds here; and a population of the nationally endangeredvulnerable pīwauwau/rock wren, New Zealand’s only truly alpine bird species, is found within the Eyre Mountains/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park.

Burwood area The Burwood area, which is where the Takahē Rearing Unit, an integral part of the Takahē Recovery Programme, is located, consists of: i) the Burwood Bush (Red Tussock) Scientific Reserve, which protects 3104 hectares of red tussock (Chionochloa rubra) and beech forest; and ii) the Burwood Bush (Takahē Rearing Site) Scientific Reserve. The productivity and survival rate of the nationally critical takahē within the Takahē Rearing Unit is higher than at other managed sites and has resulted in the pen-rearing operations being expanded. Takahē that are bred here are transferred to other established mainland and island locations throughout New Zealand, to help bolster existing populations and to prepare the programme for a new mainland takahē population. The vegetation cover and climate at the unit is an excellent replication of the natural environment of takahē, so that any individuals reared here have the skills necessary to survive wherever they are released. Both of these reserves are listed in Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991. This means that the Minister of Conservation must not accept any application for an access arrangement or enter into any access arrangement relating to any Crown-owned mineral on these reserves, except in relation to a few minor matters. Aircraft landings in the Burwood area areshould not be allowed in order to protect the breeding population of takahē.

Mavora area The Mavora area comprises the Mavora Park Conservation Area as well as the journey into Mavora, and the Kiwi bBurn Track loopthrough to Te Anau Downs within the Snowdon Forest Conservation Area, the Mavora walkway to the boundary of the Mavora Park Conservation Area, and both the North and South Mavora Lakes. The Mavora valley sits within a backdrop of a vast, unmodified mountainous landscape, which includes the Eyre and Livingstone Mountains. The Kiwi bBurn Track is one of the best opportunities in Southland Murihiku for introducing families to tramping and the outdoors. The Mavora Lakes area is a popular Gateway destination, receiving a substantial amount of use from Southland families and school groups who camp here, as well as national and international visitors. The Mavora campsite is easily accessed by motorised vehicles and has numerous recreation opportunities that co-exist in close proximity, allowing visitors to become immediately immersed in the environment. There is potential for growth of low-impact day visitor opportunities around the Mavora area, to enable visitors to easily access the wider landscape through activities such as day walking, mountain biking and horse riding. The North and South Mavora Lakes offer contrasting recreational experiences. South Mavora Lake is closed to motorised water activities, preserving the traditional quiet and encouraging self-sufficiency within this area. By contrast, North Mavora Lake is open to motorised water activities (excluding hovercraft

76 and personal watercraft)23, enabling accessible boating opportunities in a natural setting. Noise restrictions couldmay be implemented to protect this natural setting and information should be provided to the public about preventing the introduction of aquatic pest plantsweeds. Since there is already sufficient alternative access to the Mavora area, aircraft activity isshould be only an occasional occurrence, which will also protecting the traditional camping experience within this area. There are opportunities for float planes to land on North Mavora Lake, as well as a few designated sites within the Mavora area where other aircraft can land.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

OUTCOME Expansive mountainous and valley landscapes and natural quiet prevail in the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place. Mavora is the hub of this Place. A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations provide access and accommodation facilities for visitors. The further people go from road ends, the less human activity they encounter with an increasing sense of remoteness. Recreational use of this Place changes with the topography and the seasons. Tramping and mountaineering are popular recreational activities year round. Chamois hunting is valued throughout this Place, while deer hunting is enjoyed in the Livingstone Mountains and Snowdon Forest. Mountain biking, horse riding and four-wheel driving are concentrated within the Eyre Mountains and the Mavora area. Aircraft landings are rare within the wider Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place and only occur where necessary to support filming or facilitate access to more remote areas that are hard to reach by foot or vehicle. The diverse and distinct indigenous ecosystems are healthy, particularly the priority ecosystem unitssites that contain ultramafic soil communities, alpine screes, a variety of wetlands, bog pine shrublands and the North Mavora Lakes. The indigenous vegetation in the valley floors of this Place complements the values of the neighbouring Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place. The Eyre Mountains and the Thomson Mountains support a range of flora, including endemic species, and the open, backcountry habitats remain a stronghold for many species, particularly the diverse lizard communities that are characteristic of this Place. Managed populations of pīwauwau/rock wren continue to recover in the alpine areas, and notable invertebrates are protected from the effects of browsing pest and wild animals. Community supported initiatives within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place have resulted in an increased understanding and protection of remnant populations of the pekapeka/long-tailed bat. South Island kākā can be seen throughout this Place and their connections with populations in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place are maintained.

23 Supported by Southland Regional Council Navigation Safety Bylaws 2009.

Ngai Tahu whānui, landowners and the wider community are working together to protect important wetlands on both private and public conservation lands and waters within the Te Anau Basin, including by seeking international recognition. The Upukerora, Whitestone, Mararoa and Oreti watersheds are a stronghold for indigenous freshwater fish, and also provide prime trout fisheries within a remote and isolated environment. Stories of Māori journeys and occupation, and early European exploration, pastoralism and pioneering endeavours are told and brought to life for visitors, who gain an appreciation of the historic and cultural values present. Commercial activity enhances the conservation and recreational values. Minimal development occurs on public conservation lands and waters, and is sympatheticsensitive to the natural and cultural landscape, biodiversity and recreational values.

Burwood areaBush The Takahē Rearing Unit is recognised for its excellence in intensive indigenous species management, supporting stable mainland and island populations of takahē. The red tussock grasslands are highly valued as a remnant of a once-extensive ecosystem and landscape. The rearing unit replicates the natural environment of takahē, including natural quiet, allowing them to breed and raise chicks that can readily survive in the wild. Most opportunities for people to understand and contribute to takahē conservation are off-site.

Mavora area As a popular Gateway destination, Mavora offers a safe backcountry experience. The campsites and immediate environs provide New Zealand families with an introduction to the outdoors that they can enjoy year after year. The Kiwi bBurn Track is valued by the community as one of the best backcountry, ‘first time overnight’ experiences in the region for young families and new trampers. Throughout the warmer months, this area is a hive of activity. Visitors use Mavora as a base to undertake a range of day and overnight activities, the most popular being fishing, tramping, horse riding and mountain biking. Motorised vehicle and boat access does not affect the relaxed, peaceful nature of Mavora and the surrounding environment. Aircraft landings occasionally occur at a few designated sites within this area, retaining the backcountry visitor experience. Structural development within the Mavora area supports recreational activities and blends with the natural landscape. The community is actively involved in the management of this area.

POLICIES 2.3.1 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place that are within the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated andto maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal values (Appendix 14).

2.3.2 Investigate the addition of parts of the Livingstone and Eglinton Ranges (within the Mavora Park and Snowdon Forest Conservation Areas), as identified in Map 4 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007, to Fiordland National Park, through a public process in accordance with section 8 of the National Parks Act 1980. In the meantimeOtherwise, continue to manage the Conservation Areas under the Conservation Act 1987, while having regard to the adjacent National Park. 2.3.3 Should not grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Burwood Bush (Red Tussock) Scientific Reserve or the Burwood Bush (Takahē Rearing Site) Scientific Reserve. 2.3.3 Should grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Ngāi Tahu Leaseback Conservation Area, the Greenstone Conservation Area and the Taka Ra Haka Conservation Area only in accordance with the following criteria: a) the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7; or b) for backcountry visitor management zones, landings do not exceed 5 landings per operator per day; or c) for remote visitor management zones, landings do not exceed 2 landings per operator per day; and d) Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu has given its written consent to landings where the activity is within the Ngāi Tahu Leaseback ConservationArea. 2.3.4 MayShould grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Mavora areaPark Conservation Area (as shown on Map 5.3.2) only on an occasional basis, where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or at the following locations (as shown on Map 5.3.1): a) above 1000 metres in altitude from 1 June to 30 September; b) Boundary Hut and Careys Hut; c) the unmaintained airstrip at Shirkers Bush; and d) North Mavora Lake (for float planes); and in accordance with the following criteria: i) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; ii) it is consistent with Policyies 3.6.1b)-h)3.6.9 in Part Three; and iii) for those parts of the Conservation Area identified on Map 4 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 (the Plan), it is consistent with the relevant provisions in section 5.5.1 of the Plan for the East Fiordland Activity Zone. 2.3.5 Should grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Snowdon Forest Conservation Area, other than within the Mavora area (see Policy 2.3.4), only where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or in accordance with the following criteria: a) no landings from 1 January to 29 February; b) no more than 2 landings per operator per week from 1 March to 31 December; and

c) for those parts of the Snowdon Forest Conservation Area identified on Map 4 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 (the Plan), it is consistent with the relevant provisions in section 5.5.1 of the Plan for the East Fiordland Activity Zone. 2.3.6 Should grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs on the marginal strips adjoining Retford Stream, Dunton Creek and Bog Lake only where consultation has been undertaken with the adjacent landowners to avoid adverse effects on farming activities. 2.3.7 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Eyre Mountains/Taka Ra Haka Conservation Park and the remainder of thewider Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place (not covered by Policies 2.3.3 -2.3.6excluding the Burwood Bush (Red Tussock) and Burwood Bush (Takahē Rearing Site) Scientific Reserves, and the Mavora Park Conservation Area) where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) it is consistent with Policyies 3.6.1b)-h)3.6.9 in Part Three; c) there are no adverse effects on the remote and backcountry visitorrecreational experience found within this part of this Place; and d) adverse effects on ecological values are avoided; e) there is no increase in the cumulative effects of all noise impacts within this Place; f) for those parts of the Snowdon Forest Conservation Areas identified on Map 4 of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 (the Plan), it is consistent with the relevant provisions in section 5.5.1 of the Plan for the East Fiordland Activity Zone; and g) Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu has given its written consent where the activity is within the Ngāi Tahu Lease Back Area. 2.3.86 Should not permit hovercraft or personal watercraft on North Mavora Lake. 2.3.97 Should not permit motorised watercraft on South Mavora Lake. 2.3.108 Should only allowpermit motorised vehicles on formed roads, and routes and campsites marked for motorised vehicle use within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place (excluding the Ngāi Tahu Lease Bback Conservation Area) only: a) on the roads and campsites purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.3.119 Should only allowpermit mountain bikes on formed roads, and routes and campsites designated for mountain bike use within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place (excluding the Ngāi Tahu Lease Bback ConservationArea) only, in accordance with Policies 3.3.1–3.3.9 in Part Three:.

a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads, tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.2; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. Table 2.2. Mountain bike access within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

Conservation unit Access Criteria

Eyre Mountains/Taka Mt Bee Ridge Track

Ra Haka Conservation Acton Road end to Cromel Park Branch/Base Hut route

West Dome forestry roads

Upper Oreti access point to Lincoln Hut route

Shepherd Creek route to Dog Box Hut

Mataura River to Beech Hut route

Snowdon Forest (part) North Mavora Lake Swing Conservation Area Bridge to Kiwi Burn Swing Bridge Track

Upper Upukerora River to Army Hut Track*

Snowdon Forest Other existing tracks Subject to tracks being Conservation Area upgraded to mountain biking standards

Mavora Park Mavora Walkway to Boundary Hut

Conservation Area Forks Hut Track

(part) North Mavora Lake Swing Bridge to Kiwi Burn Swing Bridge Track

Mavora Park Other existing tracks Subject to tracks being Conservation Area upgraded to mountain biking standards

Upper McLeod’s Alongside the upper Oreti River from Subject to track being Conservation Area; Oreti Road to Mt Nicholas Road* upgraded to mountain biking Snowdon Forest standards Conservation Area; Marginal Strip; Eyre Mountains/Taka Ra Haka Conservation Park

Te Anau Downs, Henry Te Anau township (within Lowlands Te Subject to new track being Creek Conservation Rā a Takitimu Place) to Te Anau built to mountain biking Area; Lake Mistletoe, Downs* standards Te Anau Downs Conservation Area

Snowdon Forest Kiwi Burn Swing Bridge southwards Subject to new track being Conservation Area; alongside Mararoa River* built to mountain biking Marginal Strip standards

Marginal Strip Upukerora River south of Takaro Lodge to Te Anau*

*Also requires access across land not administered by the Department 2.3.12 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads, tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.3; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. Table 2.3. Electric power-assisted pedal cycle access within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

Conservation unit Access

Eyre Mountains/Taka Ra Haka West Dome forestry roads Conservation Park

Snowdon Forest Conservation Area Upper Upukerora River to Army Hut Track*

Mavora Park Conservation Area Mavora Walkway to Boundary Hut

Forks Hut Track

Marginal Strip Upukerora River south of Takaro Lodge to Te Anau*

* Also requires access across land not administered by the Department 2.3.130 May grant concessions for commercial activity within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place where the activity is consistent with any relevant policies in Part 3 and in accordance with the following criteria: a) the activity is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); c) any adverse effects are avoided, remedied or mitigated; d) natural quiet is maintained; ed) the backcountry and remote recreationalvisitor experiences outside the Mavora area are maintained; fe) adverse effects on indigenous ecosystems, species and habitats, and historic and cultural values are avoided; and gf) Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu has given its written consent where the activity is within the Ngāi Tahu Lease Bback Conservation Area. 2.3.141 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place where accordance with the following criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with, and the structure or utility:

a) there is nocannot reasonably be locatedalternative site off public conservation lands and waters for the structure or facility; b) the structure is consistent with the outcome for this Place; c) has been given written consent byTe Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu has given its written consent where the activity is within the Ngāi Tahu Lease Bback Conservation Area; and d) avoids adverse effects on the following values are avoided: i) the natural, historic and cultural landscape; ii) the remote and backcountry visitorrecreational experiences of this Place; and iii) the indigenous ecosystems, species and their habitats. 2.3.152 Should allow horse riding within the Western High Country Mata- puke Koikoi Place, in particular in the Mavora, Eyre Creek and upper Mataura River valley areas, only in accordance with Policies 3.98.1– 3.98.4 in Part Three. Community-led initiatives to provide for this activity should be encouraged within this Place, particularly in the Mavora, Eyre Creek and upper Mataura River valley areas, where proposals are consistent with Policy 2.3.130 above. 2.3.163 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including schools, to promote the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place, particularly the Mavora area, as a destination for traditional camping and horse riding, as well as recreation opportunities in the Eyre Mountains/Taka Rā Haka Conservation Park.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place.  Commenced Aan investigation to add parts of Mavora Park and Snowdon Forest Conservation Areas to Fiordland National Park is underway. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place.  Research confirms that at least 80%fewer than 25% of people experience conflict with other visitors to theat Mavora area are satisfied with theirand more than 80% are able to experience natural peace and quiet during their visit.  Early intervention programmes have successfully minimised the spread of wilding coniferspines within the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place.

Achieved Completed by the end of year ten after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place.  Pest and wild animal control programmes have improved vulnerable pekapeka/bat and bird life within the Western High Country Mata- puke Koikoi Place.

2.4 Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place The Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place comprises all of the high- country land in northeastern Southland (see Map 5.4). It stretches from the eastern banks of the Clutha River/Matau near the Blue Mountains Forest, to the headwaters of the Waikaia River in the Garvie Mountains and west to State Highway 6 from Lumsden to Garston. Important areas of public conservation lands and waters within this Place include the Blue Mountains Forest, Waikaia Forest and Cupola-Mid Dome Conservation Areas; and the Leithen Bush, East Dome, Mid Dome and Mataura Range Scenic Reserves. This Place is strongly linked with the Takitimu Place as well as the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place in this CMSstrategy (see sections 2.1 and 2.3); and the Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range and Garvie Mountains Place, the Central Otago Uplands Place, Inland Conservation Parks Place, the Eastern Otago and Lowlands Place and the Catlins Place in the Otago CMS. Description The Māori name ‘Mata-puke Taratara’ refers to the rough, rugged and rounded landscape of this Place, which is the result of periglacial processes. This name is similar in nature to that given to the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place, illustrating the strong linkages between these two Places. The Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place is highly valued for its vast, diverse and regionally significant landscapes (see Appendix 9), its indigenous biodiversity, and its recreation opportunities. Public conservation lands and waters within this Place exist as pockets amongst expanses of pastoral land and forestry and pastoral land, including crown pastoral lease land, most of which is found on the Garvie and Umbrellas Mountains and the Old Woman and Old Man/Kopuwai Ranges. Tenure review processes provide opportunities to protect natural and historic values and improve public access; which may occur by transferring some areas to the Department. The future land status of such areas would require formal consideration under the Reserves Act 1977, Conservation Act 1987 or National Parks Act 1980 once the tenure reviews are substantially completed. The most suitable conservation land status would need to take into account adjoining Places, particularly those in Otago. Large, expansive tussocklands predominate during the warmer months, while snow-capped mountains are a feature in winter. The many rivers and streams that dissect the rolling lands are visually appealing, especially when flanked by remnant indigenous forest, shrub and tussock. The Department works with landowners and pastoral leaseholders to protect areas with important

84 indigenous habitat and the vast landscapes within this Place; and to buffer public conservation lands and waters from the effects of development on the visual and ecological values. The recreation opportunities within this Place are highly valued both locally and nationally. The Blue Mountains Recreational Hunting Area, designated under the Wild Animal Control Act 197724, is one of New Zealand’s most popular hunting areas for fallow deer, for both novice and experienced hunters. Recreational Hhunting, including game bird hunting, is also undertaken on other public conservation lands and waters within this Place—for example, at Leithen Bush Scenic Reserve. Some public conservation lands and waters are landlocked by private lands, so the Department willintends to continue to working with adjoining landowners and the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to facilitate access into these parcels. Piano Flat, in Waikaia Forest Conservation Area, is a popular spot for Southlanders and their families for camping, day walks, motorcycle riding, picnicking, fishing, horse riding and short walks. There is also a nohoanga entitlement site at Piano Flat, Waikaia River (see Appendix 13.38). The seasonal differences at higher altitudes within this Place result in a wide range of recreational activities taking place. Mountain biking, tramping and fishing are popular in summer, while over-snowvehicle usemobiling, backcountry skiing, and heli-skiing and even dog sledding can occur in winter. Other recreational activities that take place here throughout the year include four-wheel driving, kayaking, hunting, motorcycle riding, exploring and photography. The public conservation lands and waters within this Place are mainly managed for an easily accessible, backcountry recreational experience—for example, by four-wheel drive. As well as providing access to higher, more open country suitable for heli-skiing and over-snow vehicle activity. There are differing, and sometimes conflicting, values within this Place, however, with some parts of the community seeking natural quiet and remoteness, while others wish to use vehicles and/or aircraft for activities like snow mobiling and heli-skiing. Vehicles, including over-snow vehicles25, can be used on formed roads and tracks that are designated for their use within the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara Place; and in winter, snow mobiles canmay be used off- formed roads and tracks in limited circumstances where there will beare no adverse effects on conservation values or other recreational visitors. However, some parts of this Place remain accessible by foot only to protect the alpine tussocklands and extensive wetlands from damage; backcountry and remote experiences; and areas of natural quiet (particularly in winter). This also provides for a range of recreation opportunities within this Place. Historically, demand for aircraft access within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place has been low. Therefore, maintaining this level of aircraft use should notis unlikely to impact upon the values of this Place. Visitors can expect occasional encounters with aircraft. While most of the downlands in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place have been modified and developed for agricultural purposes, any

24 And subject to a number of conditions of use. 25 Includes over-snow track vehicles and snow mobiles.

85 structural development isshould be in keeping with the nature of this Place and does not compromise the biodiversity, historic or outstanding landscape values. Several rivers of significance to Ngāi Tahu, including the Nokomai, Waikaia and Pomahaka, flow through or from public conservation lands and waters in this Place and feed into the Mataura and Clutha/Mata-Au rivers. All are important mahinga kai rivers. The network of archaeological sites throughout this Place reinforces Ngāi Tahu traditions regarding Māori occupation and activity in the area. The Mataura River is, in part, a Deed of Recognition area, under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 as it holds special significance to Ngāi Tahu whānui (see Appendix 17 refer section 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu). Archaeological sites scattered throughout this Place provide evidence of early Māori use of the area, and it is likely that many more sites are yet to be found. There is a strong gold mining history within the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara Place, and as a consequence there are many protected and important sites, including goldworkings, huts and routes. This includes the Roaring Lion Water Race and Tthe Piano Flat Water Race., whichThe latter is an actively conserved historic place (see Appendix 10), that was constructed in the late 1880s for gold sluicing operations and is one of the few water races in Southland Murihiku that still carries water. The Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place showcases a number of altitudinal ecosystem sequences, from valley floors through to alpine communities, such asincluding the priority ecosystem unitssites of the Waikaia Forest Conservation Area (red beech (NothofagusFuscospora fusca) and Gem Lake in the Pomahaka Conservation Areatawai/silver beech) and the Blue Mountains (upland red tussockland and cushion bogs), and in the Garvie Mountains, which is also a priority ecosystem site, but only contains a small area of public conservation lands and waters (Lake Gow, Scott, Blue Lake Scenic Reserve and marginal strips). Diverse, intact alpine communities, such as extensive snow tussock environments, and upland lakes, wetlands and fellfields, can also be found here. This Place has diverse indigenous flora and invertebrate fauna, including endemic invertebrates like the relict Piano Flat spider (Pianoa isolata), the Garvie fern weevil (Megacolobus garviensis), two species of peripatus or velvet worms (Peripatoides n. sp. and Ooperipatellus n. sp.), the naturally uncommon Gow chafer beetle (Stethaspis pulcher), carabid beetles (the nationally critical Mecodema laeviceps and the declining M. chiltoni), a stonefly (Vesicaperla celmisia) and a giant land snail (Powelliphanta spedeni var. spedeni). The lizard fauna is also diverse in this Place, with common (Oligosoma polychroma), cryptic (Oligosoma inconspicuum) and MacCann’s (Oligosoma maccanni) skinks being widespread and abundant, including the declining green skink (Oligosoma chloronoton), together with a number of gecko taxa, such as the still to be described Woodworthia “Southern Mini”. The extensive, intact sequences of indigenous alpine, gorge and forest vegetation within this Place also support a great richness of other indigenous animal species, including threatened and at risk species like the nationally critical pekapeka/long-tailed bat, the nationally endangered kea, the nationally vulnerable mohua/yellowhead, and pohowera/banded dotterel, and the recovering kārearea/Eeastern New Zealand falcon, and the naturally uncommon kea. Other species of note include large land snails and the New

Zealand kūkupa/kererū/wood pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), kākāriki/yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps) and toutouwai/ South Island robin (Petroica australis). A number of outstanding examples of remnant tawai/beech forests and red tussocklands also exist in the lower areas of hill country, such as at Leithen Bush Scenic Reserve and Cattle Flat in Mataura Range Scenic Reserve, as well as the Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area. The south-western side of the Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area also contains pockets of diverse hardwood forest, which is home to the largest known population of the declining fragrant tree daisy (Olearia fragrantissima) in New Zealand, along with a number of other threatened and at risk plant species, such as the nationally endangered sedge Carex inopinata and hook grass Uncinia strictissima, the nationally vulnerable grassy sedge Carex inopinata, and the declining Coprosma obconica, and Teucridium parvifolium and mistletoe (Peraxilla spp.) species. The Upper Waikaia River and Pomahaka River contain important populations of the nationally endangered Hector’s tree daisy (Olearia hectorii) and the nationally vulnerable Pomahaka tree daisy (Olearia fimbriata). There are a number of important upland wetlands within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place, both on and off public conservation lands and waters. The community particularly values the Upper Dome Burn (Roaring Lion wetland) around Mt Tennyson, as well as the distinctive Nokomai string bog and island wetland systems on the western side of the Garvie Mountains (which extend into the Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range and Garvie Mountains Place in the Otago CMS). While these wetlands are not on public conservation lands and waters, they have been identified as internationally important and a possible future site for a Wetland of International Importance. Alpine lakes, alpine seepages (bog communities) and cushion bogs (including the priority ecosystem site of the Blue Mountains wetland) are also present. It is important to work with landowners and leaseholders to protect these indigenous ecosystems. The flowing freshwater systems in this Place, which include the Nokomai, Waikaia and Pomahaka Rivers, and many tributary streams, are notable in that they contribute to two major rivers, the Mataura River and the Clutha River/ Matau, with the Umbrella Mountains forming the divide between the two catchments. The Mataura River has a Water Conservation Order (1997) in place over it, in recognition of its outstanding fisheries and angling amenity features (particularly for brown trout). The freshwater ecosystems range from steep, high-country streams characterised by cascades, bedrock and pools, to lower gradient cobble/coarse gravel substrate streams with plenty of riffles and runs. These provide habitat for a typical upland indigenous fish community that includes three non- migratory fish species: the nationally endangered Pomahaka galaxias (Galaxias ‘Pomahaka’), found only in the Pomahaka River; the nationally vulnerable Gollum galaxias in the Mataura catchment; the declining southern flathead galaxias and the declining Gollum galaxias in the Aparima, Clutha/Matau, Mataura, Oreti and Waiau rivers catchment; and the nationally criticalvulnerable Clutha flathead galaxias (Galaxias sp. D.) in the Clutha River/Matau catchment. Other fish species are the indigenous upland bully (Gobiomorphus breviceps), common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), and the declining tuna/longfin eel, plus trout. The indigenous kōura/freshwater crayfish

(Paranephrops zealandicus) is also abundant in this Place. Tributary waters with waterfalls are a common feature and an important barrier to trout colonisation, providing a safe habitat upstream for the non-migratory galaxiids. The rich indigenous freshwater invertebrate fauna in this Place is reflective of the good water quality and clean substrate in many of the streams. High-country environments throughout Southland Murihiku and Otago play an important environmental service in maintaining water quality and continuity of water supply in lower catchments; therefore, it is important to ensure that these values and the indigenous freshwater ecosystems within this Place are protected. The development of high-country areas, if not managed correctly, can impact on downstream water quality, the ability of the systems to buffer severe floods and the continuity of water supply. More information on the Department’s management of indigenous freshwater ecosystems is set out in section 2.6—Freshwater Wai Māori Place. The control of pest plants, such as wilding pines, requires continual effort within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. The Department runscontributes to a wilding pine control programme at Mid Dome co-ordinated by the Mid Dome Wilding Trees Charitable Trust, which is also supported by Southland Regional Council, Land Information New Zealand, local landowners and other community membersthat focuses on wilding pines. The Trust’s mission is to eradicate pines from Mid Dome and surrounding lands to the point where any re-growth can be managed by landholders. Wilding pines and Darwin’s barberry (Berberis darwinii) are also of concern in the Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area. Another lesser known pest plantweed is heath rush (Juncus squarrosus), which threatens upland wetlands. There are also a number of pest and wild animals that pose a threat to the indigenous plant communities within this Place, where recreational hunting has historically been the main form of pest and wild animal control. It is important for the Department to work with adjacent landowners to reduce the spread of pest and wild animal species.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara Place

OUTCOME Natural quiet abounds within the extensive and wild landscapes of the mountain ranges that dominate the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. Recreational use reflects the changing seasons, with skiers, over-snow vehicle users and dog sledders enjoying the snow-blanketed mountains in winter, and hunters, trampers, anglers, horse riders and mountain bikers making the most of the dry tussocklands in summer. The public conservation lands and waters within this Place are readily accessible, including through Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations, with four-wheel driving and motorbiking common on formed roads. Aircraft occasionally provide access to some parts of this Place that cannot be reached by vehicle or on foot. Piano Flat is a popular family destination for Southlanders, particularly in summer when they can expect to share this space with others. The priority ecosystem unitsite of the Waikaia beech forests, surrounding Piano Flat, is

88 valued for its significant indigenous fauna that includes a number of endemic species. Community-initiated pest control programmes have resulted in the return of some threatened bird species to this area. Recreational Hhunters are frequent users of this Place and contribute to the control of wild animals, particularly during the roar. The Blue Mountains Recreational Hunting Area is one of the best areas for recreational hunting of fallow deer in New Zealand. The Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area supports significant biodiversity values, including priority ecosystem site wetlands, and are a stronghold for the Southland population of the nationally vulnerable mohua/yellowhead. The tops of these mountains are protected from development. This Place continues to play a role in maintaining water quality and flow, buffering floods, and minimising erosion and sedimentation in lower catchments. The community, including relevant agencies, landowners and leaseholders, is working together to achieve the protection of some of the richest indigenous plant biodiversity in Southland Murihiku, including alpine sequences, tussocklands and wetlands, such as the Nokomai Mire Complex. The spread of wilding plant species is no longer a threat. Historic and cultural heritage within this Place is well understood and appreciated, particularly the gold mining and pastoral heritage. Natural landscapes are recognised as cultural landscapes and part of the identity of Southland Murihiku. Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community are actively involved in the protection of heritage values. Partnerships with the community improve the conservation and recreational values of this Place. Limited sStructural development orand commercial activity is minimal and undertaken in a manner that enhances conservation values and recreational uses of this Place. The effects of artificial light are minimised.

POLICIES 2.4.1 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment orand commercial activity within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place wherein accordance with the following criteria: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); bc) the activity is consistent with the outcome for this Place; and cd) adverse effects on the following values are avoided: i) significant landscapes (as identified in Appendix 4), including the seasonal patterns of these landscapes; ii) natural quiet; iii) freshwater ecosystems, including upland wetlands; iv) indigenous vegetation altitudinal sequences; v) priority ecosystem unitssites; vi) threatened and at risk species;

vii) recreational activities; and viii) cultural and historic heritage. 2.4.2 Encourage partnerships within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place, such as with the Mid Dome Wilding Trees Charitable Trust,especially where they result in to achieve the suppression and control of pest plants at Mid Dome and other sites within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. 2.4.3 Work with adjacent landowners, the community and the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to improve public access to landlocked public conservation lands and waters within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. 2.4.4 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place on an occasional basis where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) there are no adverse effects on other recreational users; and c) there is no alternative means of access. 2.4.5 Should only allowpermit motorised vehicles access, including over- snow track vehicles but excluding light snow vehicles (such as snow mobiles), on formed roads within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place only: , a) on the roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved, to avoid adverse effects on natural quiet, indigenous freshwater ecosystems and alpine tussocklands (also see Policies 3.2.1-3.2.10 in Part Three); or b) in accordance with Policy 2.4.6, or Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.4.6 Should permit light snow vehicles (such as snowmobiles) on formed roads within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. 2.4.67 May allowpermit the off-road use oflight snow vehicles (such as snowmobiles) off formed roads within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place at times and locations where the snow conditions are such that adverse effects on indigenous freshwater ecosystems, alpine tussocklands and other users can be avoided. 2.4.7 Should allow mountain bikes within the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads, tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.4; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. Table 2.4. Mountain bike access within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place

Conservation unit Access

Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area Forestry roads

Mid Dome Scenic Reserve Roads

Hector Mountain Conservation Area Roaring Lion Track 2.4.8 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads or other areas identified in Table 2.5; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. Table 2.5. Electric power-assisted pedal cycle access within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place

Conservation unit Access

Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area Forestry roads

Mid Dome Scenic Reserve Roads 2.4.98 May permit mountain biking and horse riding facilities within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place where they are consistent with the outcome for this Place as well as Policies 3.3.1–3.3.9 and 3.98.1–3.98.4 in Part Three. 2.4.109 Monitor the effects of the Blue Mountains Recreational Hunting Area on the natural values of the Blue Mountains Forest Conservation Area, particularly threatened and at risk species, such as mohua. the Blue Mountains priority ecosystem site, and rReassess this status under section 27(3) of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977, in consultation with recreational hunters and other interested members of the community, if the presence of wild animals is detrimental to the maintenance of the land and vegetation, or the natural waters flowing through the land, in a satisfactory state. 2.4.11 Consider, in conjunction with Otago and when tenure reviews have been substantially completed, a review of the land status of public conservation lands and waters in the vicinity of the Garvie and Umbrella Mountains and the Old Woman and Old Man/Kopuwai Ranges having regard to the land status options under the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place.  Commenced Ddiscussions with adjacent landowners, the community and the New Zealand Walking Access Commission have commenced, to improve public access to public conservation lands and waters within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place.

 Continuing to remove wilding pines from public conservation lands and waters within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place and to minimise the threat of reinvasion. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place.  Use of the Blue Mountains Recreational Hunting Area by hunters is maximised and monitoring shows that the presence of deer is not detrimental to threatened and at risk species, such as mohua, or the Blue Mountains wetland priority ecosystem unitsite.  Commenced Iinvestigations are underway to determine the best way of protecting priority indigenous ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place, such as the Nokomai wetland systems.  Commenced Mmonitoring of light over-snow vehicle activity during winter in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place is underway. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place.  There is iImproved public access to public conservation lands and waters within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place and information describing this access is readily available to the public.  A review of light over-snow vehicle activity during winter in the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place has been carried out.  Removal of wilding pines from public conservation lands and waters within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place and the minimisation of the threat of reinvasion.  A land status review for public conservation lands and waters in the vicinity of the Garvie and Umbrella Mountains and the Old Woman and Old Man/Kopuwai Ranges, subject to relevant tenure reviews being completed.

2.5 Longwood O Hekeia Place The Longwood O Hekeia Place is dominated by the Longwood Range, which extends north to the Twinlaw and Woodlaw hills, and south to the coast from Riverton/Aparima in the east to Waihoaka in the west (see Map 5.5). The Longwood Forest Conservation Area is the major area of public conservation land and water within this Place, but there are also a number of smaller parcels of public conservation lands and waters, including the Pourakino Scenic Reserve, Pahia Hill Scenic Reserve and Woodlaw Forest Conservation Area.

The Longwood O Hekeia Place is strongly connected to the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, and activities within the Longwood O Hekeia Place can also impact on the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. Description The Māori name ‘O Hekeia’ refers to the Longwood Range being the place of Hekeia, a southern Rangatira (chief) who lived in the area. Other members of his whanau were Te Anau and Aparima, whose names are today remembered in Lake Te Anau/Te Ana-au and the Aparima River. The Longwood O Hekeia Place is seen as the region’s ‘playground’, particularly for people from Otautau, Riverton and Invercargill. Consequently, there is strong community interest in the management and future of this Place. Just a short drive from Invercargill, it is the ideal destination for visitors to experience many forms of recreation in a natural setting, and the focus for future growth in recreational activity within Southland Murihiku. Visitors to the foothills of the Longwood Range seek easily accessible recreation opportunities, such as day walking, four-wheel driving and mountain biking. On the tops of the range there is a change in use to recreational activities that are associated with a remote experience, such as tramping and hunting. There is also a considerable amount of history nestled amongst the regenerating indigenous forest, which tells the story of the past uses of this land, such as gold mining and forestry. The Pourakino Scenic Reserve picnic area is popular with local families and school groups. Te Araroa Southland Trust manages the Round Hill (Long Hilly) walking track, a day walk in Round Hill Conservation Area that highlights the area’s Chinese gold mining history. Tramping opportunities tend to be suitable for more experienced trampers, including a section of Te Araroa Trail that passes through the Longwood Forest. Fishing and Hhunting isare a popular recreational activitiesy within this Place, with hunters visiting the area daily. Because of its proximity to Invercargill, the area is not only used by experienced hunters, but also by novice hunters seeking to gain experience. Vehicles are only allowed within this Place on roads and tracks that are suitable for such use (see Part Three), which excludes the tops of the Longwood Range, due to the high natural values present. There are opportunities to work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to further develop recreational use of this Place—for example, by developing mountain biking and/or horse riding tracks. However, this growth needs to be managed to ensure that the ‘playground’ nature of this Place is maintained and its natural values are not affected. Historically, aircraft landings in the Longwood O Hekeia Place havewere only been for management purposes. However, a low level of aircraft access to this Place canmay be authorised, provided the strong, ground-based recreational values are maintained. Thus, aircraft landings within this Place arewill be focused away from high-use areas such as Te Araroa Trail, and measures will be put in place to minimise effects on other recreational users. The Longwood O Hekeia Place has a strong historic association with gold mining and saw milling use, and there are a number of actively conserved sites relating to these activities: Mores’ Top Mill site and Johnstons’ locomotive in the Pourakino Valley; Printz’s Battery; Turnbull’s water race, dam site and hut; Port’s water race; and Martin’s hut and water race (see Appendix 10). The water races are important partly due to their contiguous nature and because they are

93 essentially intact. Round Hill was the site of New Zealand’s largest, predominantly Chinese, gold mining settlement (known as Canton) in the 1880s, and evidence of Chinese gold mining still remains. However, the full historic picture of this Place is still largely unknown and any future development will need toneeds to consider the impacts on all historic sites to ensure that layers of history are not lost. Ngāi Tahu whānui have a historic spiritual relationship with Lake George (Uruwera), a and the Aparima River, both of which are Deed of Recognition areas under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (seerefer section 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendix 17). Ngāi Tahu whānui also have close connections with the coast in the Longwood O Hekeia Place, and many sites are known for their mahinga kai opportunities and cultural materials, such as takitea stone and argillite, and rimurapa (kelp used in tītī harvesting). Wāhi tapu, urupā and other archaeological evidence of occupation are also found along the coast. The Longwood Range is a priority ecosystem site. Its alpine tops of the Longwood Range contain an array of indigenous vegetation, including extensive tussocklands, shrublands and a variety of wetlands. The indigenous alpine flora is relatively rich and includes several species that are at their southern or eastern limit, such as the tussock Chionochla teretifolia, which is the dominant tussock that forms the basis of an upland peatland community. An extensive area of indigenous forest, which represents a range of different forest types, remains on the Longwood Range. Lowland broadleaved forest, broadleaved podocarp forest, broadleaved tawai/beech forest and upland tawai/ beech forest are found on the western slopes, whilst tawai/beech forest is dominant on the eastern side. The declining scarlet mistletoe (Peraxilla colensoi) is scattered at low densities through some of these forests. The nationally vulnerable mohua/yellowhead is also found within the Longwood Range. Surrounding land uses, such as forestry, have modified the indigenous forest over time, particularly at lower altitudes. Since some indigenous forest harvesting occurs on private land in this Place, it is important to work with adjoining landowners to protect the remaining altitudinal sequences of indigenous vegetation. A range of plant and animal pests occur in the Longwood O Hekeia Place. Within the Longwood Forest Conservation Area woody pest plants are largely restricted to the boundaries and along roads. Pest animal control mainly occurs through recreational hunting and possum trapping. The coast of this Place is significant for a number of reasons. Lake George (Uruwera) within the Lake George Wildlife Management Reserve is a coastal, swampy lake that is a priority ecosystem unitsite. It has a trophic status of moderate nutrition for plant growth, has been affected by sedimentation and pest plants, such as grey willow (Salix cinerea), and is a remnant of what was once an extensive wetland system; however, it does include a sequence of indigenous wetland vegetation and a small area of regenerating indigenous forest, providing a link between the Longwood Range and the sea. It drains into the sea via the Uruwera Stream. The lake supports a wide range of New Zealand wetland birds, waterfowl and wading species, including the nationally endangered matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus), declining South Island mātātā/fernbird (Bowdleria punctata punctata) and relict koitareke/marsh crake (Porzana pusilla affinis). Indigenous freshwater

94 fish present include the declining tuna/longfin eel and taiwharu/giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus), as well as tuna/shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) and common bully. The sports fish perch (Perca fluviatilis) is also found in Lake George (Uruwera). The ponds at the Henderson Extension (within the South Round Hill Conservation Area), which were created as a result of mining, provide complementary habitat where sightings of rare, vagrant birds such as ruff (Philomachus pugnax) have been made. The coastal landscapes of this Place are also of significance (see Appendix 9). The backdrop of the Longwood Range is another important landscape for locals and the many visitors that make the journey along the Southern Scenic Route. High-altitude environments throughout Southland Murihiku play an important environmental service in providing excellent water quality and continuity of water supply in lower catchments. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the indigenous freshwater ecosystems within this Place are maintained. The development of higher altitude areas, if not managed correctly, can impact on downstream water quality, the ability of the systems to buffer severe floods and the continuity of water supply. More information on the Department’s management of indigenous freshwater ecosystems is set out in section 2.6— Freshwater Wai Māori Place. The Longwood O Hekeia Place has a history of gold mining and there are currently (as at 20124) two mines ing operations on public conservation lands and waters. Any application for an access arrangement for mining and extraction iswill need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis (see Part Three), and takes into account the many significant values within the Longwood O Hekeia Place that have the potential to be impacted. Of particular importance within this Place is its ‘playground’ nature, the layers of historic and cultural values, as well as the significant biodiversity values of the Lake George (Uruwera) priority ecosystem unitsites. A careful approach needs to be taken when considering future activities within this Place, to ensure that they are undertaken in a manner that is consistent with the values present.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Longwood O Hekeia Place

OUTCOME The Longwood O Hekeia Place provides opportunities for residents of Invercargill and smaller local towns to utilise Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations and enjoy the outdoors without having to travel far from home. Surrounding communities have a close connection with this Place and are actively involved in its management. This Place is particularly valued for its range of mountain biking opportunities, as well as being an area where people can learn how to hunt. The fringes are easily accessible, while a remote experience can be found at higher altitudes. Promotion of Te Araroa Trail, including the Round Hill (Long Hilly) walking track, continues to increase the number of visitors using this Place, as well as improving their understanding of local history. Both tracks demonstrate the benefits of successful community driven projects. An increasing number of other community-based recreation projects provide support for the natural, historic and recreational values that are present.

The important biodiversity values within this Place, particularly the priority ecosystem sites that comprise extensive indigenous forest, the tops of the Longwood Range and the priority ecosystem unit of Lake George (Uruwera), are enhancedremain intact. People are aware of and value these significant ecosystems and the species found within them. The protected landscape is highly valued by visitors and locals as a backdrop to their journey along the Southern Scenic Route. The dark night sky is unaffected by artificial light. Actively conserved historic sites associated with timber milling and gold mining within this Place are maintained and accessible. An increased awareness and understanding of this historic heritage and extensive archaeological landscape, particularly with regard to the contribution of Chinese immigrants to gold mining, provides a meaningful visitor experience. Ngāi Tahu and Llocal communities are actively involved in the protection and sharing of stories about this Place. Important aArchaeological sites and significant cultural values along the coastal edges are better understood and managed through joint projects, and there are mechanisms in place to save knowledge from sites that are threatened by coastal erosion. Aircraft occasionally land in this Place, where necessary to support low-impact activities that do not disrupt the predominantly ground-based recreational experiences. Structural development and commercial activity enhance the recreational values of this Place, while protecting historic values, the significant biodiversity values along the tops of the Longwood Range, and the wider natural and cultural landscape.

POLICIES 2.5.1 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to: a) actively engage them in the Department's management of the Longwood O Hekeia Place; and b) in conjunction with the Chinese community, gain a better understanding of the historic heritage within the Longwood O Hekeia Place. 2.5.2 Encourage the growth of recreation opportunities in the Longwood O Hekeia Place while: a) avoiding adverse effects on cultural and historic heritage, threatened and at risk species, and the Lake George (Uruwera) priority ecosystem unitsites; and b) retaining the remote nature of the tops of the Longwood Range. 2.5.3 Identify, protect and promote the historic heritage within the Longwood O Hekeia Place. 2.5.4 Continue to support and progress the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project to increase understanding of the important historic and cultural values within the Longwood O Hekeia Place.

2.5.5 Protect the important biodiversity values within the Longwood O Hekeia Place. Particular attention should be given to the significant indigenous alpine vegetation within the priority ecosystem site on top of the Longwood Range. 2.5.5 Should allow motorised vehicles within the Longwood O Hekeia Place only: a) on the roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.5.6 Should allow mountain bikes within the Longwood O Hekeia Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads or other areas identified in Table 2.6; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. Table 2.6. Mountain bike access within the Longwood O Hekeia Place

Conservation unit Access

Longwood Forest Conservation Area Bald Hill forestry roads*

* Also requires access across land not administered by the Department 2.5.7 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Longwood O Hekeia Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; or b) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. 2.5.86 May allow the development of roads or tracks for vehicle use and/or horse riding within the Longwood O Hekeia Place, excluding the tussockland tops, in accordance with Policies 3.2.2-3.2.9, 3.3.21– 3.3.89, 3.4.2-3.4.5 and/or 3.98.21–3.98.45 in Part Three, and where there are no adverse effects on: a) threatened or at risk species; b) the priority ecosystem unitsites of Lake George (Uruwera) and the Longwood Range; or bc) areas with significant historic values. 2.5.97 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Longwood O Hekeia Place on an occasional basis where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, orand in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) it is consistent with Policyies 3.6.1b)-h)3.6.9 in Part Three; c) adverse effects on the visitorrecreational experiences found within this Place are avoided; and d) adverse effects on ecological values along the tops of the Longwood Range are avoided.

2.5.108 May grant concessions for guided recreational activities in the Longwood O Hekeia Place in accordance with the following criteria: a) the activity is consistent with the outcome and other policies for this Place; b) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); c) the activity does not conflict with non-commercial recreational use; and d) historic and ecological values are protected. 2.5.119 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment in the Longwood O Hekeia Place wherein accordance with the following criteria: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) the structure or utility is consistent with the outcome for this Place; and bc) the structure or utility complements the values present, including the: (i) recreational use of this Place; (ii) cultural and historic values; and (iii) sensitive ecological values, particularly the priority ecosystem unitsites of Lake George (Uruwera) and the Longwood Range. 2.5.120 May enter into access arrangements to carry out mineral-related activities within the Longwood O Hekeia Place, subject to the Crown Minerals Act 1991. Applications should be considered on a case-by- case basis in accordance with Policies 3.165.21–3.165.7 6in Part Three, including whether public notification should occur for significant activities26, and adverse effects on the following should be avoided: a) the priority ecosystem unitsites of Lake George (Uruwera) and the Longwood Range; b) downstream freshwater ecosystems within public conservation lands and waters; c) threatened or at risk species; db) visitor experiences; ec) historic and cultural values; fd) the landscape values of the Longwood Range as a scenic backdrop for those driving along the Southern Scenic Route; and ge) community projects.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20172018)

26 In accordance with section 61(1AAB) of the Crown Minerals Act 1991.

 Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Longwood O Hekeia Place.  Commenced Rresearch and surveys have commenced, in partnership with others, to improve knowledge of the archaeological values of the Longwood O Hekeia Place and to provide a better understanding of the relative importance of sites. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Longwood O Hekeia Place.  There has been aAn increase in the number of people involved and actively engaged in the management of the Longwood O Hekeia Place.  A strong and enthusiastic community of interest has developed, which is committed to ensuring that history is protected within the Longwood O Hekeia Place. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Longwood O Hekeia Place.  The Improved water quality in Lake George (Uruwera) is improving.

2.6 Freshwater Wai Māori Place The Freshwater Wai Māori Place encompasses all freshwater ecosystems and riparian areasmargins in Southland Murihiku27, including rivers, springs, lakes and wetlands (see Map 5.6). While the Department does not directly manage freshwater ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters, it does have a strong advocacy role to preserve indigenous freshwater fisheries, and to protect recreational freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats under the Conservation Act 1987. The Department also has a role under the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983. Freshwater is managed by regional councils under the Resource Management Act 1991. Environment Southland and Otago Regional Councils are responsible for freshwater management in Southland Murihiku under their respective water plans28. This Place provides a framework to guide the Department’s: a) management of public conservation lands and waters; and b) advocacy direction when working with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, (including relevant agencies, Southland Fish and Game Council and landowners);

27 For the purposes of this Place, the subantarctic islands are not included. The Minister of Conservation is the territorial authority for the subantarctic islands under Section 31A of the Resource Management Act 1991, but there is no Regional Water Plan in place because of the very small freshwater resources on these islands. 28 Activities on the surface of freshwater bodies in Southland Murihiku are managed by district councils and their respective district plans.

to restore and maintain the health and the mauri (life force) of the freshwater ecosystems in Southland Murihiku, and the important species within them. Description This Place overlaps, and needs to be considered alongside, all other Places on mainland Southland Murihiku. The freshwater ecosystems of Southland Murihiku are richly varied, providing abundant environmental services, and possessing cultural, spiritual, recreational and aesthetic values. They reflect the region’s southern temperate latitude and the interception of oceanic weather by mountains: wet on the west and in the uplands; drier in the eastern districts and away from the coast. Rivers connect the mountains to the sea—ki uta ki tai. The river ecosystems of Fiordland National Park, such as the Eglinton, Wairaurahiri and Hollyford/Whakatipu Kā Tuka Rivers, are largely in a natural state throughout their entire catchments. Outside Fiordland National Park, a number ofOther river ecosystems have been modified to various degrees, some of which flow from or through public conservation lands and waters, have been modified to various degrees by hydro-electricity generation, extraction for water supply and other uses. The most important of these within Southland Murihiku are the Mataura, Oreti, Waiau, Aparima and Pomahaka Rivers. Many of the beds of these rivers (and lakes), outside of public conservation lands and waters, are Crown land administered by Land Information New Zealand. Numerous and varied wetland complexes are scattered throughout Southland Murihiku, many of which are nationally and internationally significant, such as the wetlands on the Awarua Plains, in the Te Anau Basin, in northern Southland and in Fiordland. Freshwater lakes are another important feature. These include a number of large and smaller freshwater lake ecosystems, like the great Fiordland lakes, alpine lakes, shallow coastal lakes and peat lakes. All of these freshwater ecosystems contribute to the natural character of Southland Murihiku and are a major part of Southlanders’ lives. The Māori name for this Place, ‘Wai Māori’, means freshwater. Water is a taonga for the people of Ngāi Tahu whānui. It is at the heart of their culture and identity, as set out in the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Freshwater Policy (1999). The Mataura, Oreti, Waiau, and Aparima Rivers, and the Waituna Wetland, and lakes Manapouri (Moturau), Te Anau (Te Ana-au), Hauroko, George (Uruwera) and Mavora (Manawapōpōre/Hikuraki) are all include, or are, Deed of Recognition areas under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (seerefer section 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendix 17), due to their significance to Ngāi Tahu whānui. A number of lakes are also Deed of Recognition areas under this Act (see Appendix 17): Lake Manapouri (Moturau), Lake Te Anau (Te Ana- au), Lake Hauroko, Lake George (Uruwera), and the Mavora Lakes (Manawapōpōre/Hikuraki). There are also 7 nohoanga entitlement sites associated with this Place (see Appendix 18). The Fisheries (South Island Customary Fishing) Regulations 1999, which are administered by the Ministry for Primary Industries, provide for customary food gathering29. Traditional routes that were walked centuries ago by the earliest Māori tupuna from the coast to inland resources—ki uta ki tai—follow the rivers, between

29 The right to take and manage fisheries resources for a purpose authorised by Tangata Tiaki/Kaitiaki, including koha, to the extent that such purpose is consistent with tikanga Māori and is neither commercial in any way nor for pecuniary gain or trade.

100 landmarks and nohoanga30. There are often concentrations of archaeological sites around particular places, indicating good areas for the collection of mahinga kai. These include places where Māori made their camps (ovens and middens) and places where artifacts have been found. Unfortunately, these sites give only a limited insight into the lives of the travellers, and less is known about the inland sites than those along the coast. However, it is likely that there are many unrecorded sites that could reveal more about historic use of inland Southland Murihiku. While aA few sites of these sites are on public conservation lands and waters near rivers, but the majority are spread across nearbyon private land; however, they are all protected by the Historic Places Act 1993. European exploration also followed the rivers, usually with the assistance of Māori guides. Early settlements and towns established and grew as a result of pastoral settlement and the timber industry, and there are some historic ferry crossings and bridges that linked these settlements and industry. In the upper reaches of some rivers, there are large concentrations of historic sites related to gold mining, and scattered buildings associated with mustering and other aspects of pastoral farming. Some of these are on public conservation lands and waters, a few of which are actively conserved sites (see Appendix 10), and some are on pastoral leasehold and freehold land. The Oreti and Mataura Rivers are both covered by water conservation order provisions. The Water Conservation (Mataura River) Order was gazetted in 1997 for its outstanding fisheries and angling amenity features. The Water Conservation (Oreti River) Order was gazetted in 2008 for its brown trout and nationally criticalendangered karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull habitat, angling amenity, and significance in accordance with tikanga Māori. The Mataura River has the only freshwater Mātaitai Reserve in New Zealand, which has been identified to protect the customary kanakana/lamprey (Geotria australis) fishery. The Mātaitai Reserve extends from about 500 metres upstream of the Mataura tannery downriver to approximately 1 kilometre downstream of Shanks Road, encompassesing the natural Mataura River falls (Te Au Nui),. The falls are a fish staging site (where kanakana/lamprey gather and climb the falls on their migration upstream), and have a long and continuing history of customary use. Freshwater ecosystems in Southland Murihiku support an array of indigenous species, some of which are threatened or at risk. Of particular importance are the braided reaches of many Southland Murihiku rivers. Braided riverbeds are a naturally rare indigenous ecosystem and their meanders are important not only as habitat for the karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull, but also as mahinga kai sites. These braided riverbeds with their expanses of gravel also provide important nesting and feeding grounds for the nationally endangered tarapirohe/black-fronted tern. Southland Murihiku is the nationala stronghold for the karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull and tarapirohe/black-fronted tern. Other threatened and at risk braided river migratory birds found here are the nationally vulnerable pohowera/ banded dotterel and tarāpunga/red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus), and the declining tōrea/South Island pied oystercatcher (Haematopus finschi). The Department works closely with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies, to protect habitat areas for these birds, which can be threatened by activities such as four-

30 There is often overlap of these values between the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and the Freshwater Wai Māori Place.

101 wheel driving in riverbeds. During the term of this CMSstrategy, it will be an important challenge is to ensure that these bird populations are able, as a minimum, to be maintained at their 2012 levels. An array of indigenous fish species are also found in the rivers, including the nationally vulnerable Gollum galazias and the declining tuna/longfin eel, taiwharu/giant kōkopu, Gollum galaxias and kanakana/lamprey; as well as tuna/shortfin eel, paraki/smelt (Retropinna retropinna) and bullies. Tuna/longfin eels live for up to 80 years, are slow growing, only spawn once and are coming under increasing pressure from fishing, which has resulted in their population being in decline. Of the four species of non-migratory galaxiids found in Southland Murihiku waters, threetwo (Pomahaka galaxias, Gollum galaxias and southern flathead galaxias) are not found elsewhere. Whitebait are the young of six indigenous fish species (the nationally vulnerable shortjaw kōkopu (Galaxias postvectis); the declining īnanga/ īnaka (Galaxias maculatus), shortjaw kōkopu (Galaxias postvectis), taiwharu/ giant kōkopu and kōaro (Galaxias brevipinnis);, and the banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and paraki/smelt), which spend most of their lives in freshwater. Adults of these species spawn in a range of places, from the mouths of larger rivers to small, fast-flowing mountain streams. The eggs are left on river banks and stream bottoms until they hatch. They are affected by pollution, increased sediment and the clearing of vegetation along the banks of waterways. Many rivers also contain populations of waterfowl, such as mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and pūtangitangi/paradise shelducks (Tadorna variegata), as well as introduced trout and other sports fish, making them popular for recreational hunting and fishing. A number of the freshwater rivers in the region flow into estuarine and enclosed fiord environments, making these an important component of freshwater ecosystems within Southland Murihiku. In this CMSstrategy, estuaries are covered within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place (section 2.7) and Awarua Place (section 2.8), and fiords are dealt with in the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place (section 2.2). Mainland Southland Murihiku contains a number of important wetland ecosystems, including:  Within the Te Anau Basin, which is in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place (see section 2.7) and encompasses approximately 30 separate wetlands that are managed by the Department (such as Kepler Mire, Borland Mire, and Kakapo Swamp), as well as others that are on private land.  The Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex (see the Awarua Place (section 2.8) for more information on the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance).  Within the Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place (see section 2.4), such as the Garvie/Umbrella Mountain upland fens (all of which are located off public conservation lands and waters). There is potential for more of the wetlands within these Places to be formally recognised as Wetlands of International Importance. The large lakes of Fiordland include Lake Te Anau, Lake Manapouri, Lake Monowai, Lake Hauroko, Lake Poteriteri and Lake Hakapoua. Many of these

102 lakes are significant because they are Deed of Recognition areas under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (see section 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendix 17) and/or are Lake Poteriteri is a priority ecosystem unitsites (see Appendix 4). The considerable hydroelectric generation from the Manapouri Power Schemetation is also important. a major commercial activity within this Place. The scheme is operated under the authority of the Manapouri- Te Anau Development Act 1963, which enables the water resources of Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, and the Waiau and Mararoa Rivers and their tributaries, to be used to generate electricity. The process of establishing this hydroelectric scheme was a turning point in the national conscience of New Zealanders, brokering and balancing development with nature conservation in the ‘Save Manapouri’ campaign, which gave rise to the Guardians of Lakes Manapouri, Monowai and Te Anau under section 4A of the Manapouri-Te Anau Devlopment Act 1963 and section 6X of the Conservation Act 1987. The Guardians are one mechanism of addressing the effects of the scheme and their responsibilities include making recommendations to the Minister on:  the environmental, ecological, and social effects on the lakes’ shorelines, and on the rivers flowing in and out of those lakes, having particular regard to the effects of the operation on social values, conservation, recreation, tourism, and related activities and amenities; and  the operating guidelines for the levels of Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau. The inland lakes within this Place are home to an array of indigenous species, including the tuna/longfin eel, taiwharu/giant kōkopu, kōaro and paraki/smelt. Taiwharu/giant kōkopu, īnanga/īnaka/whitebait and tuna/shortfin eels can be found in the coastal lakes within this Place, such as Lake George (Urewera), and Waituna and Waiuna Lagoons. There are also important lakeside indigenous plant communities within this Place, such as the ephemeral riparian wetland areasmargins of lakes and ponds, which provide habitat for a number of threatened and at risk plants. The riparian areasmargins of Lakes Manapouri (a priority ecosystem unitsite) and Te Anau contain approximately 30 different species, some of which are threatened or at risk, including the nationally critical Fiordland lakeshore daisy (Brachycombe linearis), the nationally endangeredvulnerable hydatellaaquatic rush (Trithuria inconspicua), the declining tufted hair grass and buttercup Ranunculus limosella, and the endemic, naturally uncommon herb Brachycombe linearis and buttercup Ranunculus ranceorum. There are many marginal strips alongside rivers and streams within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, some of which are used for grazeding. This use of marginal strips can have adverse effects on both freshwater ecosystems and public access. Therefore, it is important that an assessment of the impacts of any use of marginal strips is undertaken prior to the granting of any concession, to ensure that freshwater values and public access are protected. A number of threatened and at risk plants are also associated with these marginal strips, including three tree daisy (Olearia) species. It is also important that impacts on these species are avoided. Public conservation lands and waters are particularly important for providing breeding habitat for an array of indigenous aquatic species, ensuring the future

103 of their populations. However, it is also important that indigenous fish populations are protected and the regeneration of species is assisted off public conservation lands and waters. Therefore, the commercial take of tuna/eelsindigenous fish populations from public conservation lands and waters should notunlikely to be authorised. There are a number of threats to the freshwater ecosystems and species in Southland Murihiku, as identified above. The Department should works with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies and Southland Fish and Game Council, to manage these threats, and protect the freshwater ecosystems and species. For public conservation lands and waters, the Department has a management role alongside the regional councils, while for freshwater ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters, the Department has an advocacy role. Water quality and quantity are two important issues within Southland Murihiku, as well as nationally. Modification of freshwater ecosystems, and the development and use of adjoining land, riparian areasmargins and wetlands can have adverse effects on freshwater ecosystems. This includes the removal of indigenous vegetation, drainage of wetlands, and land modification that affects hydrology and flow regimes. Increasing water extraction within Southland Murihiku is placing some freshwater ecosystems under threat, which, coupled with a strong connection between ground and surface water levels in some catchments, is creating a growing water quantity and quality issue in the region. These issues require careful management to maintain the multiple values of the region’s water resource. High-country areas play an important role in water yield, quality and continuity of water supply at lower altitudes. Freshwater ecosystems need to be managed holistically, from the headwaters all the way to their outflow into the coastal environment. Aquatic pest plantsweeds, such as South African oxygen weed (Lagarosiphon major) and didymo, also affect freshwater ecosystems within Southland Murihiku. The Department works with regional councils and the community to prevent the spread of, and the introduction and establishment of new, aquatic pest plantsweeds in the region’s freshwater ecosystems., and tThe importance of freshwater biosecurity is increasingly being recognised by the communities and industries in Southland Murihiku. A number of recreational (such as whitebaiting, fishing, swimming, kayaking and boating) and business activities utilise the freshwater ecosystems of the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, particularly on the lakes within Fiordland National Park and on the many rivers throughout Southland Murihiku. The Department is responsible for administering the Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994 and the Whitebait Fishing (West Coast) Regulations 1994 (the latter applies to all of the western coast of Southland Murihiku from Puysegur Point north)., which Both of these Regulations control when (times during the year and day) and how (e.g. restrictions on net sizes) whitebaiting can occur. There are no Regulations about how much whitebait an individual can take. Sports fish are controlled and managed by the Southland Fish and Game Council. The Manapouri Power Scheme is a major commercial activity within this Place and is operated under the Manapouri-Te Anau Development Act 1963.

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Outcome, policies and milestones for the Freshwater Wai Māori Place

OUTCOME The rivers within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place flow freely from the mountains to the sea—ki uta ki tai. Indigenous migratory species are able to journey unimpeded to and from the sea. Indigenous fUndeveloped freshwater ecosystems within public conservation lands and waters maintain natural flows and high water quality, providing habitats for threatened and at risk aquatic and shoreline flora and fauna. Their value as an integral part of the landscape, life sources, pathways and symbols of identity are recognised. Freshwater ecosystems altered by developments of national significance are managed to protect their values. The ecosystem services provided by, and the mauri of, the waterways in Southland Murihiku are better understood. Indigenous fFreshwater ecosystems on public conservation lands and waters enhance freshwater ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters. Those lakes that are free of aquatic pest plantsweeds remain so, and Wetlands of International Importance are rehabilitated and enhanced. Indigenous riparian habitats are healthy, and are home to a rich diversity of threatened and at risk plants, including iconic kōwhai stands. Their value in buffering the effects of agricultural influences from adjacent lands is recognised. Indigenous aquatic plant communities are also protected and enhanced. Populations of indigenous freshwater fish are recovering, and threatened and at risk braided river and wetland birds have become more common. Enhanced public land access to rivers, lakes and wetlands in Southland Murihiku increases opportunities for people to experience and appreciate fully functional and healthy freshwater ecosystems. Recreational activities such as fishing, swimming and other water sports can be enjoyed. Integrated management of the region’s freshwater ecosystems is achieved by working closely with Ngāi Tāhu whānui and the wider community, including local authorities, the farming community, Southland Fish and Game Council and other stakeholders. Indigenous fFreshwater ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters have been improving year by year and are on track to reaching the overall long- term goal of restoring them to healthy ecosystems with clean water, which can be used sustainably for recreating, drinking and production.

POLICIES 2.6.1 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies, the Southland Fish and Game Council, adjacent landowners and relevant industries, to raise awareness about the connection between land use activities, freshwater ecosystems and the coastal environment, to ensure: a) that the intrinsic values of wetlands, running waters, lakes and estuaries are sustained; b) the integrated and holistic management of Southland Murihiku freshwater ecosystems;

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c) the rehabilitation and restoration of the region’s freshwater ecosystems; and d) that land use activities do not adversely impact on freshwater ecosystems; e) the high quality water yields from tussocklands are retained or enhanced; and f) that the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2011, is implemented. 2.6.2 Work with Land Information New Zealand, where Crown river and lake beds extend into, or are surrounded by public conservation lands, to: a) achieve integrated management across the combined lands and waters; or b) include the river or lake beds within public conservation lands and waters. 2.6.32 Continue to raise awareness and advocate for the preservation of the habitats of threatened and at risk indigenous fauna within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, including braided river ecosystemsbirds and fish species. 2.6.43 Continue to advocate for the protection of indigenous freshwater plant communities, particularly threatened and at risk species, within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place and increase awareness of the role that they play within freshwater ecosystems. 2.6.54 Advocate to relevant agencies that : a) for modern best practice to be applied to the grazing of wetlands, flood plains and water margins, including the retirement of wetlands, riparian areas, marginal strips and uplands and flood plains should be retired from intensive grazing regimes; and b) any remaining grazing of wetland, riparian areas, uplands and flood plains should reflect modern best practice, in order to sustain and restore sensitive habitats and in-water values, and to protect cultural values. 2.6.6 Should grant authorisations for grazing on public conservation lands and waters within the Freshwater Wai Maori Place only where the activity is consistent with Policy 3.15.1 in Part Three and in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is not within an ecological area or a priority ecosystem unit; b) livestock do not have direct access to waterways; c) it will not adversely affect the conservation values present; d) the land and soil type are suitable for grazing; e) the catchment is not sensitive to increased nutrient levels; f) public access to public conservation lands and waters is retained; g) there is no increased flooding risk of the land; and h) there are no adverse effects on freshwater quality.

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2.6.75 Should not grant concessions for the commercial take of tuna/eelsindigenous fish from public conservation lands and waters within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place31. 2.6.86 May grant concessions for commercially guided activities, such as fishing and kayaking, where: a) the activity is consistent with the outcome for the Freshwater Wai Māori Place and the other associated Place(s); b) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); and c) the activity is compatible with non-commercial recreational activities. 2.6.97 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place where: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) the structure or utility is consistent with the outcome for this Place and the other associated Place(s);, and c) the structure or utility does not adversely affect: ia) the long-term water quality of freshwater ecosystems; iib) indigenous species or sports fish; iiic) natural freshwater flow regimes; ivd) areas of outstanding natural character and significant natural features identified in Appendix 9; and ve) areas of historic and cultural significance identified in Appendix 10 or recognised through legislation. 2.6.108 Support Ngāi Tahu, commercial and community whānui initiatives for freshwater conservation within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as the eel trap and transfer programmes in the Waiau catchment, and the restoration of the freshwater Mātaitai Reserve in the Mataura catchment. 2.6.119 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to raise awareness of important wetland ecosystems within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as seeking Wetland of International Importance status. 2.6.120 Support community goals for protection and conservation management of catchments and wetlands associated with the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance, the Waituna Lagoon, Lake George (Uruwera) and the Waiau Lagoon. 2.6.131 Support community initiatives to increase formal protection of natural areas within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, including recommended areas for protection listed in the Nokomai, Umbrella, Southland Plains and Taringatura Protected Natural Areas Programme Survey Reports, and future reports for other ecological districts.

31 For the policy direction regarding the customary take of indigenous fish (such as tuna/longfin eels) from public conservation lands and waters, refer to Part One, section 1.4: Treaty of Waitangi responsibilities.

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2.6.142 Support relevant agencies in their regional aquatic pest management strategies and in theirparties undertaking biosecurity actions for pest organisms within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place. 2.6.153 Support initiatives by landowners to protect freshwater values within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place that are associated with land development programmes. 2.6.164 Seek the establishment and maintenance of fish passage for tuna/longfin eels entering and leaving the Lake Manapouri catchment. 2.6.175 Seek the maintenance of fish passage within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, to allow fish migration between marine and freshwater environments.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Commenced Wwork, is being undertaken alongside Ngāi Tahu whānui, regional agencies and the community, to improve the integrated management of the freshwater ecosystems in Southland Murihiku.  Maintenance or improvement of Tthe water quality of significant lakes and wetlands within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as Lake Manapouri, Lake Te Anau and the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance, has been maintained or improved. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Work continues to be undertaken alongside Ngāi Tahu whānui, regional agencies and the community to Iimprovements to the integrated management of the freshwater ecosystems in Southland Murihiku.  Maintenance or improvement of Tthe water quality of important freshwater catchments within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as Argyle Burn, Currans Creek, Dome Burn, Moffat Creek, Muddy Creek, Nokomai River, Oreti River above the Windley River junction, Pourakino River, Waikawa River, upper Waikaia River, Waimeamea River and Waituna Stream, has been maintained or improved. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Improvement of tThe water quality of significant lakes and wetlands within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as Lake Manapouri, Lake Te Anau and the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance, continues to improve.  Improvement of Tthe water quality of important freshwater catchments within the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, such as Argyle Burn, Currans Creek, Dome Burn, Moffat Creek, Muddy Creek, Nokomai River, Oreti River above the Windley River junction, Pourakino River, Waikawa River, upper Waikaia River, Waimeamea River and Waituna Stream, continues to improve.

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2.7 Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place The Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place incorporates the extensive rolling downs, plains and basins of Southland Murihiku and links the hinterland to the coast (see Map 5.7). The Taringatura and Hokonui Hills of the Southland Syncline are striking features within this Place. The majority of land within this Place is privately owned pastoral land, dotted with small rural settlements. The Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place also includes the four larger population centres of Invercargill, Gore, Te Anau and Winton. There are many distinctive, easily accessible small parcels of public conservation lands and waters within this Place, such as scenic reserves, marginal strips and conservation areas, which showcase New Zealand’s biodiversity. These include the Catlins Conservation Park, Hokonui Forest Conservation Area, Forest Hill Scenic Reserve and Croydon Bush Scenic Reserve, all of which are well-used areas of public conservation lands and waters. Nearly three-quarters of the Catlins Conservation Park is within the Catlins Place in the Otago CMS. Description The Māori name ‘Te Rā a Takitimu’ refers to this Place being the sails of Takitimu, the wreck of Tamatea’s waka which links to the story of the creation of the Takitimu Mountains. Māori settlements were concentrated by major river estuaries (e.g. Toetoes Harbour) as they offered access to mahinga kai along the coast and into the forested interior. There were many more seasonal hunting camps from which food was gathered. These areas are still important mahinga kai. An ancient ara tawhito extends from Waikawa and travels the coastline through to Curio Bay and beyond. The Mataura River is, in part, a Deed of Recognition area, there is a nohoanga entitlement site on the river at Ardlussa, and a Mātaitai Reserve near the township of Mataura for a fishery of the nationally vulnerable kanakana/ lamprey (Geotria australis)(refer section 1.4 Treaty partnerships with Ngāi Tahu). When European settlement of Southland Murihiku began in earnest, the plains and rivers were the easiest to develop for timber resources and pastoral farming. Therefore, aside from the coastal fringe, the plains have the oldest remains of European settlement. The small towns and forgotten settlements of Southland Murihiku retain many traces of these early years, but only a few are located on public conservation lands and waters, such as the actively conserved historic places of the Waipapa lighthouse settlement and the Waipohatu log hauler. Some have been registered by the Historic Places Trust, including residential buildings, churches, railway buildings, hotels, civic buildings and buildings from industrial works. Others are archaeological sites, which are often not visible on the surface. A number of these sites are the focus of heritage trails organised by local communities, but there are many others. Recreation opportunities in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place are provided predominantly by local authorities. However, the Department manages opportunities in a number of areas within this Place, including the Hokonui Forest Conservation Area, and the Gateway destinations of Forest Hill and Croydon Bush Scenic Reserves. The majority of these sites are easily accessible

109 from the main population centres of Invercargill, Gore, Te Anau and Winton and are popular for short walks or jogging. Sports fishing and game bird hunting is popular throughout this Place. Some areas within this Place also have populations of red deer and pigs, and receive a moderate level of use from local recreational hunters, such as the Hokonui Hills and Blackmount Forest (Jericho Forest Conservation Area). Use of and access to these parcels of public conservation lands and waters is highly valued by the community. While two of the larger blocks (the Hokonui Forest Conservation Area and Forest Hill Scenic Reserve) are mainly managed for a backcountry experience, they also contain front country corridors, and there are two picnic areas and two tracks within Forest Hill that are Gateway destinations. Other blocks of public conservation lands and waters within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place are managed for a front country experience, offering relatively short tracks in small reserves that are close to busier rural or urban settings. Also, because these blocks are near developed areas, natural quiet values are not as important in these parts of this Place as they are in other Places. Given its close proximity to population centres, there are opportunities for an increase in recreational activities such as mountain biking and horse riding within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. This couldmay include the community maintaining and developing recreational facilities. While vehicles shouldare only allowedbe used on designated formed roads and tracks within this Place, new roads and tracks couldmay be developed on public conservation lands and waters (see Part Three), one example of which is a mountain biking track linking Croydon Bush Scenic Reserve and Dolamore Park—although the majority of this proposal would not be on public conservation lands and waters. There is also potential to develop cultural trails within this Place, which would link into other Places, such as the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place and the Takitimu Place. The Southland Plains are mantled with outwash gravels and fine sediment loess associated with geologically recent mountain-building in the hinterland and multiple glacial events. Limestone features such as the Waiau Caves (near Clifden) and Forest Hill karst represent an important landscape characteristic of this Place. Another landscape feature of note is the Southland Geological Syncline, which incorporates a series of striking ridges and valleys from western Southland through to The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga. Bare Hill in the Hokonui Hills is an internationally significant geological feature and landform (see Table A9.1, Appendix 9), and the Hokonui Hills themselves are an outstanding landscape feature that is highly valued by the community (see Table A9.2, Appendix 9); while recognising that Transpower transmission lines pass through parts of the Hokonui Forst Conservation Area. While most of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place is in pasture, small scattered remnants of indigenous forest (including tōtara, mataī (Prumnopitys taxifolia), rimu and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest stands) as well as some larger areas still remain throughout this Place, such as in the Waiau catchment and the Hokonui District. This includes the priority ecosystem unitsite of the Hokonui Hills, which incorporates the Dunsdale Ecological Area. In the west, some areas of public conservation lands and waters, such as Kepler Mire Conservation Area, have been given international recognition through

110 inclusion in the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area (see Appendix 14). Some of the most important indigenous ecosystems found within this Place are wetlands, including the priority ecosystem sites of Borland Mire and Bayswater Bog. A range of wetland types are present; however, peat bogs are the most common. The Borland Mire Scientific Reserve is an example of an extensive and relatively undisturbed raised bog of which there are only a few remaining in New Zealand. The Te Anau Basin is also within this Place, and has a number of areas of public conservation lands and waters, including some important wetlands (notably the priority ecosystem sites of Kepler Mire and Kakapo Swamp) and waterways. Seeking Wetland of International Importance status for the wetlands within the Te Anau Basin, both on and off public conservation lands and waters, will help tocould provide additional protection for these sites. Naturally rare ecosystems include braided riverbeds, sand dunes and frost flat bog pine shrublands. Southland Murihiku is the national stronghold for bog pine shrublands, and the priority ecosystem site of the Wilderness Scientific Reserve is a notable example of this vegetation type, as it is scientifically important both locally and nationally. The Freshwater Wai Māori Place (section 2.6) details the Department’s management direction and advocacy role for freshwater resources. Shrublands and red tussocklands are rare within this Place as a result of land development; however, some noteworthy areas are located east of the Takitimu Mountains, in the Hokonui Hills, and in between The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga and Clinton, such as the Pukerau Red Tussock Scientific Reserve. Low- to mid- altitude tussocklands are particularly vulnerable throughout Southland Murihiku, due to development and clearance at low altitudes, and woody pest plantsweeds (often kōti/gorse (Ulex europaeus) and broom (Cytisus scoparius)) at mid-altitudes. Furthermore, remaining remnants within this Place are often modified as a result of past development. The value of providing ecological corridors that link remnant areas of indigenous vegetation and assist the movement of indigenous species, such as the New Zealand kūkupa/kererū /wood pigeon, needs to be better promoted to ensure a wider understanding of how this could benefit conservation throughout the Southland Plains. There are several threatened and at risk plant species within this Place, such as scattered populations of tree daisies, two species of declining mistletoe (yellow- flowered (Alepis flavida) and scarlet) and the nationally vulnerable heart-leaved kōhūhū. At least 35 indigenous birds also breed within the forest remnants, including the kōparapara/korimako/bellbird (Anthornis melanura), pīwakawaka/fantail (Rhipidura fulginosa), pīpipi/brown creeper (Mohoua novaeseelandiae) and kūkupa/kererū/New Zealand wood pigeon. Wetlands, ponds and lakes, such as the Waiau River lagoon, Redcliff wetland (in the Waiau valley) and along the south-eastern coast from Slope Point through to Porpoise Bay, provide habitat for waterfowl, waders and other birds, including the nationally endangered matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern and the declining South Island mātātā/fernbird. The braided riverbeds of the Mataura, Oreti, Aparima and Waiau Rivers are a national stronghold for the nationally criticalendangered karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull, and are also important for the nationally endangered tarapirohe/black-fronted tern and the nationally vulnerable pohowera/banded dotterel.

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The natural values of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place are highly valued by the community, and local areas of public conservation lands and waters enable a quick and instant immersion in nature. The community would like to see more management of pests and wild animals within this Place, particularly within Forest Hill Scenic Reserve. There is a strong community presence throughout this Place, with a number of community groups, landowners and businesses protecting remnants and other valuable indigenous ecosystems, through habitat enhancement—for example, by fencing or covenanting.

The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga area encompasses part of the Southern Syncline and stretches from the southern coastal areas of Waikawa Harbour and Curio Bay (famous for its petrified forest) west to Fortrose, and north to State Highway 93, which connects Mataura to Clinton. The Catlins Conservation Park, which is the largest area of indigenous forest on the east coast of the South Island, crosses the boundary between Southland Murihiku and Otago (Catlins Place in the Otago CMS) and is an integral feature of The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga area. The priority ecosystem unitsites of Haldane Bay, Lake Brunton and dunes, Waikawa River and Wyndham Scenic Reserve are all is located within this area, and represent a range of significant ecosystems. The Slopedown Ecological Area contains altitudinal sequences of regenerating kamahi, podocarp and mixed broad leaved forest on relatively flat to steep hill side, and is located in the northwestern section of the Catlins Conservation Park. The Southern Scenic Route runs through this area, inviting many visitors to experience The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga each year. Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay (a Gateway destination) and Waipapa Point are popular visitor destinations within this area. There is potential to increase facilities and/or amenities within The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga, in conjunction with the local community and other stakeholders, to accommodate the growing number of visitors. It is important to support community initiatives that enhance the visitor experience within this Place, provided that adverse effects on natural values are avoided. A major draw-card of this area is the vast number and range of marine species present (see section 2.9—Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place,), with many opportunities for visitors to view them in their natural habitat. The Department is keen to work with the community to increase understanding and appreciation for these species, and to have this knowledge passed on to visitors.32

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place

OUTCOME The hundreds of indigenous ecosystem remnants within the pastoral lands of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place are valued and respected as all that is left of the original bush-covered landscape. Their viability is being improved through focused management and community support that prevents their degradation by stock, pests and wild animals.

32 For information on the marine environment, see section 2.9—Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.

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Recreation is a focus of this Place. The network of Local Treasure destinations and easily accessible indigenous areas allows visitors to experience instant immersion in nature. Croydon Bush, Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay and Forest Hill are popular Gateway destinations where local residents in particular are able to enjoy the outdoors. Those wishing for a slightly more peaceful experience can find this in the Backcountry destinations of the Hokonui Hills or within The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga. Aircraft only land occasionally in these two locations, and not at all on scientific reserves, but are frequently encountered elsewhere. The integrated management of natural areas both on and off public conservation lands and waters enhances the conservation values of all areas. Intact indigenous vegetation corridors link the coast with upland areas in many parts of this Place. Recovering birdlife signals the success of communities working together to protect indigenous ecosystems. The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga is a haven for indigenous marine, coastal and terrestrial animals, and is widely valued as a place for observing and appreciating nature on its own terms. Numerous short walks and longer walks provide many opportunities to appreciate The Catlins Coast and indigenous forests, its landscapes and rich history. Visitors experience the distinctive landscape features of Curio Bay and its petrified forest. The landscapes of the Southland Syncline, Castle Rock and Clifden limestone outcrops are valued and remain intact. Historic and cultural values within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place are largely cared for by Ngāi Tahu whānui and local communities. Archaeological sites are better understood and protected, and high-quality visitor facilities and interpretation enable visitors to understand the importance of actively conserved historic places and their stories. Commercial activities, such as nature-based tourism, contribute to and facilitate learning and support for the conservation values within this Place. Structural development does not detract from important indigenous ecosystem, landscape and recreation values.

POLICIES 2.7.1 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place that are within the Te Wāhipounamu—South -West New Zealand World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated andto maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal values (Appendix 14). 2.7.2 Should allow motorised vehicles within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place only: a) on the roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.7.3 Should allow mountain bikes within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place only:

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a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads, tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.7; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. Table 2.7: Mountain bike access within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place

Conservation unit Access Criteria

Croydon Bush Scenic Reserve Tracks* As signposted

Waiau River, Control Gates Te Anau Wildlife Centre - Subject to existing tracks Conservation Area; Waiau River, Control Gates - Queens being upgraded, and new Rainbow Reach Conservation Reach - Rainbow Reach- tracks being built, to Area Balloon Loop – Frazers mountain biking standards Beach*

Upukerora, Lake Te Anau Te Anau township to Te Anau Subject to new track being Conservation Area; Eweburn, Downs (within Western High built to mountain biking Lake Te Anau Conservation Area Country Mata-puke Koikoi standards Place)*

Molyneaux Wetland Conservation Manapouri to Mararoa River Subject to new track being Area; Marginal Strip along east bank of Waiau built to mountain biking River* standards

Snowdon Forest Conservation Alongside Mararoa River to Subject to new track being Area; Mararoa River, Fernhill Waiau River* built to mountain biking Conservation Area; Mararoa River, standards Mt York Conservation Area; Marginal Strip

Marginal Strip Upukerora River south of Takaro Lodge to Te Anau*

Marginal Strip Whitestone River, SH94 to Hillside Manapouri Road

* Also requires access across land not administered by the Department. 2.7.4 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; b) on the roads, tracks or other areas identified in Table 2.8; or c) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. Table 2.8: Electric power-assisted pedal cycle access within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place

Conservation unit Access

Waiau River, Rainbow Reach Rainbow Reach Road end to Balloon Loop Road Conservation Area

Marginal Strip Whitestone River, SH94 to Hillside Manapouri Road 2.7.5 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Hokonui Forest Conservation Area and The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga

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on an occasional basis, where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, orand in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) it is consistent with Policyies 3.6.1b)-h)3.6.9 in Part Three; c) adverse effects on the visitorrecreational experiences found within these areas are avoided; and d) adverse effects on the Slopedown and Dunsdale Ecological Areas and the priority ecosystem unitssites of Hokonui Hills, Haldane Bay,and Lake Brunton and dunes, and Wyndham Scenic Reserve are avoided. 2.7.63 May grant concessions for commercial activities within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place where: a) the activitiy is consistent with any relevant policies in Part 3; b) the activity is consistent with the outcome for this Place; and cb) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); and d) adverse effects on threatened and at risk species, and the priority ecosystem units of Hokonui Hills and Lake Brunton and dunes are avoided. 2.7.74 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place where: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) the structure or utlility is consistent with the outcome for this Place; and cb) there are no adverse effects on threatened or at risk species, significant landscapes (as identified in Appendix 9), ecological areas or priority ecosystem unitssites (as identified in Appendix 4); and d) the structure or utility complements the cultural values present, such as wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and whenua tupuna. 2.7.85 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies, to: a) increase the protection and enhancement of indigenous vegetation within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place, through both formal and informal processes; b) continue redevelopment of Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay to enable it to reach its potential as a Gateway destination; and c) ensure that development within The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga area does not detract from the coastal landscape. 2.7.96 Promote the benefits of remnant indigenous vegetation within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies, to develop regenerating corridors within this Place to assist the movement of indigenous species.

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2.7.107 Advocate to relevant agencies that land use activities within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place should not adversely affect the freshwater values in the Freshwater Wai Māori Place, including that: a) wetlands, riparian areas, and uplands and flood plains should be retired from intensive grazing regimes; and b) any remaining grazing of wetlands, riparian areas, uplands and flood plains and water margins should reflect modern best practice to sustain and restore sensitive habitats and in-water values. 2.7.118 Support community goals to create pest and wild animal free areas within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place, such as at Forest Hill Scenic Reserve. 2.7.129 Promote the values of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place to locals, schools and visitors to encourage increased use of and learning opportunities within the public conservation lands and waters of this Place. 2.7.10 Support relevant agencies in the implementation of the Regional Pest Management Strategy and any successor to it. 2.7.131 Should only grant authorisationsconcessions for grazing on public conservation lands and waters within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place only where it the activity is consistent with Policy 3.154.1 in Part Three and in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is not within an ecological area or a priority ecosystem unit; ba) livestock do not have direct access to waterways; cb) it will not adversely affect the conservation values present; dc) the land and soil type are suitable for grazing; ed) the catchment is not sensitive to increased nutrient levels; fe) public access to public conservation lands and waters is retained; gf) there is no increased flooding risk of the land; and hg) there are no adverse effects on freshwater quality. 2.7.142 Support Ngāi Tahu and community initiatives in The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga that are consistent with the outcome for the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and that will enhance the visitor experience in this area. 2.7.153 Continue to increase the public’s appreciation of the marine species that can be viewed at the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and improve people’s awareness of how to behave around marine wildlife. 2.7.164 Continue to support and progress the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project to increase understanding of the important historic and cultural values within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)

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 Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  Work is being undertaken with relevant agencies and the community to iIdentificationy, in conjunction with relevant agencies and the community, of improvements to visitor facilities within The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga area. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  There has been an iIncreased in community involvement and active engagement in the management of the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  Commenced Iinvestigations are underway to seek improved protection of important wetlands off public conservation lands and waters in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  Increased acknowledgement and protection by Ppastoral landowners/leaseholders increasingly value and protect of natural heritage values on their lands within the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place.  Improved, with community involvement, Vvisitor facilities within The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga area have improved with community involvement.

2.8 Awarua Place The Awarua Place extends from Fortrose Spit33 in the east, to Omaui and New River Estuary in the west, and The Bluff/Motupōhue in the south (see Map 5.8). There are a number of important parcels of public conservation lands and waters within this Place, such as Motupōhue Scenic Reserve, Omaui Scenic Reserve, Seaward Moss Conservation Area, Tiwai Conservation Area, Toetoes Conservation Area and Waituna Wetlands Scientific Reserve. By its nature, this Place is strongly connected to the Freshwater Wai Māori Place and the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place (see sections 2.6 and 2.9). It is important for its high ecological values, including the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex34, and various estuaries and lagoons. In addition, Bluff is viewed as the ‘stepping off point’ to Stewart Island/Rakiura, the subantarctic islands and

33 Toetoes Harbour Spit Conservation Area 34 All the wetland areas (coastal lagoons, freshwater swamps, peatlands and estuaries), comprising various land statuses (including public conservation lands and waters), found to the east of Bluff Harbour within this Place.

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coastal Fiordland. At Bluff, there is a ‘chain link’ sculpture that symbolises the connection that mainland Southland Murihiku has with Stewart Island/Rakiura, where there is a corresponding sculpture. In this way, this Place is also strongly connected with the Places within the Stewart Island/Rakiura CMS and the Rakiura National Park Management Plan 2011. Description The name ‘Awarua’ originated in the Pacific and was given to the Awarua area by tangata whenua, to represent their ancient connections with the Pacific. In the context of Southland Murihiku it means two bodies of water. The Awarua Place is home to an array of values that are recognised locally, nationally and internationally. A mix of ecological, cultural and historic values, and recreation opportunities contribute to the special characteristics of the Awarua Place. This Place is an ideal location for promoting and increasing awareness of conservation in Southland Murihiku, particularly given its proximity to the region’s largest population base, Invercargill. This Place includes one of the largest wetland areas in New Zealand, the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex, which contains extensive peat bogs and estuaries, some of which are within the Waituna-Awarua Plains priority ecosystem unitsite. Approximately 20 000 hectares of this complex is athe Waituna- Awarua Wetland of International Importance (see Appendix 15), covering: the Waituna Wetlands Scientific Reserve; Seaward Moss, Awarua Plains and Toetoes Conservation Areas; and Toetoes Harbour, Awarua Bay and New River Estuary (a priority ecosystem site). In addition to peat bog, the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex also contains a diverse mosaic of indigenous wetland vegetation, including a number of species that are usually found in alpine habitats, such as the cushion-forming Donatia novae-zelandiae, combe sedge (Oreobolous pectinatus), sky lily (Herpolirion novae-zelandiae), four sundews (Drosera spp.), and the naturally uncommon gentian Gentianella lineata. There are also pockets of indigenous tussockland, rushland and harakeke/flaxland, as well as remnant forest woven into the wetland vegetation, which is dominated by mānuka shrubland and wire rushland. There are a number of pressures on this internationally significant wetland complex, largely as a result of human modification and intensification of agriculture within the catchment. This is of particular concern around the Waituna Lagoon, where sediment and nutrient inputs are increasing algal growth and impacting on the aquatic indigenous plant communities, as well as degrading water quality. Both Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community highly value this Place, with a number of community groups and agencies, such as the Waituna Landcare Group, the Waituna Partners Group35 and Community Investment in Water36, working hard to improve the water quality within the wetland complex. Fires are another threat, particularly as they can burn for long periods in this environment, can leading to extensive loss of ecological values and opening up areas for new invasions of pest plantsweeds. Consequently, the Department works closely with the Southern Rural Fire Authority (of which the

35 Made up of the Department, Environment Southland, Southland District Council, Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu and Te Runanga o Awarua. 36 A joint project between the Department and Fonterra that involves working with dairy farmers, local communities and other stakeholders. It is one of five programme sites across New Zealand.

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Department is a member), focusing on prevention where possible. Plant and animal pests are another threat to the indigenous ecosystems. The Waituna Lagoon is a highly valued component of the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex and is home to a number of threatened and at risk indigenous species, such as the nationally vulnerableendangered Pygmy clubrushdwarf sedge (Isolepis basilaris), the declining tufted hair grass and swamp nettle (Urtica linearifolia), and the naturally uncommon native musk (Mimulus repens), as well as important beds of the aquatic plants Ruppia megacarpa and R. polycarpa. The name ‘Waituna’ means ‘water of eels’, which highlights the value of the lagoon both as a mahinga kai/moana gathering site and as indigenous fish habitat. The Awarua and Waituna catchments contain indigenous marine, estuarine and freshwater fish species, which include populations of the declining taiwharu/ giant kōkopu, redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni), īnanga/īnaka and tuna/ longfin eel, plus banded kōkopu, tuna/shortfin eel, common bully and kōkopu/ hawai/giant bully (Gobiomorphus gobioides), and estuarine species such as aua/yellow-eyed mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), paraki/smelt, estuarine triplefin (Grahamina sp.) and pātiki/flounder (Rhombosolea spp.). Furthermore, Waituna Lagoon is an important brown trout fishery in Southland Murihiku. The Waituna Lagoon is opened periodically to the sea, resulting in dynamic switches between freshwater and estuarine environments, which constantly change and influence the aquatic communities found within the lagoon. It is an important interface and link between the coastal environment and the freshwater network of streams and channels. It is essential that the Department works with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, particularly adjoining landowners and relevant agencies, to ensure the protection and use of this Place. Waituna Lagoon, Awarua Bay and Toetoes Harbour, along with Jacobs River and New River Estuaries (the latter being a priority ecosystem site) comprise the most important bird habitats in Southland Murihiku, as well as some of the most important wading bird habitats nationally. Thousands of international migratory waders visit this area annually from the Northern Hemisphere, including the declining kuaka/eastern bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri), as well as the Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) and the grey-tailer tattler (Tringa brevipes). These birds are valued by the community and bird watching is a popular activity within the area. There are also a number of national migratory birds that utilise these habitats at various times of the year. For example, up to one-third of the tūturiwhatu/ southern New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus obscurus) population, which nests on Stewart Island/Rakiura, can be found in Awarua Bay during the winter; and Waituna Lagoon is one of the few habitats in the far south that is known to support threatened and at risk species such as the nationally endangered matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern, the declining South Island mātātā/fernbird and the relict pūweto/spotless crake (Porzana tabuensis plumbea). Rabbit Island, in Bluff Harbour, has the largest nesting colony of the naturally uncommon kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbill (Platalea regia) in Southland Murihiku. Game birds found within this Place include the nationally critical pārera/grey duck (Anas superciliosa), as well as the mallard duck, pūtangitangi/paradise

119 shelduck, spoonbill duck (Anas clypeata), black swan (Cygnus atratus) and pūkeko (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus). Most of the estuary edges are fringed with indigenous intertidal salt marsh vegetation, which is in good condition and contains some excellent examples of jointed rushlands (Juncus articulatus) and salt marsh turfs. The declining sea sedge (Carex littorosa) and tufted hair grass, and the naturally uncommon dwarf mistletoe Korthalsella salicornoides can be found in the estuaries. The Awarua Place contains two sites with important dune ecosystems: Fortrose Spit and The Three Sisters. Fortrose Spit is one of the most natural remaining dune systems along the Southland Murihiku coast. It has extensive cushionfields, which contain populations of the nationally vulnerable buttercup Ranunculus recens, the declining coastal mat daisy Raoulia aff. Hhookerii, and buttercup Ranunculus recens, as well as the declining sand tussock (Poa billardierii), and the relict pīngao, and the naturally uncommon southern sand daphne (Pimelea lyallii). The Three Sisters dune system in the Omaui area is of particular significance as it is the only remaining natural habitat in the South Island for the nationally critical Hamilton’s gunnera (Gunnera hamiltonii, (one of the world’s rarest plants), and is also home to at least 12 other threatened and at risk species, including healthy populations of the nationally vulnerable creeping sand iris (Libertia peregrinans), plus the declining sand tussock, coastal mat daisy and pīngao. Areas of coastal turf are also found along the Bluff-Omaui coast, some of which contain important populations of the declining coastal cress Lepidium tenuicaule. Small, fragmented, remnant indigenous forest stands can be found within this Place, representing what was once much more extensive forest. These remnants provide an important seed source for indigenous forest regeneration within the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex. Tiwai Peninsula has a mosaic of indigenous vegetation including areas that are dominated by the largest remaining expanse of red tussock land nationally, as well as lowland harakeke/flax (Phormium tenax), shrub species and rārahu/ bracken (Pteridium esculentum). It is also the southern limit for several plants, such as glaucous speargrass (Aciphylla glaucescens) and tūmatakuru/ matagouri (Discaria toumatou). Tōtara forests are thought to have once been the dominant indigenous vegetation cover, but this was progressively lost following the arrival of humans. However, there are stands of regenerating tōtara forest within this area. The peninsula provides habitat for several threatened and at risk species, including Libertia perigrinans, Raoulia aff. hookerii, southern sand daphne, plus the declining forget-me-not Myosotis pygmaea and tātaraheke/sand coprosma (Coprosma acerosa). The Awarua Place also supports a very rich moth fauna, including a number of threatened and at risk species such as the nationally endangered Asaphodes frivola (Meyrick 1913) and Meterana “Foveaux Strait”, the declining sphagnum porina (Heloxycanus patricki Dugdale 1994) and Dasyuris partheniata (Gueneé 1868), the relict Notoreas casanova (Patrick and Hoare 2010), and the naturally uncommon Tmetolophota blenheimensis (Fereday 1883) and Pyrgotis pyramidias (Meyrick 1901). The Bluff/Motupōhue and Omaui have some of the largest lowland indigenous forests remaining in Southland Murihiku, which extend right to the coast. The Bluff Hill/Motupōhue Environment Trust has undertaken extensive animal pest control in The Bluff/Motupōhue area, with a vision of restoring The Bluff/

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Motupōhue so that indigenous species that were once present can eventually be released back into this environment. The Trust is also looking to expand its work into the Omaui area. Intermittently open to the sea, Waituna Lagoon was a major food basket, utilised from nearby nohoanga and permanent settlements for its wide variety of mahinga kai. The wetlands are important kohanga (spawning grounds) for indigenous fish species. Paru (black mud) was particularly sought for making dyes. The tupuna had considerable knowledge of whakapapa, traditional trails and tauranga waka; places for gathering kai and other taonga; ways in which to use the resources of Waituna; the relationship of people with the lake and their dependence on I;, and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. A number of sites within this Place are of significant cultural importance. The Bluff/Motupōhue is identified as a tTōpuni site, for which Ngai Tahu is a Statutory Adviser, and it is a Deed of Recognition area under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (seerefer section 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi TahuAppendices 16 and 17). Motupōhue is an ancient name that was brought south by Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāi Tahu from the Hawke’s Bay region, where both tribes originated. The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 also identifies the significance to tangata whenua of the Waituna Wetland, and the Mataura and Oreti Rivers, which flow into this Place, also includeas Deed of Recognition areas. There are many cultural sites (including wāhi tapu) and associated stories in this Place, such as at The Bluff/Motupōhue and Omaui. Archaeological evidence reinforces cultural tradition about the importance of this area for settlement, mahinga kai and stone resource use as well as urupā. Two important sites are Tiwai Point and Colyers Island, both of which were stone quarries and workshops for the production of adzes and other tools that were traded as far north as Canterbury from the earliest centuries of Māori settlement of New Zealand. Many of these sites are vulnerable to the effects of coastal erosion and land use. The Bluff /Motupōhue is also the site of a World War II gun emplacement, battery observation post, radar and camp (an actively conserved historic place). The Awarua Place was a focus of early cultural interaction between Māori and European sealers, whalers and traders. Settlements emerged to supply food and fibre to these European newcomers, and a few archaeological sites on and off public conservation lands and waters remain to represent this aspect of history. The Awarua Place has a strong local focus and the proximity of this Place to Invercargill means that it has the potential to be utilised more into the future. The Waituna Lagoon walkway was built to get people into the Awarua Place and raise awareness of the significant values within it. Walking, cycling, hunting, bird watching, botanising, and fishing and game bird hunting are popular recreational activities; and the nearby gravel bar at Fortrose Spit is used by four-wheel drivers and motorcyclists. It is important that the impacts of vehicles on the values of Fortrose Spit are monitored to ensure that the significant natural values of this area are not adversely affected. Bluff Hill/Motupōhue Scenic Reserve is a Gateway destination and one of the most popular sites for visitors to Southland Murihiku. Visitors are able to drive or walk (via one of two tracks) to the summit, and this reserve is the southern

121 counterpart to Cape Reinga/Te Rerenga wairua in the north, at the opposite end of State Highway 1. Historically, there has not been a lot of commercial activity within this Place; however, there may beare opportunities for commercial growth, where it is sympathetic to the existing recreational use and conservation values of the Place. There has also been little demand, to date, for aircraft access within the Awarua Place, due to the availability of other forms of mechanised access. Occasional aircraft landings within this Place aremay be allowed, but these arewill still be managed at a level that protects the values, including natural quiet, of this Place. There couldmay also be limited occasions where aircraft use is authorised for activities such as research and documentary filming of the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Awarua Place

OUTCOME The range of ecosystems within the Awarua Place, including the internationally recognised and priority ecosystem unitsite of the Waituna-Awarua PlainsWetland Complex and the remnant indigenous coastal forests on The Bluff/Motupōhue, are treasured by Ngāi Tahu whānui, locals and visitors from further afield. Managed to enhance its values, the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex is recovering and supports an array of threatened and at risk indigenous plant and animal species. The healthy lagoon is able to support cultural harvesting of mahinga kai and the Place is alive with birds song. With community involvement, the red tussock lands at Tiwai Peninsula have been restored. There are opportunities for people to view and learn about a range of indigenous species in their natural habitat. School groups regularly visit and the Awarua Place is a focus for conservation in Southland Murihiku. There is minimal development, with coastal views and low-impact recreation prevailing. The values of this Place are appreciated by the community, who enjoy it for bird watching, kayaking, walking, fishing and duckgame bird hunting shooting. There are also occasional opportunities to view marine mammals from the land. Bluff, the stepping off point to the south, connects people to Stewart Island/ Rakiura, the subantarctic islands and the Southern Fiords. The Bluff/ Motupōhue is a well-utilised Gateway destination, its cultural significance is respected and protected, and the community is strongly involved in its restoration and management. Access to public conservation lands and waters within the Awarua Place is predominantly by foot from nearby road ends, including Local Treasure destinations, or by boat or kayak. Aircraft are occasionally used to access public conservation lands and waters. These modes of transport do not affect the experience of visitors or ecological and cultural values. In the heart of the wetland complex, nature dominates and visitors rarely encounter aircraft. Interpretation reveals the layers of history associated with the diverse and rich range of archaeological and historic sites. Visitors to these sites understand and

122 feel connected to this history. Place names that symbolise the relationship that Ngāi Tahu whānui have with the landscape and associated cultural features are recognised and used. By working with Ngāi Tahu whānui, local authorities, other agencies and the wider community, the natural and human processes that affect heritage are managed. Commercial activity facilitates learning and enhances conservation values within this Place, and does not adversely affect the experience of other recreational users. Structural development does not detract from the natural and cultural landscape. Viewing of the night sky and the natural behaviour of indigenous birds are unaffected by artificial light. Partnerships with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the wider community, including businesses, benefit the Awarua Place.

POLICIES 2.8.1 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Awarua Place that are identified as the Waituna- Lagoon/ Awarua Wetland of International Importance to maintain the criteria for which it was nominated under the Convention of Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971 (also referred to as the Ramsar Convention) and New Zealand’s obligations under the Convention (see Appendix 15). 2.8.2 Protect and enhance the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex, and its status as aincluding the Waituna-Awarua Wetland of International Importance and athe Waituna-Awarua Plains priority ecosystem unitsite and the water quality of the Waituna Lagoon, by working with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the wider community, including landowners and businesses to enhance its water quality. 2.8.3 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community to: a) enhance the significant ecological values within the Awarua Place, with particular priority being given to the Awarua Wwetland Ccomplex, the cushion bogs, the red tussockland on Tiwai Peninsula and estuarine habitats; b) promote and increase awareness of the significant historic and cultural values of the Awarua Place, including interpretation of the Māori cultural landscape; c) in conjunction with the Motupōhue Trust, manage The Bluff/ Motupōhue as a Gateway destination and promote the cultural connections, in conjunction with the Motupōhue Trust. 2.8.4 Have regard to the cultural importance of mahinga kai places and resources to Ngāi Tahu whānui within the Awarua Place, where practicable and consistent with legislation. 2.8.5 May grant concessions and/or permits for commercial land-based marine mammal and wildlife viewing activity within the Awarua Place, where the activity: a) does not adversely affect marine mammals or wildlife; and

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b) with respect to marine mammal viewing, is in accordance with Policies 3.121.1–3.121.6 in Part Three. 2.8.6 May grant concessions for commercially guided recreational activity within the Awarua Place subject to Policy 2.8.5 and where: a) the activity is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) group sizes are consistent with the relevant visitor management zone (see Map 3 and Appendix 12); and c) the activity is compatible withdoes not adversely affect non- commercial recreational use within this Place. 2.8.7 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Awarua Place wherein accordance with the following criteria: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) the structure or utility is consistent with the outcome for this Place; cb) the structure or utility complements the values present, in particular the: i) traditional recreational use of this Place; ii) sensitive ecological values, particularly the Waituna-Awarua Plains priority ecosystem unitsites; and iii) cultural values such as mahinga kai, wāhi tapu, urupā, whenua tupuna and tauranga waka; and dc) there are no more than two telecommunication towers on The Bluff/Motupōhue and other structures or utilities are minimised. 2.8.8 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Awarua Place on an occasional basis, where the activity is consistent with Policies 3.6.6 or 3.6.7, or in accordance with the following criteria: a) it is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) it is consistent with Policyies 3.6.1b)-h)3.6.9 in Part Three; c) adverse effects on the visitorrecreational experience found within this Place are avoided; d) adverse effects on ecological and cultural values are avoided; and e) there is a demonstrable conservation benefit. 2.8.9 Should allow motorised vehicles within the Awarua Place only: a) on the roads purposely formed and maintained for motorised vehicle use at the time this CMS is approved; or b) in accordance with Policies 3.2.3 or 3.2.4 in Part Three. 2.8.10 Should allow mountain bikes within the Awarua Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; or b) in accordance with Policy 3.3.4 in Part Three. 2.8.119 May allowpermit new mountain biking use within the Awarua Place: a) in locations that are able to withstand this activity; b) where there will be no adverse effects on the physical, ecological or cultural values within this Place; and

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c) in accordance with Policies 3.3.23–3.3.89 in Part Three. 2.8.12 Should allow electric power-assisted pedal cycles within the Awarua Place only: a) on the roads, tracks or other areas where motorised vehicles are allowed; or b) in accordance with Policy 3.4.2 in Part Three. 2.8.130 Work with the Southern Rural Fire Authority to ensure a precautionary approach is taken to preventing and minimising the risk of fires impacting on ecological values within the Awarua Place. 2.8.141 Should not grant concessions to graze the wetlands, floodplains or riparian areaswater margins within the Awarua Place. 2.8.152 Continue to support and progress the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project to increase understanding of the important historic and cultural values within this Place.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Awarua Place.  Work is being undertakenunderway, in conjunction with with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the community, to raise awareness of the threats to important ecosystems within the Awarua Place.  Commenced Mmonitoring of the effects of motor vehicle use on Fortrose Spit is underway. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Awarua Place.  Work is being undertaken withunderway, in conjunction with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the community, to address the threats to important ecosystems within the Awarua Place.  Sediment and nutrient inflows into Waituna Lagoon are reducing and water quality is improving.  As a Gateway destination, tThe cultural and historic values of The Bluff/Motupōhue are being interpreted and showcased on-site. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Awarua Place.  The most recent report by the Ramsar secretariat hasreports confirmed that the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance is well managed and continues to support a range of important species and functioning ecosystems.

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 SContinued reduction of sediment and nutrient inflows into Waituna Lagoon continue to reduce and continued improvements to water quality continues to improve.  Motor vehicles are not damagingNo damage to the significant natural values of Fortrose Spit from motor vehicle use.

2.9 Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place incorporates the southern marine environment (out to 12 nautical miles, except where it abuts the Stewart Island/Rakiura CMS boundary) and associated coastline from Te Waewae Bay in the west to Waikawa Harbour in the east, where it adjoins the Marine Place within the Otago CMS (see Maps 5.9 and 5.9.1). The integrated nature of the marine environment and the coastline means that this Place needs to be considered holistically alongside other neighbouring Places within this CMSstrategy (i.e. the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, the Longwood O Hekeia Place, the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place and the Awarua Place), as well as the Stewart Island/Rakiura CMS and the Otago CMS. Environment Southland Regional Council is responsible for the management of the Coastal Marine Area, which it manages in accordance with the Regional Coastal Plan for Southland 2008. The Department manages a number of important islands within this Place, including Omaui Island (a Conservation Area) and Pig Island (Tīhaka) (a Scenic Reserve). There are also two Marine Mammal Sanctuaries within this Place (one at Te Waewae Bay and the other at Porpoise Bay), which the Department is responsible for under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978. Under this Act, the Department also has functions relating to the protection, conservation and management of marine mammals. Description To Ngāi Tahu, Foveaux Strait is known as Te Ara a Kiwa (the pathway of Kiwa), the name relating to the time when the traditional ancestor Kiwa became tired of having to cross the land isthmus which then joined Murihiku (Southland) with Rakiura (Stewart Island). Kiwa requested the obedient Kewa (whale) to chew through the isthmus and create a waterway so Kiwa could cross to and fro by waka. This Kewa did, and the crumbs that fell from his mouth are the islands in Foveaux Strait. Whales still travel this path today. The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place is a dynamic and windswept landscape that is characterised by a combination of rocky headlands and small sandy bays, bordering what is one of the roughest stretches of water in New Zealand. The character and raw nature of this landscape, along with its ecosystems and species, are highly valued by the community. It is ever changing as a result of coastal processes, as well as development within the adjoining Places. The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place contains a number of small estuaries and harbours, which are also part of the adjacent Places (Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu, Awarua and Longwood O Hekeia). The estuaries are threatened by increasing sedimentation, as a result of increased run-off from land use intensification. Because of its importance to Ngāi Tahu whānui, Waikawa Harbour is protected

126 by the Tumu Toka Mātaitai Reserve37, where recreational and customary fishing can still take place, but commercial fishing is not allowed. Karepō/seagrass (Zostera capricorni) habitat, which is one of the most rapidly declining habitats globally, can also be found within estuaries in this Place. Karepō/seagrass is an important component of estuarine ecosystems, particularly due to its role as a juvenile fish refuge. Throughout the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, areas of soft sediment provide important habitat for shellfish such as toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) and flatfish such as pātiki/flounder. Toheroa can be adversely affected by vehicles driving on beaches such as Oreti Beach (where there is a Mātaitai Reserve). Coastal erosion in the vicinity of Bluecliffs Beach Road, Te Waewae Bay is also a threat to toheroa. Therefore, it is important that the Department works with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the community, including relevant agencies, to protect the toheroa beds within Southland Murihiku. Exposed sites along the coastline are characterised by large forests of kelp and other brown algae in the shallow subtidal zone to depths of 4–5 m. These communities represent one of the most productive biogenic habitats in temperate marine ecosystems and are therefore of commercial, recreational and cultural importance. Biogenic reefs are alsohighly productive and have high species diversity, providing valuable habitat as a blue cod nursery and an important foraging area for the nationally vulnerable hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin, as well as being important for sustaining fisheries. The distribution and size of these biogenic reefs are not well understood, but it is thought that they are found throughout the Foveaux Strait Te Ara a Kiwa Place. The protection of these reefs is a priority for the Department due to their high biodiversity value and the role they play as habitat for a number of marine species. Therefore, the Department intends to work together with Ngāi Tahu whānui, Environment Southland Regional Council and the fisheries sector to develop a better understanding of the biogenic reefs within this Place, and to advocate through relevant regional planning processes for protection of their values. Marine mammals are an important part of this Place, are taonga species for which Ngāi Tahu has a kaitiaki role, and are highly valued by the community. The nationally critical rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, and the nationally endangered tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin and tohorā/southern right whale, along with the kekeno/New Zealand fur seal can all be seen at various times of the year. The rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion population is growing within Southland Murihiku and Otago, but the species is still in decline nationally. Marine mammal encounters, particularly with kekeno/New Zealand fur seals and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions, are becoming more common in Southland Murihiku. The Department is actively working with the community and visitors to increase awareness of, and encourage appropriate behaviour around, marine mammals. These growing populations of marine mammals in Southland Murihiku deserve to be celebrated and supported. There are two significant populations of tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place: one at Porpoise Bay and one at Te Waewae Bay.

37 This covers most of Waikawa Harbour plus an area that includes Curio Bay, around South Head and the southern part of Porpoise Bay.

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Both of these populations are protected by marine mammal sanctuaries: the Catlins Coast Marine Mammal Sanctuary and Te Waewae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary (see Map 5.9). Porpoise Bay is a popular location for recreational users and visitors, being located on the Southern Scenic Route. Tohorā/southern right whales can sometimes be seen during winter and spring throughout Te Waewae Bay and into the fiords in the Fiordland Te Rua o-te- moko Place. The tohorā/southern right whale population appears to be increasing and the opportunity to be able to view these species from New Zealand’s coast isshould be cherished. However, careful management of the coastal marine area is required to ensure that this population is not affected by increasing activity or development. One option would be to extend the marine mammal sanctuary at Te Waewae Bay along the south coast and into Preservation and Chalky Inlets, to allow the tohorā/southern right whale population to re-establish its historic breeding grounds. Other significantimportant marine wildlife species that can be seen within this Place include the hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin and the declining mangō- taniwha/great white/white pointer shark (Carcharodon carcharias), and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin. These hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins are present along the east coast, particularly at Curio Bay and along parts of the Otago coast. Threats to the penguins include predation, disease and human interference. Mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer sharks and basking sharks are both protected under the Wildlife Act 1953, which means it is illegal to hunt, kill or harm them. The Department has an interest inIn order to manage commercial cage diving operations that interact with the mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer shark and ensure that the sharks are not adversely affected by their encounters with humans, commercial diving operations that interact with the mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer shark, and intends to work with Maritime New Zealand and the operators are required to have a permit that use shark cages to developand need to comply with a cage diving code of practiceconduct to mitigate this activity and ensure that the sharks are not adversely affected by their encounters with humans. The Department is responsible for issuing marine mammal viewing permits under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1983 to commercial operators that wish to undertake marine mammal viewing. As at 20142, there was one vessel-based marine mammal viewing operation in Porpoise Bay. Due to the level of activity within this environment and the small number of tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins present, further research on the Porpoise Bay population is neededshould be undertaken before any new vessel-based operations are authorised in this area. However, land-based marine mammal viewing ismay be possible. In addition to Porpoise Bay, there are other opportunities for marine mammal and wildlife viewing (aerial-, vessel- or land-based) within this Place—for example, at Waipapa Point and Te Waewae Bay. However, these opportunities, particularly vessel- and aerial-based marine mammal watching, arewill need to be carefully managed to ensure that the marine mammals being viewed are not harassed or disturbed. This is especially the case within the Te Waewae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary, where scientific research is needed to determine the levels of marine mammal viewing operations that couldmay occur. Until this research has been undertaken, a precautionary approach isshould be taken, and

128 if tohorā/southern right whales are found to be breeding in Te Waewae Bay, permits should notare unlikely to allow viewing during the breeding season. Some threatened and at risk seabirds also live in and migrate to this Place, including the nationally vulnerable Stewart Island shag (Leucocarbo chalconotus), the relict tītī/mottled petrel, and the naturally uncommon Buller’s mollymawk (Thalassarche bulleri) and toroa/northern royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora sanfordi). There are a number of small islands containing public conservation lands and waters within this Place. The naturally uncommon kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbill (Platalea regia) nests on Omaui Island and Pig Island (Tīhaka), and the relict Herekopare giant wētā (Deinacrida carinata) is found on Pig (Tīhaka) Island (Tīhaka). Many of these islands have potential for restoration, with the ability to become a showcase for the original indigenous ecosystems. There is strong community interest in realising some of this potential and the Department seeks to support these initiatives. The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place is of particular importance to Ngāi Tahu whānui, as it was traditionally the source of a range of mahinga kai, including kai moana, marine mammals, birdlife and plantstītī, tuaki/cockles, pāua (Haliotis spp.), mussels, tuatua (Paphies subtriangulata), kina (Evechinus chloroticus) and toheroa. The coast was once a major highway and trade route for tangata whenua, and Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa)38 was a principal thoroughfare, with regular travel between Murihiku (Southland (Murihiku) and the offshore islands, particularly Rakiura (Stewart Island (Rakiura). Battle sites, urupa and landscape features bearing the names of tupuna record the Ngāi Tahu ancestral history and numerous archaeological sites are tangible reminders of the significance of the Te Ara a Kiwa area as a whenua tupuna.This is linked to the cultural tradition of Kiwa, who became tired of having to cross the land isthmus that then joined Murihiku (Southland) with Rakiura (Stewart Island). Kiwa requested that the obedient Kewa (whale) chew through the isthmus and create a waterway so that Kiwa could cross to and fro by waka. Kewa did this, and the crumbs that fell from his mouth are the islands within Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa). Whales still travel this path today. Over half of the archaeological sites in Southland Murihiku are within 1 kilometre of the coast and some of these are actively managed. These sites reflect a range of activities, representing all aspects of life for early Māori: occupation sites, stone quarries and workshops, tauranga waka, and urupā. The first European activities—sealing, whaling and trading—were also very much concentrated along the coast, and resulted in some of the earliest cultural interactions between Māori and Europeans in New Zealand. Settlements emerged to supply food (primarily potatoes) and fibre to these newcomers, and a few remnants of these settlements survive as protected archaeological sites. Other sites include early whaling bases, remains of wharves, jetties, causeways and coach routes, shipwrecks, and harakeke/flax mills. Thus, as a place of first arrival and settlement for all people, as a place of some of the earliest cultural interactions between Māori and Europeans, and as the scene of the earliest industries, the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place includes some of the region’s most important archaeological sites. However, many of these sites, which stretch

38 Under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1997, this covers most of the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, with the western part of this Place (from Orepuki west) being covered by Te Mimi o Tū Te Rakiwhānoa (Fiordland Coastal Marine Area) (see section 2.2).

129 between the intertidal zone, across the coastal marine environment, and onto the land, are threatened by coastal erosion. A number of different recreational activities are undertaken within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, including snorkelling, diving, kayaking, swimming, surfing, game bird hunting and fishing. Riverton and Colac Bay/Ōraka are popular for surfing, and numerous fishing vessels can also be seen up and down the coastline. The southern end of the Aparima River is an important site for whitebait fishing, which also occurs at other river mouths along this coast. The Catlins Te Akau tai tonga Coast, particularly the Gateway destination of Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay, and Oreti Beach, are well used areas where many visitors and locals can be seen walking, running or simply enjoying the spectacular views throughout the year. The Curio Bay Scientific Reserve is a particularly important destination for many visitors because of the fossilised remains of an ancient forest that can be seen at low tide, and the opportunity to view wildlife such as tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins. Many of the recreation opportunities within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place are non- facility based, with access over council or privately owned land. Given its dynamic environment, tThere is potential for development within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, such as marine energy and aquaculture. However, coastal developments can affect valued landscapes, as well as marine ecosystems and indigenous species. Therefore, it is important that the Department works with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the community to ensure that adverse effects on outstanding landscapes, marine ecosystems and species, and cultural and historic places are avoided or otherwise minimised. The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place supports a large fishing industry based in Southland Murihiku. The Department works together with Ngāi Tahu whānui, the fisheries sector, the Ministry for Primary Industries and Environment Southland Regional Council to achieve protection of ecosystems and species within this Place. Outcome, policies and milestones for the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place

OUTCOME The dynamic and wild coastal environment of the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place is a major thoroughfare for both wildlife and humans, and is managed to protect and enhance its many natural, recreational and cultural values. Migratory and local marine mammal and other wildlife species are thriving in their natural environment. People coexist with these growing populations and appreciate the value of marine ecosystems. Locals are proud of this Place and regularly share their knowledge with visitors. There are authorised opportunities for cage diving with mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer sharks and for marine mammals to be viewed from the shore, air or water, while avoiding breeding tohorā/southern right whales. Commercial activity within this Place is consistent with the important ecological values present. Working with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including the fisheries sector, biogenic reefs within this Place are understood and protected to ensure the ongoing maintenance and enhancement of marine ecosystems. Cultural harvesting can be carried out.

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The Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place complements the Fiordland Ccoastal Mmarine Aarea/Te Mimi o Tū Te Rakiwhanoa and is highly connected to the surrounding land. The interdependence of the terrestrial and marine ecosystems is recognised and protected through integrated management. Sedimentation and eutrophication from adjoining Places in the coastal environment are minimised, protecting important karepō/seagrass habitats in estuaries. Pest plantWeed eradication measures are successful and ongoing. Mineral exploration and Sstructural development within this Place and the adjoining Places does not detract from the outstanding natural coastal or locally distinctive landscapes, and impacts on threatened and at risk marine species and important marine ecosystems are avoided. The effects of artificial light on marine mammals and wildlife are minimised. Knowledge of the human history and cultural values within this Place has grown through showcasing the stories and collaborating on joint projects, particularly the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project. There is a better understanding of the effects of coastal erosion processes and strategies are in place to safeguard knowledge before historic sites are lost. Ngāi Tahu whānui, communities and landowners are actively engaged in these projects and strategies.

POLICIES 2.9.1 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place that are identified as the Waituna- Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of International Importance to maintain the criteria for which it was nominated under the Convention of Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971 (also referred to as the Ramsar Convention) and New Zealand’s obligations under the Convention (see Appendix 15). 2.9.2 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui and the wider community, including relevant agencies, to: a) in conjunction with the fishing industry, increase knowledge and awareness of the biogenic habitatsreefs within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place,; b) minimise the effects of land and freshwater use on the coastal environment within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, including improving freshwater quality and minimising coastal erosion; and c) increase awareness and appreciation for the marine environment within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place. Particular attention should be given to: i) mechanisms that protect marine ecosystems and species under threat; ii) education, to ensure that there is appropriate behaviour around marine mammals and wildlife; iii) increasing understanding and appreciation of the importance of the marine environment in Southland Murihiku; and ivii) increasing understanding and appreciation of the role that the Southland Murihiku marine environment plays in a New Zealand context.

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2.9.3 Work with Maritime New Zealand and industry operators to monitor the permits, and compliance with thedevelop a code of practiceconduct, for cage diving with mangō- taniwha/great white/white pointer sharks; and to consider the need for Regulations under the Wildlife Act 1953. 2.9.4 May only grant concessions and/or permits for commercial water- or aerial-based marine mammal viewing operations in Porpoise Bay or Te Waewae Bay: a) provided that these operations do not occur in Te Waewae Bay during the breeding season if the tohorā/southern right whale is found to be breeding in the bay; and b) if research shows that any adverse effects of the activity can be preventedavoided. Monitoring of these operations should be undertaken to understand their impact on marine mammals, both individually and cumulatively. 2.9.5 Should grant concessions and/or permits for passive commercial, land- based marine mammal and marine wildlife viewing within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place, only in accordance with (but not limited to) the following criteria: a) adverse effects on marine mammals can be prevented and adverse effects on other marine species are avoided; b) interpretation and education is provided; and c) impacts any adverse effects on the species being viewed are monitored. 2.9.6 May grant authorisations for structuresal and utilitiesdevelopment within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place where the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with andprovided that the structure or utility: a) is consistent with the outcome for this Place; b) avoids adverse effects on marine ecosystems, marine mammals, marine wildlife (including seabirds) and their habitats; c) avoids adverse effects on the natural character and outstanding landscapes; d) avoids adverse effects on wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and archaeological values; e) mitigates the risk of shipping accidents and/or oil spills; and f) avoids the introduction of new, and mitigates the spread of existing, aquatic pest organisms, including ensuring that adequate surveillance and control options are in place. 2.9.7 Continue to support and progress the Southland Coastal Heritage Inventory Project to increase understanding of the important historic and cultural values within this Place.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20172018)

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 Report on the number of threatened and at risk species for which a work programme is underway in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  Work is being undertakenunderway, in conjunction with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies, the fishing industry and the community, to protect, promote and increase awareness of the important values of the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  Commenced Rresearch is underway to assess the effects of marine mammal viewing operations in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place on marine mammals. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Report on the number of threatened and at risk species for which a work programme is underway in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  Commenced Iinvestigations are underway to identify the potential for future marine protected areas within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  There is iIncreaseding knowledge and awareness of biogenic reefs within the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  An assessment of the effectiveness of the permit system and code of practice for commercial cage diving with the mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer shark. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20242025)  Report on the number of threatened and at risk species for which a work programme is underway in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place.  A report on research toCompleted assessment of the effects of marine mammal viewing operations in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place on marine mammals has been completed.  A code of practice has been developed for commercial operations that carry out cage diving with the mangō-taniwha/great white/white pointer shark.

2.10 Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place The Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place comprises five island groups and their associated marine environments (out to 12 nautical miles), which lie between latitudes 47o and 53o South: the Antipodes Island Group, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Islands and Snares Islands/Tini Heke (see Maps 5.10, 5.10.1 and 5.10.2). These are all National Nature Reserves under the Reserves Act 197739, which provides their indigenous biodiversity and natural features with the highest level of protection available under New Zealand legislation. The five island groups and their coastal waters were listed collectively as a World Heritage Area in 1998. As at 2012, tThere wais one marine mammal sanctuary and one marine reserve around the Auckland Islands, and with a

39 In accordance with sections 13 and 20 of the Act.

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further threefour marine reserves due to be gazetted around (all or parts of) the Antipodes Island Group, the Auckland Islands, the Bounty Islands and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku40. This Place has previously been managed in accordance with the Subantarctic Islands Conservation Management Strategy 199841. In addition, the Minister of Conservation is the territorial authority for the subantarctic islands under Section 31A of the Resource Management Act 1991. The coastal marine area is managed by the Department by way of the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012)42. Description The Māori name ‘Ngā Moutere o Murihiku Ki Tonga’ refers to this Place encompassing the southern islands of Murihiku (Southland)43. Words fail to adequately describe the unique intrinsic values of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. The islands lie between the Antarctic and Subtropical Convergences, and the seas have a high level of productivity, biodiversity, wildlife population densities and endemism. The combination of internationally recognised indigenous ecosystems, and the array of international history and culture make this environment virtually unmatched anywhere else in the world. The land status of the islands as National Nature Reserves protects the nationally and internationally significant values that are present down to the mean low water mark. The values of the islands and their surrounding seas are also recognised by the World Heritage Area status (see Appendix 14), particularly for the endemic, threatened and at risk indigenous species that are present, and the significant indigenous ecosystems (all except the Bounty Islands are priority ecosystem unitssites). The Auckland Islands—Motu Maha Marine Reserve/Marine Mammal Sanctuary and the Moutere Mahue/Antipodes Island Marine Reserve covers all of the marine area around the Auckland Iislands out to 12 nautical miles, while the Moutere Hauriri/ Bounty Islands Marine Reserve and the Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve cover portions of the marine area around these islands out to 12 nautical miles—all providing protection to the marine life within theise areas. The Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve may be extended to include the entire marine area around the island if a review recommends this and a decision is made to do so.The marine environment has been given further recognition by a decision in early 2011 to create (by special legislation) three additional marine reserves around the Bounty, Antipodes and Campbell Island groups44. This Place comprises a region of extraordinary natural diversity and abundance. It is distinct from all other subantarctic island groups around the world in having the highest diversity of indigenous and often endemic plants and birds.

40 For further information on the three additional marine reserves, see the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012). 41 The provisions in the 1998 strategy will be superseded by the Southland Murihiku CMS, once it is approved. 42 The rules in this plan have statutory effect under section 86B(3) of the Resource Management Act 1977 even though it had not been made operative at the time of approval of this CMS. 43 But excluding Stewart Island/Rakiura. 44 A step in giving effect to the Marine Protected Areas Policy Statement and Implementation Plan 2005.

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Some species that are found on the islands have very limited distributions, with some being found only on one island group or even only on one or two islands within an island group, making them even more vulnerable to extinction. In recognition of these values, section 6(c)(ii) of the Conservation Act 1987 specifically identifies that one of the functions of the Department is to promote the benefits, to present and future generations, of the conservation of the natural and historic resources of the subantarctic islands.

Antipodes Island Group The Antipodes Island Group is on the southeast margin of the Bounty Platform and is the youngest island group within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. The islands in this group are made up of several volcanic cones, the highest being Mt Galloway at 366 metres on the main island. With cliffs up to 150 metres high, erosion by the sea has left a ragged shoreline that is dotted with sea caves, stacks and wave-cut platforms. The nationally criticaldeclining toroa/Antipodean wandering albatross (Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis) nests amongst the dense grasslands and tussocks. Many species of burrowing seabirds also breed on the islands, including the soft-plumaged petrel (Pterodroma mollis) and little shearwater (Puffinus assimilis), for which the Antipodes Island Group is the only breeding site in the New Zealand subantarctic region. As with the other island groups, the Antipodes Island Group has a high level of endemism, including the naturally uncommon kākāriki/Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) (which is the largest of New Zealand’s kākāriki/parakeets), kākāriki/Reischek’s parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae hochstetteri), hōkioi/Antipodes Island snipe (Coenocorypha aucklandica meinertzhagenae) and pīhoihoi/Antipodes Island pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae steindachneri). Small residual colonies of the nationally critical eastern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes filholi) and large, but diminishingdeclining colonies of the decliningnaturally uncommon erect- crested penguin (Eudyptes sclateri), along with the nationally critical ihupuku/southern elephant seal (Mirounga leoninae) and increasing populations of the kekeno/New Zealand fur seal, can be found along the shores. At least eight species of beetle are also endemic to these islands. Mice (Mus musculus) have had a major impact on the indigenous invertebrates and plants on the main island, but have never reached any of the smaller islands.

Bounty Islands The Bounty Islands are the very tips of the submerged Bounty Platform. Due to their low relief and almost constant sea spray, there is a lack of soil and only one species of terrestrial plant (the nationally criticalvulnerable nau/Cook’sBounty Island scurvy grass (Lepidium seditosumoleraceum)) has ever been recorded on these islands. The rimurapa/common bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica) creates a continuous golden and swirling fringe around the shoreline. The Bounty Islands are home to a diverse collection of tens of thousands of seabirds, and in many places are stained white from their guano. This includes a population of about 500–600 endemic, nationally endangeredcritical Bounty Island shags (Leucocarbo ranfurlyi), the world’s rarest comorant. The Bounty Islands are also the world capital for the nationally criticalvulnerable Salvin’s albatross/ mollymawk (Thalassarche salvini), as well as the declining erect- crested penguin. Many thousands of kekeno/New Zealand fur seals can also be found here, as these islands are one of their main bases. Endemic terrestrial

135 invertebrates, such as the naturally uncommon flightless beetle Bountya insularis and Bounty Island wētā (Ischyroplectron isolatum) are only found on these islands. The remoteness of the Bounty Islands and the lack of safe anchorages mean that these islands are rarely visited, even by scientists. This means that these are some of the most untouched islands in the world.

The Snares Islands/Tini Heke The Snares Islands/Tini Heke are the closest of the subantarctic islands to mainland New Zealand. They are the only forested islands within this Place without any history of introduced mammals—not even mice. There are only two species of introduced plants on the island: the grass Poa annua and the chickweed Stellaria spp. There are two main forested islands (North West and Broughton), and a largely vegetationless Western Chain to the south, which is composed of six smaller islands. High granite cliffs surround the two largest islands, in which deep narrow caverns, sink holes and gulches have been formed through erosion by the sea. The islands are a stronghold for the naturally uncommon largeLyall’s tree daisy (Olearia lyallii). Other significant plant species include nau/Cook’s scurvy grass, the nationally critical Snares Island scurvy grass (Lepidium limenophylaxaff. olearaceum “Snares Islands”) and Snares carrot (Anisotome acutifolia), the nationally endangered nau/Cook’s scurvy grass (Lepidium oleraceum), and megaherbs like the naturally uncommon Stilbocarpa robusta and Anisotome acutifolia, and several bryophyte species; severala number of lichen and fungal species are also present. The Snares Islands/Tini Heke also have dense populations of seabirds, particularly the nationally at risk-declining tītī/sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus), which number in their millions; petrels (tītī/subantarctic diving petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix) and the relict tītī/mottled petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata)); albatross (southern Buller’s mollymawk (Thalassarche bulleri bulleri) and the nationally critical Salvin’s albatross/mollymawk)); and penguins (the naturally uncommon and endemic pokotiwha/Snares crested penguin (Eudyptes robustus)). Three land birds are endemic to the Snares Islands/Tini Heke: the naturally uncommon mātātā/Snares Island fernbird (Bowdleria punctata caudata), miromiro/Snares Island tomtit (Petroica macrocephala dannefaerdi) and tutukiwi/Snares Island snipe (Coenocorypha huegeli).

Auckland Islands The Auckland Islands is the largest island group within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. These islands are the remains of two ancient volcanoes, one of which was centered on Carnley Harbour (between Auckland and Adams Islands) and the other centered on Disappointment Island to the west. In the west, the hard volcanic rock is pounded by the sea, with cliffs up to 400 metres high. By contrast, the east coast is indented by a series of glacial features, namely bays and long fiord-like inlets, with land that slopes steadily down to headlands in the open sea. Following the eradication of goats, cattle (Bos taurus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on these islands, the only remaining introduced mammals (as at 20142) are pigs, cats and mice on Auckland Island.

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There is an amazing diversity of indigenous plant life on these islands, including shrublands, grasslands and an abundance of megaherbs in areas where pigs are absent. The twisted and tortured trunks of the red-flowering rātā, which is a major feature of the islands, form a coastal forest around the lower fringes. There is also a huge diversity of animals, including marine mammals; seabirds such as the nationally critical toroa/Gibson’s wandering albatross (Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni) and the declining white-capped mollymawk (Thalassarche cauta steadi) (over 100 000 pairs of which nest on Disappointment Island); six endemic land birds (the nationally vulnerable pāteke/Auckland Island teal (Anas aucklandica) and Auckland Island shag (Leucocarbo colensoi), and the naturally uncommon hākuai/Auckland Island snipe (Coenocorypha aucklandica aucklandica), pohowera/Auckland Island banded dotterel (Charadrius bicinctus exilis), Auckland Island rail (Rallus pectoralis muelleri) and ngirungiru/Auckland Island tomtit (Petroica macrocephala marrineri)); and invertebrates such as the large weevil Oclandius laeviusculus, which is largely restricted to the animal pestpredator-free islands. The Auckland Islands are the main breeding site within this Place for the nationally vulnerable hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins, as well as the nationally critical rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, with 86% of all pups being born there and most of those at just two sites (Dundas Island and Enderby Island). In addition, Port Ross is an important place for nationally endangered tohorā/southern right whales, which frequent this area in the winter for calving and mating.

Campbell Islands The Campbell Islands lie at the southern margin of the Campbell Plateau and are the southernmost island group within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. These islands are the remains of a shield volcano, which has been shaped during the ice ages by glaciers, leaving landforms such as U-shaped valleys, cirques and moraines. The islands are mostly covered by grasslands and tussocks that are dominated by Poa litorosa and the naturally uncommon subantarctic snow tussock (Chionochloa antarctica); however, the grass tree Dracophyllum longifolium is making an extensive recovery since the halting of fires and the removal of introduced mammals. There are also three species of tree daisy (Olearia spp.) and a variety of megaherbs, including three species of Pleurophyllum, two of Anisotome and large fields of Bulbinella. In addition, the Campbell Islands have one of the greatest diversities of toroa/albatross species in the world, six of which breed here, as well as a variety of endemic birds, such as the nationally critical Campbell Island snipe (Coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance) and flightless Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis), and the naturally uncommon Campbell Island shag (Leucocarbo campbelli).

The subantarctic marine environment Together, the islands and the marine environment within this Place play a vital role in the wider Southern Ocean ecosystem. Not only do many species of seabirds and marine mammals depend on the rare areas of dry land for resting and breeding, but the health of the surrounding ocean is also paramount to their survival, as they depend on inshore and offshore areas for foraging while breeding and rearing young.

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The marine environment within this Place is as unique as the islands themselves. Below the surface, a rich diversity of species can be found, which are just as important as the species found above it. Notable endemic species include a rimurapa/bull kelp (Durvillaea sp.), other large kelps of the genus Lessonia, and a brown seaweed (Marginariella parsonii sp. nov) that is restricted to the Bounty Islands and Antipodes Island Group. These kelps provide habitat for a number of invertebrates including an endemic subspecies of paua, the whitefoot or virgin paua (Haliotis virginea), and a burrowing sea anemone (Peachia sp.). It is also likely that many new species still await discovery. The marine mammals present are still recovering from the impacts of hunting in the 19th century. The rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, ihupuku/ southern elephant seal and tohorā/southern right whale are amongst the threatened species that are found within this Place; the kekeno/New Zealand fur seal is also found here. The rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion is one of the rarest, most threatened and most highly localised of the five species of sea lion globally. Populations of tohorā/southern right whales inhabit shallow waters during the winter mating and calving season around the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Port Ross in the Auckland Islands is their most important Southwest Pacific breeding ground, but Northwest Bay in Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku is also used.

Managing the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place The land-sea connection is vital to the array of species that are present within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, and this interdependence between the terrestrial and marine environment was recognised when the islands and marine environment around them out to 12 nautical miles were registered as a World Heritage Area in 1998. Given the extraordinary values across all five of the island groups within this Place, the Department takes a consistent management approach to eradicate remaining pests and wild animals where possible, and to restore the ecosystemsenvironments back to their oncea functionalpristine state. The Department has already undertaken a range of successful pest and wild animal eradication programmes; for example, cattle, sheep (Ovis aries) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) on Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku, goats on Auckland Island, and cattle, rabbits and mice on Enderby Island. The majority of islands are free of introduced mammals, with the exception of Auckland Island (pigs, cats and mice) and Antipodes Island (mice). The Department intends to eradicate the pest and wild animals from these islands within the term of this CMSstrategy as logistics and resources allow. The pigs on Auckland Island have potential scientific value because of their prolonged isolation and lack of exposure to disease, but they are causing significant biological damage. Therefore, rRemoval of the pigs wouldwill not only increase the biological integrity of the Auckland Island group, but will also enable these pigs to be studied on the mainland. It will also improve the value of the island as a safe haven for species such as mollymawks, which, in the presence of pigs, are forced to nest on shear cliffs to keep their young safe. In recognition of the scientific and potential medical value of these pigs, Tthe Department will intends to explore optionswork with interested parties to transfer live pigs to the mainland before eradicating the remaining animals.

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Birds such as the Campbell Island teal and Campbell Island snipe are coming back from the brink of extinction as a result of the pest and wild animal eradication programmes. However, it will take many years are needed, even centuries, to fully restore the islands to their natural state. There are also introduced plants within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, particularly on Enderby Island and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku, which had the longest history of farming. Some small, localised eradications have been undertaken (for example, paewhenua/dock (Rumex spp.) on Enderby Island and kōti/gorse at Hardwicke on the main Auckland Island), but most other introduced plant species are either too widespread or pose a negligible risk to indigenous species to justify eradication programmes. A pest incursion is one of the biggest threats to the integrity of this Place. Anything from the accidental introduction of a rat, to the establishment of a pest invertebrate or plant could result in irreparable damage. A disease outbreak within a vulnerable indigenous population, such as the rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, is of particular concern; and although such outbreaks occur naturally, human contact is an additional risk factor. Consequently, the Department has introduced measures to minimise biosecurity risks. For example, a quarantine store is maintained on the mainland, where all researchers’ and managers’ gear is inspected for potential pest species and cleaned; and all vessels undergo quarantine inspections and cleaning, before going to the islands. There are also potential threats to the marine environment within this Place, such as the introduction of aquatic pest species like sea squirt (Styela clava). Unfortunately, Japanese kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) was found in the marine environment surrounding the Snares Islands/Tini Heke in 2006, and this is difficult to eradicate due to the logistics involved with the distance of these islands from mainland New Zealand. Although there have been no proposals (as at 20142) to drill around the islands, oil exploration poses another potential threat, not only from oil spills, but also from increasing demand for safe anchorages; and any increase in vessel movements would also bring an increased risk of oil spills, and introducing pests and diseases. These issues are addressed in the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012), prepared under the Resource Management Act 1991. This statutory plan applies to the coastal marine area, which is from mean high water springs (MHWS) to the outer limits of the territorial seas around the island groups (c. 12 nautical miles). The plan contains rules that control structures, disturbance, deposition and reclamation. To help manage marine biosecurity, any vessel intending to go closer than 1000 metres from MHWS must have a certified clean hull in accordance with the plan’s rules. In recognition of the high potential impact from an oil spill, the plan prohibits the use of heavy fuel oil (or carrying it as a cargo) within the territorial seas of each island group, with a 5-year transition period for fishing vessels that use heavy fuel oil. Ngāi Tahu associations with islands include landscape features, indigenous vegetation, habitats of fauna, and cultural and spiritual values. Ngāi Tahu desires include the ability to exercise rangatiratanga with respect to the

139 management of the islands. Key take (issues) for Ngāi Tahu45 include the protection of indigenous flora and fauna, support for species recovery and translocation, pest management, and the management of biosecurity threats from increasing human interaction, including tourism. The Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place is of cultural and spiritual significance to Ngāi Tahu whānui. Tangata whenua utilised this Place for food and other natural resources prior to the arrival of Europeans. The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 highlights the cultural significance of the Snares Islands and Campbell Island to Ngāi Tahu whānui, is recognised by giving them the te reo names of Tini Heke and Motu Ihupuku, respectively. Ngāti Mutunga and Moriori also have a historic relationship with the Auckland Islands, resulting from their settlement of the islands from 184238 to 1856. Therefore, it is important that the Department liaises and consults with Ngāi Tahu whānui regarding sites (including wāhi tapu sites) of interest, to ensure that approaches to conservation and interpretation are sensitive to the cultural values. The Department is responsible for managing an array of historic sites within this Place. These sites represent a broad range of history and culture, from utilisation by Māori, early European sealing and settlement, through to the dramatic stories of ship wrecks, New Zealand’s southernmost sheep farm, and the coastwatch era of World War II. There are 21 actively conserved historic sites within this Place (see Appendix 10), a number of which straddle the land- sea boundary. Two of these sites are below MHWS and managed by the Proposed rRegional cCoastal pPlan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012). One site, on Enderby Island, is associated with Māori occupation, and is believed to be the southernmost limit of Polynesian exploration and settlement. Most of the actively conserved historic sites are located on Auckland and Enderby Islands, and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku; and all but one are accessible to visitors. In recent years, information on sites in the Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands has been improved, but there is still a lack of recorded information for the Antipodes Island Group and the Snares Islands/ Tini Heke. Threats to these sites include vegetation overgrowth, damage by sea lions and elephant seals, and erosion. A precautionary approach is taken regarding the management of the historic sites to ensure that there are no adverse effects. There is a need to formulate a historic strategy, in consultation with interested parties, to identify future management priorities. The World War II coastwatcher base in Tucker Valley on Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku becameA a meteorological base at the end of the war. It was re-established at Beeman Coveon Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku in 1958, but this was de-staffed in 1995 and replaced with a smaller, purpose-built, automated meteorological station. The future of the old meteorological base relies on an agreement between the Department and the Meteorological Service of New Zealand have agreed in principle that as the 1945 buildings are no longer required, they should be as to whether to removed or re-use all or some of the 1945 buildings. The Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place is a special Place for New Zealanders. Although most New Zealanders have not made the trip south

45 Refer Te Tangi a Tauira Ngāi Tahu ki Murihiku Natural Resources and Environmental Iwi Management Plan 2008

140 to this Place, there is a real appreciation and eagerness to learn more about the significant values present. The Department is keen to raise awareness nationally, internationally and especially locally of this Place and its values through off-site information and interpretation. There is a real sense of discovery for those that are fortunate enough to visit the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, with its abundance of marine wildlife, birdlife, endemic vegetation and historic sites. Every step taken in this rugged and inhospitable environment unfolds a new experience. Given the islands’ protected status and the values present, access to them is by permit only. Permits are required for people maintaining the Meteorological Service of New Zealand facilities, researchers and visitors46. Commercial tourism operators may also require a marine mammal viewing permit. Viewing of the tohorā/ southern right whales during their winter breeding season is not allowed. A precautionary approach is taken to the provision of access within this Place, to avoid potential adverse effects, such as the impact of tracks and the risks of biosecurity breaches. The protection and management requirements for this World Heritage Area (see Appendix 14) recognise that there is a need to manage increased demand for research and visitor access while, most importantly, ensuring the long-term protection of the islands and the immediate marine environment, and, for visitors, protecting the experiences they are seeking. Visitor access is only permitted on the main Auckland Island, Enderby Island and the main Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku. Limits have been placed on the number of visitors permitted to access approved sites at each of these islands, in order to manage impacts on the significant natural values. There is also a limit of no more than one cruise ship in a bay or harbour at any one time, to ensure that those on board the cruise ship can experience the isolation of this Place47. While these limits mainly focus on managing tourism access by cruise ships, part of the quota for each site has been set aside to allow small, private vessels, such as yachts, to visit. A precautionary approach to managing access to the islands is necessary because of the difficulty in monitoring the impacts of visitors due to the remoteness of these islands, and because the environment or wildlife could take many decades, or more, to recover from any adverse effects. The Department works with the commercial tourist vessel operators, such as cruise ships, to increase awareness and generate support for the ongoing protection of this Place. The visitortourist season is over the summer period, with cruise ships predominantly operating from Bluff and Hobart (Australia). The two most visited sites in this Place are the Northern Cliffs on Enderby Island and Col-Lyall on Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku, both of which have had boardwalks installed to minimise visitor impacts. If further hardening of sites is needed in the future, the Department willintends to work with the community, the Royal New Zealand Navy and those with commercial interests to achieve this. It is also important that the Department explores new ways ofcontinues to working with concessionaires to protect the conservation values of these sites, byincluding monitoring the impacts of visitors access and

46 In the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, this includes those who arrive on commercial tourist vessels (such as cruise ships) and those who arrive on private vessels. 47 See also the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012), for related policies and rules that manage this activity below MHWS.

141 establishing levels of usereviewing limits where necessary, which may result in an increase or decrease in visitor numbers. A precautionary approach is also taken to the management of aircraft access to the islands within this Place. All aircraft landings require an entry permit and a concession48. In addition, temporary restricted airspace areas have been prescribed pursuant to Civil Aviation Rules, which mean that all overflights (up to 3500 feet AMSL) over the islands require the permission of the Department. This has been set up for the purposes of protecting fauna. Aircraft landings and overflights within this Place areshould only be authorised where they are absolutely necessary to support an activity taking place there, such as research or documentary-type filming. Scientific research is a major activity within this Place and the Department receives a large number of applications every year, which are carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis. Some important matters to consider are the likely impact of the research on the islands, such as the biosecurity risk; physical damage, such as track formation; and disturbance to wildlife. These need to be balanced against the likely benefits of the work. The Department works with research parties to minimise the impact on the islands and to save on costs by coordinating projects, including transport where possible; for example, one party may carry out the collection of specimens for several other researchers. Two long-term projects (20 plus years) being carried out in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place are research on rāpoka/whakahao /New Zealand sea lions and toroa/wandering albatross. Research and collection permits can be authorised for up to 5 years, with an additional entry permit to enter the nature reserves under the Reserves Act 1977 also being required for each expedition. Research is frequently undertaken on all of the island groups, with the exception of the Bounty Islands, due to their isolation and severe access difficulties. In 2005, Tthe Department has developed a research strategy for the subantarctic islands49, which identifieds research priorities for the islands and provideds guidance on what research couldan be performed there. It is important to regularly update Tthis research strategy needs be updated during the term of this CMSconservation management strategy to identify and facilitate research on priority projects within this Place. Historically, a departmental representative has been present on every voyage where people land on the islands within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. This has been a crucial component of ensuring that people visiting this Place understand how to behave around wildlife and that actions are taken to avoid the biosecurity risks associated with their visitation. The Department intends to continue this system or a similar system into the future, to ensure the long-term protection of the intrinsic values of this Place. There couldmay be opportunities for the public to be involved in restoration and management activities in this Place, particularly on Auckland Island, Enderby Island and the main Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku. For example, they may be able to assistance with facilities maintenance and construction work on the Enderby and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku visitor boardwalks. It is important to investigate further opportunities for involvement, as well as

48 Except for departmental management purposes, or aircraft operated by the New Zealand Defence Force or the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (see Part Three – Aircraft). 49 West, C.J. 2005: New Zealand Subantarctic Islands research strategy. Department of Conservation.

142 supporting business sponsorship opportunities, where they canwill significantly enhance conservation values of the indigenous ecosystems or maintenance of historic sites within this Place.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place

OUTCOME Nature dominates every corner of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Its wild and largely unmodified environment is consistent with its status as a National Nature Reserve and a World Heritage Area. The islands within this Place support thriving indigenous ecosystems that are free of mammalian pests and wild animals, and are havens for an abundance of endemic species. The five island groups are managed as an integrated unit, while recognising their individual and unique values. The interdependence of the indigenous terrestrial and marine ecosystems is recognised and protected. Research underpins the effective conservation management of the islands.

The Antipodes Island Group, Bounty Islands and Snares Islands/Tini Heke Indigenous ecosystems on the Antipodes Island Group are recovering to a near pristine state, and the large seabird populations on the Bounty Islands and the Snares Islands/Tini Heke are thriving. The Antipodes Island Group, Bounty Islands and Snares Islands/Tini Heke remain some of the world’s wildest and least modified places. Virtually free of human visitation, only departmental staff and authorised researchers land on these islands. The islands’ remarkable cultural and historic heritage, which is largely associated with sealers and castaways, is undisturbed.

Auckland Islands Megaherbs thrive on the biologically rich Auckland Islands. The extensive range of cultural and heritage values are maintained and appreciated. In addition to authorised researchers, limited numbers of visitors arrive by sea to visit designated sites on Enderby Island, which showcase the unique subantarctic species present, as well as heritage from pastoral and castaway days. Lower numbers of visitors can access designated sites on the main Auckland Island, where they mainly experience the early settlement and coast- watching heritage of this island. The other islands are unmodified and largely free of structures or other human influences, with access restricted to high-priority research and management work.

Campbell Islands The Campbell Islands have more albatross species than any of the other subantarctic islands, with six species breeding on the main island. Indigenous vegetation and endemic bird species are recovering. In addition to authorised researchers, a limited number of visitors arrive on the main Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku by sea, and use a boardwalk to walk

143 amongst megaherbs and albatross that are endemic to the New Zealand subantarctic region, and to reach a viewing platform that overlooks the spectacular cliffs at Northwest Bay. There are also a few other designated sites that have no or minimal track facilities, where a limited number of more energetic visitors can experience the natural and historic heritage of this island. The rich human history of Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku is represented by heritage sites that are protected and conserved.

Managing the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place The naturalness and wildness of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, including the unpolluted night sky, is all pervasive. Redundant structures have been removed and any new development is minimal, blending in with the surrounding environment, and avoiding displacement of endemic flora and fauna or damage to historic sites. Artificial light does not impact on seabirds flying at night. All access is by permit only and visitors (other than authorised researchers or those engaged in the maintenance of meteorological structures) do not stay on the islands overnight. Visitors gain an appreciation of the natural values of these islands. The rich human history of the islands is protected and brought to life in ways that help visitors to understand the experiences of earlier inhabitants. Stringent biosecurity measures ensure that no new pest species establish within this Place. Marine mammals and wildlife, indigenous flora and fauna, and natural and historic features are not disturbed or damaged by visitors. Opportunities for priority research ensure that the unique indigenous species and ecosystems of this Place are well understood. The islands are also an international benchmark location for research. New Zealanders are knowledgeable about and value the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place from afar. There is a shared understanding of the local and international importance of this Place. Targeted opportunities for the public to support the management of this Place are available.

POLICIES General management 2.10.1 Manage the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place in accordance with the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012). 2.10.2 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place that are within the New Zealand Subantarctic World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated andto maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal values (Appendix 14). 2.10.36 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, concessionaires, the public and relevant agencies, to:

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a) increase awareness and understanding of the values of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, and increase the value of this Place to New Zealanders, particularly Southlanders, and internationally; b) in conjunction with the fisheries sector, protect the marine environment within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place and ensure that adverse effects are avoided. Particular attention should be given to reducing the risk of introducing pest species, and protecting: i) indigenous biodiversity, and the intrinsic values and life- supporting capacity of indigenous ecosystems; ii) marine protected areas, particularly by ensuring that there is adequate compliance; iii) tohorā/southern right whales, particularly by avoiding disturbance of them at locations where they breed or nurse; and iv) rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions, particularly by advocating for sufficient food resources and prevention of them being a product of by-catch; and c) identify opportunities for the public and the commercial sector to assist with the Department’s management of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Mangement of natural values 2.10.43 Continue to develop and implement biosecurity methods to avoid the introduction of new pest species to the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, and require all visitors to take precautions against the further spread of pests within and between island groups. 2.10.54 Undertake pest and wild animal eradication programmes on the Antipodes Island Group and Auckland Islands (which may include the removal of live pigs from Auckland Island), and any other islands within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place where animal pests may be found. 2.10.65 Continue to monitor pest plants and implement eradication or control programmes if they are having an adverse effect on threatened or at risk indigenous species and/or priority ecosystem unitssites within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. 2.10.6 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, concessionaires, the public and relevant agencies, to: a) increase awareness and understanding of the values of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, and increase the value of this Place to New Zealanders, particularly Southlanders; and b) in conjunction with the fisheries sector, protect the marine environment within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place and ensure that adverse effects are avoided. Particular attention should be given to reducing the risk of introducing pest species, and protecting:

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i) indigenous biodiversity, and the intrinsic values and life- supporting capacity of indigenous ecosystems; ii) marine protected areas, particularly by ensuring that there is adequate compliance; iii) tohorā/southern right whales, particularly by avoiding disturbance of them at locations where they breed or nurse; and iv) rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions, particularly by advocating for sufficient food resources and prevention of them being a product of by-catch. 2.10.7 Work with the Royal New Zealand Navy and other transport providers to achieve cost-effective and reliable transport of management and research parties to the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. 2.10.78 Regularly review, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, the Department’s Subantarctic Island Research Strategy to ensure that it provides clear direction on what the priority research projects are within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, and keep these priorities up to date. 2.10.89 Support or encourage research that achieves the priorities identified in the Subantarctic Island Research Strategy.Work with researchers to ensure that they understand the principles of impact/benefit, as set out in the Subantarctic Island Research Strategy 2005, when applying for permits. 2.10.10 Investigate opportunities for the public and the commercial sector to assist with the Department’s management of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Management of historic values 2.10.911 Protect and celebrate the diverse history of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, with off-site information and interpretation being the primary means of increasing awareness and understanding about its cultural and historic values. 2.10.10 Develop a historic strategy, in consultation with Ngāi Tahu and interested parties, to identify priorities for historic site management within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. 2.10.112 Support or undertake work that achieves the priorities identified in the historic strategyto improve the archaeological records for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, through general survey and site monitoring, particularly on the Antipodes Island Group and Snares Islands/Tini Heke. Visitor management 2.10.123 Should not permit visitors to stay overnight on the islands within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, except only as part of authorised research, or maintenance, or Ngāi Tahu cultural activities. 2.10.138 Should monitor the effects of visitation to determine the level of impact at visitor sites withinDevelop, implement and annually review a visitor

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monitoring programme for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, in consultation with Ngāi Tahu, concessionaires, researchers and interested parties. This programme should determine the effects of visitors on: a) the soils, wildlife and vegetation; b) the visitor experience; and c) the historic or cultural fabric. If the adverse effects are more than minor or these values are vulnerable to degradation, the Department may, at any time: i) reduce the visitor numbers of permitted visitors allowed per year and/or per day at any site listedidentified in accordance with Policies 2.10.15 and 2.10.16Table 2.1; ii) reduce the number of landings allowed per site; and/or iii) remove a visitor landing site(s) from entry permits; and/or iii) work with concessionaires and other interested parties to protect the natural, cultural or historic values. Alternatively, the Department may allow an increase in visitor numbers where it is satisfied that there are likely to be no adverse effects. 2.10.14 Prepare a Subantarctic Visitor Implementation Plan, and regularly review this plan, in consultation with Ngāi Tahu, concessionaires and other relevant stakeholders to: a) assess the results of the visitor monitoring from the previous summer season(s) (carried out in accordance with Policy 2.10.13); b) identify those sites that have not been subject to any permanent adverse effects and can be made available to visitors in the following summer season(s); c) identify those sites that should not be made available to visitors in the following summer season(s); and d) determine the maximum number of permitted visitors allowed at each site that can be made available the following summer season(s). 2.10.154 Should only permit visitors, from vessels that are not associated with authorised research or maintenance, to land on Auckland Island, Enderby Island and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku only in groups comprised of no more than 1 guide and up to 15 visitors and only in accordance with the sitesannual and guidelinesdaily visitor limits set out in the Subantarctic Visitor Implementation Plan (see Policy 2.10.14) and Table 2.91 below.

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Table 2.19: Visitor sites and guidelineslimits for Auckland Island, Enderby Island and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku (also see Maps 5.10.1 and 5.10.2).

Visitor site Visitor area and/or Maximum number Guideline for track/route of visitors per Mmaximum (as identified on maps) year* number of visitors per day

Auckland Island

Hardwicke Hardwicke and Terror 400 1200 Cove visitor area Camp Cove Camp Cove visitor area 150 50 Erlangen Clearing Erlangen Clearing visitor 150 50 area Epigwaitt Epigwaitt/Grafton visitor 150 50 area Lake Hinemoa Lake Hinemoa visitor area 150 50 and track Ranui Ranui Coastwatchers 150 50 Base visitor area and track South West Cape South West Cape visitor 150 50 area Tagua Tagua Coastwatchers 150 50 Base visitor area Hill 360 Route Hill 360 visitor area and 50 50 route

Enderby Island Northern Cliffs Sandy Bay/Penguin Alley, 1100 1200 Northern Cliffs Track and Northern Cliffs terminus Circuit Enderby Island Circuit 600 50 visitor area and track Bulbinella Bulbinella visitor area 150 50 Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku

Col-Lyall/ Beeman Base Col-Lyall Saddle Track 1100 1200 Col-Lyall Albatross Col-Lyall Albatross visitor 300 50 area Mount Honey Mount Honey visitor area 150 50 and track Northwest Bay Loop Northwest Bay Circuit 150 50 track Perseverance Shoreline Coastwatchers, Tucker’s 150 50 Homestead, Loneliest Tree, Duris Grave, Garden Cove and Venus Bay visitor areas Penguin Bay Penguin Bay visitor area 50 50 and track * A ‘year’ is defined as 1 July to 30 June.

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2.10.16 Should consider permitting visitors, from vessels that are not associated with authorised research or maintenance, to land at visitor sites not identified in Table 2.9 only where: a) the activity is consistent with the outcome for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place; b) the activity is subject to Policies 2.10.12-2.10.14; c) there are no more than minor adverse effects on the natural, cultural or historic values; d) groups comprise no more than 1 guide and up to 15 visitors; and e) visitor numbers do not exceed 50 per day per visitor site. 2.10.175 Should, subject to Policy 2.10.154, set aside 25 landings per year at each site for entry by non-commercial visitors on small vessels (up to 25 metres in length) that are not associated with authorised research or maintenance, to enable them to visit the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. 2.10.186 Should require every vessel that transports people that land on the islands within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place to have a departmental representative on-board, or implement a visitorsimilar monitoring/observer system, which may include having a departmental representative on board, to ensure that: a) people understand how to behave around wildlife; and b) actions are taken to avoid the biosecurity risks associated with their visitation; c) adverse effects on natural values and historic sites are avoided; and d) information is made available to visitors about the conservation management of the islands. 2.10.197 Should not permit viewing of the tohorā/southern right whale during the winter breeding season unless it can be demonstrated that the primary purpose of the viewing is to provide information to visitors that benefits the protection, conservation and management of the species. 2.10.18 Should monitor the effects of visitation to determine the level of impact at visitor sites within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place on: a) the soils, wildlife and vegetation; b) the visitor experience; and c) the historic or cultural fabric. If the adverse effects are more than minor or these values are vulnerable to degradation, the Department may, at any time: i) reduce the visitor numbers allowed per year and/or per day at any site listed in Table 2.1; ii) reduce the number of landings allowed per site; and/or iii) remove landing sites from entry permits.

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Alternatively, the Department may allow an increase in visitor numbers where it is satisfied that there are likely to be no adverse effects. 2.10.19 Work with concessionaires and other interested parties to harden sites where necessary to protect the natural, cultural or historic values at a site. 2.10.20 Should not permit any fire to be lit outdoorsin the open, or anyincluding smoking, anywhere within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Visitors to this Place should be advised of this prohibition on fires and smoking. Aircraft 2.10.21 Should only grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place only where they landings are consistent with the outcome for this Place and necessary for: a) research purposes, where this can not be achieved without the use of aircraft and where it is low-impact priority research that benefits the Place; b) the maintenance of meteorological facilities, where this cannot be achieved without the use of aircraft; c) filming, where it can be demonstrated that this cannot be achieved without the use of aircraft and it is for documentary purposes that emphasisethere is a benefit to the conservation values of this Place; or d) fuel transfers to authorised fuel depots. Structures 2.10.22 Should permit existing (as at 31 Dec 2012) permanent fuel depots to be maintained within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, provided that these meet all regulatory requirements. 2.10.23 Should not authorise new fuel depots within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. 2.10.24 Should maintain actively conserved historic places within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, as identified in Appendix 10. 2.10.245 Should maintain or remove (the latter where retention cannot be demonstrated and there is no historic valueagreement has been reached with the building owner) existing (as at 31 Dec 2012) structures and facilities within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place in accordance with the outcome for this Place. 2.10.256 Should not grant authorisations for new structures or utilitiesfacilities within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place unless: a) the criteria in Policy 3.10.1 is complied with; b) they structure or utility isare: i) consistent with the outcome for this Place; and

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ii) the Proposed Regional Coastal Plan: Kermadec and Subantarctic Islands (May 2012);, and iii) necessary for authorised research purposes or the maintenance of meteorological facilities; and. c) Pparticular consideration should beis given to avoiding adverse effects on: ia) indigenous ecosystems, species and their habitats; and iib) historic and cultural values.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  A review of the Subantarctic Island Research Strategy has been completed.  A plan has been developed outlining describing new ways that the public and businesses are able to support the management of the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  Commenced Iinvestigations are underway to eradicate the remaining introduced animals from the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  Commenced, in consultation with Ngāi Tahu, concessionaires and other relevant stakeholders, a Subantarctic Visitor Implementation Plan for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Commenced a historic strategy for managing sites within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  Subantarctic Visitor Implementation Plan for the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  Options have been investigated for the most efficient and effective monitoring system to manage parties visiting the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Proposed marine reserves within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place have been gazetted.  Work is underway to eradicate the remaining introduced animals from the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place. Achieved Completed by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Report on the implementation of work programmes for the priority ecosystem sites and the threatened and at risk species in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.

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 Improved Kknowledge of archaeological sites on the Antipodes Island Group and the Snares Islands/Tini Heke is improved.  Eradication of Iintroduced animals have been eradicated from the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.  An assessment of visitor limits within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place has been carried out.A review of the Subantarctic Island Research Strategy.  A historic strategy for managing sites within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.

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Part Three—Specific policy requirements for Southland Murihiku

This section implements the requirements of the Conservation General Policy 2005 and other legislative requirements. The policies of this section apply to all public conservation lands and waters covered by this CMSstrategy. Where the provisions in Part Three are more specific than the provisions in Part One, or where there is any ambiguity between provisions, then the more specific provisions in Part Three prevail. Where the provisions in Part Two— PlacesThree are more specific thandifferent from the provisions in Part ThreeTwo—Places, the more specific provisions in Part Two prevail. Changes to this CMS may be required from time to time during its term. This may require changes to be made by the amendment or review processes under section 17H or 17I of the Conservation Act 1987. These situations may include where additional land area is to be managed under a CMS or limitations changed on an activity that occurs on lands or waters managed under the CMS.

General 3.1.1 In interpreting the policies in this strategy the words ‘will’, ‘should’ and ‘may’ have the following meanings: a) Policies where legislation provides no discretion for decision- making or a deliberate decision has been made by the Minister to direct decision-makers, state that a particular action or actions ‘will’ be undertaken. b) Policies that carry with them a strong expectation of outcome without diminishing the constitutional role of the Minister and other decision-makers, state that a particular action or actions ‘should’ be undertaken. c) Policies intended to allow flexibility in decision-making, state that a particular action or actions ‘may’ be undertaken. 3.1.2 Manage public conservation lands and waters to be consistent with the statutory purpose for which they are held. 3.1.1 Will follow the relevant process under the provisions of the Conservation Act 1987 where a change to the CMS is required, including to impose or increase limits on any use or activity or to include new species or land. 3.1.23 EnsureConsider changing the classification or statutory purpose of public conservation land and water reflects where required for the effective management or protection of its values. 3.1.34 Restrict or Cclose access to: a) Fiordland National Park where necessary for the preservation of native plants and animals or the welfare in general of the park; b) reserves where necessary, consistent with the conditions and restrictions of use of the reserve; and

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c) public conservation areaslands and waters where necessary for reasons of public safety or emergency, or to: ia) protect natural, historic or cultural valuesheritage; b) protect public safety; iic) control biosecurity risks; iiid) enable the eradication of animal pests using aerial bait operations; ive) allow military exercise operations or; vf) allow tree felling. 3.1.45 When undertaking work or activities that are covered by Appendix 1, determine if they meet the requirements of Section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemption from land use consents. 3.1.5 Manage recreational opportunities, including those provided by concessionaires, in accordance with the visitor management zones as shown in Map 3, and as described in Appendix 12. 3.1.6 Establish and review bylaws and Regulations where necessary to enable better management of public conservation lands and waters (including departmental wharves). 3.1.7 Encourage people and businesses undertaking activities on public conservation lands and waters to comply with activity-specific minimum impact codes (care codes) as notified from time to time on the Department’s website. 3.1.8 In respect of legal roads, where actual or potential activity on or near these legal roads creates difficulties in achieving integrated management of adjoining public conservation lands and waters, work with Land Information New Zealand, the New Zealand Walking Access Commission, territorial local authorities, other agencies and the public to: a) seek that the public voluntarily manage their use of legal roads running through public conservation lands and waters in a way that it is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; b) enable the Department to manage the roads and facilitate recreation on them in a way that is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; c) seek that local authorities actively manage the roads and facilitate recreation on them in a way that is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; or d) stop or resume legal roads running through public conservation lands and waters, and add the stopped or resumed road lands to the adjoining public conservation lands and waters, except where the adjoining lands are stewardship areas under the Conservation Act 1987 (unless those adjoining lands are part of an action or policy to confer additional protection or preservation under section 18 of the Conservation Act 1987, or under the National Parks Act 1980 or the Reserves Act 1977).

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Authorisations (General) Unless enabled by other legislation50, aAnyone wishing to carry out a trade, occupation or business on public conservation lands and waters requires an authorisation. The most common authorisation is a concession under Part 3B of the Conservation Act 1987. The Department aims to allow for a range of authorisations that are consistent with relevant legislation and policy, the protection of natural resources and historic and cultural heritage, and the recreational settings and planned outcomes and policies for specific Places (Part Two). Authorisations can add value to visitors’ experiences by connecting them with natural, historic and cultural heritage, and providing opportunities to visit places which may not otherwise be easily accessible. There are a range of existing authorisations in Southland Murihiku, such as for tourism activity, utilities (such as telecommunication facilities and hydroelectric power schemes), and grazing. There is scope for an increase in the number of authorised activities in some Places. However, there is less opportunity for authorised activities in those parts of Places that are managed for remote or wilderness values. For example, in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, the Department takes a precautionary management approach to ensure that the outstanding natural heritage values, recognised by its World Heritage Area status, are protected. There are a number of telecommunication facilities on public conservation lands in Southland Murihiku. Suitable sites for telecommunication facilities are limited and tend to be on high-altitude land that is unmodified and has important landscape values. In addition, many high areas have significant cultural values associated within them and are important to Ngāi Tahu whānui. As such, telecommunication sites should be co-located to avoid their proliferation and any adverse effects on unmodified landscapes, particularly in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, where they should be kept to a minimum. There are numerous grazing authorisations in Southland Murihiku. However, grazing can have adverse effects on natural values, particularly freshwater, wetlands, indigenous vegetation and cultural values. Therefore, any grazing of public conservation lands needs to be consistent with the protection and maintenance of natural, recreational and cultural values of the location. Tourism activity in Southland Murihiku (with the exception of Fiordland National Park and, to a lesser extent, the Southern Scenic Route) has historically been low. However, there is scope for tourism growththis to occurincrease during the term of this CMSstrategy. Tourism growth should be allowed in those Places that are most able to accommodate such growth (consistent with the outcome for that Place)—for example, the Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place. Any application for where the tourism activity needs to beis consistent with the outcome for the Place and the natural values present, and avoid conflict with other visitors is avoided. The monitoring of authorised activities and their impacts is required, particularly in sensitive environments such as the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga and Awarua Places. Monitoring may also be required for authorised activities in areas that are rarely visited or managed for remote or wilderness experiences. Where emerging or cumulative effects on the

50 Examples are the Electricity Act 1992 and the Cadastral Survey Act 2002.

155 environment or other users are becoming unacceptable, it may be necessary to establish limits for authorisations. Where authorised activity is beginning to reach, or has already reached, the environmental and/or social carrying capacity of a site or area in relation to the level of activity it is being managed for, the Department may limit the amount of activity that can occur in that place. Policies 3.1.96 IssueProcess authorisations in accordance with the relevant legislation, this CMS, and the provisions of the Conservation General Policy 2005, and the General Policy for National Parks 2005. 3.1.107 Monitor authorised activities and their effects, including cumulative effects, on a regular and ongoing basis. 3.1.8 Establish limits for authorisations where demand approaches or exceeds the environmental or social carrying capacity of a place and/or cumulative effects are becoming unacceptable, and manage through an allocative process. 3.1.119 Should not grant authorisations that are inconsistent with the outcomes, objectives and policies in Part One, or the outcomes and policies for Places in Part Two—Places, or the policies in Part Three. 3.1.12 May grant authorisations for sporting events or filming activities that do not meet the limits and/or criteria for the Green or Orange aircraft access zones and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12 based on its merits and subject to an assessment of: a) the activity being consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) the activity being consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place in which it is proposed to occur; c) the adverse effects and the extent to which it is possible to avoid, remedy or mitigate those effects—examples of mechanisms that may be used to address any adverse effects include: i) informing neighbours and potential visitors to the site that the activity is to occur or is occurring; ii) avoiding peak visitation times; and iii) avoiding or protecting sites with high natural, historic or cultural values; d) cumulative effects on the values at the site; e) the activity being consistent with Policy 2.2 3 if the activity is in a wilderness area; and f) the need for public notification. 3.1.10 Should not grant authorisations for new permanent structures for recreation and tourism, other than those provided for in Part Two— Places. 3.1.11 Use the following criteria when considering new permanent structures, facilities, utilities or the adaptive reuse of existing buildings and services ancillary to activities on public conservation lands and waters: a) the outcomes and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; b) whether the structure could reasonably be located outside public conservation lands and waters;

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c) whether the structure could reasonably be located in another location where there are fewer adverse effects; d) whether the structure adversely affects conservation and recreational values; e) whether the structure is readily available for public use; f) whether the structure is consistent with the visitor management zone in Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; g) whether the structure enhances the visitor experience; h) whether the activity promotes or enhances the retention of a historic building; and i) whether the activity is a suitable adaptive reuse of an existing building. 3.1.12 May grant concessions in the Glaisnock or Pembroke Wilderness Areas where necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area's indigenous natural resources. Concessions that meet this test will: a) demonstrate that the activity is necessary or that it actively benefits the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; b) not use vehicles, motorised water craft or motorised aircraft in the area; c) not establish encampments or defined tracks, routes, or trails; d) not involve the erection or maintenance of buildings or machinery; e) not involve the taking in or use of animals in the area; f) be consistent with the outcome and policies for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place and the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; g) be consistent with the relevant aircraft zones shown on Map 4, the visitor management zones as described in Appendix 12 and shown on Map 3, and the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; h) be indistinguishable from other independent users of the wilderness area; and i) be self-reliant. 3.1.13 Consult with the Southland Conservation Board and Papatipu Rūnanga regarding the processing and management of authorisations that may cause a significant adverse effect on conservation values. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu will be consulted on those applications that relate to a Deed of Recognition. 3.1.14 Encourage applicants to identify how their activities will promote the natural, historic, cultural and/or recreational values of Southland Murihiku, while avoiding, remedying or mitigating any adverse effects. 3.1.15 Ensure that any limits set take into account any potential environmental impacts such as on biodiversity values, as well as potential social and cultural impacts such as the carrying capacity of infrastructure, crowding and compatibility of use.

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Vehicles Vehicle use is part of the range of recreation opportunities that are only allowed on public conservation lands and waters in locations where identified in this CMSstrategy. In this context, vehicles include motorised and non-motorised land vehicles; fixed-wing, helicopter and non-powered aircraft; and motorised and non-motorised watercraft. Further discussion about vehicle use can be found in Part Two—Places. Many public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku are easily accessible by vehicle, helping to facilitate the use and enjoyment of these areas. Motorised vehicles (other than aircraft and watercraft) Motorised vehicle use51 is not generally allowed should not occur off formed roads on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, unless specifically provided for in accordance with the outcomes and policies in this CMSstrategy. Motorised vehicles include over-snow track vehicles and snow mobiles (on runners). In Southland Murihiku over-snow vehicles are dealt with in Part Two—Places, 2.4 Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place. Rail vehicles and their associated railway line(s) are an alternative means of transportation that may, in very limited circumstances, be built and used on public conservation lands and waters. Policies 3.1.9–3.1.11 and 3.10.1 in this section, and the outcomes and policies in Part Two—Places, apply to any application to build and run a railway line.

Policies 3.2.1 Should allow motorised vehicles only on the roads (and including designated car parking areas) or identified in:for their use a) Part Two—Places; or b) the national park management plan for Fiordland National Park. Access may be restricted at any time in the following situations: a) there is a health and safety risk; b) there is a fire risk; c) adverse effects are evident on the natural, historic and cultural values present; or d) departmental management priorities change with respect to the maintenance of any particular formed road or designated vehicular route. 3.2.2 Consider provision for use of motorised vehicles outside areas provided for by Policy 3.2.1 only where such useit is identified at sites listed in Part Two—Places and subject to Policy 3.2.45. 3.2.3 May allow motorised vehicles on public conservation lands and waters for the construction, operation and/or maintenance of authorised utilities , farming operations, and restoration activities.

51 Any motor vehicle taken onto public conservation lands and waters must be registered and/or licensed, where it is required to be registered and/or licensed under the Land Transport Act 1998.

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3.2.4 Work with Ngāi Tahu whānui, relevant agencies and the wider community when considering the provision of new roads or routes on public conservation lands and waters for motorised vehicle use. 3.2.45 Meet the requirements of the following criteria Should follow the statutory CMS amendment or review process when considering the use of motorised vehicles on public conservation lands and waters, other than in accordance with Policies 3.2.1-3.2.3, and apply the following criteria to the activity: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where the road, route or site is located; c) is consistent with the visitor management zones on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects (including cumulative adverse effects) on the road, route or site and on surrounding natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, or otherwise minimised; e) adverse effects (including cumulative adverse effects) on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users are avoided, or otherwise minimised (including conflicts between motorised vehicles/mountain bikes and horses); f) risks of fire and biosecurity are avoided; and g) the ongoing management implications of providing motorised vehicle access (e.g. in terms of ongoing maintenance costs) are taken into account. 3.2.56 Liaise with four-wheel drive and other motorised vehicle usermotorbike groups to identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the roads that they are permitted to use. 3.2.7 Work with relevant agencies to manage motorised vehicle use on beaches and river beds. 3.2.8 Consider the establishment of bylaws and/or regulations, where necessary, to control the use of motorised vehicles on public conservation lands and waters within Southland Murihiku. 3.2.69 Monitor the effects of motorised vehicles on natural, historic, and cultural and heritage values, and on other recreational users. 3.2.710 Review the use of motorised vehicles use on roads and routes where monitoring shows that adverse effects on conservation values are occurring, in consultation with relevant motorised vehicle user club(s) and the community. 3.2.8 May restrict motorised vehicle access at any time in the following situations: a) there is a health and safety risk; b) there is a fire risk; c) adverse effects are evident, or likely, on conservation resources; d) priorities change for the provision of the road or designated vehicular route; or

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e) where damage to the structure of the road is evident or likely. 3.2.97 Work with councils, the New Zealand Police and other relevant agencies to manage motorised vehicle use on beaches and river beds to protect conservation values. Mountain bikes (non-motorised vehicles) A number of mountain bikingMultiple opportunities exist (as at 31 Dec 12)for mountain biking on public conservation lands and waters in throughout mainland Southland Murihiku, using existing walking, purpose-built and vehicle tracks, including farm tracks from ex-pastoral lease lands; and to some degree, cycling across country where vegetation and topography allows and vulnerable conservation values are not threatened (see Table 3.1, Policy 3.3.1). There is often public acceptance of mixed pedestrian and cycling use of tracks, but caution is still needed where visibility is restricted and with higher-speed and higher-impact downhill cycling. Where the means exist (e.g. helicopters) to easily take (shuttle) downhill mountain bikers to higher altitudes, this can result in increased adverse effects, and more caution should be exercised in considering this activity. Given the popularity of this recreational activity, the Department couldhas also identifyied a number of other potential mountain biking opportunities (see Table 3.2, Policy 3.3.6) and willintends to work with others when considering these.

Policies 3.3.1 Should allow independent mountain biking, and may allowgrant concessions for guided mountain biking or mountain bike events, only on the tracks and roads or other areas listed for mountain biking in the following in Table 3.1, subject to the criteria specified in Policy 3.3.45: a) Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.7 in Part Two—Places; and b) Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007. Table 3.1. Existing mountain biking opportunities in Southland Murihiku (as at 31 Dec 2012)

Location Land status

Borland Road, from Borland Lodge to South National Park Arm (Lake Manapouri) Percy Saddle, and South Arm Bridge to Percy National Park Saddle Road West Arm (Lake Manapouri) to Percy Saddle National Park Road Wilmot Pass Road National Park Supply Bay Road National Park Croydon Bush Scenic Reserve Mt Bee 4WD track Conservation Park Irthing Stream Picnic Area road Conservation Park Five Rivers Station to Cromel Hut Conservation Park West Dome forestry roads Conservation Park Queens Reach Road Conservation Area Rainbow Reach Road Conservation Area

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Location Land status

Balloon Loop Road Conservation Area Rainbow Reach to Balloon Loop Conservation Area Bald Hill forestry roads* Conservation Area Dunrobin Valley Road end to Aparima Huts Conservation Area Blue Mountains forestry roads Conservation Area Oreti valley Conservation Area Mavora Lakes Road, North Mavora Lake to Conservation Area Boundary and Forks Huts Mavora Lakes, Swing Bridge on North Mavora Conservation Areas Lake to Kiwiburn Swing Bridge Mid Dome roads Conservation Area Upukerora River: Takaro Lodge to Army Hut* Conservation Area Upukerora River south of Takaro Lodge to Te Marginal Strip Anau* Whitestone River, SH94 – Hillside Manapouri Marginal Strip Road * Also requires access across land not administered by the Department. 3.3.2 Where mountain biking is restricted to identified tracks or roads, advise users that they must remain on the track or road formation at all times. Require people using mountain bikes to adhere to the ‘Mountain Bikers’ Code’, and, where mountain biking is restricted to identified tracks or roads, require mountain bikers to remain on the track or road formation at all times. 3.3.3 Develop bylaws and/or regulations, where necessary, to manage mountain biking activity on public conservation lands and waters. 3.3.34 Promote opportunities for mountain bike use on tracks and other areas identified in this CMS as being available for mountain bike use on public conservation lands and waters via the Department’s website; and through liaison with tourism information providers and cycling advocates. 3.3.45 Should follow the statutory amendment or review process Meet the requirements of the following criteria when considering further opportunities forthe use of mountain bikes use on public conservation lands and waters during the term of this CMS, undertake consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs, other interested parties and the public, and apply the following criteria for the activity: a) is consistent with the statutory purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the track or road is,in which the activity or is proposed to be, locatedoccur; c) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of mountain bike use on natural, historic or cultural heritage values and other recreational users of the track or road are, or can be, avoided or otherwise remedied or mitigated minimised—; and

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d) measures can be applied to manage the use of mountain bikes, whichthis may include (but areis not limited to) trial periods, restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers and one-way flow; and there is the ability to provide necessary facilities, including those that may be associated with overnight mountain bike opportunities, is taken into account 3.3.6 May consider further opportunities for mountain bike use on the public conservation lands and waters identified in Table 3.2 during the term of this strategy after consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs and the public, and in accordance with the following criteria: a) is consistent with the statutory purpose for which the lands and waters are held; b) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the formed track or road is, or is proposed to be, located; c) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of mountain bike use on natural, historic or cultural heritage values and other recreational users of the track or road can be avoided or otherwise minimised; d) there are measures to manage the use of mountain bikes, which may include (but are not limited to) restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers and one-way flow; e) there is the ability to provide necessary facilities, including those that may be associated with overnight mountain bike opportunities; and f) is consistent with General Policy for National Parks 2005 for potential tracks and roads within Fiordland National Park52. Table 3.2. Potential mountain biking opportunities in Southland Murihiku

Location Land status

Sections of the Kepler Track National Park Forest Burn National Park Harts Hill National Park Along the edge of Lake Te Anau, from Te Anau National Park to Te Anau Downs Sections of the Hollyford Track from Hollyford Unformed legal road and National Park Road end to Martins Bay Supply Bay to Frazers Beach (Lake Manapouri) National Park and Conservation Area Balloon Loop to Supply Bay Road Conservation Area and National Park From Croydon Bush Scenic Reserve to Scenic Reserve Dolamore Park* Te Anau Lake Track, Wildlife Park to Control Conservation Area Gates (Te Anau) Te Anau Lake Track, Yacht Club to Te Anau Conservation Area Scout Den Areas between Queens Reach and Rainbow Conservation Area Reach (true left Waiau River flowing from Lake Te Anau to Lake Manapouri)*

52 See also the text in the box for Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place (page 51) regarding a proposal to allow new mountain biking opportunities in Fiordland National Park.

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Location Land status

Rainbow Reach to Balloon Loop (true left Conservation Area Waiau River flowing from Lake Te Anau to Lake Manapouri) Under power lines alongside SH94 ( Milford Conservation Area Road), Te Anau to Te Anau Downs Borland Lodge to Monowai Village* Conservation Area Snowdon Forest, Mararoa River to SH 94 Conservation Area and Marginal Strip (Milford Road), Kiwiburn to Te Anau Downs Alongside Mararoa River south to SH94* Marginal Strip * May also require access across land not administered by the Department. 3.3.57 Monitor the effects of mountain bike use on natural, historic or cultural heritage values, and on other recreational users. 3.3.68 Review mountain bike use on tracks or at sites where monitoring shows that unacceptable impacts adverse effects are occurring. 3.3.9 Should not allow ‘thrill seeker’ styles of mountain biking where they will result in conflicts with other users, and/or impacts on natural, historic or cultural heritage values. 3.3.7 Should provide for mountain biking activities such as downhill, freestyle and dirt jumping on public conservation lands and waters only where: a) the activity is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for a Place; and b) adverse effects, including cumulative effects, on natural, historic or cultural values, and on other recreation users, can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.3.8 Liaise with mountain bike clubs, concessionaires and other organisations to identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks that they are permitted to use. Electric Ppower-assisted pedal cycles The use of electric power-assisted pedal cycles (e-bikes), which is distinct from other motorised vehicle and mountain bike use, is a relatively new activity that may be only allowed where identified in this strategy. The use of power-assisted cycles is generally compatible with other uses at locations where non-motorised vehicles and mountain bikes are allowed. In some circumstances, their use may be suitable to enable people with lesser cycling skills, experience and fitness to cycle tracks used by mountain bikes. However, their use is subject to factors including: compatibility with the cycling experience provided (for example, beginner mountain biking opportunities may be suitable for e-bikepower- assisted cycle use); management of conflicts with other users; and places where ‘enjoying nature on its own terms’ without assistancedisturbance from motorised vehicles is importanta point of difference.

Policies 3.4.1 Should allowpermit independent electric power-assisted pedal cycle use, and may allow grant concessions for guided electric power- assisted pedal cycling, only on the tracks and roads or other areas

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listed in Part Two—PlacesTable 3.3, subject to the criteria specified in Policiesy 3.4.2-3.4.5.

Table 3.3 Potential power-assisted cycling opportunities

Location Land status

Borland Road, from Borland Lodge to South National Park Arm (Lake Manapouri) West Arm (Lake Manapouri) to Percy Saddle National Park Road Wilmot Pass Road National Park Supply Bay Road National Park West Dome forestry roads Conservation Park Mt Bee 4WD track Conservation Park Irthing Stream Picnic Area road Conservation Park Queens Reach Road Conservation Area Rainbow Reach Road Conservation Area Balloon Loop Road Conservation Area Rainbow Reach to Balloon Loop Conservation Area Bald Hill forestry roads* Conservation Area Dunrobin Valley Road end to Aparima Huts Conservation Area Blue Mountains forestry roads Conservation Area Mavora Lakes Road, North Mavora Lake to Conservation Area Boundary and Forks Huts Mid Dome roads Conservation Area Upukerora River, Takaro Lodge to Army Hut* Conservation Area Upukerora River, south of Takaro Lodge to Te Marginal Strip Anau* Whitestone River, SH94—Hillside Manapouri Marginal Strip Road * Also requires access across land not administered by the Department. 3.4.2 Should follow the statutory amendment or review process Meet the requirements of the following criteria when considering further opportunities forthe use of electric power-assisted pedal cycles use on public conservation lands and waters during the term of this CMS: a) undertake consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs, other interested parties and the public; b) is consistent with the statutory purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; cb) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the track or road is, orin which the activity is proposed to be, locatedoccur; dc) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of electric power- assisted pedal cycle use on natural, historic or cultural heritage values (including natural quiet) and other recreational users of the track or road (including natural quiet) are, or can be, avoided, or otherwise remedied or mitigated; and minimised— e) measures can be applied to manage the use of electric power- assisted pedal cycles, whichthis may include (but areis not limited

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to) trial periods, restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers, limits on speed and one-way flow; and there is the ability to provide necessary facilities, including those that may be associated with overnight electric power-assisted pedal cycling opportunities, is taken into account 3.4.3 Develop bylaws and/or regulations, where necessary, to enable enforcement of the power-assisted cycle provisions. 3.4.4 May consider further opportunities for power-assisted cycle use on public conservation lands and waters during the term of this strategy by updating the list of tracks and roads in Table 3.3 after consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs and the public, and in accordance with the following criteria: a) is consistent with the statutory purpose for which the lands and waters are held; b) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the formed track or road is located; c) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of power-assisted cycles on natural, historic or cultural heritage values and other recreational users of the track or road (including natural quiet) can be avoided or otherwise minimised; d) there are measures to manage the use of power-assisted cycles, which may include (but are not limited to) restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers, limits on speed and one- way flow; and e) there is the ability to provide necessary facilities, including those that may be associated with overnight power-assisted cycling opportunities. 3.4.35 Monitor the effects of electric power-assisted pedal cycle use on natural, historic andor cultural heritage values, and on other recreational users. 3.4.46 Review electric power-assisted pedal cycle use on tracks or at sites where monitoring shows that unacceptable impacts adverse effects are occurring. 3.4.5 Liaise with bike clubs, concessionaires and other organisations to identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks that they are permitted to use. Other forms of transport Other forms of transport that can be used to access public conservation lands and waters include motorised and non-motorised watercraft; fixed-wing, helicopter and non-motorised aircraft; and rail vehicles. These also are only allowed where identified in this CMSstrategy. Watercraft Given the number of navigable lakes and waterways that are located within public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, there are quite a few opportunities for non-motorised and motorised watercraft to be used. In

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some locations, only non-motorised watercraft are allowed (such as on South Mavora Lake and the Eglinton River); and in others, only certain motorised watercraft are allowed, subject to conditions of use (such as on North Mavora Lake and most lakes in Fiordland National Park). The management of watercraft is also the responsibility of Environment Southland Regional Council, under its Navigation and Safety Bylaw.

Policies 3.5.1 Meet the following criteria when considering watercraft use on public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where watercraft use is proposed to occur; c) is consistent with the visitor management zones shown on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects on the natural, historic or cultural heritage values are avoided, or otherwise minimisedremedied or mitigated; and e) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users on and off the water are avoided, or otherwise remedied or mitigatedminimised. 3.5.2 Consider controllingMay restrict access to waters fromacross public conservation lands and waters for watercraft, whereto manage any adverse effectsimpacts associated with the watercraft use may occur to public conservation lands and waters or wildlife. 3.5.3 Advocate for the management of watercraft use on waters not managed by the Department in a mannerway that is consistent with Parts One and Two of this CMSstrategy, on waters not managed by the Department. 3.5.4 Work with Environment Southland Regional Council and Southland District Council to manage the use of watercraft in a way that is consistent with Policies 3.5.1–3.5.3 above. Aircraft All aircraft (excluding those of the New Zealand Defence Force and the Civil Aviation Authority) require a concession to land on, take off from, or hover above (collectively referred to as landings) any area of public conservation lands and waters that is not a certified aerodrome, other than for a number of activities, such as: search and rescue;, departmental management purposes;, emergency situations;, maritime navigational-aid management;, or land survey work; aircraft operated by the New Zealand Defence Force or the Civil Aviation Authority; or any mining activity authorised under the Crown Minerals Act 199153. The Department, acting under delegated authority from the Minister, manages aircraft landing concessions under provisions of the National Parks Act 1980, the Reserves Act 1977 and the Conservation Act 1987, including in accordance with Part 3B of the Conservation Act 1987 (in particular, section 17ZF).

53 The effects of aircraft use are assessed in accordance with section 61 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991.

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Both recreational and commercial Aaircraft can facilitate the use and enjoyment of public conservation lands and waters by providing quick access to difficult- to-reach places and allowing quick access for people with limited time. They are also an important tool for the Department’s managementing of public conservation lands and waters, and for search and rescue. Conversely, aircraft (particularly powered aircraft) activity,— includingeven scenic flights and remotely piloted aircraft systems (commonly referred to as drones) that do not involve landings,— can have adverse effects on wildlife and users of public conservation lands and waters, including on its users, by impacting on animal behaviour, and values such as amenity, natural quiet, wildlife and feelings of remoteness (which in some situations can lead to visitor displacement). Effects most often relate to the presence, behaviour and frequency of the activity, and for powered aircraft their noise characteristics. Aircraft landings can also cause conflicts between people and their activities where some have used aircraft for access and others have not. Historically there has been little aircraft use on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, with the exception of Fiordland National Park. However, aircraft access is provided formay be allowed in some locations, to ensuringe that a range of experiences can be offered, while recognising that different locations can tolerate varying use. In order to manage the effects of aircraft landings on public conservation lands and watersNationally there are four, nationally consistent, different aircraft accessmanagement zones, which are standardised throughout New Zealand: Red, Orange, Yellow and Green (see Appendix 13). Three of these zones occur in Southland Murihiku (as shown onsee Map 4). These zones reflect the different management methodologies required, and the likelihood of granting concessions, for aircraft landings:  Red Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft would most likely be declined. However, concessions may be granted for aircraft landings associated with the construction, operation or maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic) or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmission lines) that have been authorised by the Department, or to support research authorised by the Department. This zone may apply where: i) legislation provides strong direction that concessions should not be granted for aircraft landings (e.g. gazetted wilderness areas); ii) an area is adjacent to (parts of) a national park where there are no aircraft landings; iii) adverse effects on conservation, including recreational, values need to be avoided (e.g. nature and scientific reserves, threatened species habitat, high use picnic and camping areas); iv) the area is readily accessible by other means; or v) aircraft activity may interfere with management activities.

 Yellow Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft is likely to be granted where it meets the nationally consistent limits for this zone. This zone may apply where there is a need to restrict aircraft use; either where visitors expect a low level of encounters with aircraft or

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where values of natural quiet predominate, particularly in backcountry and remote areas. (Note: there is no Yellow Zone in Southland Murihiku.)

 Green Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft is likely to be granted, subject to any relevant outcome and/or the criteria in the relevant policies. This zone may apply where: i) conservation, including recreation, values are unlikely to be affected by landings; ii) there are natural limits on sites where landings can actually occur (e.g. forest cover, steep terrain); or iii) there is likely to be little demand for aircraft access over the life of this CMS.

 Orange Zone—areas where there are complex issues to be managed, which require the use of limits and/or other criteria to guide whether concessions for aircraft landings may be granted. This zone may apply: i) in situations that involve limited opportunities, areas of intensive aircraft activity or where a precautionary approach is required; ii) where there are historic or legal reasons for an approach that does not fit within the other three zones; iii) to provide for a specific recreational activity (e.g. heli-skiing, heli- fishing, ground-based hunting); iv) to only allow specific types of aircraft (e.g. non-powered aircraft); v) where there are variations in seasonal use; vi) to protect visitor experiences; or vii) where landings do not fit within the circumstances described in the other three zones.

The application of these aircraft access zones manages aircraft landings on public conservation lands and waters. As a result, there is a spectrum of aircraft landings and over-flights (aircraft encounters) that may be experienced by visitors to public conservation lands and waters, as described in Table 3.6.1 below. Outcomes and/or policies may specify numeric limits for aircraft landings (e.g. daily, monthly, annually), or may The Place outcomes in Part Two indicate the level of aircraft activity that may be encountered within each Place. The outcome wording is very particular and uses the following words ‘rare’, ‘occasional’, ‘regular’ or ‘frequent’ to describe the overall level of aircraft encounters and therefore the visitor experience expected in each aircraft access zone (or part thereof).convey this:  ‘Rare’—where the expectation is that there will be very little aircraft activity, approximately 1% of the time54;  ‘Occasional’—where the expectation is that aircraft activity may happen approximately 5% of the time;  ‘Regular’—where the expectation is that aircraft activity may happen approximately 25% of the time; and

54 With ‘the time’ being defined as during the course of 1 year.

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 ‘Frequent’—where the expectation is that aircraft activity may happen 50% (or more) of the time. Table 3.6.1. Spectrum of aircraft encounters on public conservation lands and waters

Low High

Average percentage of time that aircraft 50% or 1% or less 5% 25% are likely to be encountered more

Remote and/or back Back country and/or front Likely visitor management zone country zones country zones

Word used in outcomes/policies to Rare Occasional Regular Frequent describe and achieve this

The outcomes are supported by policies in Part Two—Places, which guide the assessment of applications for aircraft access to achieve the outcome for that Place. This section of the strategy also contains additional relevant policies. This spectrum does not take into account aircraft landings associated with the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment or utilities authorised by the Department, or wild animal control activities (see section 3.20 and the associated policies). As the Department cannot directly manage over-flights (while aircraft are in the airspace above public conservation lands and waters), there is a need to advocate to aircraft operators to minimise effects on users of public conservation lands and waters, consistent with the aircraft access and visitor management zones. Within an area of public conservation land and water aircraft may be able to land anywhere, subject to: the capabilities of the aircraft; the vegetation cover; the terrain; and the conditions of use for the relevant aircraft access zone. For example, helicopters do not need a designated landing site and some fixed-wing aircraft do not need a formed airstrip to land. However, in some areas aircraft landings may be restricted to formed airstrips and/or designated landing sites (e.g. adjacent to huts) in accordance with the aircraft access zone criteria. A concession to land an aircraft does not include any other activities, such as vegetation removal or earthworks, associated with maintaining an airstrip or designated landing site. A separate authorisation is required for other activities, including airstrip/landing site maintenance, in accordance with provisions in Part Two—Places and any relevant Part Three policies. The construction of a new airstrip or designated landing site would also need to take into account the relevant aircraft access zone; such that, it is unlikely that a concession would be granted for a new airstrip/landing site within a Red zoned area. Former airstrips/landing sites that are no longer maintained may eventually become unusable due to vegetation growth or other changes. There are no maintained airstrips within Southland Murihiku outside of Fiordland National Park.

Policies 3.6.1 Should only grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs on public conservation lands and waters where the activity is in accordance with:

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a) the zones in Map 4, which identify where aircraft can land or take off; b) the descriptions of the zones in Appendix 13; c) the outcome and policies for the Place in which the activity is proposed to occur; and d) Policies 3.6.2–3.6.9 below. 3.6.12 Should applyConsider concession applications for the landing or taking off of aircraft in accordance with (but not be limited to) the following criteria when assessing concession applications for all aircraft landings55: a) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place in which the activity is proposed to occur and Table 3.6.1; b) is consistent with the aircraft zoning provisions in this CMSstrategy and the aircraft access zones shown on Map 4; c) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; d) adverse effects on conservationnatural, historic or cultural heritage values, including adverse effects on natural quiet, are avoided, remedied or mitigated; e) adverse effects on other visitors (taking into account the size of the zone and the proximity of other ground users) are avoided, remedied or mitigated; f) compliance with the NZ Aviation Industry Association’s (NZAIA’s) AIRCARE Safety Programme, or equivalent, and the Fly Neighbourly protocol; g) the need for monitoring the activity using global positioning systems and newer technologies; and gh) avoiding landings or taking off near tracks, huts and car parks (unless otherwise specified in an outcome or policy for a Place) are avoided; and h) the need to hold and comply with certification in a noise management scheme approved by the Department, in specified locations. 3.6.23 Should not grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs in the Red Zone exceptunless it is for the following purposes: a) for the construction, operation and/or maintenance of approved equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic), or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmission lines) authorised by the Department; or b) to support a research orand collection authorised by the Departmentpermit. 3.6.34 Should grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Yellow Zone56 only where the landings meet the criteria (a) and (c)-(h) in Policy 3.6.1 and are in accordance with the following limits:

55 This includes landings, take offs and hovering. 56 Note, there is no Yellow Zone within Southland Murihiku.

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a) for commercial purposes, two landings per concession per day at any one site (defined as any landing site within a 1-kilometre radius of the initial landing site) and a maximum of 20 landings per site per concession per year; or b) for recreational purposes, two landings per aircraft per day at any one site (defined as any landing site within a 1-kilometre radius of the initial landing site) and a maximum of 20 landings per aircraft per site per year. 3.6.4 May grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Green Zone that meet the criteria (a) and (c)-(h) in Policy 3.6.1. 3.6.5 May grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Orange Zone that meet the criteria (a) and (c)-(h) in Policy 3.6.1 and as set out in Table 3.6.2. Table 3.6.2. Aircraft—Orange Zone criteria

Conservation units Criteria

Takitimu and Robertson FHF Acquisition As per Policy 2.1.4 Conservation Areas; all marginal strips within the Takitimu Place

Fiordland National Park In accordance with Fiordland National Park Management Plan (see Policy 2.2.2)

Dean Forest and Rowallan Forest As per Policy 2.2.12 Conservation Areas

Awarua Point and Pyke River Conservation As per Policy 2.2.13 Areas

Ngāi Tahu Leaseback Area, Greenstone and As per Policy 2.3.3 Taka Ra Haka Conservation Areas

Mavora Park Conservation Area, part of As per Policy 2.3.4 Snowdon Forest Conservation Area and marginal strips within the Mavora area (as shown on Map 5.3.2)

Snowdon Forest Conservation Area (excluding As per Policy 2.3.5 that part within the Mavora area above)

Marginal strips adjoining Retford Steam, As per Policy 2.3.6 Dunton Creek, and Bog Lake

Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands , Bounty As per Policy 2.10.21 Islands, Campbell Island and Snares Islands Nature Reserves 3.6.6 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs associated with a sporting events or filming activitiesy that does not meet the limits and/or criteria for the Orange or Green or Orange Zones (excluding Wilderness Areas), aircraft zones and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12, in accordance with Policy 3.1.12based on its merits and subject to an assessment of : a) the activity being consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place in which it is proposed to occur;

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b) the adverse effects and the extent to which it is possible to avoid, remedy or mitigate those effects—examples of mechanisms that may be used to address any adverse effects, such asinclude: a) the use of a remotely piloted aircraft system; and b) low-level flying (ie hovering) but no actual landing on the ground. informing neighbours and potential visitors to the site that the activity is to occur or is occurring; ii) avoiding peak visitation times; and iii) avoiding or protecting sites with high natural or historic values; c) cumulative effects on the values at the site; and d) the need for public notification. 3.6.5 Should only allow aircraft movements for hunter access into the Glaisnock and Pembroke Wilderness Areas where it is necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area's indigenous natural resources. Applications that meet this test will: a) occur where the densities of deer (including wapiti), chamois, goats and/or pigs in the Glaisnock and/or Pembroke Wilderness Area exceed management intervention densities in animal control plans or thresholds set for ecosystem management; b) demonstrate that the recreational hunting activity associated with the aircraft landing is necessary for, or will actively benefit, the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; c) be consistent with the outcomes and policies for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, and section 5.5.1, Implementation, point 20 (p. 212) of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; d) occur when hunting is most effective; e) not involve the taking in or use of animals in the area; f) demonstrate that there is no practical alternative access to the site; g) demonstrate that no other visitor group is likely to have their wilderness experience adversely affected by the landings, including by cumulative effects of similar activities; h) except for the aircraft landings, be indistinguishable from other independent users of the Wilderness Area(s); i) provide for aircraft landings only at designated sites identified for the most effective animal control; and j) demonstrate the effectiveness of the hunting by providing the Department with an assessment and analysis of estimated animal densities and numbers killed. 3.6.6 Should require all operators with concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs to be accredited under the NZAIA’s Aircare programme or equivalent. 3.6.7 Advocate to aviation controllers and aircraft operators to manage flight paths to avoid adverse effects on public conservation lands and waters. 3.6.78 May grant concessions for aircraft landings and take-offs on public conservation lands and waters for:

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a) the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic) or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmission lines) authorised by the Departmenta concession b) wild animal control activities (subject to Policies 3.20.1-3.20.7) that do not meet the limits and/or criteria for an aircraft access zone and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12,. 3.6.87 Advocate to aviation controllers and aircraft operators to manage flight paths to avoid adverse effects on public conservation lands and waters. 3.6.9 Undertake a collaborativeco-operative approach with aircraft operators overflying public conservation lands and waters, to establish voluntary codes of conduct that reflect the requirements of visitor management zonessettings forof those lands and waters. Rail vehicles Rail vehicles and their associated railway line(s) are an alternative means of transportation that may, in very limited circumstances, be built and used on public conservation lands. Any applications to build and run a railway line should be assessed in accordance with Policies 3.1.6–3.1.11 and 3.1.13–3.1.15 in this section, and the outcomes and policies in Part Two—Places. Animals Animals are not permitted to be taken onto public conservation lands and waters unless thisit is consistent with legislation and provided for in a this CMS or conservation management strategy or plan. This may include giving authorisation by way of signage or other such public notification. Domestic animals and pets can have adverse effects on the natural, historic and cultural values of public conservation lands and waters and can detract from visitor appreciation and enjoyment. Potential effects include killing wildlife, introducing pest plants, introducing disease (such as dogs to seals), browsing indigenous vegetation, increasing erosion and conflicting with other user groups.

Policies 3.79.1 Should not permit livestock, other than horses (and other pack animals) in accordance with Policies 3.98.1–3.98.4, on public conservation lands and waters unless under a grazing concession (or management agreement in the case of a marginal strip). 3.79.2 Should not permit any other types of animals, including pets, other than dogs in accordance with Policies 3.8.1 to 3.8.9, on public conservation lands andor waters.

Dogs The Department controls the use of dogs for recreational activities, including hunting, on public conservation lands and waters to protect both indigenous wildlife and people’s rights of use and enjoyment. It is illegal to take a dog onto public conservation lands and waters, including Fiordland National Park, without a permit unless the area is identified by signage as an area where dogs can be taken without a permit, or it is an ‘open dog area’ where no permit is required, pursuant to Part 5C of the Conservation Act 1987. The only dogs that

173 do not require permits to enter onto public conservation lands and waters are those used for police, customs, management, and search and rescue purposes, and disability assistguide or companion dogs. To facilitate the recognition of disability assist dogs, the Department prefers such dogs to wear a Disability Assist Dog identification tag and be registered with the New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Being accompanied by a disability assist dog does not exempt a person from obtaining a permit for entry where these are required (e.g. a nature reserve). A dog used for hunting must be properly trained, under the control of its handler and authorised by a hunting permit. Hunting dogs, and farm dogs on properties adjacent to known habitat for ground-dwelling or nesting indigenous species, should be avian aversion trained. The use of dogs on public conservation lands and waters for hunting requires a permit, which may be subject to conditions; for example, at locations where access has been agreed with adjoining landowners and/or requiring micro-chipping, tracking collars and bird aversion training. Taking a dog onto conservation land and water can enhance the recreational experience of the owner, but the dog needs to be well managed to prevent adverse impacts on wildlife and other people. ‘Open’ dog areas pursuant to Part 5C of the Conservation Act 1987have yet to be established within Southland Murihiku and the Department may initiate a separate public process to determine where these areas are. In the meantime, the Department will uses signage to identify where dogs can go onto public conservation lands and waters without a permit, such as at Mavora. Permits will not be issued toThe only dogs that can be taken dogs into the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place, except for are those associated with approved research purposes, as well as (police, customs, management, and search and rescue dogs will still be allowed). Any dogs that are allowed on the subantarctic islands may be required to meet conditions such as vaccinations and training certification, to protect the indigenous species present.

Policies 3.87.1 Identify, through the Department’s website, and through the use of signs and provision of information, areas where peoplevisitors are allowedpermitted to take dogs (excluding disability assist dogs) onto public conservation lands and waters, and under what conditions. The signs should clearly identify the boundaries of these areas. 3.7.2 May run a public process in the future to establish controlled and open areas for dogs on public conservation lands and waters, in areas other than Fiordland National Park. 3.8.2 Should allow disability assist dogs onto public conservation lands and waters without a permit, provided the person the dog is accompanying keeps the dog under control at all times and complies with reasonable conditions set in relation to the entry and presence of the disability assist dog. 3.78.3 Inform the public of the location of controlled and open dog areas on public conservation lands and waters, when these are established, through the Department’s website.

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3.78.4 Ensure that permits to take dogs onto public conservation lands and waters contain conditions that protect the values for which those lands and waters are held. 3.78.5 Educate the community about the threats that dogs can pose to conservation values. 3.78.6 Work with local and regional authorities to ensure consistency in dog control in areas containing protected wildlife and important wildlife habitats. 3.78.7 May include the following conditions in an authorisation to take a dog onto public conservation lands and waters: a) owners must keep the dog under control at all times; b) dogs must not go into or be under public buildings, including huts; c) owners are to comply with any identified access agreements between the Department and adjoining landowners; dc) dogs must be currently certified by an approved bird avian aversion trainer where there are ground-dwelling or ground- nesting birds (except for disability assistguide or companion dogs); and d) owners are to comply with any identified access arrangements between the Department and adjoining landowners. e) any additional conditions required to ensure the protection of the values for which the lands and waters in question are held. 3.78.8 Will apply the relevant provisions in the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 regarding the taking of dogs into Fiordland National Park. 3.87.92 May run a public process in the future to establish controlled and open dog areas for dogs on public conservation lands and waters, in areas other than Fiordland National Park. Horses and other pack animals In some cases, Tthe use of animals such as horses can enhance the recreational experience of visitorstheir owners. However, they can have adverse effects, as identified above and including the spread of plant pests and pathogens. Authorisation, which may be by way of signage or other information, is required to take horses and other pack animals onto public conservation lands and waters. Currently (as at 31 Dec 2012)At the time of CMS approval, horse riding is permitted at Mavora, and in the upper catchments of the Mataura River and Eyre Creek in the Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place. New opportunities couldmay also be developed in the Eastern High Country Mata- puke Taratara, Longwood O Hekeia and Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Places, where such activity is consistent with the outcomes for those Places. As a result of the public seeking more horse riding opportunities on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, the Department willintends to work with horse riding groups and other users to establish new opportunities and develop associated activities. However, these initiatives will need to be consistent with the outcome for the Place, and may have additional

175 conditions applied to minimise the adverse effects associated with horse riding on public conservation lands and waters.

Policies 3.98.1 Should only allowauthorise the use of horses (and other pack animals) only in accordance with the outcomes and policies in Part Two—Places. 3.8.2 Work with the horse riding community and the public, including other users, to identify suitable locations for horse riding on public conservation lands and waters. 3.98.23 Meet the requirements of the following criteria when considering new proposals for the use of activities utilising horses (and other pack animals) on public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where the road, track or siteactivity is locatedproposed to occur; c) the potential for horses and other pack animals to introduce or spread new pest plant species into the area is avoided; d) the potential for horses and other pack animals to acceleratecause erosion or cause other damage to the area is avoided; e) adverse effects on the natural, historic or cultural heritage values are avoided, remedied or mitigatedor otherwise minimised; and f) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users, and potential for conflict with other users of the area, are avoided, remedied or mitigated or otherwise minimised.; and g) public consultation and notification has occurred. 3.9.3 Liaise with horse riding groups to identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks or routes they are permitted to use. 3.98.4 Should monitor the scale and effects of the presence and use of horses and other pack animals on public conservation lands and waters. If monitoring indicates that there are adverse effects on the natural, historic and cultural values or the visitor experience of other users, will consider options to manage this activitythese animals so as to reduce or avoid, remedy or mitigate these effects.

Other animals (CGP 9.6(a)) 3.9.1 Should not permit livestock, other than horses and other pack animals in accordance with Policies 3.8.1–3.8.4, on public conservation lands and waters unless under a grazing concession (or management agreement in the case of a marginal strip). 3.9.2 Should not permit any other types of animals, including pets, on public conservation lands or waters.

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Structures and utilities Most structures on public conservation lands and waters relate to one of the following purposes:  the Department’s operational requirements;  the public’s appreciation and enjoyment of the intrinsic natural, historic and cultural values consistent with the purposes for which the land concerned is held;  utilities. Utilities are facilities that provide essential public services, such as: telecommunications; energy generation and transmission; sewerage; water supply and flood control; oil and gas transmission; roads and airstrips; hydrological and weather stations; and seismic monitoring. Structures and utilities can be temporary or intended for long-term use. They can share space (usually a public facility) or require exclusive occupation of space (usually a private facility). Both may be either commercial or non- commercial in nature. Regardless of the nature of the structure, the rationale for the establishment of a structure requiring exclusive occupation on public conservation lands and waters needs to be clearly established (section 17U(4) Conservation Act 1987. There are a number of telecommunication facilities on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku. Suitable sites for telecommunication facilities are limited and tend to be on high-altitude land that is unmodified and has important landscape values. In addition, many high areas have significant cultural values associated within them and are important to Ngāi Tahu. As such, co-location of telecommunication sites is preferred to avoid their proliferation and any adverse effects on unmodified landscapes, particularly in the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.

Policies 3.10.11 UseShould apply the following criteria when considering new permanentapplications to erect or retain structures, facilities, or utilities or the adaptive reuse of existing buildings and services ancillary to activitiesstructures on public conservation lands and waters: a) the purposes for which the land concerned is held; b) the outcomes and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; bc) whether the structure could reasonably be located outside public conservation lands and waters; cd) whether the structure could reasonably be located in another location where there are fewer adverse effects would result from the activity; de) whether the structure adversely affects conservation, including and recreational, values; ef) whether the structure is readily available for public use; fg) whether the structure is consistent with the visitor management zone ion Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12;

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gh) whether the activity promotes or enhances the retention of a historic structurebuilding; and hi) whether the activity is an suitable adaptive reuse of an existing structurebuilding; j) whether the policies for private accommodation and related facilities should be applied (see Policies 3.11.1-3.11.7); and k) whether any proposed road in the Fiordland National Park is provided for by the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007. Private accommodation and related facilities Existing structures on public conservation lands and waters include some private accommodation and related facilities that are not available for use by the general public. Some of these structures have been authorised, but severalmany have been erected and used unlawfully (see Table 3.11.1). Under the Conservation General Policy 2005, the use of private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, solely for private purposes, is to be phased out, except where specifically provided for or allowed in legislation. There are currently (as at 31 Dec 2012) nine huts at Big Bay in the Pyke Forest Conservation Area that are authorised. Table 3.11.1. Authorised and unauthorised private accommodation and related facilities in Southland Murihiku Location No. of Authorised Exception Right of Notes buildings applies57 renewal Big Bay, Pyke Forest 8 Yes – 7 No No Conservation Area expire 2027 and one expires 2022 Waituna Lagoon, Waituna 15-20 No No No Wetlands Scientific Reserve & Seaward Moss Conservation Area Fiordland National Park 2 No No No To be removed in accordance (Barlow’s Hut) with Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 Fiordland National Park 1 No No No To be removed in accordance (Rabbit Flat, Wairaurahiri with Fiordland National Park River) Management Plan 2007 Fiordland National Park 1 No No No Derelict, to be allowed to rust (Kaipo Airstrip) into the ground or removed in accordance with Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 Fiordland National Park 1 No No No To be removed in accordance (Lake Hakapoua) with Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007 Dean Forest Conservation 1 No No No Area Pyke Airstrip, Pyke Forest 1 No No No Conservation Area Blue Mountains 2 No No No Conservation Area Monowai River marginal 1 No No No strip

57 Section 7(2) Conservation Amendment Act 1996, section 11(4) Reserves Amendment Act 1996 or section 5(3) National Parks Amendment Act 1996.

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Policies 3.110.1 Should not authorise new private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, on public conservation lands and waters. 3.110.2 Should phase out all existing private accommodation and related facilities, (including encampments,) on public conservation lands and waters that are not otherwise authorised under covered by section 50 of the National Parks Act 198058, or specifically allowed or provided for or allowed in legislation59 by either: a) phasing in public use of the building(s) (seerefer Policy 3.110.4a); or b) removing the building(s) at the end of the phase-out period (seerefer Policy 3.110.4b), unless retained by the Department for public use. 3.110.3 Should consult the Southland Murihiku Conservation Board and the concession applicant when assessing a concession application for existing private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, to determine whether a concessionit mayshould be granted and, if so and where relevant, which of the two phase-out methods (Policies 3.110.2a or 3.11.2b) should be appliedis the most appropriate for each individual circumstance. 3.110.4 Should specify the following concession conditions if private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, are to be authorised in accordance with Policy 3.110.2: a) in the case ofaccordance with Policy 3.110.2a, the building(s) are to be made available for use by the public—with specific conditionsdetails on how this requirement will be phased in over time stated in each individual concession, including the requirement that any costs charged to the public are reasonable; or b) in the case ofaccordance with Policy 3.110.2(b), the building(s) are to be removed60 within 18 months ofon the death of the person named on the authorisation as at 26 June 2013the time this strategy is publicly notified, or within 20 years of approval of this CMSstrategy, whichever occurs first; and c) the style and character of all buildings are to remain essentiallylargely unmodified; and d) the floor area and footprint of all buildings are not to increase beyond that existing at the time of CMS approvalnotification of this draft strategy; and e) all buildings must comply with the all relevant Building Act 2004 and local authority requirements; and

58 The exception in section 50 of the National Parks Act 1980 relates to accommodation in a public sense. The only private accommodation it deals with is for staff quarters. 59 Such as section 7(2) of the Conservation Amendment Act 1996, section 11(4) of the Reserves Amendment Act 1996, or section 5(3) of the National Parks Amendment Act 1996. 60 Unless retained by the Department for public use / active management of historic and cultural heritage values.

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f) transfer/assignment of the concession to another party should not be authorised (i.e. the building(s) cannot be sold or transferred to anyone else); and g) an indemnity to protect the Department is given by the concessionaire and the concessionaire holds adequate insurance (e.g. general public liability insurance, statutory liability insurance and for the removal of buildings) to cover this indemnity. 3.110.5 Should only, where an existing authorisation contains a right of renewal, grant the renewal61 of authorisations for private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, on public conservation lands and waters only to the existing authorisation holder62 if: a) the existing authorisation contains a right of renewal; and b) the right of renewal is exercised by the authorisation holder before the existing authority expires63; and bc) (subject to the terms of the authorisation) the person holding the authorisation has complied with all of the terms and conditions of the authorisation; and d) any new authorisation is granted before the existing authorisation expires. 3.110.6 Should not authorise the substantial repair or replacement of private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments. if: a) a building falls into substantialsuch a state of disrepair, so that it needs work requiring a building consent under the Building Act 200464 (note, minor repair and maintenance using comparable materials does not require building consent under this Act); or b) a building is destroyed or so damaged by an event (e.g. fire, flood) as to render it untenantable. 3.110.7 Remove unauthorised buildings from Fiordland National Park, in accordance with section 6.12, Implementation, point 7 (p. 289) of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007, notwithstanding pPolicies 3.110.2–3.110.6. 3.10.8 Remove buildings not authorised in accordance with Policy 3.10.2 from public conservation lands and waters no later than 5 years after approval of this strategy. Marine mammal viewing Marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992. Commercial activities involving marine mammals must be authorised by the Director-General of Conservation.

61 Where the existing/previous authorisationconcession does not contain a right of renewal and is due to expire (or has expired) and the authorisation holder applies for a new concession, the application should be considered against the other policies in this section and the relevant general policy. 62 I.e. should not grant transfers/assignments to other parties. 63 In accordance with section 17ZAA of the Conservation Amendment Act 1996. 64 Minor repair and maintenance using comparable materials does not generally require building consent under this Act.

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In Southland Murihiku, a number of businesses undertake vessel-based marine mammal viewing and demand couldmay increase as people become more aware of this opportunity. The majority of activity is concentrated in the Fiordland Te-Rua-o-te-moko Place and along The Catlins Coast (in the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place). Various species are present within these two environments; most commonly the nationally endangered tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin and terehu/bottlenose dolphin, and the kekeno/New Zealand fur seals. The potential benefits of well-run marine viewing operations can be considerable through increased public awareness and appreciation of marine mammals. However, Aa precautionary approach is takenrequired when it comes to the granting of marine mammal viewing permits to ensure thatthe protection, conservation and management of the marine mammals are not harassed or disturbed, consistent with the requirements of the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992. The Department encourages the tourism concessionaires who operate vessels in parts of the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, such as Doubtful Sound/ Patea, to have marine mammal viewing permits, so that they can better manage the effects of vessel activity on terehu/ bottlenose dolphins can be managed. Monitoring is ongoing and continues to inform the management approach for thiese dolphin populations. Due to the level of public activity along The Catlins Coast, no further permits should be issued until research has been undertaken on the tūpoupou/ Hector’s dolphin population present is needed to inform whether further permits can be issued. The Marine Mammal Sanctuary at Te Waewae Bay receives regular visits from the nationally endangered tohorā/southern right whale. Therefore, this area is carefully managedment of this area is required to help the species to re-establish its former breeding site here., whichThis could include restricting access at certain times. Commercial access for marine mammal viewing within the Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place ishas been restricted during the winter (April–October inclusive) to protect breeding tohorā/southern right whales. This protection will continue during the term of this strategy. The Department should permit lLand-based marine mammal viewing in Southland Murihiku onlyis preferred —where any adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. From time to time, the Department receives applications to carry out aerial marine mammal viewing, andbut this should only be authorised where any adverse effects of the activity can be avoided. This may include taking a precautionary approach is taken to avoid adverse effectsand not granting authorisation where there is insufficient information to determine likely effects.

Policies 3.121.1 Support research into and require monitoring of the impacts of human interactions withon marine mammals. 3.121.2 Take a precautionary approach to the number of commercial operators involved in marine mammal operations in the area, including seeking a moratorium on the issuing of new permits, or suspending, revoking or amending existing permits, if research and monitoring indicates that such steps are required.

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3.121.3 Require commercial operators viewing marine mammals to provide a high standard of education and interpretation to their clients which demonstrates the importance of marine mammals within the marine ecosystem. 3.121.4 Should encourage passive, land-based marine mammal viewing operations in the first instance. 3.121.5 May grant marine mammal viewing permits within Southland Murihiku in accordance with the provisions of the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992, particularly where the adverse effects of the activity on the conservation, protection or management of marine mammals can be avoided, and the marine mammals will not be disturbed or harrassed.65 3.121.6 Ensure that specific conditions are included on authorisations relating to encounters with marine mammals, including: a) avoiding adverse effects on marine mammal populations and their habitats; b) avoiding breeding and nursing areas and seasons for the tohorā/southern right whale; c) monitoring the impact on the species being viewed. Commercial eeling and whitebaiting The Department is responsible for protecting and preserving tuna/eels and their habitats within public conservation lands and waters as far as practicable. Tuna/eels have an important role to play in ecosystem functioning, being the top predators in indigenous freshwater ecosystems. Commercial eeling, habitat loss and hydro-development can all have potential adverse effects on tuna/eels. Longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachia) are now categorised as Aat Rrisk/ in the dDeclining category66. The Ministry for Primary Industries manages commercial eeling under the Fisheries Act 1996, the Fisheries (Commercial Fishing) Regulations 2001 and other associated rRegulations. Commercial eel fishers require a concession to access public conservation lands and waters and/or to take tuna/eels from waters whose beds are public conservation land. The commercial take of indigenous fauna such as tuna/eels from reserves administered under the Reserves Act 1977 is also subject to exceptions contained within section 50(1) of that Act. There are no reserves in Southland Murihiku that have commercial eeling as a condition of their sale/gift. Within areas administered under the Conservation Act 1987 (the Act) other legislative requirements can limit the ability to lawfully grant concessions for commercial eel fishing. For example, in accordance witha section 21 of the Act, an ecological area must be ‘managed as to protect the [ecological] value for which it is held’. Areas held under the Act in general are required to be managed so that their natural resources are protected, and tuna/eels are part of those natural resources where they are present. In addition, the native animals within

65 Also see Part Two—Places, particularly the Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place and Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place. 66 Allibone, R.; David, B.; Hitchmough, R.; Jellyman, D.; Ling, N.; Ravenscroft, P.; and Waters, J. 2010: Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44(4): 271-287.

182 national parks, which includes tuna/eels, should as far as possible be preserved (in accordance with section 4(2)(b) of the National Parks Act 1980). The commercial take of indigenous fauna such as tuna/eels from reserves administered under the Reserves Act 1977 is also subject to exceptions contained within section 50(1) of that Act. There are no reserves in Southland Murihiku that have commercial eeling as a condition of their sale/gift. Commercial eeling in Fiordland National Park is effectively prohibited. The national park management plan will identify any exceptional circumstances that may exist that enables the consideration of an application for commercial eeling in national park waters consistent with their preservation in the park. Southland Murihiku is home to populations of both longfin and shortfin eels. A number of significant indigenous freshwater ecosystems within Southland Murihiku provide habitat for tuna/eels, such as the priority ecosystem unitssites associated with the Big Bay wetlands, Kepler Mire, Te Anau Basin lakes and wetlands, and the Waituna Lagoon. The Department’s focus is to preserve the indigenous ecosystems and species, and associated ecological functions, on public conservation lands and waters. Therefore, the commercial take of tuna/eels from public conservation lands and waters should not be authorised. The Department is responsible for administering the Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994 and the Whitebait Fishing (West Coast) Regulations 1994 (which covers all of the western coast of Southland Murihiku from Puysegur Point north). These regulations control when (times during the year and day) and how (e.g. restrictions on net sizes) whitebaiting can occur. While there are no rules about how much whitebait an individual can take, whitebait fisheries should be managed to prevent declines in species abundance and range. To protect populations of whitebait within areas of public conservation lands and waters, commercial whitebaiting should not be authorised.

Policies 3.132.1 Should not grant concessionsauthorise for: a) commercial eeling or whitebaiting on public conservation lands andor waters; or b) access over public conservation lands and waters, where it is required to reach a proposed eeling site, to ensure the preservation of tuna/eel and whitebait species. 3.132.2 Work cooperatively with Ngāi Tahu, the Ministry for Primary Industries, Ngāi Tahu whānuicommercial eelers and the wider community to protect indigenous tuna/eel and whitebait populations and their habitats both on and off public conservation lands and waters. Sports fish and game bird hunting Waters on public conservation lands are often recognised as a valuable recreational asset for anglers. Where sports fish are legally present, they may be retained. However, in certain circumstances they may be eradicated or controlled with the agreement of the relevant regional fish and game council (Conservation General Policy 2005, Policy 4.2(d)). The introduction of salmonid

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fishes to waters within Southland Murihiku where they are not already present should not be approved. Sports fish (mainly brown trout) are present in most river and lake systems in Southland Murihiku, and sports fishing is an important recreational activity for many people. The protection of sports fish habitats can benefit indigenous freshwater fish; however, trout are also predators of some indigenous fish. The Department may work with the Southland Fish and Game Council, which is responsible for managing the sports fishery, to advocate for issues affecting recreational fishing habitats in Southland Murihiku. The Southland Fish and Game Council also manages game bird hunting. The MinisterDepartment, however, has a responsibility to regulateprovides for game bird hunting on public conservation lands and waters where such hunting is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters are held, and does not have adverse effects on protected indigenous species. The Awarua Wetland Complex in the Awarua Place is a popular location for game bird hunting within Southland Murihiku. Hunters require a permit from the Department to hunt on public conservation lands and waters. These permits may include conditions relating to a number of associated activities, such as the hunting method and whether or not dogs can be used.

Policies 3.143.1 Work collaboratively with the Southland Fish and Game Council to: a) preserve indigenous freshwater fisheries;, b) to protect recreational freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats at risk of loss or decline;, and c) to facilitate access toprovide for sports fishing and game bird hunting on public conservation lands and waters. 3.14.2 Should not approve the introduction of salmonid fishes to waters within Southland Murihiku where they are not already present. Grazing and farming A number of farmers hold authorisations allowing them to graze public conservation lands and waters. These are mainly on Conservation Areas and marginal strips adjoining waterways such as the Mataura, Oreti and Waikaia Rivers. However, grazing can have adverse effects on: natural values, particularly freshwater, wetlands, and indigenous vegetation; cultural values; In considering such authorisations, the Department needs to take into account a number of factors, including the effects on freshwater and other biodiversity values, and public access. Therefore, any grazing of public conservation lands and waters needs to be consistent with the protection and maintenance of natural, recreational and cultural values of the location. In some cases, this could involve retiring the land may need to be retired from grazing in order to protect these values. Given the degraded state of lowland indigenous ecosystems, habitats and species in Southland Murihiku, the justification for any grazing of lowland public conservation lands and waters is questionable.

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Policies 3.154.1 Should only authorise grazing on public conservation lands and waters only where adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. Consideration should be given, but not be limited, to: a) the criteria in Policy 11.2(a) of the Conservation General Policy 2005; b) the criteria in Policy 10.2(b) of the General Policy for National Parks 2005 for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place; c) the outcome and policies for the Place where the grazing is proposed to occur; d) the suitability of the lands for grazing, such as the soil types and sensitivity of the catchment to increased nutrients; e) the flooding risk; f) the ability of the authorisation holder to keep livestock out of waterways; and g) adverse effects on freshwater quality, indigenous species and ecosystems; h) adverse effects on cultural values; and i) waterway protection measures in the Regional Water Plan for Southland67. Mining Under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 the Minister of Conservation has anthe approval role for access arrangements and minimum impact activities for all public conservation lands and waters. The Minister of Energy and Resources also has an approval role for access arrangements that relate to Tier 1 permits (as defined in the Act) and significant variations to those access arrangements. No access arrangements are allowable for land in Schedule 4 of the Act (which includes, but is not restricted to, all national parks, nature reserves, scientific reserves, wilderness areas and marine reserves), except in very limited circumstances, that which are set out in the Act. Mining activity already exists on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku for example, in the Longwood O Hekeia Place. Any future access arrangements for mining will need to consider the legal status and the purpose for which the land concerned is held, and the outcome for the Place; as well as the adverse effects on the values present, including landscape, historic, cultural, recreational and natural values, and the ability to remediate mined sites.

Policies 3.15.1 Will not enter into an access arrangement for conservation lands and waters within Southland Murihiku that are described in Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991, except in relation to activities described as exclusions in section 61(1A) of that Act.

67 Prepared by Environment Southland.

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3.165.21 Consider applications for access arrangements on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the criteria set out in the relevant section (i.e. section 61 or section 61A and 61B) of the Crown Minerals Act 1991. 3.16.2 Assess applications for access arrangements under the Crown Minerals Act 1991, in accordance with (but not limited to) the following matters: a) whether or not the site is listed in Schedule 4 of the Act; b) whether the activity is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place(s) where the activity is proposed to occur, the objectives and policies in Part One and other relevant policies in Part Three; cb) the significance of the conservation values and recreation opportunities present, and the effect the proposal will have on those values; dc) the adequacy and achievability of the proposed site rehabilitation works; and ed) the adequacy or appropriateness suitability of any compensation or bond offered for loss or damage to conservation values as a result of the access arrangement, where those losses cannot be safeguarded through other measuresto the area; f) any direct economic or other benefits as well as any direct economic or other detrimental effects (such as a decrease in tourism) that the activity will have in relation to the area; and g) whether a mining-related application will be classified as a ‘significant application’ (in accordance with the criteria set out in the Crown Minerals Act 1991) so as to require public notification. 3.165.3 Review the conditions of access arrangements under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 if monitoring reveals that the effects of mining activities on conservation values and recreation opportunities are greater than expected or additional adverse effects become apparentnew effects are discovered. 3.165.4 Should not enter into access arrangements where there is the potential to adversely affect the priority historic, cultural, natural or recreational sites identified in Appendices 4, 9, 10 and 11. 3.165.5 May enter into access arrangements where: a) the site does not include any significant conservation values, including priority ecosystem unitssites, or threatened or at risk species; and b) any adverse effects of the activity can be minimised. 3.165.6 EnsureShould include specific conditions are included in access arrangements to: a) require the public conservation lands and waters to be restored to as natural a condition as possible (which may be by way of a bond); and b) manage encounters with wildlife.

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Sand and shingle extraction Sand and shingle extraction from riverbeds and beaches is managed and allocated by regional councils under the Resource Management Act 1991. On public conservation lands and waters, however, these activities also require authorisation from the Department. Sand and shingle extraction can have adverse effects on natural, cultural, historic and recreational values, such as freshwater quality, fish spawning periods, nesting bird habitats, landscape values, wāhi tapu sites and public access. However, taking sand and shingle in the vicinity of the area where it is going to be used, such as for roading, can avoid potential pest plant contamination. Therefore, cCareful consideration needsshould to be given to the site, timing, proposed extraction volume and methods to ensure that the extraction area’s values are protected.

Policies 3.176.1 Should only authorise allow sand and/or shingle extraction from public conservation lands and waters only where adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.176.2 WillShould use the following criteria when considering sand and/or shingle extraction from public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; c) is consistent with the visitor management zone as identified in Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects on the natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, remedied or mitigated or otherwise minimised; and e) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users of the area are avoided, remedied or mitigatedor otherwise minimised. 3.17.3 Work with Southland Regional Council to achieve integrated management of sand and/or shingle extraction on and off public conservation lands and waters. 3.17.4 May seek offsite mitigation or compensation to assist in indigenous ecosystem management. Commercial filming and photography Commercial filming and photography (filming activity) is defined as any photography or filming undertaken on public conservation lands and waters for any specificform of gain or reward. Filming activities can include the involvement of some or all of the following – cast, crew, film equipment, vehicles, aircraft, animals, sets and special effects. Because of the variety of dramatic landscapes and significant species found in Southland Murihiku, many areas of public conservation lands and waters have been featured in commercialFilming involves a range of activities, which may include feature films, documentaries, television commercials or television series

187 and photographs. Location filming typically involves different scales of activity. Filming on public conservation lands and waters tends to be of small to medium scale, with some feature films also being shot. Conservation General Policy 2005 states that filming should be subject to the same assessment processes and conditions as other uses, and that particular care should be taken so that filming does not adversely affect the values of sites of significance, including those of significance to tangata whenua. Issues with filming include the use of aircraft and animals, and the management of any conflict with other users of public conservation lands and waters.Many factors need to be taken into account when considering applications for filming activity, and each needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the outcomes and policies outlined in this strategy. In parts of Southland Murihiku, notably within Fiordland National Park, filming is an important industry that makes considerable use of the spectacular landscapes and alpine areas. Filming activities within Fiordland National Park are managed according to the Fiordland National Park Management Plan. The policies below are additional to the policies that apply to all authorisations and do not replace them.

Policies 3.187.1 Should grantassess concessions applications for commercial filming and photography (filming activity) on public conservation lands and waters located outside national parks only whereagainst the following criteria are met: a) any conflicts between recreation/tourism uses and filming activity areshould be avoided (e.g. separated in space and time), remedied or mitigatedor otherwise minimised; b) any adverse effects from filming and associated activities on conservation values, including sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu, whānui should be protected from adverse effects of filming and associated activities, should be avoided, remedied or mitigatedincluding subsequent public use of the area as a result of filming; c) aircraft use for filming activity purposes should compliesy with the aircraft Policies 3.6.1-3.6.6 and 3.6.8 provisions in this strategy, including the aircraft zones shown on Map 4; d) vehicle use for filming activityies should compliesy with the vehicle Policiesprovisions 3.2.1-3.2.2 and 3.2.6-3.2.8 (motorised vehicles), 3.3.1-3.3.2 and 3.3.5-3.3.7 (mountain bikes) and 3.4.1 and 3.4.3-3.4.4 (electric power-assisted pedal cycles)in this strategy; e) animal use for filming activityshould compliesy with the provisions of Policies 3.7.1–3.7.28 (animals),and 3.8.1–3.8.2, 3.8.4 and 3.8.7-3.8.84 (dogs) and 3.9.1-3.9.2 and 3.9.4 (horses and pack animals); and f) the filming activity isshould be consistent with the outcomes and policies for Places in which the activity is proposed to occur. 3.18.2 May grant concessions for filming activities that do not meet the prescriptions for the visitor management zones in Appendix 12 only in accordance with Policy 3.1.12.

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3.187.32 WillShould apply policy 10.7 of the General Policy for National Parks 2005, and the provisions in section 5.13 (p. 270) of the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007, to any filming activity in Fiordland National Park. 3.187.43 Should include reference to and require compliance with the latest version of the Code of Practice: Filming on Public Conservation Lands68 (jointly developed by the Department and Film New Zealand) in all concessions for filming activities. 3.187.54 Draw the attention of filming concession applicants to A Guideline for Filming within the Takiwā of Ngāi Tahu (2010)69. Collection of material Applications for the collection of material for research and information needs are addressed in, and must be consistent with, the Conservation General Policy 2005 (section 12: Research and information needs), and the outcomes and policies for Places in Part Two of this CMSstrategy.

Policies 3.198.1 Should only authorise the collection of material from public conservation lands and waters only in accordance with: a) policies 12(a)–(i) in the Conservation General Policy 2005, Section 12 ; and b) the outcomes and policies for Places within Part Two of this CMS. Wild animals control activities Wild animals are introduced animals that are managed to achieve the purpose of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977. The Minister of Conservation has responsibility for the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 through the granting of:  the granting of concessions for commercial wild animal recovery operations involving aircraft issued under the Conservation Act 1987; and  permits for commercial and recreational hunting; and  permits for the holding of wild animals in captivity in safari parks or deer farms. Where wild animals are held alive in captivity, further permits may be required from the Director-General of Conservation in accordance with the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 requirements. Permits are required to convey any deer species, chamois or tahr outside a species feral range where it is to be kept for the purposes of public display, research, private use, and keeping prior to export. This CMSstrategy is one of several mechanisms the Minister of Conservation must consider when making a decision on applications for commercial wild animal recovery activities. The primary decision-making tool is the Wild Animal Control Act 1977. Consequently, policies in this CMSstrategy are

68 Jointly developed by the Department and Film New Zealand. 69 Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Screen Producers and Directors Association of New Zealand 2010: A Guideline for Filming within the Takiwā of Ngāi Tahu. Refer http://www.ngaitahu.iwi.nz/Ngai-Tahu-Whanui/Natural-Environment/Filming-Guāidelines-Within- Takiwa-of-Ngai-Tahu.pdf

189 considered alongside this Act when making decisions on applications. Any requirements or Regulations promulgated under the Game Animal Council Act 2013 are also relevant. There are a variety of commercial wild animal control activities, each with its own management issues. The Department has grouped these into three main categories according to the management issues and potential effects associated with each activity. This categorisation was developed in consultation with the industries and stakeholders involved. The three categories are: 1. Deer, pig, chamois and goat carcass recovery and live capture;. 2. Tahr live capture and carcass recovery (these activities do not occur in Southland Murihiku);. and 3. Aerially assisted trophy hunting. ConcessionsPermits are issued separately for each of these three types of activityies. However, all three types of activity above are assessed similarly against the criteria of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and other legislation. Other concessions may be required under the Conservation Act 1987; for example, for aircraft access for recreational hunting.

Policies Deer, pig, chamois and goat live capture and carcass recovery 3.2019.1 Should assess concession applications for deer, pig, chamois and goat carcass recovery, and deer and chamois live capture on public conservation lands and waters under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 against the following criteria: a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purposes of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned areis held; c) adverse effects on conservation values, including national priority sites for ecosystem units, andthreatened species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; d) the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; e) effects on other visitors; f) cumulative effects; g) frequency, timing and location of the activity; h) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations (e.g. skifield leases); and i) other relevant matters, including the applicants’ ability to obtain required accreditations or certifications from other agencies. 3.2019.2 Should only grant concessions under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 for chamois live capture on public conservation lands and waters only as one-off permits. Tahr live capture and carcass recovery 3.2019.3 Should assess concession applications for tahr live capture and carcass recovery activities on public conservation lands and waters under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 against the following criteria:

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a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purposes of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993) made under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; c) the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned areis held; d) adverse effects on conservation values, including national priority sites for ecosystems units and, threatened species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; e) the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; f) effects on other visitors; g) cumulative effects; h) frequency, timing and location of the activity; i) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations (e.g. skifield leases); and j) other relevant matters, including the applicants’ ability to obtain required accreditations or certifications from other agencies.. 3.2019.4 Should only grant concessions under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 for tahr live capture and carcass recovery on public conservation lands and waters only as one-off permits. Aerially assisted trophy hunting 3.2019.5 Should assess concession applications for aerially assisted trophy hunting on public conservation lands and waters against the following criteria: a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purpose of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993) made under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; c) the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned areis held; d) adverse effects on conservation values, including national priority sites for ecosystems units and, threatened species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; e) the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; f) effects on other visitors; g) cumulative effects; h) frequency, timing and location of the activity; i) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations (e.g. skifield leases); and j) other relevant matters. All wWild animal control activities in wilderness areas 3.2019.6 May grant concessions for wild animal control activities under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 in the Glaisnock and/or Pembroke Wilderness Areas where it is necessary or desirable for the

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preservation of the indigenous natural resources of the area(s). A concession that meets this test will: a) occur where the densities of deer (including wapiti), chamois, goats, and/or pigs in the Glaisnock and/or Pembroke Wilderness Areas exceeds management intervention densities in animal control plans or thresholds set for ecosystem management; b) demonstrate its contribution to concerted action against the adversedamaging effects of wild animals by showing that the wild animal control activity is necessary for, or will actively benefit, the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; c) consider the outcome and policies for the Fiordland Te Rua-o-te- moko Place, and the relevant provisions in the Fiordland National Park Management Plan 2007; d) identify any sites or times where the operation should not occur; e) specify any times when the operation should not occur; ef) demonstrate that no visitor group is likely to have their wilderness experience adversely affected by the activity, including through cumulative effects of other similar activities; and fg) demonstrate the effectiveness of the hunting by providing the Department with an assessment and analysis of estimated animal densities and numbers killed. Wild animals held in captivity 3.20.7 Should assess applications for permits in accordance with the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 to keep wild animals in captivity in safari parks, deer farms, for public display, as pets, for research, and prior to export, in accordance with some or all of the following criteria: a) the views of the relevant regional council; b) for deer farms and safari parks, the place of captivity must be within the feral range of tahr or chamois, and for deer species, in accordance with the most recent deer farming regulations published in the NZ Gazette; c) the place of captivity be equipped with adequate fences for the containment of the animals; and d) the species and number of each to be so kept. Game animals (see also Wild animals) Game animals are those animals defined as such in the Game Animal Council Act 2013 for the purpose of the Act i.e. chamois, deer, tahr and wild pigs. Game birds are defined in Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Act 1953. The Minister of Conservation may designate any species of game animal in a specified area on public conservation lands to be a herd of special interest if the required criteria are met, including that the Minister considers that: (i) the animals are of special interest to hunters; and (ii) the animals can be managed for hunting purposes; and (iii) management of the animals for hunting purposes is consistent with the overriding considerations (See Glossary for definition).

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A herd management plan is developed for each herd of special interest proposed for designation, setting out the objectives and strategies for the management of the herd to achieve the expected benefits to be gained from managing the animals for hunting purposes. As at October 2014 no herds of special interest within Southland Murihiku have been gazetted under the Game Animal Council Act 2013. The Game Animal Council has a range of functions associated with the hunting of game animals. In relation to herds of special interest to hunters specifically and hunting in general, the Department will work with the Council for the effective management of game animals in a manner that is compatible with the management of public conservation lands and resources generally.

Policies 3.21.1 Work with the Game Animal Council to facilitate the hunting of game animals on public conservation lands, as defined by the Game Animal Council Act 201370, to achieve the purposes of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and the Game Animal Council Act 2013. Sporting and other competitive events There is a growing trend in Southland Murihiku for cCompetitive sporting events, including endurance races, multi-sport or orienteering events, tomay traverse public conservation lands and waters. These events are part of the spectrum of recreation opportunities. Consideration of Aapplications for these events is likely toshould focus on whether their effectsimpacts can be managed in a way that is consistent with the outcomes for the relevant Places that a particular event may traverse. These events present an opportunity tomay have benefits in educateing participants about conservation values, such as through pre-race information and briefings. Current knowledge about the impacts adverse effects of competitive sporting events indicates that ground and adjacent vegetation damage tends to be minimallow when the event is confined to well-maintained track systems designed and well-maintained for the activity, or to open bare-gravel/rock riverbeds in dry conditions (as opposed to inappropriate conditions such as, and do not take place on steep slopes). These ideal conditions are seldom availableobtained along for a whole-event route on every occasion. , however, so Aavoidance and remedial measures may be required;, which could includinge event route change, postponement or cancellation. Impacts Adverse effects on wildlife and other users can be variable, again depending on the activities undertaken, location, size and timing of the event. When considering applications forIn managing such competitive sporting events within Southland Murihiku, the goal is to avoid or minimise adverse effects, such as damage to indigenous plants, and wildlifeanimals, historic and cultural values, and facilities (e.g. tracks), and conflictinterference with other userspublic’s enjoyment of the public conservation lands and waters, should be avoided, remedied or mitigated. On those occasions where the event organisers do not disclose routes to participants until race day itself, additional concession

70 Public conservation land means land that is – (a) Held, managed, or administered by the Department of Conservation under the Conservation Act 1987 or an enactment listed in Schedule 1 of that Act; and (b) Owned by the Crown.

193 conditions may be needed to ensure that any potential effects are fully quantified, and able to be assessed, and avoided, remedied or mitigated. Monitoring of allthe events is also essential.

Policies 3.221.1 May authorise organised sporting or other competitive events where: a) consistent with the purposes for which the landss and waters concerned are held; b) they are consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place(s) where the activity is proposed to occur; bc) any adverse effects on natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, remedied or mitigated; dc) any adverse effects on existing recreation opportunities in the areas are avoided, remedied or mitigated; ed) the requirements of policies for associated activities (such as the use of vehicles, aircraft, animals and structures) can be met; and fe) it can be demonstrated that adequate public notification (and if required consultation) has taken placeoccurred. 3.221.2 May grant concessions for a sporting or other competitive event that do not meet the prescriptions for the visitor management zones in Appendix 12 only in accordance with Policy 3.1.12. 3.22.3 May waive or partially waive the requirement for public consultation in circumstances where details of a sporting or other competitive event are not disclosed to participants in advance, if satisfied that the adverse effects will be minimal and following consultation with the Southland Conservation Board on a confidential basis. 3.221.43 May require the concessionaire to require participants in a sporting or other competitive event to comply withsign and follow a code of conduct developed with the concessionaireapplicant, in order to be permitted to compete. 3.22.5 Should require monitoring of effects on natural, historic and cultural values. 3.22.6 Should require fire safety contingencies in high fire risk areas; such contingencies may include event authorisations being cancelled at short notice. 3.22.7 Should require opportunities for conservation advocacy and interpretation; including Ngāi Tahu cultural values in consultation with Ngāi Tahu. Recreational activities using fixed anchors Bolting is tThe practice of placing fixed anchors into rock (sometimes called bolting) is for the purpose of undertaking roped access activities such as rock climbing, abseiling, caving and canyoning. These anchor points are usually drilled or glued in place and remain permanently on the rock face. There are a number of mManagement issues associated witharound this practice, includeing:

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 minimising the impact of the activity on backcountry and remote experiences, and retaining the accepted ethos of self-management of risk as part of these experiences;  the impact adverse effects on natural, historic and cultural values;. Such impacts do not necessarilyalways occur as a fromresult of the installation of the fixed anchors themselves, but by the popularisation of areas, which can resulting in adverse effects such as the trampling, and removal of plants, and the introduction of pest plants, erosion of landforms and potential for desecration of wāhi tapu;  the liability of the Department and others for the safety of users where fixed anchors have been installed by members of the public;  relationships between users, the Department and others stakeholders regarding the installation of fixed anchors at sites; and  the impactsadverse effects on recreational values and the ability to provide for a spectrum of planned recreational opportunities. The Department has been worksing with the New Zealand Alpine Club as a representative advocate for climbers on these issues. The Club has developed a Position on Bolting (2010) and NZAC Bolting Technical Guidelines (2005) to help ensure safe and consistent bolting and environmental responsibility(http://alpineclub.org.nz). Liaison with other recreation groups has also occursred through authorisation processes.

Policies 3.232.1 May permit the placement of fixed anchors for recreation on public conservation lands and waters subject to the following processes and criteria: a) liaison with the New Zealand Alpine Club (NZAC) and other relevant recreation groups as relevant to determine those areas where new or additional fixed anchors are either acceptable or unacceptable to the relevant recreation community and the Department, based on criteria including: i) avoidance of effects on priority ecosystem unitssites, threatened or at risk species, and geopreservation sites; ii) avoidance of effects on sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu; iii) the outcome and policies for the Place; iv) consideration of historical recreational use patterns; v) addressing safety concerns; and vi) providing for a range of recreational experiences. b) for areas where fixed anchors are permitted for climbing, the NZAC should be informed and encouraged to take the lead on fixed anchor management in consultation with the Department and the local climbing community, and with recognition of the NZAC’s Position on Bolting (2010)and the Bolting Technical Guidelines (2005). c) for areas where fixed anchors are permitted for uses other than climbing, a relevant organisation should be encouraged to take the lead on fixed anchor management in consultation with the Department.

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3.232.2 Should remove unauthorisednon-approved or unsafe fixed anchors as part of fixed anchor management. Fire management Under the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, the Minister of Conservation is the rural fire authority for all state areas, which generally include all public conservation lands and waters, and a 1-kilometre safety margin around some state areas. Some Crown and public conservation lands and waters have been included within enlarged rural Fire Districts, bringing them under the jurisdiction of Rural Fire District Committees rather than the Minister, as the rural fire authority. Fire is a significant threat to natural, cultural, historic and recreational values in Southland Murihiku. The Department is a partner in the Southern and Clutha District Council Rural Fire Authoritiesy, which manages rural fires in Southland Murihiku. Fire-fighting is a significant operational activity for staff in support of other rural fire management agencies under a co-operative approach to fire management. Fire fuel reduction can be a preventative measure to reduce fire threat. Climate change predictions are for drier conditions and a consequential higher fire risk in much of Southland Murihiku. Increased populations in some rural areas and increases in certain types of recreation, such as four-wheel drive vehicles, are also heightening the fire risk situation. Many small public conservation areas are extremely vulnerable to fire from neighbouring properties. An active public education programme by the Southern Rural Fire Authoritiesy promotes awareness of fire risk and fire permit requirements, and identifies and works with groups undertaking at-risk activities (e.g. four-wheel drive vehicle use, railway maintenance, farm fires).

Policies 3.240.1 Work co-operatively with the Southern and Clutha District Council Rural Fire Authoritiesy, New Zealand Fire Service, landowners and the community to increase awareness of rural fire risks and mitigate them.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved Completed by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (20187)  Report on progress to identify and developCommence investigation and identification of new roads or tracks for horse riding and/or vehicle use on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku. AchievedCompleted by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (20192020)  Assessment of levels and effects of electric power-assisted pedal bikes on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, including cumulative effects.  Report onAn assessment of the effectiveness of aircraft management provisions within this CMSstrategy.

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 Report on progress to identify and developIdentification of new roads or tracks for horse riding and/or vehicle use.  Report on progress towards phasing outRemoval of unauthorised buildings (private accommodation and related facilities) on public conservation lands and waters. AchievedCompleted by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (20254)  Review of the levels of electric power-assisted pedal bikes on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku, including cumulative effects, if evidence shows that unacceptable impacts are occurring.  Report onAn assessment of the effectiveness of aircraft management provisions within this CMSstrategy.  Report on the Ddevelopment of new roads or tracks for horse riding and/or vehicle use.  Bylaws and/or Regulations over public conservation lands and waters (including departmental wharves) have been established or reviewed where necessary.  The phasing out of unauthorised private accommodation on public conservation lands and waters has been achieved.

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Part Four—Implementation, monitoring, reporting and review

The Department of Conservation uses many different tools to implement conservation management strategies, including:  The Department’s business planning processes, where decisions are made about priorities and resourcing for departmentalthe business activities undertaken;.  Decisions on concessions and other authorisations; and  Advocacy for conservation outcomes. Monitoring implementation will assists in determining the success of the provisions of this Conservation Management Strategy. The Department reports regularly to the Southland Conservation Board and Ngāi Tahu on the implementation of this CMSstrategy, and the Conservation Board, in turn, reports annually to the New Zealand Conservation Authority. Additional monitoring is identified in the Department’s Statement of Intent and annual reports. This CMS will have effect for 10 years, or until formally amended or reviewed. The term of this CMS is from 2015 to 2025.

OBJECTIVES 4.1.1 To report, at least annually, on progress in achieving the milestones of the Southland Murihiku CMS to the Southland Conservation Board and Ngāi Tahu, at least annually, on the implementation of the Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy in achieving the milestones in this strategy as a means of monitoring and reporting on its implementation. 4.1.14.1.2 To identify, at least annually, in a report to the Southland Conservation Board, any additional priority ecosystem units and threatened and at risk species included in this CMS for which work programmes have been approved; and report progress thereafter in meeting outputs identified in the work programme.

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Glossary

Actively conserved historic site Historically significant site that is managed by the Department to preserve and maintain its historic features.

Activity Includes a trade, business, or occupation (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Aerially assisted trophy hunting 1. A wild animal recovery operation activity authorised under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977The use of a helicopter (whether or not for hire or reward) to carry out the activity of aerially assisted trophy hunting, where an aircraft is used for all of the following purposes and no other: a) to carry by aircraft, recreational hunter(s), their guide(s), associated firearms and ammunition; b) the actively searching by aircraft for wild animals with trophy potential; c) assistthe on-the-ground guiding of the client and killing of the wild animals; and d) the recovery by aircraft of such the dead wild animals. 2. The activity is still considered to be aerially assisted trophy hunting even if one or more of the above components is not actually achieved. For the avoidance of doubt, it does not include: This definition excludes the following activities: (i) tThe live capture and carriage of wild animals.; (ii) tThe killing of any deer species during the period 23 March to 9 April plus, when it falls outside this period, the 4 days of Easter.; (iii) tThe killing and recovery of wild animals or any part thereof for supply to a New Zealand Food Safety Authority- approved processing facility.; or (iv) tThe carriage or use of a shotgun.

Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth (Civil Aviation Act 1990: section 2). This includes, but is not limited to the following types of aircraft: powered and non-powered; recreational and commercial; fixed-wing and rotary-wing; manned aircraft and remotely piloted aircraft systems; and any other aircraft that may become regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time. (See also ‘aircraft, non-powered’ and ‘aircraft system, remotely piloted’)

Aircraft, non-powered Any machine not driven by a powered device, that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of the

199 air against the surface of the earth. This is an inclusive definition that includes non-powered gliders, non-powered hang gliders; parachutes, balloons and any other non-powered aircraft that may become regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time. (See also ‘aircraft’)

Aircraft system, remotely piloted Any unmanned aircraft piloted from a remote station, excluding: a) any model aircraft, up to 25 kg, operated by visual reference for recreational purposes, or as regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time; or b) an unmanned balloon, kite or rocket.

Airstrip Any specified area of public conservation land specifically maintained for the landing and take-off of fixed-wing aircraft, which may also be used by rotary- wing aircraft. It does not include a certified aerodrome as defined by the Conservation Act 1987 or an airport as defined by the Airport Authorities Act 1966.

Animal Any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish (including shellfish) or related organism, insect, crustacean, or organism of every kind; but does not include a human being (Reserves Act 1977: section 2; National Parks Act 1980: section 2). Any member of the animal kingdom other than a human being (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Archaeological site Means, subject to section 42(3) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014: (a) Aany place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure), that: a) either: (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900; or (ii) is the site of thea wreck of any vessel where theat wreck occurred before 1900; and (iib) isprovides or may provide,be able through investigation by archaeological methods,means to provide evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1). (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 20141993: section 6).

At risk (species) Taxa that do not meet the criteria for any of the ‘Threatened’ species categories, but are declining (though buffered by a large total population size and/or a slow decline rate), biologically scarce, recovering from a previously threatened status, or survive only in relictual populations. (NZ Threat Classification System Manual 2008). There are four at risk categories under the New Zealand Threat

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Classification System 2008: ‘Declining’, ‘Recovering’, ‘Relict’ and ‘Naturally Uncommon’.

Authorisation Collective term for all types of approvals by the Minister and the Director- General of Conservation provided for in a statutory process (Conservation General Policy 2005). (See also ‘concession’)

Authorised Approved in a statutory process.

Backcountry destination A dDestination that provides for more challenging adventures for visitors, including popular walks and tramps, within the body of a large-scale natural setting. (Refer to prescriptions in Appendix 12 for more detail.)

Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Biogenic habitat Structures created by accumulations of organisms, usually rising from the seabed, or at least clearly forming a discrete and continuous biological assemblage, which is very different from the surrounding seabed and spans a distance of at least 10m along a horizontal axis. The structure may be composed almost entirely of the organisms themselves and their tubes, shells or stems, or it may to some degree be composed of sediments, stones and shells bound together by the organisms. Biogenic habitat may be formed in whole or in part by bryozoan, coral, gorgonian, mollusc, tubeworm, rhodolith, seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, algal or sponge taxa. Examples include biogenic reefs, kelp forests and seagrass beds. (Adapted from: Coastal marine habitats and marine protected areas in the New Zealand Territorial Sea: a broad scale gap analysis 2011).

Biogenic reefs Elevated structures on the seabed constructed of living and dead organisms. They can include fragile erect bryozoans and other sessile suspension feeders. Examples are bryozoan beds, rhodolith beds, tube worm mounds, sponge gardens and cold-water corals. These communities develop in a range of habitats, from exposed open coasts to estuaries, marine inlets and deeper offshore habitats, and may be found in a variety of sediment types and salinity regimes (Marine Protected Areas: Classification, Protection Standard and Implementation Guidelines 2008).

Biosecurity The exclusion, eradication or effective management of risks posed by pests and diseases to the economy, environment and human health (Conservation General Policy 2005). The Department has functions which it performs under the Biosecurity Act 1993.

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Building Has the same meaning as given to it by sections 8 and 9 of the Building Act 2004 (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Bylaw A bylaw made by the Minister of Conservation, by notice in the New Zealand Gazette, under section 56 of the National Parks Act 1980 or section 106 of the Reserves Act 1977. Bylaws may apply to national parks and reserves, whereas regulations may apply to reserves and conservation areas.

Commercial hunting Hunting undertaken by professional hunters for their livelihood and intended to maximise the take or kill of animals. It does not include guided recreational hunting, transportation of recreational hunters, or other means of assistance for recreational hunting for which a consideration is paid. (General Policy for National Parks 2005)

Community Any individual or group (whether statutory or non-statutory, formal or informal, commercial or non-commercial) having an interest in a particular conservation issue.

Companion dog A dog certified by the Top Dog Companion Trust as being a companion dog or a dog under training as a companion dog (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Concession A lease, licence, permit or easement, granted under Part IIIB 3B of the Conservation Act 1987, section 49 of the National Parks Act 1980, section 59A of the Reserves Act 1977, section 22 of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 or section 14AA of the Wildlife Act and includes any activity authorised by the concession document. to enable the carrying out of a trade, occupation or business on areas managed by the Department (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Concessionaire A person granted a concession by the Minister for Conservation for a lease, licence, permit or easementwho is a lessee, licensee, permit holder or grantee of an easement.

Conservation The preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Conservation board Conservation boards are established under section 6L of the Conservation Act 1987. The primary functions and powers of conservation boards are set out in sections 6M and 6N of the Conservation Act 1987, and section 30 of the National Parks Act 1980. Their functions include overseeing the preparation of conservation management strategies and national park management plans for

202 their areas, approval of conservation management plans (e.g. for conservation parks), advising the New Zealand Conservation Authority and Director-General of the Department of Conservation on conservation matters of importance in their area, and advising on new walkways. They also have an important conservation advocacy role. The relevant conservation board for this CMSstrategy is the Southland Conservation Board.

Conservation General Policy A policy prepared under section 17C of the Conservation Act 1987 to provide unified policy for the implementation of the Acts listed in the First Schedule of the Conservation, Wildlife, Marine Reserves, Reserves, Wild Animal and Marine Mammals Protection Acts 1987. It provides guidance for the administration and management of all lands and waters, and all natural and historic resources managed for the purposes of those Acts, excluding reserves administered by other agencies under the Reserves Act 1977. It also provides guidance for consistent management planning for the wide range of places and resources administered or managed by the Department, including the preparation of conservation management strategies, conservation management plans and sports fish management plans (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Conservation legislation A term that applies collectively to the statutes that are administered by the Department, including the Conservation Act 1987 (and the legislation listed in Schedule 1 of that Act), the Reserves Act 1977, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971 and the National Parks Act 1980.

Conservation management Any activity that is carried out by the Minister or the Director- GeneralConservation management work includes the Department’s (and theirits contractors and authorised agents) in the exercise of his or her functions, duties or powers under conservation legislationhut and track servicing, species and habitat protection, introduced animal and weed control, monitoring and historic and cultural heritage work, and may include authorised research.

Conservation management plan A plan for the management of natural and historic resources and for recreation, tourism and other conservation purposes which implements a conservation management strategy and establishes detailed objectives for integrated management within a place or places specified in a conservation management strategy (derived from Conservation Act 1987: section 17E).

Conservation management strategy (CMS) The purpose of a conservation management strategy is to implement general policies and establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources, including any species, managed by the Department under the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Reserves Act 1977, the Wild Animal Control Act 1977, the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, the National Parks Act 1980, the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act 2000 or the Conservation Act 1987, and for recreation, tourism, and other conservation purposes (Conservation Act 1987: section 17D).

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Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) An international agreement on biological diversity that came into force in December 1993 following a meeting of governments in Rio de Janiero. The objectives of the Convention are: the conservation of biological diversity; the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources. (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Cruise ship A vessel used to carry passengers, who are accommodated on-board as part of a voyage, for commercial gain, where: a) the voyage itself and the ship’s amenities are part of the experience; and b) a guide or guides accompany the passengers.

Cultural Societal values with an emphasis on New Zealand/European history and Māori tikanga that are handed down through the generations (General Policy for National Parks 2005).

Cumulative effect An effect which arises over time or in combination with other effects (Resource Management Act 1991: section 3).

Customary use Gathering and use of natural resources by tangata whenua according to tikanga (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Department, the The Department of Conservation.

Destination management A programme aimed at getting moreincreasing the number of people enjoying public conservation lands and waters. It focuses the Department on five key areas for success: understanding what people want; delivering quality experiences that the public will want to enjoy; optimising resources; working with others in order to provide recreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters; and improving the marketing and promotion of destinations. Destinations are a geographic area and/or group of facilities that are the focus of a single typical visitor trip, and are categorised into Icon, Gateway, Local Treasure, and Backcountry destinations. Destination Management is the coordinated management of all the elements that make up a destination including its values, attractions, people, infrastructure, access, and how the destination is marketed.

Director-General The Director-General of Conservation.

Disability assist dog A dog certified by one of the following organisations as being a dog trained to assist (or as being a dog in training to assist) a person with a disability:

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a) Hearing Dogs for Deaf People New Zealand; b) Mobility Assistance Dogs Trust; c) New Zealand Epilepsy Assist Dogs Trust; d) Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind; e) Top Dog Companion Trust; f) an organisation specified in an Order in Council made under section 78D (Dog Control Act 1996: section 2).

Downhill An extreme form of mountain biking involving riding down steep slopes, including over obstacles, drops and sharp turns, at maximum speed.

Ecological integrity The full potential of indigenous biotic and abiotic factors, and natural processes, functioning in sustainable habitats, ecosystems and landscapes (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Ecosystem A biological system comprising a community of living organisms and its associated non-living environment, interacting as an ecological unit (Conservation General Policy 2005). An ‘indigenous ecosystem’ is comprised of indigenous species.

Ecosystem services A wide range of conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that are part of them, help to sustain and fulfil life (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Effect The term effect includes: a) any positive or adverse effect; and b) any temporary or permanent effect; and c) any past, present or future effect; and d) any cumulative effect which arises over time or in combination with other effects— regardless of the scale, intensity, duration, or frequency of the effect and also includes— e) any potential effect of high probability; and f) any potential effect of low probability which has a high potential impact (Conservation Act 1987: section 2 and Resource Management Act 1991: section 3).

Electric power-assisted pedal cycle A pedal cycle to which is attached one or more auxiliary electric propulsion motors having a combined maximum power output not exceeding 300 watts.

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Emergency (for an aircraft) A situation where a concession is not required in accordance with section 17ZF of the Conservation Act 1987 only as a result of: a) a mechanical or structural or operational defect in the aircraft or its equipment; or b) weather conditions or other causes not under the control of the pilot in command.

Encampment Non-designated sites used for the purpose of shelter or camping on either: a) a permanent or semi-permanent basis by private individuals or groups; or b) for more than short-term use by private individuals or groups (Conservation General Policy 2005)

Endemic A species that is native to, as well as restricted to, a particular natural area (General Policy for National Parks 2005).

Eradicate To remove completely (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Facilities, recreational Facilities erected on or adjoining public conservation lands and waters by the Department or others that enable people to enjoy a range of recreation opportunities, including (but not limited to) visitor and information centres, camping areas, tracks and walkways, bridges, backcountry huts, roads, car parking areas, toilets, picnic areas, signs and interpretation panels, viewing platforms, wharves, and boat ramps (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

Fish Includes all species of finfish and shellfish, at any stage of their life history, whether living or dead (Fisheries Act 1996).

Fish and Game Council Statutory body with functions pertaining to the management, maintenance and enhancement of the sports fish and game resource in the recreational interests of anglers and hunters (Conservation Act 1987: section 26Q(1)P).

Fishery One or more stocks or parts of stocks or one or more species of freshwater fish or aquatic life that can be treated as a unit for the purposes of conservation or management (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Foreshore Such parts of the bed, shore, or banks of a tidal water as are covered and uncovered by the flow and ebb of the tide at mean spring tides (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

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Four-wheel drive road A road or route that can be traversed by a standard four-wheel drive vehicle capable ofto handlinge conditions including grade and side slopes, width, surface material, waterway fords, entry and exit angles to fords and depressions, and seasonal snow and ice without causing adverse effectsdamage to the adjoining areasvehicle or excessive wear of the road or route. The road or route, through maintenance and managed traffic densities and/or seasonal closures, is able tocan be retained at this four-wheel drive standard, and is able tocan be shared with other vehicles, including trail bikes and mountain bikes. (see also ‘road’)

Freshwater fish

Includes all species of finfish of the classes Agnatha and Osteichthytes, and all shellfish of the classes Mollusca and Crustacea, that must, at any time in the life history of the species, inhabit freshwater; and includes any part thereof and such finfish and shellfish that seasonally migrate into and or out of freshwater (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Game (other than Game animal) The wildlife declared to be game specified in the First Schedule to the Wildlife Act 1953. As at the date of the adoption of this CMSstrategy, all game species are birds, viz: black swan (Cygnus atratus), kuihi/Canada goose (Branta canadensis), chukar (Alectoris chukar), kuruwhengi/Australasian shoveler (Anas rhynchotis), pārera/grey duck (Anas superciliosa), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), pūtangitangi/paradise shelduck (Tadorna variegata), spoonbill duck (Anas clypeata), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa rufa), peihana/pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), pūkeko (Poryphio poryphio melanotus), Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), AustralianBrown quail (Coturnix ypsilophora), and koera/Californian quail (Callipepla californica) and Virginian quail (Colinus virginianus).

Game animal (for the purposes of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 only) (see also the definition of ‘wild animal’, ‘herd of special interest’ and ‘overriding considerations’) (a) means - (i) any chamois, deer, or tahr; (ii) any pig that is living in a wild state and is not being herded or handled as domestic animal or kept within an effective fence or enclosure for farming purposes; and (b) includes the whole or any part of the carcass of the animal. (Game Animal Council Act 2013: section 4).

Gateway destination A destination that helps to introduce New Zealanders to the outdoors and allows them to learn about conservation. These destinations may provide for a diverse range of activities andbut include many traditional camping and tramping destinations.

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General Policy Conservation General Policy 2005 and General Policy for National Parks 2005.

General Policy for National Parks A policy prepared under section 44 of the National Parks Act 1980 to provide unified policy for the implementation of the Act.

Guide dog A dog certified by the Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind as being a guide dog or a dog under training as a guide dog (Conservation Act 1987: section 2). See ‘disability assist dog’.

Habitat The environment within which a particular species or group of species lives. It includes the physical and biotic characteristics that are relevant to the species concerned (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Heli-skiing Heli-skiing involves the use of an aircraft, usually a helicopter, to position and re-position a guided group on a mountain slope for the purpose of skiing multiple runs on a single day.

Herd of special interest A species of game animals in a specified area designated by the Minister of Conservation as a herd of special interest under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 (Game Animal Council Act 2013: section 4).

Historic and cultural heritage Any building or other structure, archaeological site, natural feature, wāhi tapu or object associated with people, traditions, events or ideas, which contribute to an understanding of New Zealand's history and cultures (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Historic area An area of land that: a) contains an inter-related group of historic places; and b) forms part of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand; and c) lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 2014: section 61993).

Historic place a) means any of the following that forms part of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand and that lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand: (i) any land, (including an archaeological site) or part of an archaeological site; or (ii) any building or structure (includingor part of a building or structure); or

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iii) any combination of land, and a buildings, or structures, or associated buildings or structures (or parts of buildings, structures, or associated buildings or structures); and that forms part of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand and lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand; and b) includes any thing that is in or fixed to such land described in paragraph (a). (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 20141993: section 62).

Historic resource Means a historic place within the meaning of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 20141993; and includes any interest in a historic resource (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Hover An aircraft flight at a constant height and position over a surface.

Hovercraft A motorised vessel that derives full or partial support in the atmosphere from the reaction of air against the surface of the land or water over which it operates.

Icon destination A high-profile, popular destination that underpins national and international tourism, and provides memorable visitor experiences in New Zealand.

Iconic species A plant or animal species that New Zealanders value the most because it is nationally special and helps define who we are as New Zealanders. Iconic species are managed to ensure their populations are maintained or restored.

Indigenous species Plants and animals that have established in New Zealand without the assistance of human beings and without the assistance of, vehicles or aircraft. This includes species that are unique to New Zealand as well as those that may be found elsewhere in the world. The words ‘indigenous’ and ‘native’ have the same meaning in this CMSstrategy. (based on Conservation General Policy 2005)

Integrated conservation management The management of natural resources, and historic and cultural heritage, and existing or potential activities in a manner that ensures that priorities are clear, and that the effects of each activity on others are considered and managed accordingly (Conservation General Policy 2005).

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) An international, non-governmental organisation of heritage professionals engaged in the conservation of places of cultural heritage value, and dedicated to the conservation of the world's historic monuments and sites. ICOMOS international acts as an advisory body to the World Heritage Committee alongside the IUCN for natural heritage (www.icomos.org.nz; viewed September 2012).

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International Council on Monuments and Sites New Zealand Charter, Te Pūmanawa o ICOMOS o Aotearoa Hei Tiaki I Ngā Taonga Whenua Heke Iho o Nehe A set of guidelines on cultural heritage conservation, produced by ICOMOS New Zealand. The New Zealand Charter is widely used in the New Zealand heritage sector and forms a recognised benchmark for conservation standards and practice. It is used by central government ministries and departments, by local bodies in district plans and heritage management, and by practitioners as guiding principles (www.icomos.org.nz/nzcharters; viewed September 2012).

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) The world’s first global environmental organisation, which was founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature (or IUPN) in 1948, following an international conference in Fontainebleau, France. The organisation changed its name to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1956, with the acronym IUCN, which remains its full legal name. It is a neutral forum for governments, non-governmental organisations, scientists, businesses and local communities to find pragmatic solutions to conservation and development challenges (www.iucn.org/about; viewed September 2012).

Interpretation Conveying information about the origin, meaning or values of natural, historic or cultural heritage via live, interactive or static media in a way that stimulates interest, increased understanding and support for conservation.

Intrinsic value A concept that which regards the subject under consideration as having value or worth in its own right independent of any value placed on it by humans (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Kaitiaki Guardian (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Kaitiakitanga The exercise of guardianship by the tangata whenua of an area in accordance with tikanga. In relation to a resource, this includes the ethic of stewardship based upon the nature of the resource itself (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Ki uta ki tai Mountains to the sea.

Livestock Any ass, cattle or other browsing animal (not being a deer or goat or a marine mammal, fish or shellfish), horse, mule, sheep or swine, of whatever age or sex and whether or not neutered; and includes any animal, of whatever age or sex and whether or not neutered, of a class declared to be livestock for the purposes of this Act by the Governor-General by Order in Council (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

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Local Treasure destination Locally important, Vvehicle-accessible, front country location that provides recreation opportunities for, and grows connections with, nearby communities.

Mahinga kai The customary gathering of food and natural materials and the places where those resources are gathered (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: section 167).

Mana Prestige; authority (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Marine mammal A marine mammal includes— a) any mammal which is morphologically adapted to, or which primarily inhabits, any marine environment; and b) all species of seal (Pinnipedia), whale, dolphin, and porpoise (Cetacea), and dugong and manatee (Sirenia); and c) the progeny of any marine mammal; and d) any part of any marine mammal (Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978: section 2).

Marine protected area An area of sea especially dedicated to, or achieving the protection and maintenance of, biodiversity at the habitat or ecosystem level, and managed through legal or other effective means (Conservation General Policy 2005). Includes marine reserves.

Marine reserve A marine area constituted as a marine reserve under the Marine Reserves Act 1971 (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Mātaitai Reserve A management tool created under Part IX of the Fisheries Act 1996 to recognise use and management practices of Māori in the exercise of non-commercial fishing rights. Tangata whenua may apply to the Minister of Fisheries to establish a Mātaitai Reserve on a traditional fishing ground for the purpose of recognising and providing for customary management practices and food gathering.

Mātauranga Māori Māori traditional knowledge (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Mauri Essential life force; the spiritual power and distinctiveness that enables each thing to exist as itself (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Milestone A specific action that is a measurable step towards achieving an objective or outcome.

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Mining (a) means to Ttake, win or extract, by whatever means, - (i) a mineral existing in its natural state in land:, or (ii) a chemical substance from athat mineral existing in its natural state in land; and (b) includes - (i) the injection of petroleum into an underground storage facility; and (ii) the extraction of petroleum from an underground storage facility; , for the purpose of obtaining the mineral or chemical substance, but (c) does not include prospecting or exploration for a mineral or chemical substance referred to in paragraph (a); ‘to mine’ has a corresponding meaning (Crown Minerals Act 1991: section 2).

Motor vehicle (includes motorised vehicle) (a) means aA vehicle drawn or propelled by mechanical power; and (b) . This includes a snow mobile and a trailer, but (c) does not include:- ia) a vehicle running on rails; or iib) repealed ciii) a trailer (other than a trailer designed solely for the carriage of goods) that is designed and used exclusively as part of the armament of the New Zealand Defence Force; or div) a trailer running on one 1 wheel and designed exclusively as a speed measuring device or for testing the wear of vehicle tyres; or ev) a vehicle designed for amusement purposes and used exclusively within a place of recreation, amusement or entertainment to which the public does not have access with motor vehicles; or fvi) a pedestrian-controlled machine; or gvii) a vehicle that the Agency has declared under section 168A is not a motor vehicle; or hviii) a mobility device (based on Land Transport Act 1998: section 2). For the purposes of this CMS, a motor vehicle does not include any electric power-assisted pedal cycle. Note: any motor vehicle (which includes trail and quad bikes, over-snow vehicles and snow mobiles) taken onto public conservation lands and waters must be registered and/or licensed, where it is required to be registered and/or licensed under the Land Transport Act 1998.

Motorised watercraft A vessel or other watercraft that: a) is used on or in water; and b) is not powered solely by hand, solely by sail, or solely by a combination of hand and sail.

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Mountain bike A non-motorised bicycle that can be used off formed roads.

Nationally iconic species A plant or animal species that New Zealanders value as nationally significant and contributing to New Zealand’s national identity.

Native (species) Plants and animals that have established in New Zealand without the assistance of human beings, vehicles or aircraft. This includes species that are unique to New Zealand as well as those that may be found elsewhere in the world. The words ‘indigenous’ and ‘native’ have the same meaning in this CMS.Refer to the definition for ‘indigenous species’.

Natural Existing in or produced by nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural character The qualities of an area that are the result of natural processes and taken together give it a particular recognisable character. These qualities may be ecological, physical, spiritual or aesthetic in nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural heritage management The natural heritage management system is an integrated and scientifically sound suite of tools to help natural heritage managers (both within and outside the Department) to make more consistent decisions and monitor their progress to national outcomes.

Natural quiet Natural ambient conditions in a natural area; the sounds of nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural resources Plants and animals of all kinds, and the air, water, and soil in or on which any plant or animal lives or may live, and landscape and landform, and geological features, and systems of interacting living organisms, and their environment, and includes any interest in a natural resource (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Natural state Unmodified by human activity, or introduced plants or animals (Conservation General Policy 2005).

New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy A government-approved national strategy (2000) providing an integrated response to New Zealand's declining indigenous biodiversity, prepared in part to meet a commitment under the Convention on Biological Diversity (Conservation General Policy 2005).

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Ngāi Tahu whānui For the purposes of this CMS, includes Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and the Papatipu Rūnanga, as set out in the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.

Ngāi Tahu whānui ki Murihiku Papatipu Rūnanga of Southland Murihiku.

Nohoanga Entitlement to occupy, temporarily and exclusively, an area of lakeshore or riverbank for the purposes of lawful fishing and the gathering of other natural resources. (Refer Section 1.4 – Treaty partnerships with Ngāi Tahu, and Appendix 13 of this CMS)

Non-motorised watercraft A vessel or other watercraft that: a) is used on or in water; and b) is powered solely by hand, solely by sail, or solely by a combination of hand and sail.

Outcome A goal or end result of a conservation action or series of actions (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Overriding considerations (for the purposes of the Game Animal Council Act 2013) (a) the welfare and management of public conservation land and resources generally; (b) any statement of general policy that is made, or has effect as if it were made, under— (i) section 17B of the Conservation Act 1987; (ii) section 44 of the National Parks Act 1980; (iii)section 15A of the Reserves Act 1977; (iv) section 14C of the Wildlife Act 1953; (c) any conservation management strategy made under section 17D of the Conservation Act 1987; (d) any conservation management plan made under— (i) section 17E of the Conservation Act 1987; (ii) section 40B of the Reserves Act 1977; (e) any management plan made under— (i) section 47 of the National Parks Act 1980; (ii) section 41 of the Reserves Act 1977; (f) any wild animal control plan made under section 5 of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; (g) any pest management strategy, pest management plan, pathway management plan, or operational plan made under the Biosecurity Act 1993 (Game Animal Council Act 2013: section 4).

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Over-snow vehicle A motorised vehicle that is primarily designed to travel on snow or ice by means of skis, tracks, belts, cleats, or low pressure tyres, or a combination of these means. This includes snowmobiles, snow coaches or buses, and snowcats. (See also ‘snowmobile’)

Papatipu Rūnanga Means the Papatipu Rūnanga of Ngāi Tahu Whānui referred to in section 9 of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996 (refer to section 1.4 – Treaty partnerships with Ngāi Tahu in this CMS).

Participation The contribution of effort, information and ideas towards the work of the Department (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Partnership The relationship between individuals or groups that is characterised by mutual cooperation and responsibility for the achievement of a specific goal (Conservation General Policy 2005).

People and organisations An inclusive phrase used to refer to all individuals, clubs, companies, councils and other organisations and groups, both public and private, with an interest in the policies of and actions undertaken by the Department of Conservation in relation to public conservation land and waters and species management (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Personal mobility device A device designed to transport one person, that is propelled by hand or a propulsion system with a maximum speed of 15 km per hour, and is ridden by a disabled person (Conservation General Policy 2005). For the purposes of this CMS, this does not include electric power-assisted pedal cycles.

Personal watercraft A motorised vessel that: a) has a fully enclosed hull; and b) does not take on water if capsized; and c) is designed to be operated by a person standing, sitting astride or kneeling on it, but not seated in it.

Pest Any organism, including an animal, plant, pathogen or disease, capable or potentially capable of causing unwanted harm or posing significant risks to indigenous species, habitats and ecosystems or freshwater fisheries (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Place An area identified in a conservation management strategy or plan for the purposes of integrated conservation management. It may include any combination of terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas and may be determined by a range of criteria including but not limited to: ecological districts, geological

215 features, catchments, internal departmental, regional or district council or rohe/takiwā boundaries, land status, major recreation or tourism destinations, commonality of management considerations, and unique management needs. (Conservation General Policy 2005). For the purposes of this CMSstrategy, the Places are Takitimu Place, Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place, Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place, Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place, Longwood O Hekeia Place, Freshwater Wai Māori Place, Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place, Awarua Place, Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Place and Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place.

Pounamu Pounamu means: a) bowenite; b) nephrite, including semi-nephrite; and c) serpentine including that occurring in its natural condition in the land described in the Schedule of the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997.

Power-assisted cycle

A cycle that has a motor of up to 300 watts

Precautionary principle Taking a cautious approach to conservation management decisions when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate.

Preservation In relation to a resource, means the maintenance, so far as is practicable, of its intrinsic values (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Priority ecosystem unitsite An indigenous ecosystem unit,management site on public conservation land and water, that has been identified by the Department through the Department’s natural heritage prioritisation processes,management system as being one of the most effective locations toa priority site for management, where conservation work will effectively contribute to ensure that a representativeprotecting the full range of indigenous ecosystems is protectednationally.

Private accommodation Place to live or lodge that which is not available to the general public on an open basis (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Protected areas Terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas that are protected primarily for the purposes contained in the conservation legislation, including of the conservation of natural resources and historic and cultural heritage, using a range of legal mechanisms that provide long-term security of tenure, status or land use purpose; either privately or publicly owned (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

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Protection In relation to a resource, means its maintenance, so far as is practicable, in its current state; but includes: a) its restoration to some former state; and b) its augmentation, enhancement, or expansion (Conservation Act 1987: section 2).

Public accommodation A place to live or lodge in that is open to or shared by all people (General Policy for National Parks 2005).

Public conservation lands and waters Lands and waters areas administered by the Department of Conservation for their respective legislativewhatever purpose, including the preservation and protection of natural and historic resources of those areas covered by this CMSstrategy. Reserves administered by other agencies are not included in this definition (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Rail vehicle Any vehicle that runs on, or uses, a railway line; and includes: a) a locomotive, rail carriage, rail wagon, railcar, light rail vehicle, rail maintenance vehicle (whether or not self-propelled), and any other vehicle prescribed as a rail vehicle by regulations; and b) a vehicle designed to operate both on rails and off rails, but only when that vehicle is running on rails (Railways Act 2005: section 4).

Railway line A single rail or set of rails, having a gauge of 550 mm or greater between them, laid for the purposes of transporting people or goods by rail; and includes: a) sleepers, associated formation and ballast, tunnels, and bridges; and b) in relation to a single rail or set of rails that are laid on a road for the purposes of 1 or more light rail vehicles,— (i) any area between the rails; and (ii) the area that extends 500 mm outside the extremity of any light rail vehicle being used on that single rail or set of rails; and c) a set of rails, having a gauge of less than 550 mm between them, that is designated as a railway line in regulations made under section 59(l); and d) except as provided in subparagraph (ii), any area within 5 m of a single rail or within 5 m of a line drawn midway between a set of rails; but excludes: a) a railway line that is part of a railway used as an amusement device as defined in section 21A(1) of the Machinery Act 1950: b) a railway line excluded by regulations made under section 59(m): c) a railway line that exclusively serves private cable cars (Railways Act 2005: section 4).

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Ramsar Convention (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat) An intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

Recreational freshwater fisheries Any freshwater fisheries where the fishing of sports fish and indigenous freshwater fish is lawfully carried out for recreational purposes (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Regulations (for conservation areas) A rRegulation made by the Governor-General, by Order in Council, under the relevant section 48 of the Conservation legislation.Act 1987. Regulations may apply to conservation areas, whereas bylaws may apply to national parks and reserves.

Related facilities Any structure or piece of equipment that is used in conjunction or association with accommodation. Examples include garages, outhouses, and outdoor showers.

Relict Population of a species whose distribution has been severely modified and disturbed with dispersed fragments remaining

Reserve Reserve hHas the meaning given to theat term reserve in section 2 of the Reserves Act 1977 and includes the following categories of reserves: recreation, historic, scenic, nature, scientific, government purpose, local purpose (Reserves Act 1977: section 2).

Restoration The active intervention and management of modified or degraded habitats, ecosystems, landforms and landscapes in order to restore indigenous natural character, ecological and physical processes, and their cultural and visual qualities; or for historic heritage, to return a place as nearly as possible to a known earlier state (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Road Means: a) a road that is formed and maintained for vehicle use by the public; b) a route that is marked by the Department for vehicle use by the public or identified in a conservation management strategy or conservation management plan for use by vehicles generally or for a particular type of vehicle (for example a bicycle) or as a vehicle parking area (Conservation General Policy 2005). A road may or may not pass over a defined legal road. See also the definition of ‘four-wheel drive road’.

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Roar period The primary recreational deer hunting period, from 23 March to 9 April (inclusive).

Rohe Geographical territory of an iwi or hapū (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Site A defined area within a wider place (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Snowmobile An over-snow vehicle that: a) has a gross weight of less than 500 kilograms; and b) is designed to transport no more than two people.

Southern Scenic Route A road journey between Queenstown and Dunedin that is aimed at visitors who have time to explore and wish to enjoy a range of natural and cultural attractions. The Southern Scenic Route Steering Group jointly supports the website (www.southernscenicroute.co.nz), brochure and other promotional activities, and is made up of Regional Tourism Organisations (Destination Queenstown, Destination Fiordland, Venture Southland, Clutha Country, Tourism Dunedin), the Department, and the New Zealand Transport Agency.

Species A group of organisms that has evolved distinct common inheritable features and occupies a particular geographical range, and which is capable of interbreeding freely but not with members of other species (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Sports fish Every species of freshwater fish that the Governor-General may declare to be sports fish for the purposes of the Conservation Act 1987; examples are trout and salmon (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Statement of Intent (SOI) A regularly published document that sets out the longer term directions for the Department. Its primary purpose is to enable Ministers, select committees, and the central and audit agencies that support them to assess the performance of governmentthe Ddepartments.

Structure Any building, equipment, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land; and includes any raft (Resource Management Act 1991: section 2).

Takiwā Place or territory used by or associated with an iwi, hapū or whanau (Conservation General Policy 2005).

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Tangata whenua Iwi or hapū that has customary authority in a place (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Taonga Valued resources or prized possessions held by Māori, both material and non- material. It is a broad concept that includes tangible and intangible aspects of natural and historic resources of significance to Māori, including wāhi tapu and intellectual property (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Tenure review Tenure review of pastoral leases and other Crown lands is a process run by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). It allows for the transfer to freehold title of lands for farming or other purposes, subject to the protection of significant inherent values and the securing of public access to those lands or other public conservation lands and waters. Protection of significant inherent values is achieved by return to full Crown ownership as public conservation land, by protective covenants, and, in the case of public access, by access easements. The Department’s role in tenure review is to provide advice to LINZ on the identification of significant inherent values, including public access, and recommendations for their protection and management. The Department does not have a statutory decision-making role in the process, but the outcomes for formal protection and management of significant inherent values and public access predominantly occur under the Conservation Act 1987 and Reserves Act 1977.

Threatened (species) Includes all indigenous species categorised as ‘Nationally Critical’, ‘Nationally Endangered’ or ‘Nationally Vulnerable’ under the New Zealand Threat Classification System 2008.

Thrill seeker Visitors seeking controlled risk activities as part of an exciting experience. For mountain biking, this may include downhill, freestyle and dirt jumping.

Tikanga Māori custom, obligations and conditions (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Translocation Movement by human intervention of a species from place to place, usually with the intention of improving the status of the species.

Urupā Burial ground, cemetery, tomb.

Utilities Includes but not limited to these facilities based over or under the ground: structures and infrastructure for telecommunications; energy generation and transmission; sewerage; water supply and flood control; oil and gas; roads and airstrips; hydrological and weather stations (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

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Vehicle A (a) means a contrivance equipped with wheels, tracks, or revolving runners on which it moves or is moved. ; and (b) Includes a power-assisted cycle, mountain bike, hovercraft, a skateboard, in-line skates, and roller skates; but (c) does not include: i)a) a perambulator or pushchair: ii)b) a shopping or sporting trundler not propelled by mechanical power: iii)c) a wheelbarrow or hand-trolley: iv)d) repealed ve) a pedestrian-controlled lawnmower: vif) a pedestrian-controlled agricultural machine not propelled by mechanical power: viig) an article of furniture: viiih) a wheelchair not propelled by mechanical power: ixi) any other contrivance specified by the rules not to be a vehicle for the purposes of this definition: xj) any rail vehicle (based on Land Transport Act 1998: section 2). Note: any motor vehicle (which includes trail and quad bikes, snow mobiles and other over-snow vehicles) taken onto public conservation land must be registered and licensed.

Visitor For the purpose of this CMS, visitors are people using areas and facilities managed by the Department. They include adults and children from both New Zealand and overseas, and they may either arrange their own visit or use the services of a concessionaire.

Wāhi tapu A Pplace sacred to Māori in the traditional, spiritual, religious, ritual or mythological sense (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 20141993: section 62).

Wetlands Permanent or intermittently wet areas, shallow water or land-water margins. They include swamps, bogs, estuaries, braided rivers and lake margins (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Wetlands of International Importance A wetland designated under the Ramsar Convention of Wetlands (1971) as meeting the Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance; either sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types, or sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity.

Whenua tupuna Large or small contiguous or non-contiguous areas, routes, or other linear landscapes (tangible and intangible) of significance to Ngāi Tahu who are

221 linked to them by virtue of their whakapapa (ancestry). Attributes of whenua tupuna include natural features, physical formations, cultural features, ara tawhito (traditional trails), mahinga kai (resource gathering places and practices), mātauranga (knowledge), wāhi tapu (sacred places), taonga (treasures), spiritual values, cultural values, traditions and associations.

Wild animal Has the meaning set out in the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and includes: possums, deer, wallabies, tahr, wild goats, wild pigs, and chamois. It does not include an animal that is part of a herd designated to be a herd of special interest under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 (Wild Animal Control Act 1977: section 2). (See also ‘game animal’)

Wilderness Area Any conservation area set aside as a Wilderness Area under section 18 of the Conservation Act 1987, or any part of a National Park set aside as a Wilderness Area under section 14 of the National Parks Act 1980.

Wildlife Any animal (as defined as in the Wildlife Act 1953) that is living in a wild state; and includes any such animal or egg or offspring of any such animal held or hatched or born in captivity, whether pursuant to an authority granted under the Wildlife Act 1953 or otherwise; but does not include wild animals subject to the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 (Wildlife Act 1953: section 2).

World Heritage AreaSite A site designated under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention as being of outstanding universal value as a site of cultural or natural heritage (Conservation General Policy 2005).

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Work or activities of the Department of Conservation that may meet the requirements of Section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemptions from land use consents in Southland Murihiku Appendix 2: Important eEcosystems and habitats types within Southland Murihiku Appendix 3: Islands over 1 ha administered by the Department of Conservation in Southland Murihiku Appendix 4: Priority indigenous ecosystem management unitssites on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku identified by the Department of Conservation through the natural heritage prioritising processesmanagement system in February 2012 Appendix 5: Threatened and at risk indigenous flora and fauna Threats or pests and wild animals present in Southland Murihiku Appendix 6: Threats or pests and wild animals Threatened and at risk indigenous flora and fauna present in Southland Murihiku Appendix 7: Nationally iIconic species in Southland Murihiku Appendix 8: Marine habitats and ecosystems in Southland Murihiku Appendix 9: Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes in Southland Murihiku Appendix 10: Actively conserved historic places on public conservation lands and waters , or managed by the Department, in Southland Murihiku Appendix 11: Icon and GatewayRecreation destinations in Southland Murihiku Appendix 12: Prescriptions for the management of visitor management zones Appendix 13: Prescriptions for the management of aircraft zones Appendix 14: Statements of outstanding universal values for World Heritage Areas in Southland Murihiku

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Appendix 15: Criteria for which the Waituna-Awarua Wetland Complex was nominated as a Wetland of International Importance was nominated Appendix 136: Tōpuni in Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions relating to Southland Murihiku Appendix 17: Deeds of Recognition in Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) Appendix 18: Nohoanga entitlements in Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Schedule 95) Appendix 19: Taonga species (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Schedule 97) Appendix 20: Protocols on the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Sections 281-286)

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Appendix 1

Work or activities of the Department of Conservation that may meet the requirements of Section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemptions from land use consents in Southland Murihiku This table is presented to meet the requirements for enabling exemptions under Section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). It does not exclude the need to meet all departmental requirements for the assessment of effects or responsibilities under other legislation (e.g. Building Act 2004, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere TaongaHistoric Places Act 20141993). Advice from the relevant territorial authority is required to determine whether a land use consent under the RMA is required. All structures and tracks on public conservation lands managed by the Department are maintained, upgraded or built to the standards specified in SNZ HB 8630:2004. This table does not imply that the facilities included within it will be managed in perpetuity. Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Tracks, roads and car parking areas for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing tracks 1. Construction of tracks and 1. Soil disturbance, including Existing tracks, roads and car parks and roads to meet current roads using cut to fill disturbance of the duff layer Murihiku DistrictArea: departmental service excavation, cut to waste and subsoil. Disturbance and  Auckland Island—Ranui lookout track, Lake standards using current excavation and levelling soil compaction in fill areas. Hinemoa track, Tagua Base and Lookout track, SW alignment. using hand tools, motorised 2. Surface water runoff, including Cape route equipment and machinery. 2. Service standard upgrades of modification of existing natural  Blue Mountains Forest and Tapanui foothills existing tracks and roads 2. Excavation of batter slopes to watercourses, and control and  Borland valley (including Borland Road and up to through partial or complete a maximum height of 1.5 m. redirection of surface water Percy Saddle) realignment to take using various means such as 3. Vegetation removal from the  Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku—NW Bay track, SE advantage of better grades culvert pipes, drainage sumps, full width of the track Harbour track (part), Coastwatchers Station track and terrain features, or to corridor, and discretionary cut-outs and cross boards.  Catlins Conservation Park incorporate elements of removal of any vegetation 3. Alterations to land contours and natural or historic landscape. beyond the track and road slopes during track construction  Clifden Caves 3. Construction of new tracks corridor that is considered and upgrade.  Croydon Bush/Dolamore Park as agreed in consultation hazardous or that may 4. Removal of vegetation from the  Curio Bay (including the petrified forest) with the community. adversely impact upon track track corridor and from  Dean Forest 4. Improvements to any components such as batter immediately adjacent to the  Enderby Island—Enderby circuit route existing track as considered slopes, drainage or track asset corridor.  Eyre Mountains (including Oreti valley) necessary to mitigate any surface materials.  Forest Hill, Round Hill and Pourakino valley environmental impact, health  Forks Flat and safety concern or visitor  Fortrose

225 risk, or to provide improved 4. Aggregate surfacing, 5. Disturbance of archaeological  Hector Conservation Area access for any management including placement and and historic features, including  Kingswood Bush purpose. compaction of local and historic botanicals, on or in the  Lake Hauroko—tracks and car parks around its imported materials (from immediate vicinity of the track perimeter (including Thicket Burn and Dusky Track) approved weed-free sources). or road.  Lake Monowai, Green Lake and Grebe valley 5. Use of local materials in the  Longwood Forest Conservation Area vicinity of the asset corridor  Monkey Island where necessary for obtaining fill/surfacing materials.  Piano Flat and Waikaia valley 6. Ground works of in-ground  Rowallan Forest timber steps, including  Seaward Downs formation and levelling,  South Coast Track and tracks from the South Coast drainage and timber inland to Lake Hauroko, Lake Poteriteri and Hump construction. Ridge 7. Construction of drainage and  Takitimu Mountains redirection of surface water  Te Araroa Trail—sections on public conservation from the track surface to land existing natural contours using  The Bluff/Motupōhue and Foveaux walkway various means such as culvert  Tuatapere Domain and Elders track pipes, drainage sumps, cut-outs  Waipapa Point and cross boards.  Waipohatu and Haldane 8. Re-formation and widening of  Waituna/Awarua Wetlands (including Waghorn roads to provide safe access Road) for two vehicles and road stability to the required Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area: standards. Drainage  Anchor Island improvement to prevent  Borland valley (including Borland Road and up to erosion and deterioration of Percy Saddle) the road surface and  Boyd Creek tracks structure, and to provide safe vehicle access.  Burwood Bush Cleddau valley, including Milford Sound/ 9. Maintenance of historic  Piopiotahi heritage features associated with the track or road to  Dean Forest ensure that they are not  Deas Cove adversely impacted.  Deep Cove, Old Doubtful Sound, Helena Falls and

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Mt Troup  Dore Pass route  Dusky Track  Eglinton valley  Falls Creek  George Sound  Gertrude Valley  Greenstone and Caples valleys  Hidden Lake  Hodges stock track  Hollyford valley  Humboldt Falls  Kepler Track (including Iris Burn, Mt Luxmore, and relevant sections around Lake Te Anau and the Waiau River)  Kiwiburn Track  Lake Hauroko—tracks and car parks around its perimeter (including Thicket Burn and Dusky Track)  Lake Mistletoe  Lake Monowai, Green Lake and Grebe valley  Lake Te Anau—land around the perimeter  Mararoa valley  Marian valley  Mavora Lakes valley, including Windon Burn and Mararoa River tributaries  Milford Track  Mistake and Hut Creek valleys  Moraine Creek  Murchison Mountains (and surrounding specially protected area)  Neale Burn  Oreti valley  Pearl Harbour, Back Valley, Hope Arm, Surprise Bay and The Monument

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 Pyke valley  Rainbow Reach, Queens Reach, Supply Bay and the control gates access road  Resolution Island  Routeburn Track  Rowallan Forest  Secretary Island  Shallow Bay  South Coast Track and tracks from the South Coast inland to Lake Hauroko, Lake Poteriteri and Hump Ridge  Southern Fiords Historic Sites (islands and sites in Dusky Sound and Preservation Inlet)  Stockyard Cove  Supply Bay  Takitimu Mountains  Te Anau Downs  Tutoko valley  Upukerora valley  Wapiti and Katherine valleys (including George Sound Track)  West Arm, Lake Manapouri (including up to Percy Saddle)  Whitestone River  Wilderness Scientific Reserve  Wilmot Pass Road Southern Islands Area:  Auckland Island—Ranui lookout track, Lake Hinemoa track, Tagua Base and Lookout track, SW Cape route  Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku—NW Bay track, SE Harbour track (part), Coastwatchers Station track  Enderby Island—Enderby circuit route

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Proposed tracks, roads and car parks (may also be located in the existing locations specified) Murihiku DistrictArea:  Cattle Flat  Omaui Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area:  Bowen valley  Hidden Lake Southern Islands Area: None Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Structures* and buildings for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing 1. Preparatory site works such as 1. Soil disturbance, including Existing structures and buildings structures and buildings to vegetation removal, formation disturbance of the duff layer Murihiku DistrictArea: meet departmental service and levelling of structure and and subsoil. Disturbance and  Auckland Island—Erebus Cove Cemetery standards so that visitor building footprints, and soil compaction in fill areas. boardwalk and fence group requirements are met, excavation of piles and 2. Surface water runoff, including  Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku—Col-Lyall such as minimum access footings. modification of existing boardwalk, NW Bay Track boardwalk and bridge widths and safety barrier 2. Works associated with water natural watercourses, and  Curio Bay—buildings and structures 2. Scheduled ‘like for like’ reticulation and sewage control and redirection of  Dusky Track—huts, structures and associated (substantially similar containment/ treatment. surface water using various buildings structures and buildings 3. Construction of drainage and means such as culvert pipes  Enderby Island—Northern Cliffs Track boardwalk, built on the same footprint or redirection of surface water and drainage sumps. Enderby circuit route bridges, Stella Hut fence within the immediate from structure and building 3. Alterations to land contours vicinity) replacement of footprint to existing natural and slopes during structure  Eyre Mountains Conservation Park and Takitimu existing structures and contours using various means and building construction. Conservation Area—huts, buildings and associated structures buildings as they reach the such as culvert pipes, drainage 4. Removal of vegetation from end of their projected/ sumps and cut-outs. structure and building  Forest Hill—buildings and structures economic life. 4. Construction of structures and footprint and immediate  Foveaux walkway, Glory Track, The 3. Construction of new buildings such as bridges, surroundings. Bluff/Motupōhue—structures structures and buildings boardwalks, stairs, handrails, 5. Aesthetic impact and altered  Lake Hauroko—structures and buildings around its required to meet service safety barriers, viewing sight-lines from man-made perimeter (including Thicket Burn) standards for existing tracks, platforms, huts, shelters,  Lake Monowai and Lake Poteriteri—huts, structures

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location roads, amenities and toilets, signage and ladders. structures in natural areas. and associated buildings campsites. 5. Maintenance of historic 6. Disturbance of archaeological  Piano Flat—buildings and associated structures 4. Construction of new heritage features associated and historic features, including  South Coast Track—huts, structures and associated structures and buildings as a with the structure or building historic botanicals, and buildings component of development to ensure that their integrity is aesthetic impact on historic  Waituna wetland conservation areas—structures work for new tracks, roads, not adversely impacted. landscapes. and buildings amenities and campsites. 5. Improvements to any Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area: existing structure and  Caswell Hut (Caswell Sound) building considered  Dore Pass route—associated structures necessary to mitigate any  Dusky Track—huts,associated structures and environmental impact and associated buildings health and safety concern, or  Freeman Burn Hut to provide improved access  Glaisnock Hut (Glaisnock valley) for any management  Kepler Track (including Iris Burn, Mt Luxmore , purpose. and relevant sections around Lake Te Anau and the Waiau River)—associated structures and buildings  Kiwiburn Track—associated structures and buildings  Lake Hauroko—structures and buildings around its perimeter (including Thicket Burn)  Lake Monowai and Lake Poteriteri—huts, structures and associated buildings  Milford Track—associated structures and buildings  Routeburn Track—associated structures and buildings  South Coast Track—huts, structures and associated buildings  Wapiti and Katherine valleys (including George Sound)—associated structures and buildings  Worsley Arm Hut Southern Islands Area:  Auckland Island—Erebus Cove Cemetery

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location boardwalk and fence  Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku—Col-Lyall boardwalk, NW Bay Track boardwalk and bridge  Enderby Island—Northern Cliffs Track boardwalk, Enderby circuit route bridges, Stella Hut fence

Proposed structures and buildings Murihiku DistrictArea:  Replacement of structures at existing locations set out above, on an ‘as required’ basis Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area:  Replacement of structures at existing locations set out above, on an ‘as required’ basis Southern Islands Area:  None Campsites and amenities for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing 1. Preparatory site works such 1. Soil disturbance, including Existing campsites and amenities campsites and amenities to as vegetation removal, disturbance of the duff layer Murihiku DistrictArea: meet departmental service formation and levelling of and subsoil. Disturbance and  Lake Monowai campsite standards so that visitor campsite and amenity soil compaction in fill areas.  Piano Flat campsite group require-ments for footprint, and excavation of 2. Surface water runoff, including  Thicket Burn campsite campsites and amenities are piles and footings. modification of existing natural Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area: met. 2. Works associated with water watercourses, and control and 2. Scheduled ‘like for like’ reticulation and sewage redirection of surface water  Hall Arm campsite (substantially similar containment/ treatment, using various means such as  Kepler and Routeburn Track campsites campsites and amenities including effluent dispersal culvert pipes and drainage  Lake Monowai campsite built on the same footprint or fields and in-ground waste sumps. Fill materials not  Mavora campsite within the immediate tanks normally found on the site (e.g.  Milford Road campsites vicinity) replacement of 3. Construction of drainage and scoria) may be imported). existing campsites and redirection of surface water 3. Alterations to land contours and Southern Islands Area: amenities as these reach the from building and structural slopes during campsite and  None end of their projected/ campsite and amenity amenity construction.

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location economic life. footprint to existing natural 4. Removal of vegetation from Proposed campsites and amenities 3. Construction of new contours using various asset footprint and from Murihiku DistrictArea: campsites and amenities means, such as culvert pipes, immediately around the  None drainage sumps and cut-outs. campsite and amenities. required to meet service Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area: standards for existing 4. Construction of campsites 5. Aesthetic impact and altered  Little Tahiti, Milford Sound/Piopiotahi campsites and amenities. and amenities such as sight-lines from man-made  Queens Reach 4. Construction of new assets bridges, boardwalks, stairs, structures in natural areas. such as structures and handrails, safety barriers, 6. Noise from increased usage of Southern Islands Area: shelters, toilets, showers, buildings as a component of campsite and amenities.  None develop-ment work for new signage and ladders 7. Increased water take for campsites and amenities. 5. Maintenance of historic operation of campsite and 5. Improvements to any heritage features, including amenities. existing asset or historic botanicals, associated 8. Disturbance of archaeological establishment of new assets with the campsite or amenity and historic features, including considered necessary to to ensure that they are not historic botanicals, on or in the manage, meet regulatory adversely impacted. immediate vicinity of the requirements, and mitigate campsite or amenity. any environmental impact or health and safety concern, or to provide improved access for any management purpose. Historic assets—remedial work and maintenance 1. Maintenance of historic 1. Vegetation management 1. Minor soil disturbance of the Murihiku DistrictArea: places to departmental around historic places, duff layer and subsoil.  Antipodes Island service standards, and maintenance of drainage Disturbance and soil - Antipodes Island castaway depot ICOMOS and NZHPT channels, and management of compaction in fill areas. - Castaway finger posts (several locations) standards and guidelines. safety issues including barrier 2. Surface water runoff, including  Auckland Island 2. Stabilisation of condition of construction, and installation modification of existing natural historic assets by of interpretative panels. watercourses, and control and - Camp Cove castaway depot conservation treatments 2. Repairs and conservation redirection of surface water - Castaway finger posts (several locations) and land stabilising, e.g. treatments as scheduled to using various means such as - Derry Castle grave site construction of retaining concrete, masonry, metal, culvert pipes and drainage - Enderby settlement walls. timber and earthwork sumps. - Erebus Cove castaway boatshed, depot, Victoria

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location structures. 3. Removal of vegetation from Tree and Amherst Spar 3. Maintenance of historic assets and immediate vicinity. - Erebus Cove cemetery heritage features, including - German scientific expedition site historic botanicals, associated - Grafton wreck and site of ‘Epigwaitt’ with the historic asset, to - Māori occupation, Enderby Island ensure that they are not - Ranui Cove coastwatchers lookout hut adversely impacted. - Sandy Bay castaway boatshed - Stella Hut castaway depot - Tagua coastwatchers lookout hut  Beech Hut  Bluff DefencesHill gun emplacement, battery observation post, radar and camp  Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku - Campbell Island meteorological station wharf and boatshed - Camp Cove sod hut - Castaway finger posts (several locations) - North-East Harbour whaling station - Tucker Cove farm complex  Clark Hut  Dog Box Bivvy  Johnstons’ locomotive  Martin’s Hut and race  Mores’ top mill site and Johnstons’ locomotive, Pourakino Valley  North East Island, Snares Islands/Tini Heke - Castaway finger posts (several locations) - Snares Island castaway depot  Piano Flat water race  Port Craig school, settlement and sawmill site  Port Craig tramway and viaducts  Port’s water race

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location  Printz’s battery  Round Hill mining  Turnbull’s race, dam and hut  Waipapa bucket dredge remains  Waipapa lighthouse settlement, Tararua wreck and Tararua Acre  Waipohatu log hauler  Waitutu viaducts Fiordland DistrictTe Anau Area:  Alpha battery and quartz mine  Anita Bay stone hut remains  Astronomer Point  Beer’s farm  Caswell Sound Hut  Clark Hut  Cleddau horse bridge  Cuttle Cove whaling station  Endeavour wreck site, Facile Harbour  Freeman Burn Hut  Golden Site battery, Wilson River  Hodge’s stock track  Hollyford baker’s oven  Homer Tunnel portal avalanche damage  Indian Island  Jamestown site  Luncheon Cove  MacKinnon Pass Memorial  Marian Corner construction camp  Marian Hill rock cutting  McIntyre sawmill, Cromarty

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location  Morning Star Mine, Te Oneroa  Port Craig school, settlement and sawmill site  Port Craig tramway and viaducts  Puysegur Point landing shed and cemetery  Puysegur Point lighthouse access road and settlement site  Richard Henry's house site, Pigeon Island/Wāwāhi Waka  Round Island  Sandfly Point brick chimney  SS Stella hull and freezer base  Tarawera smelter and mine  Te Anau Downs power plant  Tutoko River suspension bridge  Upper Hollyford hydro station  Waitutu viaducts  Walker Creek pit saw site  Wilson River pack track  Wilson River tramway

Southern Islands Area: Antipodes Island Antipodes Island castaway depot Castaway finger posts (several locations) Auckland Island Camp Cove castaway depot Castaway finger posts (several locations) Derry Castle grave site Enderby settlement Erebus Cove castaway boatshed, depot, Victoria

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Tree and Amherst Spar Erebus Cove cemetery German scientific expedition site Grafton wreck and site of ‘Epigwaitt’ Māori occupation, Enderby Island Ranui Cove coastwatchers lookout hut Sandy Bay castaway boatshed Stella Hut castaway depot Tagua coastwatchers lookout hut

Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku Campbell Island meteorological station wharf and boatshed Camp Cove sod hut Castaway finger posts (several locations) North-East Harbour whaling station Tucker Cove farm complex

North East Island, Snares Islands/Tini Heke Castaway finger posts (several locations) Snares Island castaway depot Signs 1. Erection of signage on public 1. Works associated with the 1. Aesthetic impact from man-  All public conservation land in Southland conservation land for the erection of signage. made structures in natural Murihiku. purpose of providing areas. information and 2. Removal of vegetation from interpretation to the public. sign footprint and immediate 2. Erection of signage on public vicinity. conservation land for the purpose of informing people about fire lighting restrictions.

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Biodiversity tracks, roads and structures (including staff accommodation) 1. Refer to ‘Activity scope’ for 1. Refer to ‘Management 1. Refer to ‘Environmental impacts’  All public conservation land in Southland Murihiku ‘Tracks, roads and car parking actions’ for ‘Tracks, roads and for ‘Tracks, roads and car parking where conservation management programmes are areas for visitor purposes’, car parking areas for visitor areas for visitor purposes’, being undertaken. ‘Structures and buildings for purposes’, ‘Structures and ‘Structures and buildings for visitor purposes’ and buildings for visitor purposes’ visitor purposes’ and ‘Campsites ‘Campsites and amenities for and ‘Campsites and amenities and amenities for visitor visitor purposes’. for visitor purposes’. purposes’.

NB: Not all visitor standards noted above will apply to biodiversity tracks, roads and structures (including staff accommodation). In some cases a lesser standard may apply. Other management-related activities 1. Erection of fences on public 1. Vegetation removal to provide 1. Vegetation removal.  All public conservation land in Southland Murihiku conservation land and its clear lines for fences. 2. Soil disturbance, including where conservation management programmes are boundaries. 2. Some animal pest operations disturbance of the duff layer being undertaken. 2. Habitat enhancement. (note: discharge permits will and subsoil. 3. Pest control and/or be required for operations 3. Death and likely eradication of eradication. utilising pesticides). target mammalian pests; 3. Earthworks and vegetation 3.4. Airstrips for fire fighting possible death of non-target clearance associated with purposes. species. habitat enhancement, i.e. pond/drain creation or realignment and fire management. 4. General access required to undertake the activity. Hazardous goods 1. Use, transportation, storage 1. Storage, transportation and 1. Will comply with all relevant  All public conservation land in Southland Murihiku and disposal of hazardous application of hazardous legislative requirements. where conservation programmes are being

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Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location substances. substances including, but not undertaken. limited to, flammable liquids, pesticides and herbicides. * Structures for visitor purposes include viewing platforms, steps/stairs, boardwalks, bridges, handrails, safety fences, stiles, signage, etc.

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Appendix 2

Important eEcosystems and habitat types within Southland Murihiku71 This list has been taken from the Department’s national list of around 1000 ecosystem units72, which represent the full range of New Zealand’s terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (including priority and non-priority units both on and off public conservation lands and waters). The list is accurate as at the date of approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Cave Subterranean rockland, Caves are an uncommon but interesting Plant and animal National pPark; Interpretation of values caves and stonefields natural feature and are generally associated pests; Hhuman sScenic rReserve; and safety precautions with the limestone geology found within impacts (s—physical and conservation are provided at some Southland Murihiku. They have a range of damage or removal of area.Conservation sites (Forest Hill and important values, including tourism limestone features Park; Nature Waiau (Clifden) Cave). (especially Te Anau Cave, Fiordland National (e.g. stalactites and Reserve; The Te Anau Cave is Park); recreation/ stalagmites),; Ecological Area; managed under a education (Forest Hill Scenic Reserve and spreading of mud onto Marginal Strip; concession. There is Waiau (Clifden) Cave); archaeology limestone surfaces, Stewardship Area. also interpretation on (particularly as a reservoir of bird bones, and touching and the sensitivity of caves including extinct species); and as places of breathing on and cave features importance to Ngāi Tahu whānui. In addition, limestone surfaces can associated with the there are specialised invertebrates adapted to damage pristine sites); Luxmore Caves (Kepler living within cave environments. Cave vegetation clearance. Track). ecosystems dominated by a range of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, both epigean and troglobitic. Coastal Cliff Harakeke (Phormium Some sites have a range of seabirds Plant and animal National Park. Limited management is tenax), Hebe elliptica associated with them, including penguin pestsPredators, undertaken, with the flaxland/rockland species, shags, gulls and terns Scrub of Hebe including mustelids exception of localised elliptica and harakeke flaxland, locally with and rats (Rattus spp.), predator control at

71 See Appendix 8 for marine habitats and ecosystens. 72 For more information about the classification of New Zealand’s terrestrial ecosystems, refer to Singers, N.J.D.; Rogers, G.M. 2014: Aclassification of New Zealand’s terrestrial ecosystems. Science for Conservation 325. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 87 p.

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Euphorbia glauca, Pimelea urvilleana, impact on nesting Curio Bay. Anisotome lyallii, Poa astonii, Asplenium birds.; human impacts; obtusatum, Celmisia lindsayi, holy grass, quarrying; vegetation Lepidium spp. and a wide range of halophytic clearance. herbs on coastal cliffs. Chatham Island akeake, Mosaics of low coastal forest of Olearia Plant and animal nNature reserve; Animal and plant pest Hebe, mahoe treeland/ traversiorum and scrub of Olearia pests; fire; human nNational pPark; control. herbfield/ rockland chathamica, Hebe dieffenbachii, Melicytus impacts; quarrying; sScientific Biosecurity chathamicus, Corokia macrocarpa, vegetation clearance. rReserve; surveillance and Leucopogon parviflorus, kawakawa with cConservation management. harakeke, Astelia chathamica, Hebe pPark; Advocacy and chathamica and the grasses Poa chathamica cConservation consultation. and Festuca coxii, ferns and occasionally aArea; crown Myosotidium hortensium and Aciphylla pastoral lease dieffenbachii. Halophytic turf and herbs on land; and private coastal ledges, salt-exposed hill slopes, land. terraces and close to the shore. Helichrysum, Melicytus shrubland/tussockland/ rockland Mountain tutu (Coriaria plumose), Hebe, wharariki (Phormium cookianum), Chionochloa shrubland/ tussockland/ rockland Cold air Bog pine (Halocarpus Mainland Southland Murihiku is a national Weeds (particularly National pPark; Animal and plant pest temperature bidwillii), mountain toatoa stronghold for the bog pine shrubland brush weeds) and land sScientific control. inversion /celery pine (Phyllocladus ecosystem. Bog pine and /or mountain celery development. Plant rReserve; Scenic Biosecurity topography alpinus) scrub/ pine scrub/ low forest, with species of and animal pests; Reserve; surveillance and Frost flats forest Dracophyllum, Leucopogon, Coprosma, Hebe, dogs; fire; human cConservation management. Olearia, Pittosporum, Gaultheria, Pimelea, impacts; quarrying; Parkarea; Advocacy and tauhinu, korokia, mountain wineberry, snow vegetation clearance. Marginal Strip; consultation. totara and porcupine shrub. Early Stewardship Fencing. successional derivatives include short Areaand private

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status tussock grasslands of species of Poa, Festuca, land. Localised weed control. Deyeuxia, Rytidosperma with inter-tussock prostrate herbfield species. Bog, mountain celery and Montane podocarp scrub and low forest with Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest silver pine scrub/ forest several local variants including toatoa, bog pests; dogs; quarrying; Conservation control. pine locally with sliver pine, pink pine, yellow vegetation clearance. Park; Ecological Biosecurity silver pine, pahautea, Westland totara and Area; Local surveillance and often with divaricating shrubs and Purpose Reserve; management. Dracophyllum species. Stewardship Area; Advocacy and National Park. consultation. Fencing. Coprosma, Olearia scrub Alluvial scrub of two different types; scrub on Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest free draining stony soils with species pests; dogs; fire; Scenic Reserve; control. including Carmichaelia, Coprosma, Olearia, human impacts; Conservation Biosecurity Hebe and Corokia cotoneaster, manuka, quarrying; vegetation Park; Ecological surveillance and matagouri and lianes Muehlenbeckia, Rubus, clearance. Area; Scientific management. Clematis species; and shrubland on poor Reserve; Advocacy and draining silty soils of species such as Government consultation. Coprosma (C. propinqua, C. pedicillata), Purpose Reserve; Fencing. Pittosporum obcordatum, Olearia (O. polita, Marginal Strip; O. virgata). Early alluvial successions are Stewardship Area; Fish passage. dominated by short tussock grasslands (Poa, National Park. Festuca, Deyeuxia, Rytidosperma spp.). Red tussockland Red tussock grasslands in montane/ sub- Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest (Chionochloa rubra) alpine temperature inversion basins with pests; dogs; human Scientific Reserve; control. inter-tussock herbfield/ short tussockland impacts; quarrying; Stewardship Area; Biosecurity and prostrate shrub species. Early alluvial vegetation clearance; National Park. surveillance and successions are dominated by short vehicles. management. tussockland of Poa, Festuca, Deyeuxia, Advocacy and Rytidosperma species. Typically includes an consultation. embedded complex mosaic of bog and fen Fencing. wetlands on organic soils. Dunelands Pīngao (Ficinia spiralis) Dune vegetation contains many threatened Weeds (mainly National pPark; Animal and plant pest and/or endemic plant species. . Pingao marram grass), land conservation area;

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status sedgeland sedgeland fore dune with scattered knobby use and coastal recreationScenic control. club rush, Carex pumila, shore bindweed, erosion. Plant and rReserve; and Weed control in sand tussock, sand coprosma, Muehlenbeckia animal pests; Canada private land. Fiordland and beaches, complexa, Euphorbia glauca, Sonchus kirkii geese; dogs; fire; Nature Reserve; and at Fortrose Spit. and locally Pimelea lyallii, Carex testacea, human impacts; Ecological Area; Biosecurity Acaena spp., silver tussock, holy grass mining; quarrying; Scientific Reserve; surveillance and grading into rear semi-stable dunes with vegetation clearance; Government management. scattered dune scrub. In west grades into vehicles. Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and abundant harakeke, manuka, Olearia Marginal Strip; consultation. avicenniifolia while in east matagouri, Stewardship Area. Carmichaelia spp., akeake and ngaio. Oioi (Apodasma similis), Dune plains of several local variants with Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest wīwī/knobby clubrush both dry and ephemerally wet communities of pests; Canada geese; Scientific Reserve; control. (Ficinia nodosa) sedgeland range of successional stages. Dominant dogs; fire; human Marginal Strip; Weed control in species include Carex pumila, species of impacts; mining; Stewardship Area; Fiordland and beaches, Gunnera, Selliera, Isolepis, Epilobium, quarrying; vegetation National Park. and at Fortrose Spit. Ranunculus, Leptinella, Lobelia, Colobanthus, clearance; vehicles. Biosecurity Geranium, Hydrocotyle and locally Lilaeopsis surveillance and novae-zelandiae, Myriophyllum votschii and management. Triglochin striata, Limosella lineata and other Advocacy and turf forming species with older stages consultation. developing into oioi, knobby club rush, toetoe, harakeke, locally Cyperus ustulatus, Lepidosperma australe, silver tussock and Raoulia spp. Locally includes Coprosma propinqua and manuka in older successions. Cool climate Hall’s tōtara (Podocarpus Mid-slope and foothill forests of Hall's totara, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Pest control undertaken fForests of cunninghamii), mountain mountain toatoa and broadleaf. Locally pests; dogs; fire; Conservation locally by community cool climates toatoa (Phyllocladus includes matai and kowhai at lower altitudes grazing lease; human Park; Nature groups. alpinus), broadleaved impacts; quarrying; Reserve; Scientific at some high-value forest vegetation clearance. Reserve; sites (including Government Murchison Mountains, Purpose Reserve; Eglinton valley, Clinton Local Purpose valley and Arthur

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Reserve; Marginal valley). Strip; Stewardship Animal and plant pest Area; National control. Park. Biosecurity surveillance and management. Advocacy and consultation. Hall’s tōtara (Podocarpus Coastal dune forests of totara (Halls and Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest cunninhamii) forest lowland) locally with matai on free draining pests; dogs; fire; Conservation control. sandy soils. human impacts; Park; Stewardship Biosecurity quarrying; vegetation Area; National surveillance and clearance. Park. management. Advocacy and consultation. Podocarp, ribbonwood Kahikatea, matai, totara forest with Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest (Plagianthus regius), ribbonwood, narrow leaved lacebark, kowhai pests; dogs; fire; Scientific Reserve; control. kōwhai (Sophora spp.) and a wide variety of divaricating shrubs on human impacts; Local Purpose Biosecurity forest free draining soils. quarrying; vegetation Reserve; Marginal surveillance and clearance. Strip; Stewardship management. Area; National Advocacy and Park. consultation. Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacryioides), totara (Podocarpus totara) matai (Prumnopitys taxifolia) forest Kāmahi (Weinmannia Podocarp broadleaved forest of abundant Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest racemosa), southern rātā rimu, kamahi and Southern rata with pests; dogs; human Conservation control. (Metrosideros umbellata), occasional miro, Hall's totara and locally pink impacts; quarrying; Park; Nature Biosecurity podocarp forest pine, mountain toatoa and yellow silver pine vegetation clearance. Reserve; surveillance and at higher altitudes and exposed sites Ecological Area; management. Marginal Strip; Advocacy and

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Stewardship Area; consultation. National Park. Rimu (Dacrydium Rimu dominant podocarp broadleaved beech Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest cupressinum), kāmahi, forest of abundant rimu, silver beech and pests; dogs; human Local Purpose control. beech Nothofagus kamahi with occasional Hall's totara, miro and impacts; quarrying; Reserve; Biosecurity (Lophozonia and locally kahikatea and Southern rata. vegetation clearance. Stewardship Area; surveillance and Fuscospora spp.) forest Mountain beech, mountain toatoa, yellow National Park. management. silver pine, silver pine and pink pine are Advocacy and abundant on wetland margins. consultation. Tawai/silver beech Silver beech, Southern rata and kamahi forest Plant and animal Ecological Area; Animal and plant pest (Nothofagus Lophozonia with Hall's totara and locally mountain beech, pests; dogs; human Stewardship Area; control. menziesii), kāmahi, quintinia and red beech at lower altitudes. impacts; quarrying; National Park. Biosecurity southern rātā forest vegetation clearance; surveillance and wasps. management. Advocacy and consultation. Red beech (Nothofagus Red beech forest of at least two types: i) Hill Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest Fuscospora fusca), slope forest of red beech, locally kamahi in pests; dogs; human Park; Ecological control. podocarp forest wetter parts of range, scattered rimu, Hall's impacts; quarrying; Area; Marginal Biosecurity totara, miro, matai, and in north with hinau vegetation clearance; Strip; Stewardship surveillance and and maire; ii) On alluvial stony terraces tall wasps. Area; National management. red beech locally with silver beech, kamahi, Park. Advocacy and Southern rata and podocarp trees (rimu, consultation. kahikatea, matai and totara). Red and tawai/silver beech Red-silver beech forest locally with podocarp/ Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest forest broadleaved species with at least three local pests; dogs; human Conservation control. variants: i) red, sliver beech with tawari and impacts; quarrying; Park; Ecological Biosecurity locally quintinia, kamahi, Hall's totara and at vegetation clearance; Area; Local surveillance and lower altitudes rimu and miro; ii) South Island wasps. Purpose Reserve; management. red, sliver beech forest locally with Marginal Strip; Advocacy and black/mountain beech, Hall's totara, Stewardship Area; consultation. pahautea, kamahi, hard beech and at lower National Park. altitudes rimu, miro and matai; and iii)

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Eastern with red, silver, black/mountain beech. Tawai/silver beech forest Silver beech forest of three local variants i.) Plants and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest Northern: silver beech, tawari, quintinia and pests; dogs; human Scenic Reserve; control. kamahi ii.) Silver beech of upper mountain impacts; quarrying; Conservation Biosecurity slopes locally with mountain beech and vegetation clearance; Park; Ecological surveillance and mountain toatoa and iii.) Silver beech on wasps. Area; Local management. lower and mid slopes with rimu, kamahi, Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and occasional Southern rata, Hall's totara, miro Marginal Strip; consultation. and locally with kahikatea on alluvial terraces. Stewardship Area; Also present at Waitaanga in the mild humid National Park. zone with rimu, kahikatea, miro and Hall's totara, tawa, kamahi, Northern rata, hinau and rewarewa (Nicholls 1976 O3 type). Tawai/silver beech, New unit added to allow better discrimination Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest mountain beech forest of montane forests - interim, with further pests; dogs; human Park; Ecological control. description required impacts; quarrying; Area; Stewardship Biosecurity vegetation clearance; Area; National surveillance and wasps. Park. management. Advocacy and consultation. Hoheria forest New unit added to allow better discrimination Plant and animal Stewardship Area; Animal and plant pest of montane forests - interim, with further pests; quarrying; National Park. control. description required vegetation clearance; Biosecurity wasps. surveillance and management. Advocacy and consultation. Cold climate Pāhautea (Libocedrus Beech gap montane forests of pahautea, Hall's Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest Fforest of bidwillii), Hall’s tōtara, totara, mountain toatoa and broadleaf. pests; dogs; fire; Park; Stewardship control. cold climates mountain toatoa/ celery human impacts; Area; National Biosecurity pine and broadleaved quarrying; vegetation Park. surveillance and forest clearance. management.

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Advocacy and consultation. Dracophyllum, Phyllocladus, Olearia, Hebe scrub (eastern subalpine scrub) Mountain beech Mountain beech forest with divaricating Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest (Nothofagus solandri Coprosma spp., weeping matipo, mountain pests; dogs; fire; Conservation control. var.Fuscospora toatoa, snow totara, broadleaf, three-finger, human impacts; Park; Government Biosecurity cliffortioides) forest putaputaweta and locally Hall's totara. quarrying; vegetation Purpose Reserve; surveillance and clearance; wasps. Marginal Strip; management. Stewardship Area; Advocacy and National Park. consultation. Olearia, Pseudopanax, Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest Dracophyllum scrub Sub-alpine scrub of wide range of local pests; dogs; human Scenic Reserve; control. (western subalpine scrub) variants with a range of species of Olearia, impacts; quarrying; Conservation Biosecurity Brachyglottis, Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum, vegetation clearance. Park; Ecological surveillance and Hebe, Coprosma, Hoheria, montane podocarp Area; Marginal management. trees, manuka and wharariki. Locally includes Strip; Stewardship Advocacy and monocultures such as leatherwood (O. Area; National consultation. colensoi). Park. Mountain beech, Beech, podocarp and beech, podocarp, Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest tawai/silver beech, broadleaved forest of at least two variants, i.) pests; dogs; human Conservation control. podocarp forest North Island with stunted mountain beech impacts; quarrying; Park; Ecological Biosecurity and or silver beech locally with montane vegetation clearance; Area; Stewardship surveillance and podocarp trees (Halls totara, pahautea, pink, wasps. Area; National management. bog and silver pine) and in the South Island Park. Advocacy and with mountain / silver beech, yellow-silver consultation. pine, Southern rata and Dracophyllum traversii. ii.) lower altitude mountain beech / silver beech locally yellow silver pine, silver pine, rimu, kahikatea, pahautea, Hall's totara, pokaka.

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Mild climate Mataī, tōtara, kahikatea These forests are generally localised in Plant and animal National park; Community group fForest of broadleaved forest Southland Murihiku. The kahikatea forest pests, biosecurity, and conservation area; initiated pest control at mild climates type has been reduced to the extent that it is land development and and private land. Bushy Point and Kew now rare. fragmentation. Bush. Yellow silver pine (Lepidothamnus intermedius), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) forest Kahikatea forest Kahikatea forest locally with matai and a Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest sparse sub-canopy of ribbonwood, hoheria, pests; dogs; human Conservation control. locally kowhai, pokaka, mahoe, lemonwood impacts; quarrying; Park; Scientific Biosecurity and divaricating shrubs on alluvial Holocene vegetation clearance. Reserve; surveillance and flood plains. Government management. Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and Marginal Strip; consultation. Stewardship Area. Kahikatea, silver pine, Kahikatea forest with occasional rimu, sliver Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest kamahi forest pine and kamahi. Locally includes Southern pests; dogs; human Conservation control. rata, pahautea and pokaka and in South impacts; quarrying; Park; Nature Biosecurity Westland scattered silver beech. vegetation clearance. Reserve; surveillance and Ecological Area; management. Government Advocacy and Purpose Reserve; consultation. Local Purpose Reserve; Stewardship Area; National Park. Kamahi, rimu, miro, Kamahi dominant podocarp broadleaved Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest Southern rata forest forest of frequent emergent rimu, miro and pests; dogs; human Scenic Reserve; control. abundant kamahi with occasional Southern impacts; quarrying; Ecological Area; Biosecurity rata, locally Hall's totara and quintinia. vegetation clearance. Local Purpose surveillance and Reserve; Amenity management. Area; Marginal Advocacy and

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Strip; Stewardship consultation. Area; National Park. Rimu forest Rimu terrace forests of abundant tall rimu and Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest occasional miro, kamahi, quintinia, Southern pests; dogs; human Ecological Area; control. rata and locally Hall's totara impacts; quarrying; Government Biosecurity vegetation clearance. Purpose Reserve; surveillance and Local Purpose management. Reserve; Amenity Advocacy and Area; Marginal consultation. Strip; Stewardship Area; National Park. Rimu, kamahi, quintinia Stunted rimu, Hall's totara, locally with Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest forest kamahi, quintinia, mountain toatoa, pahautea, pests; dogs; human Nature Reserve; control. sliver pine. Locally also includes beech, impacts; quarrying; Ecological Area; Biosecurity outside of the Westland beech gap. vegetation clearance. Government surveillance and Purpose Reserve; management. Local Purpose Advocacy and Reserve; Amenity consultation. Area; Marginal Strip; Stewardship Area; National Park. High alpine Fellfield; Some endemic plant species found. Few threats. National nature N/A gravelfield/stonefield reserve; national park; conservation park; conservation area; and crown pastoral lease land. Dracophyllum muscoides Cushionfield (with smaller areas of fellfield Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest cushionfield and rock tors) of prostrate shrubs and herbs pests; fire; grazing Marginal Strip; control. dominated by Dracophyllum miscodes, and lease; human impacts; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status other cushion/mat forming sub-shrubs/ herbs vegetation clearance; surveillance and and snow banks dominated by Celmisia vehicles. management. haastii and associates, on gently rolling Advocacy and plateau. consultation. Gravelfield/stonefield, Wet fellfield with areas of rock pavement, Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest cushionfield talus, boulderfield and bluffs and locally pests; human impacts; Conservation control. cushionfield and snow banks. At least two vegetation clearance; Park; Nature Biosecurity regional types (Western Nelson, Western vehicles. Reserve; surveillance and alps/Northern Fiordland), includes a diversity Stewardship Area; management. of small herbs and sub-shrubs including National Park. Advocacy and Aciphylla, Agrostis, Brachyscome, consultation. Brachyglottis, Celmisia, Epilobium, Gaultheria, Gentianella, Hebe, Ourisia, Poa, Ranunculus, Trisetum and cushion genera and snow banks of Chionochloa oreophila, Poa colensoi with Celmisia hectorii. Permanent snow and ice Permanent snow and ice Plant pests; human Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest impacts. Conservation control. Park; Stewardship Biosecurity Area; National surveillance and Park. management. Advocacy and consultation. Lakes Glacial Southland Murihiku has a large number of Water quality, National park; Animal and plant pest Landslide lakes and large diversity of lake types. Many sedimentation, plant conservation park; control - aquatic weeds Peat remain in an intact condition. and animal pests, and conservation area; in Lakes Manapouri Riverine biosecurity.Plant and nature, scenic and and Te Anau. Some animal pests; adjacent wildlife weed control.. Shoreline land uses; catchment management Biosecurity Swamp impacts; human reserves; and surveillance and Tectonic impacts; hydrological crown land management. Windform alteration; impeded (LINZ). Advocacy and fish passage; lake Wilderness Area; consultation. macrophytes; pest Scenic Reserve;

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status fish; river nutrients; Conservation salmonids; sediments Park; Nature and nutrients; water Reserve; and gravel extraction. Government Purpose Reserve; Marginal Strip; Stewardship Area; National Park. Low Alpine Narrow-leaved A number of threatened and endemic plant Animal pests National park; Animal and plant pest and (Chionochloa rigida) and and animal species (particularly invertebrate (including a suite of conservation park; control. Subantarctic slim (C. macra) snow species). The subantarctic snow tussockland both browsers and conservation area; Biosecurity tussockland/shrubland is confined to the subantarctic islands. predators), weeds nature and scenic surveillance and Chionochloa rigida subsp. rigida, C. macra (including kōti/gorse reserves; crown management. tall tussock grassland /shrubland of species (Ulex europaeus), pastoral lease Advocacy and of Hebe and Dracophyllum with areas of talus, broom (Cytisus land; and private consultation. boulderfield and bluffs. At least two regional scoparius), hawkweed land. Scenic variants; i.) Eastern / Central Otago (Hieracium spp.)), Reserve; mountains and ii.) Eastern Alps. land development and Conservation fire. Plant and animal Park; Government pests; Canada geese; Purpose Reserve; fire; grazing lease; Marginal Strip; human impacts; Stewardship Area; vegetation cleance; National Park vehicles. Mid-ribbed and broad- Chionochloa pallens subsp. pallens tall Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest leaved snow tussockland/ tussock grassland, low scrub with areas of pests; Canada geese; Park. control. shrubland talus, boulderfield and bluffs. human impacts; Biosecurity vegetation clearance; surveillance and vehicles. management. Advocacy and consultation. Mid-ribbed (Chionochloa Chionochloa pallens ssp. pilosa locally with C. Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest pallens) and narrow-leaved rigida subsp. amara and C. crassiuscula tall pests; Canada geese; Scenic Reserve; control. snow tussockland/ tussock grassland, low scrub with areas of fire; grazing lease; Stewardship Area; Biosecurity

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status shrubland talus, boulderfield and bluffs. human impacts; National Park. surveillance and vegetation clearance; management. vehicles. Advocacy and consultation. Pungent snow Chionochloa crassiuscula dominant Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest tussockland/shrubland grasslands with C. pallens, C. rigida subsp. pests; Canada geese; National Park. control. (Chionochloa crassiuscula amara and shrubland with areas of talus, human impacts; Biosecurity subsp. crassiuscula) boulderfield and bluffs. Locally includes C. vegetation clearance; surveillance and teretifolia, C. acicularis, C. ovata and C. vehicles. management. spiralis and associated herbfield. Advocacy and consultation. Subantarctic snow Chionochloa antarctica, Poa foliosa Plant and animal Nature Reserve. Animal and plant pest tussockland/shrubland grassland-herbfield-shrubland and low scrub pests; Canada geese; control. (Chionochloa antarctica) with a mosaic of mega-herbs (Anisotome, human impacts; Biosecurity Pleurophyllum and Stilbocarpa spp.), locally vegetation clearance; surveillance and sea bird nesting sites, cushionfield, sedgeland vehicles. management. bogs (Centrolepis pallida, Carpha alpina, Advocacy and Oreobolus pectinatus) and areas of higher consultation. altitude basalt talus dominated by lichens, Grammitis poeppigiana, Stellaria decipiens and other small forbs, turf grasses and mosses. Rivers Flowing water which A number of threatened fish are present. Adjacent land uses; Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest provides a variety of local catchment impacts; Conservation control. mosaic habitats for aquatic human impacts; Park; Scientific Biosecurity plants, invertebreates and hydrological Reserve; surveillance and vertebrates. alteration; impeded Government management - fish passage; plant and Purpose Reserve; (including for didymo animal pests; river Local Purpose (Didymosphenia nutrients; salmonids; Reserve; Marginal germinata)). sediments and Strip, Stewardship Advocacy and nutrients; water and Area, National consultation. gravel extraction. Park. National Degraded water park; conservation

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status quality, sedimentation, park; conservation obstructions to flow or area; nature and fish passage, scenic reserves; introduced fish and and crown land aquatic weeds. (LINZ). Saline Ureure/glasswort Halophytic herbfield of sea grass grading into Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), glasswort and sea primrose with Selliera, sea pests; Canada geese; Government control. māakoako/sea primrose blite, Schoenus nitens, arrowgrass, Puccinellia dogs; human impacts; Purpose Reserve; Biosecurity (Samolus repens) herbfield spp, N.Z. celery grading into oioi, three- quarrying; sediments National Park. surveillance and square and salt marsh ribbonwood. Locally and nutrients; National park; management. with shell barrier and or gravel or sand beach vegetation clearance; conservation area; Advocacy and ridges with silver tussock, knobby clubrush vehicles. Weeds, pest nature and scenic consultation. and square sedge. A number of threatened animals (both reserves; Fencing. plants and animals are present. browsers and unformed legal predators) and land road; crown land Fish passage. development/use. (LINZ and Hydrological Maritime NZ); management. and private land. Panahi/shore bindweed Stone and gravelfield with halophytic herbs, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest (Calystegia soldanella), sedges and vines including glasswort, half pests; Canada geese; Nature Reserve; control. wīwī/knobby clubrush star, shore celery, arrow grass, shore spurge, dogs; human impacts; Scientific Reserve; Biosecurity gravelfield/stonefield knobby club rush, shore bindweed grading quarrying; sediments Government surveillance and into coastal scrub-vineland of Coprosma, and nutrients; Purpose Reserve; management. Muehlenbeckia, and locally Melicytus, vegetation clearance; Local Purpose Advocacy and Pimelea, Ozothamnus species, harakeke and vehicles. Reserve; Marginal consultation. further inland on older beach ridges open Strip; Stewardship Fencing. treeland locally including ngaio, taupata, Area; National akeake. Kowhai and tanekaha is present on Park. older examples at Miranda. Coastal turf; herbfield Coastal herbfield of a wide range of prostrate Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest species including half-star, sea primrose, pests; Canada geese; Nature Reserve; control. shore celery, Zoysia minima, Isolepis cernua, human impacts; Marginal Strip; Biosecurity Centella uniflora, Colobanthus muelleri, quarrying; sediments Stewardship Area; surveillance and Hydrocotyle novae-zeelandiae and species of and nutrients; National Park. management.

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Leptinella, Crassula, Ranunculus, Myosotis, vegetation clearance; Advocacy and Epilobium, Mazus and Nertera. vehicles; water and consultation. gravel extraction. Fencing. Horokaka/iceplant (Disphyma australe), ureure/glasswort herbfield/loamfield Mutton bird sedge (Carex Mosaic of sedgeland/ herbfield of Carex Plant and animal Nature Reserve. Animal and plant pest trifida) and Senecio trifida and Senecio radiolatus with locally pests; dogs; fire; control. radiolatus sedgeland/ Leptinella featherstonii, Lepidium spp., human impacts; Biosecurity herbfield/loamfield Myosotidium hortensium and Embergeria quarrying; vegetation surveillance and grandifolia interspersed with bare ground, clearance; water and management. bird burrows and guano deposits. gravel extraction. Advocacy and consultation. ‘Mutton- bird sedge scrub’; Mosaic of scrub of wind shorn Southern rata, Plant and animal Nature Reserve, Animal and plant pest Olearia, Brachyglottis and Hebe elliptica, Dracophyllum longifolium and pests; dogs; fire; National Park. control. Dracophyllum scrub/ several species of Olearia, Brachyglottis and human impacts; Biosecurity herbfield/loamfield locally broadleaf and maupo and with areas of quarrying; vegetation surveillance and coastal herbfield and bare ground associated clearance; water and management. with penguin and sea bird nesting/ gravel extraction. Advocacy and burrowing sites. consultation. Poa litorosa grassland/ Mosaic of tussockland dominated by Poa Plant and animal Nature Reserve. Animal and plant pest herbfield/loamfield litorosa, P. foliosa and mega-herbfield of pests; Canada geese; control. Anisotome latifolia, Bulbinella rossii with dogs; human impacts; Biosecurity localised areas of bare ground associated with quarrying; vegetation surveillance and penguin and sea bird nesting sites. clearance. management. Advocacy and consultation. Searush, oioi, glasswort Rushland, herbfield of sea grass, glasswort, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest and sea primrose rushland/ sea primrose, locally with shell barrier and or pests; Canada geese; Conservation control. herbfield gravel beach ridges, grading into sea rush, dogs; human impacts; Park; Scientific Biosecurity oioi, locally with Baumea juncea and quarrying; sediments Reserve; surveillance and Schoenoplectus spp. with areas of coastal and nutrients; Government

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status herbfield e.g. shore celery, half star, bachelor’s vegetation clearance; Purpose Reserve; management. button, arrow grass and grading into a fringe vehicles. Local Purpose Advocacy and of coastal scrub of salt marsh ribbonwood, Reserve; Marginal consultation. Olearia solandri, Coprosma propinqua, and Strip; Stewardship Fencing. pohuehue. Area; National Fire management. Park. Hydrological management. Scree, bare Screes; gravelfield Loose mobile gravelfield of predominantly Browsers (mainly Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest rock shattered greywacke and argillite on slopes of hares (Lepus Conservation control. and between 35-40 degrees and include 26 species europaeus), goats Park; Marginal Biosecurity braided of specialised scree plants and associates (Capra hircus) and Strip; Stewardship surveillance and rivers Rock, commonly including; Stellaria roughii, chamois (Rupicapra Area; National management. gravel and Epilobium pycnostachyum, Lignocarpa rupicapra)). Plant and Park. Advocacy and stone carnosula and Hebe epacridea.A number of animal pests; human consultation. threatened and endemic plants are present impacts; quarrying; dominated Fencing. communities vegetation clearance. Braided rivers, hHard Stonefield, gravelfield with a mosaic of Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest tussock (Festuca novae- prostrate herbfield of scabweed, mats and pests; adjacent land Conservation control. zelandiae), scabweed short lived herbs e.g. Raoulia spp., Epilobium uses; dogs; fire; human Park; Government Biosecurity (Raoulia spp.) gravelfield/ spp., Pimelea prostrata and Muehlenbeckia impacts; quarrying; Purpose Reserve; surveillance and stonefield axillaris, grading into short-tussock vegetation clearance; Local Purpose management. grasslands on fresh alluvium with silver vehicles; water and Reserve; Marginal Advocacy and tussock, hard tussock, blue wheat grass and gravel extraction. Strip; Stewardship consultation. plume grass and matagouri scrub (inland Weed invasion Area; National Multi-agency weed South Island) or kanuka scrub on older more (mainly kōti/gorse, Park; Crown land control on several stable soils. Locally includes inland dunes. broom, willows (Salix (LINZ); marginal rivers. Braided riverbeds are a distinctive feature of spp.) and Russell lupin strip; northern Southland Murihiku and are a (Lupinus polyphyllus)), conservation area; naturally rare ecosystem type. They provide sedimentation, national park; and important nesting habitat for the predation and unformed legal karorotarāpunga/black-billed gull (Larus decreasing water road. bulleri), tarapirohe/ quality. black-fronted tern (Chlidonias albostriatus) and pohowera/banded dotterel (Charadrius

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status bicinctus bicinctus). Scabweed gravelfield/stonefield Bristle tussock, Raoulia, Gravelfield/ sandfield with a mosaic of Plant and animal Wilderness Area; Animal and plant pest Muehlenbeckia, prostrate herbfield of Raoulia spp., Pimelea pests; adjacent land Stewardship Area; control. gravelfield/ sandfield spp. Muehlenbeckia axillaris, with localised uses; dogs; human National Park. Biosecurity patches of bristle and blue tussock and impacts; quarrying; surveillance and mountain oat grass and with scattered snow vegetation clearance; management. totara, Gaultheria spp. and Olearia vehicles; water and Advocacy and nummulariifolia. Locally includes volcanic gravel extraction. consultation. dunes. Recent volcanic debris Volcanic debris including unvegetated lava Plant and animal Nature Reserve; Biosecurity flows, etc. pests; human impacts; National Park. surveillance and quarrying; vegetation management. clearance. Advocacy and consultation. Regenerating Mānuka or kanuka scrub Regenerating manuka or kanuka scrub. These Plant and animal Historic Reserve; Animal and plant pest secondary vegetation types now form the pests; fire; human Scenic Reserve; control. major indigenous vegetation cover over much impacts; quarrying; Conservation Biosecurity of Southland Murihiku and therefore vegetation clearance. Park; Nature surveillance and represent an important part of the landscape. Weeds (mainly Reserve; management. In particular, the copper tussockland of the wilding pines and Ecological Area; Advocacy and hill country and tall tussockland of the high bush weeds, but a Scientific Reserve; consultation. country are special features of Southland range of pasture Government Fire management. Murihiku. A number of rare species grasses, herbaceous Purpose Reserve; Weed control at some commonly occupy these habitats, including species and other Sanctuary Area; sites, and advocacy the kārearea/eastern New Zealand falcon exotic plants are Marginal Strip; through the Resource (Falco novaeseelandiae “eastern”), New found), hares and fires. Stewardship Area; Management Act 1991 Zealand pīhoihoi/pipit (Anthus Other pest animals National Park. and the Crown Pastoral novaeseelandiae) and Olearia tree daisies. include rabbits National park; Lease Act 1998 re. (Oryctolagus conservation park; consents and fire cuniculus), hedgehogs scenic reserve; suppression. (Erinaceus europaeus), conservation area; mustelids and rats. crown pastoral

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status lease land; and private land. Bracken fernland New units added to allow recognition of Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest secondary vegetation - interim, with further pests; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. description required impacts; quarrying; Biosecurity vegetation clearance; surveillance and vehicles. management. Advocacy and consultation. Broadleaved scrub Regenerating broadleaved scrub and Plant and animal Historic Reserve; Animal and plant pest forestand shrubland shrubland pests; fire; human Scenic Reserve; control. impacts; quarrying; Conservation Biosecurity vegetation clearance. Park; Nature surveillance and Reserve; management. Sanctuary Area; Advocacy and Marginal Strip; consultation. Stewardship Area; National Park. Tūmatakuru/matagouri (Discaria toumatou), Coprosma, Sophora scrub (Grey scrub) Mountain tauhinu (Ozothamnus vauvilliersii), Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium scrub Inaka (Dracophyllum longifolium) scrub Rārahu/bracken (Pteridium esculentum) fernland Short tussockgrassland Regenerating short tussock grassland Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest pests; Canada geese; Conservation control. fire; human impacts; Park; Ecological Biosecurity

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status quarrying; vegetation Area; Scientific surveillance and clearance; vehicles. Reserve; management. Government Advocacy and Purpose Reserve; consultation. Marginal Strip; Stewardship Area; National Park. Red or copper (Chionochloa rubra cuprea) tussockland Tall tussockland Ultramafic Podocarp, beech, mānuka forest/scrub/rockland Tussockland/stonefield/ Two local variants i.) boulderfield with Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest rockland scattered Chionochloa defracta tall tussock pests; fire; human Park; Marginal control. grassland, shrubland with tauhinu, impacts; vegetation Strip; Stewardship Biosecurity Dracophyllum pronum, D. filifolium and clearance; Area; National surveillance and locally manuka and with D. pronum, blue vehicles.Weeds Park. management. tussock, bristle tussock, Poa spp. Several (mainly wilding pines Conservation Advocacy and threatened and/or endemic plant species. and kōti/gorse) and park; conservation consultation. hares. area; and private Weed control. land.

Wetlands Wire rush (Empodisma Restiad rushland dominated by wire rush, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest minus), tangle fern tangle fern and sedges including Baumea pests; adjacent land Conservation control. (Gleichenia dicarpa) tenax, Lepidosperma australe often with uses; catchment Park; Nature Biosecurity restiad rushland/fernland Sphagnum spp. and tussock grasses. May impacts; dogs; fire; Reserve; surveillance and include pools and gradations to shrub bogs human impacts; Ecological Area; management. (especially small podocarp trees), manuka, hydrological Scientific Reserve; Advocacy and Dracophyllum spp. and tauhinu or red tussock alteration; river Government consultation. fens. Southland Murihiku is a national nutrients; quarrying; Purpose Reserve; Fencing. stronghold for wetlands, with a large number sediments and Marginal Strip; and a wide range of ecosystems present. nutrients; vegetation Stewardship Area; Fish passage. clearance. Weeds National Park. Hydrological

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Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status (including kōti/gorse, National park; management. Weed willow species and conservation park; control at some sites. Spanish heath (Erica conservation area; lusitanica)), land nature, scientific development, and scenic hydrological change reserves; crown and predators. pastoral lease land; and private land. "Pakihi". Manuka, Low scrub, fernland, restiad rushland of Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest wirerush, tanglefern scrub/ wirerush, tanglefern, Baumea spp., manuka, pests; adjacent land Conservation control. fernland/ restiad rushland Dracophyllum palustre and a margin of bog uses; catchment Park; Ecological Biosecurity pine, sliver pine, pink pine and yellow silver impacts; dogs; fire; Area; Local surveillance and pine. Locally includes abundant sphagnum human impacts; Purpose Reserve; management. and red tussock. hydrological Amenity Area; Advocacy and alteration; river Wildlife consultation. nutrients; quarrying; Managment Area; Fencing. sediments and Stewardship Area; nutrients; vegetation National Park. clearance. Chionochloa tussockland Chionochloa tussockland with wirerush, Plant and animal National Park. Animal and plant pest tangle fern and scattered shrubland locally pests; adjacent land control. including manuka, pink-pine, yellow silver uses; catchment Biosecurity pine and Dracophyllum spp. on blanket peat impacts; dogs; fire; surveillance and (irrespective of slope). Several variants with human impacts; management. locally with Chionochloa acicularis, C. juncea, hydrological Advocacy and C. teretifolia. alteration; quarrying; consultation. sediments and nutrients; vegetation clearance; vehicles. Herbfield/mossfield/ Mossfield, herbfield, sedgeland with Plant and animal Stewardship Area; Animal and plant pest sedgeland sphagnum and other mosses, short-statured pests; adjacent land National Park. control. sedges (Carex, Isolepis spp. and Carpha uses; catchment Biosecurity alpina) and a range of herbs (Epilobium, impacts; dogs; fire; surveillance and

258

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Euphrasia, Gentianella spp.). Often contains human impacts; management. numerous small pools with associated aquatic hydrological Advocacy and species. alteration; quarrying; consultation. sediments and Fencing. nutrients; vegetation clearance; vehicles. Oreobolus Ccushionfield Cushionfield with species of Oreobolus, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest Donatia, Gaimardia, Centrolepis, Carpha pests; adjacent land Conservation control. alpina and Phyllachne and often Androstoma uses; catchment Park; Nature Biosecurity empetrifolia, Pentachondra pumila and impacts; dogs; human Reserve; Scientific surveillance and Lepidothamnus laxifolius. Locally includes impacts; hydrological Reserve; management. scattered treeland with manuka, pink pine, alteration; quarrying; Stewardship Area; Advocacy and mountain beech, yellow silver pine. sediments and National Park. consultation. nutrients; vegetation Fencing. clearance; vehicles. Oioi restiad rushland/ Oioi restiad rushland, locally with large Plant and animal Historic Reserve; Animal and plant pest reedland Baumea, Bolboschoenus spp., kuta and lake pests; adjacent land Scenic Reserve; control. clubrush often with occasional raupo, uses; Canada geese; Scientific Reserve; Biosecurity scattered harakeke grading into wetland dogs; human impacts; Government surveillance and scrub on margins. hydrological Purpose Reserve; management. alteration; river Local Purpose Advocacy and nutrients; quarrying; Reserve; Marginal consultation. sediments and Strip; Stewardship Fencing. nutrients; vegetation Area; National clearance. Park. Fire management. Fish passage. Hydrological management. Baumea sedgeland Sedgeland, rushland with a high water table Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest dominated by species of Baumea, pests; adjacent land Conservation control. Lepidosperma, Eleocharis, Juncus, often uses; Canada geese; Park; Ecological Biosecurity scattered harakeke, Carex spp. Locally dogs; human impacts; Area; Scientific surveillance and includes oioi, tangle fern and Gahnia spp. hydrological Reserve; management. which can be locally dominant. Lagg margins alteration; river Government Advocacy and

259

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status often grade into manuka, Coprosma scrub nutrients; quarrying; Purpose Reserve; consultation. fens. sediments and Marginal Strip; Fencing. nutrients; vegetation Stewardship Area; Fire management. clearance. National Park. Hydrological management. Mānuka, tangle fern scrub/ Manuka scrub with occasional species of Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest fernland Olearia, Coprosma, and Dracophyllum and pests; adjacent land Conservation control. species of Baumea, Lepidosperma, Carex, uses; Canada geese; Park; Ecological Biosecurity Juncus, locally tangle fern, Schoenus dogs; fire; human Area; Government surveillance and pauciflorus, Sphagnum, stunted harakeke, and impacts; hydrological Purpose Reserve; management. species of Astelia and Gahnia. Locally alteration; river Marginal Strip; Advocacy and includes bog pine, silver pine and pink pine. nutrients; quarrying; Stewardship Area; consultation. sediments and National Park. Fencing. nutrients; vegetation clearance. Fire management. Hydrological management. Sphagnum mossfield Sphagnum mossfield often with a sparse Plant and animal Stewardship Area, Animal and plant pest canopy of stunted scrub / low treeland of pests; adjacent land National Park, control. manuka, locally silver beech, bog pine and uses; Canada geese; Biosecurity Dracophyllum spp, with abundant cover of dogs; human impacts; surveillance and sphagnum and sparse component of sedges, hydrological management. rushes and herbs (e.g. Drosera binata). On alteration; river Advocacy and Chatham Islands includes local endemics e.g. nutrients; quarrying; consultation. Carex chathamica, Olearia semidentata and sediments and Fencing Dracophyllum scoparium. nutrients; vegetation clearance. Fire management, Hydrological management, ‘Ephemeral wetland’; Herbfield and or low sedgeland dominated by Plant and animal Historic Reserve; Animal and plant pest herbfield a wide range of predominantly montane short pests; adjacent land Scenic Reserve; control. statured herbs, grasses and species. uses; Canada geese; Conservation Biosecurity Dominants may include species of; Leptinella, dogs; human impacts; Park; Nature surveillance and Lobelia, Hydrocotyle, Euchiton, Epilobium, hydrological Reserve; Marginal management.

260

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status Plantago, Ranunculus, Myriophyllum, Elatine, alteration; river Strip; Stewardship Advocacy and Glossostigma, Isolepis, Eleocharis, Carex, nutrients; quarrying; Area; National consultation. Deschampsia. sediments and Park. Fencing. nutrients; vegetation clearance; vehicles. ‘Lakeshore turf’; herbfield ‘ Short statured herbfield of broadly two Plant and animal Scenic Reserve, Animal and plant pest variants; i.) coastal and ii.) inland often with pests; adjacent land Conservation control. species in common to both variants. Coastal uses; Canada geese; Park, Government Biosecurity are often brackish and commonly include dogs; human impacts; Purpose Reserve, surveillance and Selliera radicans, Isolepis spp., Limosella, hydrological Marginal Strip, management. Lilaeopsis and grade into salt marsh with alteration; river Stewardship Area, Advocacy and increasing salinity. Inland variant commonly nutrients; quarrying; National Park, consultation. includes Glossistigma elatinoides, species of sediments and Fencing Lilaeopsis, Carex, Eleocharis, Lobelia, nutrients; vegetation Centrolepis, Hydrocotyle, Myriophyllum, clearance; vehicles. Fire management, Plantago, Ranunculus, Crassula and other Hydrological herb species. management, Red tussock, Schoenus Red tussockland locally with localised Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest tussockland cushionfield, sedgeland and shallow pools pests; adjacent land Conservation control. with Schoenus pauciflorus, Oreobolus spp., uses; Canada geese; Park; Nature Biosecurity Carpha alpina, Carex coriacea, C. sinclairii dogs; fire; human Reserve; surveillance and and locally sphagnum, wirerush and scattered impacts; hydrological Government management. shrubs e.g. Hebe odora and bog pine. alteration; river Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and nutrients; quarrying; Marginal Strip; consultation. sediments and Stewardship Area; Fencing. nutrients; vegetation National Park. clearance; vehicles. Fish passage. Hydrological management. ‘Alpine seepages/flushes’; Schoenus pauciflorus sedgeland Flaxland Flaxland dominant swamps often with toetoe, Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest species of Carex e.g. pukio and Baumea, pests; adjacent land Conservation control.

261

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status kiokio and occasional wetland scrub, treeland uses; Canada geese; Park; Scientific Biosecurity of cabbage tree, Coprosma spp., manuka, and dogs; human impacts; Reserve; surveillance and locally weeping matipo and Olearia virgata. hydrological Government management. Areas with high water tables may be alteration; river Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and dominated by pukio. May grade into wetland nutrients; quarrying; Local Purpose consultation. carr with emergent cabbage trees. sediments and Reserve; Marginal Fencing. nutrients; vegetation Strip; Stewardship Fire management. clearance. Area; National Park. Hydrological management. Raupō (Typha orientalis) Raupo reedland of abundant raupo, locally Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest reedland with species of Bolboschoenus, pests; adjacent land Scientific Reserve; control. Schoenoplectus, and Baumea articulata, uses; Canada geese; Government Biosecurity pukio, harakeke and where unmodified with a dogs; human impacts; Purpose Reserve; surveillance and margin of scrub of Coprosma species, and hydrological Marginal Strip; management. locally Olearia virgata and manuka and alteration; river Stewardship Area; Advocacy and locally scattered kahikatea. Often occurs on nutrients; quarrying; National Park. consultation. lake margins or includes small ponds with sediments and Fencing. shallow water/ pools with floating/rafted nutrients; vegetation aquatics such as milfoils, buttercups, clearance. Fire management. willowherbs, species of Potamogeton and Hydrological Isolepis, Azolla, Lemna and spiked-seges. management. Coprosma, Olearia scrub Scrub of Coprosma spp. and locally Olearia Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest virgata which can be locally dominant, with a pests; adjacent land Conservation control. mosaic of a wide variety of Carex spp and uses; Canada geese; Park; Scientific Biosecurity locally kiokio. May locally include scattered dogs; human impacts; Reserve; surveillance and harakeke, raupo, toetoe and cabbage trees. hydrological Government management. alteration; river Purpose Reserve; Advocacy and nutrients; quarrying; Stewardship Area; consultation. sediments and National Park. Fencing. nutrients; vegetation clearance. Hydrological management. Carex, Schoenus sedgeland Montane sedgeland with a high water table Plant and animal Conservation Animal and plant pest dominated by complex mosaics of a wide pests; adjacent land Park; Nature control.

262

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative Management responses status variety of Carex species including C. secta, C. uses; Canada geese; Reserve; Biosecurity virgata, C. diandra, C. coriacea, C. sinclairii, dogs; human impacts; Government surveillance and C. gauchichaudiana and Schoenus pauciflorus hydrological Purpose Reserve; management. with locally small pools, and lakes often with alteration; river Local Purpose Advocacy and a fringe of raupo. At higher altitude Schoenus nutrients; quarrying; Reserve; Marginal consultation. becomes more abundant while at lower sediments and Strip; Stewardship Fencing. altitude harakeke maybe present. Intact nutrients; vegetation Area; National Hydrological examples have margins of wetland scrub. clearance. Park. management. Exotic Pasture Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest Conservation control. Park; Nature Biosecurity Reserve; Scientific surveillance and Reserve; management. Government Purpose Reserve; Sanctuary Area; Local Purpose Reserve; Marginal Strip; Stewardship Area; National Park. Open water Open water Plant and animal Scenic Reserve; Animal and plant pest pests; adjacent land Conservation control. uses; catchment Park; Nature Biosecurity impacts; human Reserve; Scientific surveillance and impacts; hydrological Reserve; management. alteration; impeded Government Advocacy and fish passage; lake Purpose Reserve; consultation. macrophytes; river Marginal Strip;

nutrients; sediments Stewardship Area; and nutrients; water National Park. and gravel extraction.

263

Appendix 3

Islands over 1 ha administered by the Department of Conservation in Southland Murihiku

Subantarctic islands (Note: A Regional Coastal Plan for the islands should be approved in 2013.) Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Antipodes Island Group National Nature Access by permit for research Reserve purposes only. Ongoing species monitoring programmes in place. Proposed marine reserve to 12 nautical miles.  Antipodes Island Minimum Impact Mice (Mus Low Biosecurity risks, detection (includes main island musculus) and prosecution of illegal and all outliers not landings, and management of individually historic hut. Current mentioned) significant decline in penguin populations. Eradication of mice planned for 2014.  Archway Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Bollons Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  East Windward Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Leeward Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Orde Lees Islet Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  West Windward Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.

264

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Auckland Islands National Nature Biosecurity risks, including Access by permit only. Reserve spread of Olearia lyallii from Permits for tourism purposes Port Ross to all islands, and at designated sites only on potential animal and plant Auckland and Enderby pest introductions from visitor Islands. landings. Potential visitor Marine Mammal Sanctuary to impacts and visitor impact 12 nautical miles. Ongoing monitoring. species monitoring in place. Detection and prosecution of illegal landings.  Adams Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks and Access by permit for research maintenance of management purposes only. Long-term huts. albatross monitoring site.  Auckland Island (main) Refuge Pigs (Sus Medium Management of huts and Access by permit only. scrofa), cats boardwalk. Management and Permits for tourism purposes (Felis catus), protection of historic sites. at designated sites only. mice Potential visitor impacts and Goats (Capra hircus) visitor impact monitoring. eradicated in 1990. Proposed Potential for increased eradication of pigs, cats and demand for tourism landings mice. at existing designated sites.  Auckland Islands (all Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. outliers not individually mentioned)  Disappointment Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Dundas Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks and Primary rāpoka/whakahao/ maintenance of management New Zealand sea lion hut. (Phocarctos hookeri) breeding site.

265

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)*  Enderby Island Refuge None High Biosecurity risks, and Major rāpoka/whakahao/ management and protection New Zealand sea lion of historic sites. Maintenance breeding and research site. of management huts and Permits for tourism purposes tracks, and visitor boardwalk at designated sites only. and tracks. Pest plants. Cattle (Bos taurus), rabbits Detection and prosecution of (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and illegal landings. Potential mice eradicated in 1993. Key visitor impacts and visitor subantarctic breeding site for impact monitoring. Potential yellow-eyed penguins for increased demand for Megadyptes antipodes. tourism landings at existing designated sites.  Ewing Island Minimum Impact None High Biosecurity risks.  Figure of Eight Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion breeding site.  French Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurityrisks.  Friday Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Green Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Masked Island Minimum Impact Mice, cats and Low pigs (from Auckland Island)  Monumental Island Minimum Impact None Low  Ocean Island Minimum Impact Unknown; Medium Goats eradicated in 1940. potentially mice  Rose Island Minimum Impact Unknown; Medium Rabbits eradicated in 1993. potentially mice  Shoe Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Yule Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.

266

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Bounty Islands (main National Nature Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Detection Access by permit for research group, centre group and Reserve and prosecution of illegal purposes only. Proposed east group) landings. partial marine reserve. Penguin, mollymawk and kekeno/New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) breeding site. Campbell Islands National Nature Biosecurity risks. Detection Access by permit only. Reserve and prosecution of illegal Permits for tourism purposes landings. Species monitoring, at designated sites. Proposed e.g. penguins, albatrosses and marine reserve to 12 nautical rāpoka/whakahao/New miles. Zealand sea lions.  Campbell Island/Motu Refuge None High Biosecurity risks. Eradicated cattle in 1984, Ihupuku (main) Significant decline in sheep in 1991 and Norway rats rockhopper penguins (Rattus norvegicus) in 2001. (Eudyptes filholi). Cats died out c. 1990. Management and protection Campbell Island teal (Anas of historic sites. Provision and nesiotis) reintroduced in 2004. maintenance of visitor Campbell Island snipe boardwalk and tracks. (Coenocorypha aucklandica Maintenance of management perseverance) self-introduced huts and tracks. Potential in 2006. visitor impacts and visitor Rāpoka/whakahao/New impact monitoring. Potential Zealand sea lion, albatross demand for increased tourism and mollymawk breeding site. landings at some designated sites.  Campbell Islands (all Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. outliers not mentioned individually)  Cossack Rock Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.

267

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)*  Dent Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Was sole location for Campbell Island teal.  Folly Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) eradicated in 2001.  Gomez Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Hook Keys Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Isle de Jeanette-Marie Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Jacquemart Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Was sole location for Campbell Island snipe.  Monowai Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Survey Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Wasp Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Snares Islands/Tini Heke National Nature Biosecurity risks. Detection Access by permit for research Reserve and prosecution of illegal purposes only. landings.  Alert Stack Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  Broughton Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks.  North East Island Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Mooring location for fishing (includes all outliers Management and protection boats and yachts. not individually of historic hut. Maintenance Species monitoring mentioned) of management hut, programmes in place, boardwalk and tracks. including penguin and tītī/ sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus).  Snares Island (western Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. chain islands)

* The Island classification is aligned with the 10-year term of this strategy and represents the desired future state of the island (Departm.ent of Conservation 2010: The island strategy: guidelines for managing islands administered by the Department of Conservation). The island classification is intended for guidance only, and needs to be read in conjunction with the outcome and policies for Places in Part Two of this strategy.

268

Fiordland National Park islands Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Anchor Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Management and Resolution Island protection of historic programme or by Kākāpo site. Potential visitor Team. impacts and visitor impact monitoring. Arran Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low National Park Bauza Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Secretary Island programme. Belle Vue Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Breaksea Island Fiordland Refuge None Low Detection and Entry by permit only. National Park prosecution of illegal landings. Buncrana Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Bute Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. National Park Catherine Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Centre Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. National Park Chalky Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Coal Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Occasional Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped by Te Puka- National Park stoat (Mustela Hereka (The Tied Anchor) erminea) South West New Zealand

269

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Endangered Species Charitable Trust. Cooper Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown; Low National Park presumed stoats, rats and deer Cumbrae Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Curlew Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats; Low National Park presumed rats; mice unknown Dot Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Doubtful Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice and Low National Park kiore (Rattus exulans) Eleanor Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Elizabeth Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low No longer trapped. National Park rats; mice unknown Entrance Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Entry Island (Breaksea Fiordland Refuge None Low Biosecurity risks. Sound) National Park Erin Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice, Low No longer trapped. National Park occasional stoat Fanny Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present.

270

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Fergusson Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low No longer trapped. National Park rats; mice unknown Garden Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Unknown Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Great Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low National Park rats; mice likely Harbour Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low No longer trapped. National Park rats; mice unknown Heron Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low No longer trapped. National Park rats Holmwood Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Indian Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Management and Resolution Island protection of programme. archaeological site. Potential visitor impacts and visitor impact monitoring. Inner Cording Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low National Park rats; mice unknown Inner Gilbert Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice Low Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. John Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low National Park rats; mice unknown

271

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Lee Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Little Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats and Low National Park rats; probably mice Little Solander Island Fiordland Minimum Impact None Low Biosecurity risks. Access by permit for National Park Detection and research purposes only. prosecution of illegal Species monitoring, e.g. landings (popular gannets. commercial fishing area). Lone Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Long Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Stoats, rats, Low Stoat control programmed. National Park mice and deer Macdonell Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice, stoats Low Some trapping. National Park and rats Mahara Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Unknown Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Many Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Mary Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Possums Low Stoat traps set to help National Park (Trichosurus protect Petrel Islands. Very vulpecula), close to mainland. stoats, rats, mice and deer Nee Islets Fiordland Refuge None Low Biosecurity risks. National Park Nomans Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme.

272

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Oke Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Occasional Low No longer trapped. National Park stoat and rat Only Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low National Park Outer Cording Islands Fiordland Restoration Stoats and Low National Park rats; mice unknown Outer Gilbert Islands Fiordland Refuge Stoats and Low National Park rats; mice unknown Parrot Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Passage Island (Dusky Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the Sound) National Park Resolution Island programme. Passage Islands (Chalky Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the Inlet) National Park Resolution Island programme. Petrel Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Pigeon Island/Wāwāhi Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice, Low Trapped as part of the Waka National Park occasional Resolution Island stoat programme. Pomona Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice Low Trapped for stoats and rats National Park by Pomona Island Charitable Trust. Prove Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme.

273

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Resolution Island Fiordland Restoration Mice and Low Stoat and deer eradication National Park deer; few programme underway. stoats Rona Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice Low Trapped for stoats and rats National Park by Pomona Island Charitable Trust. Round Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped by Te Puka- National Park Hereka (The Tied Anchor) South West New Zealand Endangered Species Charitable Trust. Seal Islands Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Secretary Island Fiordland Restoration Few stoats; Low Stoat and deer eradication National Park very few deer underway. Seymour Island Fiordland Restoration Occasional Low Trapped as part of the National Park stoat Secretary Island programme. Shag Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary Occasional Low No longer trapped. National Park stoat Shelter Islands Fiordland Refuge None Low Biosecurity risks. National Park Small Craft Harbour Islands Fiordland Restoration Rats, mice Low National Park and stoats Solander Island (Hautere) Fiordland Refuge None Low Biosecurity risks. Access by permit for National Park Detection and research purposes only. prosecution of illegal Species monitoring, e.g. landings (popular mollymawk. Removal of commercial fishing introduced weka area). (Gallirallus australis).

274

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Spit Islands (Te Whare Fiordland Open Sanctuary Rats, mice, Low Beach) National Park stoats and deer Steep-to Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped by Te Puka- National Park Hereka (The Tied Anchor) South West New Zealand Endangered Species Charitable Trust. Stop Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Styles Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian National Park pests present. Thrum Cap Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme. Unnamed Island (Cormorant Fiordland Open Sanctuary Mice Low Trapped as part of the Cove) National Park Resolution Island programme. Unnamed Island (Dusky Fiordland Refuge Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian Sound, E.R. 782772) National Park pests present. Unnamed Island (Earshell Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown; Low Trapped as part of the Cove) National Park probably mice Resolution Island programme. Unnamed Island (SouthWest Fiordland Open Sanctuary Unknown Low Unknown if mammalian Arm, George Sound) National Park pests present. Unnamed Island (Teal Bay) Fiordland Open Sanctuary Occasional Low National Park stoat; rats and deer likely Useless Islands Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of the National Park Resolution Island programme.

275

Island Administrative Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments status classification pests abundance (10-year goal)* Utah Island Fiordland Open Sanctuary None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped as part of National Park Secretary Island programme. Weka Island Fiordland Restoration None Low Biosecurity risks. Trapped by Te Puka- National Park Hereka (The Tied Anchor) South West New Zealand Endangered Species Charitable Trust.

* The Island classification is aligned with the 10-year term of this strategy and represents the desired future state of the island (Department of Conservation 2010: The island strategy: guidelines for managing islands administered by the Department of Conservation). The island classification is intended for guidance only, and needs to be read in conjunction with the outcome and policies for Places in Part Two of this strategy.

Other islands Island Administrative status Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments classification pests abundance (10 year goal)* Monkey Island Conservation Area Open Sanctuary Unknown Unknown Unknown if Access by foot at low tide. mammalian or plant pests present. Omaui Island Conservation Area Refuge Unknown Unknown Unknown if mammalian or plant pests present. Pig Island (Tihaka) Scenic Reserve Refuge Mammalian Plant pests Biosecurity risks. pest free currently under Maintaining plant pest control: marram control programmes. (Ammophila arenaria), angelica (Angelica pachy-carpa) and tree mallow (Lavatera spp.) Unnamed Islands Unallocated Crown Open Sanctuary Rodents, deer Low Key roosting area for

276

Island Administrative status Desired island Mammalian Plant pest Particular issues Notes/comments classification pests abundance (10 year goal)* (Awarua Bay) Land—LINZ and mustelids migratory waders and tūturiwhatu/southern New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus obscurus). Unnamed Islands (Cosy Unallocated Crown Open Sanctuary Unknown Unknown Unknown if Nook) Land—LINZ mammalian or plant pests present. Unnamed Island (south Unallocated Crown Open Sanctuary Unknown Unknown Unknown if Pahia Point) Land—LINZ mammalian or plant pests present. Unnamed Island Unallocated Crown Restoration Unknown Unknown Unknown if (southwest of Howells Land—LINZ mammalian or plant Point/Taramea) pests present.

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Appendix 4

Priority indigenous ecosystem management unitssites on public conservation lands and waters in Southland Murihiku identified by the Department of Conservation through the natural heritage prioritising processesmanagement system in February 2012 This list has been taken compiled from the Department’s national list of around 1000941 ecosystem management units, which represent the full range of New Zealand’s terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and excludes units or parts of units (except for sites on private land, which are not listed). Please note, the table does not necessarily list all nationally significant ecosystems present in Southland Murihiku. The list is correct as at the date of approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMSsubject to change as priorities are refined and revised—new sites may be added and others removed. Note: There are no ecosystem management units listed for the Freshwater Wai Māori and Foveaux Te Ara a Kiwa Places; instead they are listed within the adjacent terrestrial Place in which they mainly occur or co- occur.

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit Takitimu Place  Tawai/silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii) forest Takitimu  Alpine tussockland and other alpine Conservation area 19 828.3 Mountains communities (scree, wetland, fellfield, cliffs, shrubland) Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place  Lake  Cool climate forest – Hoheria  Cold climate forest – Olearia, Psudopanax, Dracophyllum scrub  Cool climate forest - Tawai/silver beech forest,  Cool climate forest – silver beech, kamahi, Southern rata Beech (Nothofagus spp.) Arthur hardwood forest National park 19 405.9  Subalpine shrubland  High Aalpine – gravelfield / stonefield, cushionfield  High alpine – permanent snow and ice  Low alpine – pungent snow tussockland / shrubland  Low alpine – mid-ribbed and narrow-leaved snow tussockland / shrubland Big Bay  Mild climate forest – Kahikatea, silver pine, Conservation area 2353.2 kamahi Podocarp forest

73 Refer Appendix 2 for further information on ecosystems and habitat types.

278

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit  Mild climate forest – Kamahi, rimu, miro, Southern rata forest  Saline – Shore bind weed, knobby clubrush gravelfield /stonefield.  Cool climate forest – rimu, kamahi, Podocarp- hardwood-beech forest  Wetland – Carex schoenus sedgelands  Wetland – Coprosma, Oleria scrub  Wetland – flaxland  Wetland – manuka, tanglefern scrub / fernland  Wetland – Raupo reedland  Shallow lowland lLake  Dunelands – Pingao sedgeland and gravel beach Borland Burn  Valley floor frost flats with red tussock National park 69.6 North Branch (Chionochloa rubra) and bogs  Coastal cliff - Harakeke , Hebe elliptica flaxland/ rockland Chalky Island  Forests of cool climates - Mountain , silver (including Bbeech-podocarp forest National park 701.5 Passage Island)  Saline - "Mutton-bird scrub". Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub/ herbfield/ loamfield  Lake  Cool climate – Hoheria forest  Cool climate forest – Red Tawai/silver beech forest  Cool climate forest – silver beech, kamahi, Southern rata forest  Cool climate forest – silver beech forest  Frost flats – Coprosma, Olearia scrub  High aAlpine – Gravelfield/stonefield, Clinton cushionfield National park 12 592.9  High alpine – Permanent snow and ice  Low alpine – Mid ribbed and narrow leaved snow tussockland/shrubland  Low alpine – Pungent snow tussockland/shrubland  River  Wetland – Chionochloa tussockland and associated alpine vegetation  Cool Climate forest – Podocarp, ribbonwood, kamahi forest Dean Burn-  Exotic – pasture Mangapiri  Frost flats – Coprosma, Oleria scrub (crosses into the Conservation area 1544.7  Mild climate – Kahikatea forest Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place)  River  Wetland – ‘Pakihi’, manuka, wirerush, tangle fern, scrub / fernland / restiad rushland

279

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit  Wetland – Coprosma, Olearia scrubBeech- podocarp forest  Podocarp forest  Kōwhai (Sophora microphylla) forest  Peat bog Eastern  Tawai/silver beech forest Murchison  Alpine tussockland and vegetation National park 26 456.5 Mountains  Limestone cliffs

 Mixed beech forest Eglinton—lower  Valley floor grasslands National park 12 094.4  Alpine tussocklands

 Cold climate forest – mountain beech  Cold climate forest – Olearia, Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum scrub  Cool climate forest – Red silver beech (Nothofagus fusca) forest  Cool climate forest – silver Mixed beech forest  Frost flats – Bog, mountain celery and silver pine scrub / forest  Low Aalpine – Narrow-leaved and slim snow tussockland / shrubland Eglinton—upper  River National park 16 200.8  Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities – Bristle tussock, Raoulia, Muehlenbeckia, gravelfield / snadfield  Ultramafic – tussockland /stonefield/ rockland  Wetland – ‘Ephemeral wetland’, herbfield  Wetland – Herbfield/Mossfield/sedgeland  Wetland – Manuka, tanglefern scrub/fernland  Wetland – Red tussock, Schoenus tussockland  Lake Gunn and valley floor grasslands and riverbed

 Tawai/silver beech forest  Subalpine shrubland Irene-Windward National park 20 125.8  Alpine tussockland and associated alpine vegetation  Cushion bog Key Summit National park 13.8  Subalpine shrubland Lake Hauroko  Large glacial lake National park 7215.1 Lake Poteriteri  Large glacial lake National park 4439.1 Peat bog Lake Rakatu-Back  National park 1476.2 Valley  Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) shrub wetland

280

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit  Beech forest  Lake National park and Lill Burn wetlands  Valley floor wetland—shrub bog 123.8 conservation area  Lake  Cold climate forest – mountain, silver Bbeech- Long Island podocarp forest and stunted forest on shallow (including Anchor soils National park 3269.8 and Indian  Rock, gravel and stone dominated Islands) communities – bare rock including sandstone pavements associated with coal measures and exfoliating granite  Wetland – ‘Lakeshore herbaceous turf’, herbfield part of vegetation sequences from Manapouri forest to aquatic vegetation; sequences may National park 785.6 lakeshore turfs include shrubland, rushland, sedgeland and turfs  Tawai/silver beech forest  Beech-hardwood forest Mount Forbes National park 19 418.4  Subalpine shrubland  Alpine tussockland  High alpine – Permanent snow and ice  Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities – Bare rock including sandstone Mount Titiroa pavements associated with coal measures and National park 16.1 exfoliating granite  Wetland – Baumea sedgeland Upland valley floor bog (ribbon bog type) National park and Pyke River  River valley wetland 394.8 conservation area  Lake  Cold climate forest – mountain, silver Bbeech podocarp forest  Cool climate forest – rimu, kamahi, Bbeech- podocarp forest (with some montane conifers)  Cool climate forest – silver beech, kamahi, Southern rata forest  Cool climate forest – silver beech forest  Low alpine – pungent snow Alpine Resolution Island tussockland /shrubland National park 20 961.3  Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities – bare rock including sandstone pavements associated with coal measures and exfoliating granite.  Saline – "Mutton-bird scrub". Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub/ herbfield/ loamfield Saline - Glasswort , sea primrose herbfield  Small areas of wetland Lake Secretary Island  National park 8487.8 (including Pigeon  Coastal cliff – Harakeke, Hebe elliptica

281

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit and Parrot flaxland/ rockland Islands)  Cool climate forest – mountain, silver Beech podocarp forest  Cold climate forest – Olearia, Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum scrub  Cool climate forest – Rimu, kamahi bBeech- podocarp forest  Cool climate forest – silver beech, kamahi, Southern rata forest  Cool climate forest – silver beech forest  Low aAlpine – pungent snow tussockland / shrubland  Rock, stone and gravel dominated communities – bare rock including sandstone pavements associated with coal measures and exfoliating granite  Rock, stone and gravel dominated communities – Recent volcanic debris including unvegetated lava flows etc  Saline – ‘Mutton-bird scrub’, Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub/herbfield / loamfield  Saline – ‘Mutton-bird scrub’, Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub / Solander Islands herbfield / loamfield National park 91.9  Saline – ‘Coastal turfs’, herbfield shrubland and tussockland

 Dunedlands – Oioi, knobby clubrush Southern sedgeland Fiordland  Dunelands - Pīngao (Ficinia spiralis) Coast sedgelandsand dunes National park  Big River 12.2 National park  Fred Burn  Saline – Shore bind weed, knobby clubrush, 3.7 National park 3.1  Prices Harbour gravelfield / stonefield National park 10.0  Puysegur Point  Gravel beach vegetation Historic reserve* 24.4  Sand Hill Point  Gravel beach vegetation National park 2.7  Wilson River  Pīngao sand dune  Pīngao sand dunes  Gravel beach vegetation Spit Islands  Pīngao sand dunes National park 33.7 Te Anau Downs  Mild climate forest - Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus National park 19.2 wetland forest dacrydioides), silver pine, kamahi forest Unnamed lake, near Mussel Cove,  Small glacial lake National park 14.7 Lake Te Anau  Tawai/silver beech forest  Valley floor peat bog Upper Grebe National park 20 132.3  Alpine tussockland and associated alpine vegetation Upper Hollyford  Beech-podocarp-hardwood forest National park 32 672.2

282

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit  Beech forest  Alpine tussockland  Some subalpine shrubland, wetland and riverbed  Podocarp forest  Beech-podocarp-hardwood forest National park and Waitutu  Beech forest 27 033.3 conservation area*  Coastal shrubland  Wetland  Chionochloa acicularis tussockland  Mixed beech forest West Cape National park 27 517.1  Alpine tussockland  Wetlands Western  Tawai/silver beech forest Murchison  Alpine tussockland and associated alpine National park 26 386.1 Mountains vegetation  Beech forest Wilmott  Subalpine grasslands National park 9618.6  Glacial cirque lakes Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place  Ultramafic – tussockland / stonefield / rockland soils with grassland and mānuka shrubland Conservation Coal Hill  Cold Climate Forest - Mountain beech forest 2152.9 park*  Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities - Braided rivers, hard tussock, scabweed gravelfield/ stonefield  A large and diverse wetland system Dunton wetland containing peat bog, red tussock wetland, Conservation area 241.4 moss bog and other wetland communities  Beech forest  Alpine tussockland Eyre Mountains Conservation park 34 157.9  Alpine scree, wetland, fellfield, cliffs/rock, shrubland  Harakeke/flax swamp Henry Creek  Bog Conservation area 28.8 wetland  Lake  Wetland – Carex, Schoenus sedgeland  Lake  Cool Climate Forest - Red silver beech forest Lake Te Aroha  Regenerating - Manuka or kanuka scrub and wetlands  Wetland - Baumea sedgeland Conservation (including  Peat bog area, National 286.5 Dome/Dismal  Wetland - Flaxland Harakeke/flax swamp Park * Swamp)  Wetland - Wire rush , tangle fern restiad rushland/ fernland Peat lake (large diverse wetland)  Wetlands (including herbfield, mossfield, Conservation area Mararoa River 701.3 sedgeland, red tussockland, cushionfield) and marginal strip  Braided riverbed (hard tussock (Festuca

283

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit novae-zelandiae), scabweed (Raoulia spp.) gravelfield/stonefield)  Short and copper (Chionochloa rubra cuprea) tussockland Mararoa River  Bog pine (Halocarpus bidwillii) shrubland Conservation area 109.4 scrub  Peat bog North Mavora  Wetland – ‘Lakeshore turf’, herbfield Conservation area 68.2 Lakes Oreti River bed  Rock, gravel and stone dominated (lower catchment Conservation area communities - Braided rivers, hard tussock, is in the Lowlands and marginal 4117.2 scabweed gravelfield/ stonefieldRiver, with Te Rā a Takitimu strip* braided gravels Place) Takaro Lodge  Bog pine shrubland Conservation 434.1 scrub  Mossfield area* Wash Creek wetland (Mararoa  Frost flats – Bog pine, mountain celery pine Conservation area 109.4 River scrub) scrub/forest  Cool climate forest – red silver beech forest Snowden Forest wetland (Takaro  Frost flats – bog pine, mountain celery pine Conservation area 434.1 Lodge scrub) scrub / forest  Wetland – Sphagnum Mossfield Eastern High Country Mata-puke Taratara Place Blue Mountains  Upland red tussockland Conservation area 1025.1 wetland  Cushion bog Gem Lake  Lake Conservation area 1.8  Cool climate forest – podocarp, ribbonwood, kowahi forest  Cool climate forest - Red silver beech forest  Cool climate forest - Tawai/sSilver-mountain Waikaia beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortiodies) beech Conservation 11 712.0 forests forest area*  Low alpine – Narrow-leaved and slim snow tussockland / shrubland  Regenerating – Broadleaved scrub and shrubland Longwood O Hekeia Place  Shallow coastal lake with zonations of marginal vegetation, including much oioi (Apodasma similis) rushlandLake Lake George  Cool climate forsest – Rimu, kamahi, beech Scenic reserve 141.8 forest  Exotic – Pasture  Wetland - ‘Lakeshore turf’, herbfield  Tawai/silver beech forest  Podocarp-hardwood-beech forest Conservation Longwood Range 8643.3  Chionochloa acicularis tussockland tops (with area* other upland cushion bog and shrublands) Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place

284

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit Bayswater Peatland Scenic  Peat bog Scenic reserve 520.5 Reserve Borland Mire  Bog Scientific reserve 660.4 wetlands  Beech-podocarp forest  Cool Climate forest – Podocarp, ribbonwood, kamahi forest  Kōwhai forest Dean Burn-  Peat bog Exotic – pasture Mangapiri (crosses into the  Frost flats – Coprosma, Oleria scrub Conservation area 1544.7 Fiordland Te Rua-  Mild climate forest – Kahikatea forest o-te-moko Place)  River  Wetland – ‘Pakihi’, manuka, wirerush, tangle fern, scrub / fernland / restiad rushland  Wetland – Coprosma, Olearia scrub Edendale Scenic  Podocarp forest Scenic reserve 64.2 Reserve Forest Hill Scenic  Podocarp-hardwood forest associated with Scenic reserve 581.0 Reserve limestone  Tōtara (Podocarpus totara) forest on sand dune Conservation Haldane Bay  Modified sand dune 357.1 area*  Estuarine rushland and saltmarsh turf  Kahikatea forest  Cool climate forest – Podocarp, ribbonwood, kowhai-hardwood forest  Cool climate forest - Kāmahi (Weinnmania racemosa), Southern -rātā (Metrosideros spp.) Hokonui Hills podocarp forest Conservation area 5392.8  Regernerating – Manuka or kanuka scrubiparian forest  Exotic – pasture  Frost flats – Coprosma, Olearia scrub Wildlife  Diverse wetland communities dominated by Kakapo Swamp management 155.5 swamp systems reserve Kepler Mire  Large peat bog (with ribbon bog system) Conservation area 1284.2 Lake Brunton and  Sand dune Conservation 190.4 dunes  Dune slack and lake with wetland margins area* Lonekers Bush  Lowland podocarp forest Scenic reserve 60.5 Marshall Bush  Lowland podocarpMild climate forest – Scenic reserve 85.5 Scenic Reserve Kahikatea forest Marginal strip* Oreti River bed Conservation  Rock, gravel and stone dominated (upper catchment area, marginal communities - Braided rivers, hard tussock , is in the Western strip, Stewarship 4117.2 scabweed gravelfield/ stonefieldRiver, with High Country area*Conservation braided gravels Mata-puke Koikoi area and marginal

285

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit Place) strip* Scenic reserve,  Cool climate forest – Halls Tōtara forest on Otatara-Bushy recreation reserve sand dunes 606.1 Point and conservation  Mild climate forest – Kahikatea forest Stewardship area* Wilderness Road  Diverse wetland communities dominated by Conservation 135.2 wetland Carex swamps area* Wilderness  Bog pine shrubland Scientific reserve 129.0 Scientific Reserve Wyndham Scenic  Podocarp forest (with mataī (Prumnopitys Scenic reserve 68.8 Reserve taxifolia)) Awarua Place Conservation area,  Estuarine rushland New River Estuary scenic reserve and 3844.8  Estuarine saltmarsh and herbfield marginal strip*  Lake  Dunelands - Extensive wetland dominated by wire rush, tangle fern, restied rushland / fernland (Empodisma minus)  Wetland – Mānuka, tanglefern scrub / fernland shrubland  Dunelands – Oioi, knobby clubrush sedgeland  Dunelands – Pingao sedgeland  Saline – glasswort, sea primrose herbfield  Saline – shore bind weed, knobby clubrush gravelfield / stonefield Conservation area, Waituna-Awarua  Wetland – ‘Lakeshore turf’, herbfield and scientific and 16 624.5 Plains  Wetland – Flaxland scenic reserve  Wetland – Oioi restiad rushland / reedland  Wetland - Oreobolus cushionfield  Wetland – Sphagnum Mossfield  Red tussock-harakeke/flax-shrubland  Lagoon  Estuary  Sand dune  Exotic – pasture  Intertidal  Open water Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Place  Low alpine - Subantarctic snow tussockland / shrubland Antipodes Island National nature Saline – Poa litorosa grassland / herbfield/ 2134.3 Group loamfield reserve  Coastal tussockland  Cool climate forest – Kamahi, Southern Rātā, podocarp forest Auckland Islands National nature  Shrubland 57 102.9 group reserve  Low alpine – Subantarctic snow Coastal and upland tussockland / shrubland

286

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types73 Administrative Area ecosystem included within the ecosystemmanagement status (ha) management unit unit  High alpine – gravelfield / stonefield, cushionfield  Saline – ‘Mutton-bird scrub’, Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub / herbfield/loamfield  Saline – ‘Coastal turf’, herbfield  Saline – Poa litorosa grassland / herbfield/ loamfield  Wetland – Oreobolus cushionfield  Cold climate forest – Olearia, Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum schrubland  High alpine – gravelfield / stonefield, cushionfield  Low alpine – Subantarctic snow tussockland / shrubland Campbell Islands National nature  Saline – ‘Mutton-bird scrub’, Olearia, 10 875.8 group reserve Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub / herbfield/loamfield  Saline – Poa litorosa grassland / herbfield/ loamfield  Wetland – Oreobolus cushionfield Coastal and upland tussockland  Coastal cliff – Chatham Island akeake, Hebe, mahoe treeland / herbfield /rockland  Tree daisy (Olearia lyallii) forest  Saline – ‘Mutton-bird scrub’, Olearia, Brachyglottis and Dracophyllum scrub / Snares Islands / National nature herbfield/loamfield 368.4 Tini Heke group reserve  Saline – Mutton-bird sedge and Senecio radiolatus sedgeland herbfield/loamfield Saline – Poa litorosa grassland / herbfield/ loamfield  Coastal tussockland

* Plus some non-public conservation lands and waters.

287

Appendix 65

Threats or pests and wild animals present in Southland Murihiku Table A65.1. Animal pests and wild animals. Note: where a herd of certain wild animals has been designated as a herd of special interest to hunters under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013, the terminology changes to game animal (see Glossary definition of Game Animal). Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action

Birds Karoro/black- Widespread Affects indigenous Control Waituna, Awarua backed gull throughout vegetation in wetlands via Plains, Pukerau Red Larus excrement, the introduction Tussock Reserve, dominicanus of pest plants and changes Kepler Mire, Tihaka in the pH of soil; preys on nestlings of other colony- nesting birds Invertebrates Common wasp Throughout in low Reduces quality of No plan to carry out Based on ecosystem Vespula vulgaris densities recreational experience, kills widespread control and species German wasp indigenous forest Local intervention management V. germanica invertebrates and competes where necessary to priorities and for food with indigenous destroy nests with amenity values birds registered wasp toxins. Mammals Cat (feral) Widespread Preys on indigenous avian Localised control Tiwai Point peninsula, Felis catus throughout the (particularly ground trapping programmes; braided riverbeds, mainland; also birds/burrowing seabirds), eradication proposed Auckland Islands; present on the lizard and invertebrate on the Auckland growing concern for Auckland Islands species Islands Fiordland Chamois Pyke Forest, Browses on indigenous Control to reduce Fiordland Rupicapra Snowdon Forest, alpine grasslands/shrubs further colonisation rupicapra Mavora, Eyre and and herbs into Fiordland, in Garvie Mountains; association with Otago, scattered low density as per the National through much of Chamois Control Plan Fiordland National (draft); investigate Park options of using Judas chamois Fallow deer Blue Mountains Prevents regeneration of No control carried Based on ecosystem Dama dama Recreational indigenous plants; outControl through and species Hunting Area, Mid- particularly subcanopy ground shooting and management Dome, Waikawa, species, e.g. broadleaf the fostering of priorities and Hokonui Forest, (Griselinia littoralis) recreational hunting. amenity values Glenure and Caroline Bush; spreading rapidly due to illegal releases

288

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action

Ferret Low densities Poses a serious threat to Localised control Tiwai Point peninsula, Mustela furo throughout the indigenous avian, reptile and trapping programmes; braided riverbeds mainland, especially invertebrate species by-kill when trapping in mosaic of for cats farmland and forest patches Goat (feral) Waikawa Forest, Browses on a range of Manage in accordance Based on ecosystem Capra hircus Flagstaff Reserve, indigenous vegetation and with the Southland and species Croydon Bush, reduces natural regeneration Goat Control Plan management Caroline Bush, 2007–2012; monitoring priorities and amenity Glenure Reserve, is carried out at several valuesSee Southland The Cone Forest and other sites Goat Control Plan Mataura Range, Eyre 2007–2012, which Mountains provides direction on priority control sites; Eyre Mountains Hare Widespread in Extent of damage unknown; No cControl by Based on ecosystem Lepus capensis Southland especially probably has significant shooting and species in alpine,throughout potential effects on management the mainland, open vegetation within subalpine priorities and amenity subalpine shrubland areasBrowsing pressure valuesAlpine and and herbfieldsand which reduces plant growth subalpine systems in coastal dune areas and inhibits regeneration in the Takitimu valued habitats; prey of Mountains; harmful mammalian biosecurity concern predators such as cats and for Fiordland mustelids Hedgehog Widespread Preys on indigenous ground- No Localised control Based on ecosystem Erinaceus throughout the nesting birds, lizards and and species europaeus mainland, though invertebrates management less abundant in priorities and amenity Fiordland valuesBraided riverbeds Kiore Mainland Fiordland Preys on indigenous fauna Localised control Based on ecosystem Rattus exulans and and flora, and competes with trapping programmes and species Awarua/Waituna indigenous animals management Wetlands; islands priorities and amenity around Fiordland are valuesFiordland free of kiore Mouse Moderate numbers Affects indigenous seeds No control on the Based on ecosystem Mus musculus throughout the and invertebrates, reptiles mainland or Auckland and species mainland; also and some ground-nesting Islands; eradication management present on birds such as the proposed on Antipodes priorities and amenity Antipodes Island pīwauwau/rock wren Island valuesMurchison and the Auckland (Xenicus gilviventris); of Mountains, alpine Islands particular concern in alpine Fiordland, Antipodes ecosystems Island Norway rat Widespread Preys on indigenous fauna Eradicate from islands Based on ecosystem Rattus norvegicus throughout, though and flora, and competes with only when there is no and species less abundant in indigenous animals threat of natural management Fiordland; some rat- reinvasion priorities and amenity free islands off the valuesFiordland

289

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action

Fiordland coast Pig (feral) Low to moderate Disturbs soil and uproots No effective Eyre Mountains, Sus scrofa numbers throughout indigenous vegetation; also recognised control Waitutu Forest, the mainland (except impacts on indigenous method at this stage; Auckland Island western Fiordland), ground-dwelling some aerial and with illegal invertebrates, and kills ground-based hunting liberations burrowing seabirds and on the mainland; increasing in ground-nesting birds on eradication proposed localised areas; also Auckland Island on Auckland Island present on Auckland Island Possum Widespread Affects a wide range of Manage according to Based on ecosystem Trichosurus throughout the habitats by killing the Southland Possum and species vulpecula mainland; note: indigenous vegetation; preys Control Strategy, while management several offshore on indigenous birds, chicks fulfilling priorities and islands along the and eggs responsibilities under amenity Fiordland coast and the National Possum valuesEglinton islands within the Control PlanTarget valley, Clinton valley, Fiordland lakes are priority ecosystem Arthur valley, possum-free units and prevent Waitutu Forest spread into new sites Rabbit Limited to scrub and Browses on indigenous Control to low levels Fortrose Spit, Tiwai Oryctolagus pasture habitats grasses and herbs Point peninsula, cuniculus throughout the Mavora, Wilderness mainland and Scientific Reserve, islands around the Eglinton valley Bluff coast Red deer Widespread Impacts on all palatable Wild Animal Recovery Based on ecosystem Cervus elaphus throughout the indigenous species in the Operations provide and species mainlandSouthland; browse tier, reducing the some control; ground management some areas are diversity of forest and aerial priorities and believed to be deer- vegetation; also affects controlControl through amenity free in Fiordland, e.g. indigenous alpine grass and ground and aerial valuesFiordland Tutoko, Harrison herbfieldsDamage to forest shooting, wild animal National Park, Eyre and Sinbad valleys, and shrubland structures, recovery concessions and Takitimu and some islands; composition and animal and the fostering of Mountains; escapes from deer communities through recreational hunting; Murchison farms browsing on plant species sporadically check Mountains for takahē (some threatened) that are deer-free islands (Porphyrio not evolutionarily adapted to hochstetteri) habitat cope. Sheep (feral) Low numbers in Grazes on indigenous Controlled when found Based on ecosystem Ovis aries Hokonui Hills and vegetation, particularly and species periodically released tussocklands management into protected areas priorities and amenity values Ship rat Widespread Preys on indigenous fauna Eradicate from islands Based on ecosystem Rattus rattus throughout and flora, and competes with only when there is no and species indigenous animals; poses a threat of natural management serious threat to a wide reinvasion; aerial priorities and range of indigenous species control when/where amenity during eruption events; the required following valuesFiordland

290

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action

values affected by this pest beech (Nothofagus National Park, are not restricted to Fuscospora and Awarua and Waituna, Fiordland National Park Lophozonia spp.) mast Waikaia, Eyre events Mountains Stoat Widespread and Poses a serious threat to Localised control Burwood Bush Mustela erminea abundant indigenous avian, reptile and trapping programmes; Rearing Unit, throughout the invertebrate species; has biosecurity prevention Murchison mainland, and on particularly severe impacts programmes for Mountains, Eglinton some offshore during population eruptions, offshore islands valley, Waitutu islands around the which are triggered by seed Forest, offshore Fiordland coast mast events in beech forest islands and tussock grasslands Wapiti Confined to central Impacts on all palatable Controlled by Based on ecosystem Cervus Fiordland indigenous species in the recreational hunting; and species canadensis browse tier, as well as selective culling management indigenous alpine grass and programme by aerial priorities herbfields operators of red deer hybrids Weasel Widespread Preys on indigenous avian, By-kill when trapping Based on ecosystem Mustela nivalis throughout the reptile and invertebrate for stoats and species mainland but low species management numbers priorities and amenity valuesMust remain vigilant in areas where highly effective stoat control is undertaken, as weasels are known to be released from competition with stoats in these situations

Table A65.2. Pest plants. Climbers Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action Blackberry Widespread on the Outcompetes and Target priority Forest Hill, Rubus fruticosus mainland displaces indigenous ecosystem unitsspecific Dunsdale, Waituna, plants by inhibiting sites of high Awarua, Borland regeneration conservation value and Road, Arthur valley, prevent spread into new Clinton valley, Blue sites Mountains, Dunearn Bog, Bayswater Bog Chilean flame Localised Smothers and Target priority Croydon Bush, Blue creeper populations on the displaces indigenous ecosystem unitsspecific Mountains, Piano Tropaeolum mainland species sites of high Flat speciosum conservation value and prevent spread into new sites

291

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action

Climbing Localised Smothers and kills all Contain existing sites Based on ecosystem Bomerea polulations on the plants to highest and prevent and species Bomarea caldasii mainland canopy and prevents establishment management recruitment priorities German Ivy Isolated Smothers small trees Eradication or control Based on ecosystem Senecio populations on the and lower vegetation and species mikanioides mainland preventing management recruitment; it often priorities enables the establishment of more aggressive vine species Japanese Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Piano Flat, Port honeysuckle populations on the displaces indigenous ecosystem unitsspecific Craig, Waituna, Lonicera japonica mainland plants by inhibiting sites of high Glade House regeneration conservation value and prevent spread into new sites Old man’s beard Localised Smothers and Eradication or control on Blue Mountains, Clematis vitalba populations on the displaces indigenous public conservation land Southland Plains, mainland species Te Anau Basin

Oriental clematis Localised Smothers and kills all Eradication or control Blue Mountains Clematis populations on the plants to highest tangutica mainland canopy and prevents recruitment Smilax Isolated Effects are limited in Contain existing sites Based on ecosystem Asparagus populations on the extent or temporary and prevent and species asparagoides mainland establishment management Eradication or control on priorities public conservation land

Grasses, rushes and sedges Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action Annual poa Widespread on the Can form dense One of only two Snares Island Poa annua mainland; present masses on disturbed introduced plants on on all subantarctic ground Snares Island— islands that are eradication attempted visited by people Bamboo Isolated Outcompetes and Target priority Drummond Bog, Bambusa spp. populations on the displaces indigenous ecosystem units specific Milford Sound mainland plants by inhibiting sites of high regeneration conservation value and prevent spread into new sites Heath rush Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Borland Road Juncus populations on the displaces indigenous ecosystem units specific squarrosus mainland plants by inhibiting sites of high conservation value and

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regeneration prevent spread into new sites Marram grass Widespread in Acts as a sand-binder Target priority Fiordland Beaches, Ammophila coastal dunelands and dune builder, and ecosystem units specific Fortrose Spit, arenaria on the mainland so typically builds sites of high Tihaka, Seaward taller, denser dunes conservation value and Moss, Tiwai Point due to its leaf prevent spread into new peninsula, Awarua structure, which sites Bay allows it to trap sand more efficiently than the indigenous pīngao (Ficinia spiralis), which it outcompetes for resources Reed sweetgrass Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Waiau Valley Glyceria maxima populations on the stands, preventing ecosystem units specific mainland indigenous sites of high regeneration, conservation value and particularly in prevent spread into new wetlands sites

Spartina Isolated Outcompetes and Eradication in estuaries New River Estuary, Spartina spp. populations within displaces indigenous Haldane Estuary, estuaries on the plants by inhibiting Jacobs River, mainland regeneration Waimahaka, Awarua Bay

Herbaceous species Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Angelica Widespread in Effects are limited Target priority Tiwai Point peninsula, Angelica coastal dunelands in extent or ecosystem units Awarua Bay, Seaward pachycarpa on the mainland temporary specific sites of Moss, Colac high conservation Bay/Ōraka, Tihaka, value and prevent Dog Island spread into new sites Cape honey flower Localised Forms impenetrable Target priority Stirling Point Melianthus major populations on the ground cover, ecosystem units mainland smothers specific sites of indigenous high conservation vegetation and value and prevent suppresses spread into new regeneration sites Chickweed Widespread on the Can form dense One of only two Snares Island Stellaria media mainland; present masses on introduced plants on subantartic disturbed ground on Snares Island— islands—Snares eradication Islands/Tini Heke, attempted Antipodes Island Group, Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands

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Ice plant Isolated Smothers and Target priority Sandy Point Carpobrotus edulis populations on the displaces ecosystem units mainland indigenous species specific sites of high conservation value and prevent spread into new sites Nodding thistle Isolated Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Carduus nutans populations on displaces native ecosystem units and species mainland plants by inhibiting and prevent spread management regeneration into new sites priorities Ragwort Widespread on the Outcompetes and Target priority Eyre Mountains, Jacobea vulgaris mainland displaces ecosystem units Grebe valley, Borland indigenous plants specific sites of Road by inhibiting high conservation regeneration value and prevent spread into new sites Stonecrop Isolated Outcompetes and Target priority Mid Dome, Blue Sedum acre populations on the displaces ecosystem units Mountains mainland indigenous plants specific sites of by inhibiting high conservation regeneration value and prevent spread into new sites

Trees and shrubs Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action Alder Localised Potential effects Target priority Mt Bee, Mid Dome Alnus viridis populations on unknownForms ecosystem unitsspecific the mainland monoculture sites of high stands preventing conservation value and native prevent spread into new regeneration sites

Barberry Isolated Outcompetes and Target priorty Blue Mountains Berberis populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific glaucocarpa the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Bishop pine Pinus Localised Forms Target priority Based on ecosystem muricata populations monoculture ecosystem units and and species stands preventing prevent spread into new management priorities native sites. regeneration Boxthorn Isolated Forms Target specific sites of Waikawa Lycium populations on impenetrable high conservation value ferocissimum the mainland cover, smothers and prevent spread into indigenous new sitesEradication or vegetation and control suppresses regeneration

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Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action Broom Widespread Outcompetes and Target specific sites of Based on ecosystem Cytisus scoparius throughout the displaces high conservation value and species mainland indigenous plants and prevent spread into management priorities by inhibiting new priority ecosystem regeneration unitssites Bright Head Widespread on Outcompetes and Target priority Monowai, Manapouri, Cotoneaster the mainland displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Piano Flat Cotoneaster indigenous plants sites of high glaucophyllus by inhibiting conservation value and regenerationForms prevent spread into new dense thickets, sites replacing desirable species along forest margins, shrubland, short tussock grasslands and other low- growing habitats Cherry laurel Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Blue Mountains, Piano Prunus populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Flat laurocerasus the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Corsican pine Localised Forms Target priority Blue Mountains Pinus nigra ssp. populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific larico the mainland stands, preventing sites of high indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Crack willow Widespread on Outcompetes and Target priority Eyre Mountains, Salix fragilis the mainland displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Waituna, Awarua, indigenous plants; sites of high Monowai, Takitimu dense stands can conservation value and Mountains cause blockages, prevent spread into new flooding and sites structural changes to waterways, leading to erosion and increased sedimentation Darwin’s barberry Widespread on Outcompetes and Target priority Bushy Point, Blue Berberis darwinii the mainland displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Mountains, Lietze indigenous plants sites of high scenic reserve, by inhibiting conservation value and Manapouri, Croydon regeneration prevent spread into new Bush sites Douglas fir Widespread on Forms Target priority Blue Mountains, Mid Pseudotsuga the mainland monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific Dome, Takitimu and menziesii stands, preventing sites of high Eyre Mountains indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites

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Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action Elderberry Widespread on Outcompetes and Target specific sites of Based on ecosystem Sambucus nigra the mainland displaces high conservation and species indigenous plants valuepriority ecosystem management priorities by inhibiting units regeneration Flowering currant Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Blue Mountains Ribes sanguineum populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Franchet’s Isolated Outcompetes and Target priority Monowai Ccotoneaster populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Cotoneaster the mainland indigenous plants sites of high franchetii by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Gooseberry Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Blue Mountains Ribes uva-crispa populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Gorse Widespread on Competes with Target specific sites of Selected locations Ulex europaeus the mainland indigenous plants high conservation around Southland and alters soil valuepriority ecosystem condition by units raising nitrogen levels; however, can also protect indigenous woody species during early growth and dies back as regeneration proceeds Grey willow Widespread on Outcompetes and Target priority Eyre Mountains, Salix cinerea the mainland displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Waituna, Awarua, indigenous plants; sites of high Monowai, Takitimu dense stands can conservation value and Mountains cause blockages, prevent spread into new flooding and sites structural changes to waterways, leading to erosion and increased sedimentation Heather Isolated Outcompetes and Target priority Wilderness Scientific Calluna vulgaris populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Reserve the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites

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Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action

Holly Widespread on Outcompetes and Target priority Blue Mountains, Ilex aquifolium the mainland displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Croydon Bush indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Khasia berry Isolated Outcompetes and Target priority Monowai, Manapouri Cotoneaster populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific simonsii the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites

Larch Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Takitimu Mountains Larix decidua populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Lodgepole pine Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome, Takitimu Pinus contorta populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific and Eyre Mountains, the mainland stands, preventing sites of high Blue Mountains, native conservation value and Waituna, Longwood regeneration prevent spread into new Range, East Dome, sites Mataura Scenic Reserve Maritime pine Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome, Takitimu Pinus pinaster populations monocultural ecosystem units and and Eyre Mountains, stands preventing prevent spread into new Blue Mountains. native sites regeneration; threat to landscape character Mountain pine Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome, Takitimu Pinus mugo populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific and Eyre Mountains, the mainland stands, preventing sites of high Blue Mountains indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Radiata pine Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome, Takitimu Pinus radiata populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific and Eyre Mountains, the mainland stands, preventing sites of high Blue Mountains indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Rowan Widespread on Outcompetes and Target specific sites of Piano Flat Sorbus aucuparia the mainland displaces high conservation indigenous plants valuepriority ecosystem by inhibiting units

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Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action regeneration Russell lupin Isolated An aggressive Target priority Based on ecosystem Lupinus populations in weed that invades ecosystem units and species polyphyllus Borland, braided rivers, management priorities Eglinton Valley dense stands shade out and displace native plants and create unsuitable habitats for wading birds Scotts pine Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome, Eyre and Pinus sylvestris populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific Takitimu Mountains the mainland stands, preventing sites of high indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Silver birch Localised Forms Target priority Drummond Bog, Betula pendula populations monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific Bayswater Bog, within wetlands stands, preventing sites of high Dunearn Bog, on the mainland indigenous conservation value and ToeToes Reserve, regeneration prevent spread into new Pukerau Red Tussock Displaces sites Reserve indigenous species

Spanish heath Localised Forms Target priority Waituna, Awarua, Bald Erica lusitanica populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific Hill the mainland stands, preventing sites of high indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Sweet briar Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Eyre Mountains, Mid Rosa rubiginosa populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Dome the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Sycamore Localised Forms Target priority Mid Dome Acer populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific pseudoplanatus the mainland stands, preventing sites of high indigenous conservation value and regenerationEffect prevent spread into new s are limited in sites extent or temporary Tree lupin Localised Outcompetes and Target priority Waituna, Awarua, Lupinus arboreus populations on displaces ecosystem unitsspecific Upper Oreti the mainland indigenous plants sites of high by inhibiting conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites Western yellow Localised Forms Target priority Blue Mountains, pine populations on monocultural ecosystem unitsspecific Takitimu Mountains Pinus pondorosa the mainland stands, preventing sites of high

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Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority places for scientific name action indigenous conservation value and regeneration prevent spread into new sites

Aquatic species

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Egeria Isolated Submerged aquatic Eradication Based on Egeria densa populations plant displaces ecosystem and native macrophytes species management priorities

Undaria Localised Can form dense Target priority Eradication Undaria populations in the masses; ecosystem attempt being pinnatifida coastal waters of outcompetes unitsspecific sites made at Sunday Fiordland indigenous species of high Cove, Fiordland; conservation value hand removal and and prevent spread biocontrol using into new sites kina (Evechinus chloroticus)

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Appendix 56

Threatened and at risk indigenous flora and fauna present in Southland Murihiku Several thousand indigenous species are present in Southland Murihiku. This Appendix lists a selection of these, i.e. vascular plants, freshwater fish, vertebrate animals and other fauna of noteinvertebrates that are currently classified as ‘threatened’ or ‘at risk’ in accordance with the NZ Threat Classification System Manual 2008 and taxa status lists 2008 to 2011. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Table A65.1. Flora (vascular plants). Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Nationally Anisotome acutifolia Snares carrot Critical Brachyscome linearis Fiordland lakeshore daisy Centrolepis strigosa A dwarf rush Chaerophyllum basicola A herbLimestone myrrh Chaerophyllum colensoi var. delicatulum A myrrh Crassula multicaulis A herb Crassula peduncularis A herb Epilobium pictum Grassland willow herb Gunnera hamiltonii Hamilton’s gunneraA creeping herb Lepidium limenophylax Snares Island scurvy grass Lepidium aff. oleraceum (b) (Antipodes— A coastal cress Chatham Islands) Lepidium aff. olearceum (c) (Snares Islands) A coastal cress Lepidium seditosum Bounty Island scurvy grass Ourisia modesta A herb Sticherus tener An umbrella fern Sticherus urcelatus An umbrella fern Nationally Carex inopinata A sedge Endangered Carex uncifolia A sedge Epilobium pictum A willowherb Euchiton ensifer Creeping cudweed Hebe arganthera Fiordland limestone A hebe Iphigenia novae-zelandiae A lily Isolepis basilaris A dwarf sedge Lagenifera montana A daisy Lepidium oleraceum Nau/Cook’s scurvy grass Myosotis brevis A forget-me-not Olearia hectorii Hector’s tree daisy Trithuria inconspicua Hydatella Uncinia strictissima A hook grass Nationally Anemanthele lessoniana Gossamer grass Vulnerable Atriplex buchananii Buchanan’s orache Carex inopinata Grassy sedge Carex rubicunda A sedge

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 300 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Drosera pygmea Dwarf sundew Gratiola concinna A creeping herb Hypercium rubicundulum A St John’s wort Iphigenia novae-zelandiae A lily Isolepis basilaris Pygmy clubrush Isolepis fluitans A slender sedge Juncus pauciflorus A rush Kirkianella novae-zelandiae A daisy Kirkianella Lachnagrostis tenuis Estuary wind grass Lepidium oligodontum A coastal cress Lepidium oleraceum Nau/Cook’s scurvy grass Libertia peregrinans A cCreeping iris Myosotis brevis Annual forget-me-not Myosotis glauca A forget-me-not Olearia fimbriata Pomahaka tree daisy Pachycladon cheesemanii A cress Pittosporum obcordatum Heart-leaved kōhūhū Ranunculus recens A buttercup Ranunculus ternatifolius A buttercup Senecio dunedinensis A fireweed Trithuria inconspicua An aquatic rush At risk species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Declining Aciphylla subflabellata A speargrass Alepis flavida Yellow-flowered mistletoe Anemanthele lessoniana Rainbow grass Carex carsei A sedge

Carex littorosa A Sea sedge

Carex tenuiculmis A sedge Carmichaelia uniflora Slender dwarf broom Connorochloa tenuis Prostrate blue grass Coprosma acerosa Tātaraheke/sand coprosma Coprosma obconica A shrubcoprosma Coprosma pedicellata A shrubcoprosma Coprosma virescens A coprosma Coprosma wallii Bloodwood Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hair grass Elymus tenuis A grass Epilobium insulare A willow herb Euphorbia glauca Waiū-atua/sand spurge Ficinia spiralis Pīngao Geranium sessiliflorum var. arenarium Southern sand geranium Gunnera arenariaum A creeping herbCoastal gunnera Juncus pauciflorus A rush Lepidium tenuicaule A coastal cress Lobelia ionantha A creeping herbHystella Melicytus flexuosus A shrub

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 301 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Mentha cunninghamii Native mint Myosotis pygmea A forget-me-not Myriophyllum robustum An aquatic herbStoat water milfoil Olearia fragrantissima Fragrant tree daisy Olearia lineata Linear leavedA tree daisy Parahebe canescens Tarn speedwell Peraxilla colensoi Scarlet mistletoe Peraxilla tetrapetala Pirirangi/red mistletoe Poa billardierii Sand tussock Pterostylis paludosa An orchid Pterostylis tristis An orchid Ranunculus limosella A buttercup Ranunculus pilifera A scree buttercup Ranunculus recens A buttercup Raoulia aff. hookerii (AK239529) Coastal A mat daisy Sonchus kirkii Puha/New Zealand sow thistle Tetrachondra hamiltonii A creeping herb Teucridium parvifolium A shrub Tupeia antarctica A Pirita/white mistletoe Urtica linearifolia A Swamp nettle Zostera meulleri ssp. novozelandica Seagrass Recovering Stilbocarpa lyallii Pūnui Relict Ficinia spiralis Pīngao Sonchus kirkii Native sow thistle Naturally Abrotanella rostrata A dwarf daisy Uncommon Abrotanella rosulata A dwarf daisy Abrotanella spathulata A dwarf daisy Acaena microphylla var. pauciglochidiata A bidibid Acaena minor var. antarctica A bidibid Acaena minor var. minor A bidibid Acaena tesca A bidibid Acianthus viridis An orchid Aciphylla congesta A Fiordland dwarf speargrass Aciphylla crosby-smithiana A Croby Smith’s speargrass Aciphylla lecomtei A Le Comtes speargrass Aciphylla leighii A Darran Mountain speargrass Aciphylla multisecta A speargrass Aciphylla spedenii A Taramea/Eyre Mountain speargrass Aciphylla takahea A Fiordland speargrass Agrostis subulata A grass Anemone tenuicaulis A herb Native anemone Anisotome acutifolia A megaherb Anisotome antipoda A carrot megaherb Anisotome cauticola A herb native carrot Anisotome languinosa An alpine carrot Anisotome latifolia A carrot megaherb Anisotome lyallii A megaherbCoastal carrot

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 302 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Asplenium scleroprium A fern Atriplex buchananii A herb Botrychium australe A Parsley fern Brachycombe aff. humilis (AK231703) A herb Brachycombe linearis A herb Brachyglottis bifistulosus A shrub Brachyglottis stewartiae A Stewart Island tree daisy Bulbinella modesta A lilyDwarf Maori onion Bulbinella rossii Subantarctic lilyMaori onion Callitriche antarctica A herbnative starwort Callitriche aucklandica A herbnative starwort Cardamine bilobata A bitter cress Cardamine lacustris A bitter cress Cardamine latior Auckland Island bitter cress Cardamine subcarnosa Campbell Island bitter cress Cardamine sp. “West Dome” (AK231673) West Dome bitter cress Carex bergrenii A sedge Carex capillacea A sedge Carex carsei A sedge Carex edgariae A sedge Carex ensyii A sedge Carex filamentosa A sedge Carex fretalis Curly sedge Carex lachenalii ssp. parkeri A sedge Carex pleiostachys Fiordland sedge Carex pterocarpa A sedge Carex sectoides A sedge Celmisia sp. aff. discolour (CHR197967) A daisy Celmisia hookerii A Hooker’s mountain daisy Celmisia inaccessa A daisy Celmisia markii A Mark’s mountain daisy Celmisia philocremna A daisy Celmisia spedenii A Speden’s mountain daisy Celmisia thomsonii A Thomson’s mountain daisy Centrolepis minima A dwarf rush Centrolepis strigosa A dwarf rush Chaerophyllum sp. “minute flower”/“coastal” A herbCoastal myrrh (CHR364086) Chionochloa antarctica Subantarctic snow tussock Chionochloa crassiuscula ssp. crassiuscula A snow tussock Chionochloa crassiuscula ssp. directa A snow tussock Chionochloa nivifera A snow tussock Chionochloa spiralis A snowFiordland limestone tussock Chionochloa vireta A snow tussock Chionohebe ciliolate ssp. fiordensis A cushion herb Chionohebe glabra A cushion herb Colobanthus hookeri A herb

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 303 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Coprosma perpusilla ssp. subantarctica A prostrate shrubcoprosma Coriaria sp. “sandy coast” A tutu Crassula helmsii A herb Crassula kirkii A herb Crassula ruamahanga A herb Damnamenia vericosa A daisyDamnamenia Deschampsia pusilla A grass Dracophyllum cockayneanum A grass tree Dracophyllum pearsonii A grass tree Dracophyllum scoparium A shrubgrass tree Dracophyllum uniflorum var. frondosum A shrubgrass tree Drymoanthus flavus An orchidLittle spotted moa Epilobium confertifolium A Sub-antarctic willow herb Epilobium aff glabellum (CHR387893) A willow herb Epilobium purpuratum A willow herb Euchiton paludosus A cudweed Euchiton polylepis A cudweed Euphrasia integrifolia An eyebright Euphrasia repens An eyebright Gentianella antarctica A gentian Gentianella antipoda A gentian Gentianella cerina A gentian Gentianella concinna A gentian Gentianella lineata A gentian Geranium microphyllum s.s. Subantarctic geranium Geum albiflorum Auckland Island geum Gingidia baxterae Baxter’s aniseed Gingidia ensyii var. ensyii A herb Grammitis rigida A fern Hebe annulata A whipcord hebe Hebe benthamii Subantarctic hebe Hebe biggarii A Eyre Mountain hebe Hebe dilatata A hebe Hebe pauciflora A hebe Hebejebe trifida A shrub Hierochloe brunonis A holy grass Hymenochilus tristus An orchid Hymenophyllum atrovirens A filmy fern Hypolepis amaurorachis A fern Juncus pusillus A dwarf rush Juncus scheuchzerioides Subantarctic rush Korthalsella clavata A dwarf mistletoe Korthalsella salicornioides A dwarf mistletoe Lachnagrostis ammobia A wind grass Lachnagrostis uda A wind grass Lagenifera barkeri A daisy Leptinella albida A button daisy

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 304 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Leptinella dispersa ssp. dispersa A button daisy Leptinella lanata A button daisy Leptinella plumosa A button daisy Leptinella potentillina A button daisy Leptinella serrulata A button daisy Leptinella traillii ssp. pulchella A button daisy Lobelia arenaria A creeping herblobelia Lobelia perpusilla A creeping herblobelia Luzula crenulata A woodrush Luzula leptophylla A woodrush Luzula traversii var. tenuis A woodrush Mazus arenarius A creeping herbSouthern sand musk Mimulus repens NA native musk Molloybas cryptanthus An Hidden spider orchid Montia angustifolia A herb Myosotis antarctica A forget-me-not Myosotis capitata A forget-me-not Myosotis sp Fiordland (CHR198639) A forget-me-not Myosotis sp. “Mossburn” (CHR320240) A forget-me-not Myosotis rakiura A forget-me-not Myosotis spathulata A forget-me-not Myosotis tenericaulis A forget-me-not Myosotis sp. aff. tenericaulis (AK7570) A forget-me-not Myriophyllum votschii A herb Olearia angustifolia Teteaweka Olearia crosby-smithiana Crosby Smith’s A shrub daisy Olearia lyallii Lyall’s tree daisy Olearia oporina Teteaweka Ourisia confertifolia A herbmountain foxglove Ourisia remotifolia A herbmountain foxglove Ourisia spathulata A herbmountain foxglove Pachycladon crenulatus A cress Pachycladon wallii A cress Parahebe spectabilis Takitimu speedwell Picris angustifolia ssp. merxmuelleri A daisy Piluaria novae-hollandiae A fern Pimelea lyallii Southern sand daphne Pimelea poppellwellii A shrub Pimelea pseudolyallii A shrub Pimelea suteri A shrub Plantago aucklandica Auckland Island plantain Plantago obconica A plantain Plantago trianthra A plantain Pleurophyllum criniferum A megaherb daisy Pleurophyllum hookeri A megaherb daisy Pleurophyllum speciosum A megaherb daisy Poa antipoda A grass

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 305 Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Poa aucklandica ssp. aucklandica A grass Poa aucklandica ssp. campbellensis A grass Poa foliosus A grass Poa incrassata A grass Poa ramoissima A grass Poa senex A grass Poa tennantiana A grass Polyphlebium colensoi A filmy fern Pseudopanax ferox Fierce lancewood Puccinellia antipoda Antipodes Island salt grass Puccinelia chathamica A grass Puccinella walkerii AWalkers saltgrass Ranunculus crithmifolius A buttercup Ranunculus maculatus A buttercup Ranunculus pinguis A buttercup Ranunculus ranceorum A buttercup Ranunculus scrithalis A buttercup Ranunculus simulans A buttercup Rununculus subscaposus A buttercup Ranunculus ternatifolius A buttercup Raoulia hectorii var. mollis A mat daisy Schizeilema exiguum A herb Schizeilema reniforme A herb Senecio carnulosus A groundsel Senecio dunedinensis A groundsel Senecio radiolatus ssp. antipodus A groundsel Springelia incanata A shrub Stellaria decipiens var. angustata A chickweed Stellaria decipiens var. decipiens A chickweed Stenostachys laevis A grass Stilbocarpa polaris A megaherb Stilbocarpa robusta A megaherb Tetragonia tetragonioides Native spinach Thelymitra formosa A sunn orchid Townsonia deflexa An orchid Trichomanes colensoi A filmy fern Uncinia aucklandica A hook grass Uncinia elegans A hook grass Uncinia hookeri A hook grass Uncinia longifrutus A hook grass Uncinia obtusifolia A hook grass Uncinia purpurata A hook grass Uncinia viridis A hook grass Urtica aspera A nettle Wahlenburgia congesta A harebell Zotovia acicularis A grass

* Threat status may change over time.

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 306

Table A56.2. Fauna (freshwater fish).

Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Nationally Galaxias sp. D Clutha flathead galaxias Critical Nationally Galaxias ‘Pomahaka’ Pomahaka galaxias (Pomahaka River) Endangered Nationally Galaxias sp. D. Clutha flathead galaxias Vulnerable Galaxias gollumoides Gollum galaxias Galaxias postvectis Shortjaw kōkopu Galaxias aff. paucispondylus Alpine galaxias (Southland) ‘Southland’ Geotria australis Kanakana/lamprey At risk species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Declining Anguilla dieffenbachii Tuna/longfin eel Cheimarrichthys fosteri Piripiripōhatu/torrentfish Galaxias argenteus Taiwharu/ giant kōkopu Galaxias brevipinnis Kōaro Galaxias gollumoides Gollum galaxias Galaxias maculatus Īnanga/whitebait Galaxias postvectis Shortjaw kōkopu Galaxias ‘southern’ Southern flathead galaxias (Southland, Otago) Geotria australis Kanakana/lamprey Gobiomorphus hubbsi Bluegill bully Gobiomorphus huttoni Redfin bully * Threat status may change over time.

Table A56.3. Fauna (other land vertebrates).

Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Nationally Apteryx australis ‘Haast’ Haast tokoeka Critical Anas chlorotis South Island brown teal† Anas nesiotis Campbell Island teal Anas superciliosa superciliosa Pārera/grey duck Chalinolobus tuberculatus Pekapeka/long-tailed bat (South Island) Charadrius obscurus obscurus Tūturiwhatu/southern New Zealand dotterel Coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance Campbell Island snipe Cyanoramphus malherbi Kākāriki/orange-fronted parakeet Egretta albaArdea modesta Kōtuku/white heron Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis Antipodean albatross Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni Gibson’s albatross Eudyptes filholi Eastern rockhopper penguin Larus bulleri TarāpungaKaroro/black-billed gull Leucocarbo ranfurlyi Bounty Island shag

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 307 Mirounga leonina Ihupuku/southern elephant seal Mokopiriraku aff. Granulates ‘Southern” Southern forest gecko Oligosoma tekakahu Te Kakahu skink Orcinus orca Type A Kera wēra/orca Pelecanoides georgicus “Codfish Island” South Georgian diving petrel Phocarctos hookeri Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion Porphyrio hochstetteri Takahē Strigops habroptilaus Kākāpō Thalassarche chrysostoma Grey-headed albatross Thalassarche salvini Salvin’s mollymawk Nationally Botaurus poiciloptilus Matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern Endangered Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin Chlidonias albostriatus Tarapirohe/black-fronted tern Egretta sacra sacra Reef heron Eubalaena australis Tohorā/southern right whale Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Tawaki/Fiordland crested penguin Falco novaeseelandiae “southern” Kārearea/southern New Zealand falcon Larus bulleri Karoro/black-billed gull Leucocarbo ranfurlyi Bounty Island shag Mystacina tuberculata tuberculata Pekapeka/southern short-tailed bat Nestor meridionalis meridionalis South Island kākā Nestor notabilis Kea Oligosoma judgeii Barrier skink Tursiops truncates Terehu/bottlenose dolphin Xenicus gilviventris Pīwauwau/rock wren Nationally Anas aucklandica Pāteke/Auckland Island teal Vulnerable Apteryx australis australis Southern Fiordland tokoeka/brown kiwi Apteryx australis “northern” Northern Fiordland tokoeka/brown kiwi Calidris cantus rogersi Lesser knot Callaeas wilsoni North Island kōkako Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus Pohowera/banded dotterel Diomedea antipodensis gibsonii Gibson’s wandering albatross (Auckland Islands) Egretta sacra sacra Mātukutuku/reef heron Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Tawaki/Fiordland crested penguin Falco novaeseelandiae “easternsouthern” Kārearea/eastern southern New Zealand falcon Hydroprogne caspia Caspian tern Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos Kōwhiowhio/whio/blue duck Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus Tarāpunga/red-billed gull Leucocarbo chalconotus Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo colensoi Auckland Island shag Megadyptes antipodes Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin Mohoua ochrocephala Mohua/yellowhead Mokopiriraku cryptozoicus Takitimu gecko Mokopiriraku aff. granulatus “Cascades” Cascades forest gecko Nestor meridionalis meridionalis South Island kākā Oligosoma repens Eyres skink Phalacrocorax varius varius Kāruhiruhi/pied shag

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 308 Podiceps cristatus australis Kāmana/southern crested grebe Sterna striata aucklandorna Tara/southern white-fronted tern Thalassarche chrysostoma Grey-headed mollymawk Thalassarche salvini Salvin’s albatross/mollymawk Tukutuku rakiuriae Harlequin gecko Xenicus gilviventris Pīwauwau/rock wren At risk species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Declining Acanthisitta chloris chloris Tītitipounamu/South Island rifleman Anthus novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae Pīhoihoi/New Zealand pipit Bowdleria punctata punctata Mātātā/South Island fernbird Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis Antipodean wandering albatross Eudyptes sclateri Erect-crested penguin Eudyptula minor minor Kororā/southern blue penguin Gallirallus australis australis Western weka Haematopus finschi Tōrea/pied oystercatcher Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus Poaka/pied stilt Limosa lapponica baueri Kuaka/eastern bar-tailed godwit Mokopiriraku aff. granulatus “Southern Southern forest gecko forest” Mokopiriraku aff. granulates ‘Cascades’ Cascades forest gecko Naultinus gemmeus Jewelled gecko Oligosoma chloronoton Green skink Phoebetria palpebrata Kōputu/light-mantled albatross Procellaria aequinoctialis White-chinned petrel Procellaria cinerea Kuia/grey petrel Puffinus griseus Tītī/sooty shearwater Sterna striata striata Tara/white-fronted tern Thalassarche cauta steadi White-capped mollymawk Woodworthia aff. maculatus “Otago large” Large Otago gecko Recovering Anthus novaeseelandiae aucklandicus Pīhoihoi/Subantarctic pipit Apteryx owenii Little spotted kiwi Falco novaseelandiae “eastern” Kārearea/eastern New Zealand falcon Haematopus unicolor Tōrea pango/variable oystercatcher Mokopiriraku nebulosus Cloudy gecko Philesturnus carunculatus Tīeke/South Island saddleback Sterna vittata bethunei Antarctic tern Relict Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Kākāriki/red-crowned parakeet novaezelandiae Garrodia nereis Grey-backed storm petrel Mokopiriraku nebulosus Cloudy gecko Oligosoma acrinasum Fiordland skink Pachyptila turtur Tītī/fairy prion Pachyptila vittata Tītī/broad-billed prion Pelagodroma marina maoriana Tītī/white-faced storm petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix chathamensis Southern diving petrel Porzana pusilla affinis Koitareke/marsh crake Porzana tabuensis plumbea Pūweto/spotless crake Pterodroma cookii Tītī/Cook’s petrel

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 309 Pterodroma inexpectata Tītī/mottled petrel Puffinus gavia Pakahā/fluttering shearwater Naturally Anthus novaeseelandiae steindachneri Pīhoihoi/Antipodes Island pipit Uncommon Bowdleria punctata caudata Mātātā/Snares Islands fernbird Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi Hākoakoa/brown skua Charadrius bicinctus exilis Pohowera/Auckland Island banded dotterel Coenocorypha aucklandica aucklandica Hākuai/Auckland Island snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica Hōkioi/Antipodes Island snipe meinertzhagenae Coenocorypha huegeli Tutukiwi/Snares Island snipe Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Kākāriki/Reischek’s parakeet hochstetteri Cyanoramphus unicolor Kākāriki/Antipodes Island parakeet Daption capense australe Snares cape pigeon Diomedea epomophora epomophora Toroa/southern royal albatross Diomedea epomophora sanfordi Toroa/northern royal albatross Dryolimnas muelleri Auckland Island rail Eudynamys taitensis Koekoeā/long-tailed cuckoo Eudyptes robustus Pokotiwha/Snares crested penguin Eudyptes sclateri Erect-crested penguin Leucocarbo campbelli Campbell Island shag Macronectes halli Pāngurunguru/northern giant petrel Nestor notabilis Kea Pachyptila crassirostris crassirostris Fulmar prion Pachyptila crassirostris flemingi Lesser fulmar prion Pachyptila crassirostris pyramidalis Chatham fulmar prion Pachyptila desolata Totorore/Antarctic prion Petroica macrocephala dannefaerdi Piropiro/black tomtit Petroica macrocephala marrineri Ngirungiru/Auckland Island tomtit Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Kōau/black shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevirostris Kōau/little shag Platalea regia Kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbill Procellaria westlandica Tāiko/Westland petrel Puffinus bulleri Buller’s shearwater Puffinus elegans Subantarctic little shearwater Rallus pectoralis muelleri Auckland Island rail Thalassarche bulleri Buller’s mollymawk Thalassarche eremita Chatham Island mollymawk Thalassarche impavida Campbell Island mollymawk

* Threat status may change over time. † Probably completely lost to cross-breeding with congeners.

Table A56.4. Fauna (invertebrates).

Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Nationally Asaphodes imperfecta (Philpott, 1905) A moth Critical Charopidae sp. 30 (NMNZ M.078966) A microsnail Charopidae sp. 65 (NMNZ M.078965) A microsnail

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 310 Charopidae sp. 130 (NMNZ M.127912) A microsnail Lyperobius nesidiotes Kuschel† Broughton Island weevil Mecodema laeviceps Broun, 1904† Ida Valley carabid beetle Notoreas edwardsi Patrick & Hoare, 2010 A moth Paradoxaphis aristoteliae Sunde, 1987 An aphid Pseudhelops antipodensis Watt, 1971 A beetle Sigaus homerensis Morris, 2003 Alpine grasshopper Nationally Asaphodes frivola (Meyrick, 1913) A moth Endangered Maoricrambus oncobolus (Meyrick, 1885) A moth Meterana “Foveaux Strait” A moth Nationally Arctesthes sp. “Von” A moth Vulnerable Asaphodes stinaria (Guenee, 1868) A moth Cephalissa siria Meyrick, 1884 A moth Declana toreuta, grey populations A moth Guntheria (Derrickiella) aperyxi Loomis & A feather mite Goff 1983 Ixodes anatis Chilton 1904 A feather mite Kiwialges palametrichus Gaud & Atyeo A feather mite 1979 Kiwialges phalagotrichus Gaud & Atyeo A feather mite 1970 Kiwilichus cryptosikyus Gaud & Atyeo 1970 A feather mite Kiwilichus delosikyos Gaud & Atyeo 1970 A feather mite Maoritenes sp. “Olearia” A moth Orthoclydon pseudostinaria (Hudson, 1918) A moth Pasiphila sp. “Olearia” A moth Protosynaema sp. “Olearia” A moth Pseudhelops clandestinus Watt, 1971 A beetle Stathmopoda cf. albimaculata Philpott, A moth 1931 Xanthorhoe frigida Howes, 1946 A moth At risk species‡ Threat status* Scientific name Common name Relict Deinacrida carinata Salmon 1950 Herekopare giant wētā Pianoa isolata Forster 1987 Piano Flat spider Naturally Bountya insularis Townsend 1971 A flightless beetle Uncommon Ischyroplectron isolatum (Hutton 1895) Bounty Island wētā Ooperipatellus nanus Ruhberg 1977 Ngaokeoke/perapitus, velvet worm

* Threat status may change over time. † These species are also recognised as animals in Schedule 7 of the Wildlife Act 1953. ‡ These are only some of the at risk invertebrate species found in Southland Murihiku.

Table A5.5. Marine species

Threatened species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Nationally Mirounga leonine Ihupuku/southern elephant seal Critical Orcinus orca Kera wēra/orca

Southland Murihiku Conservation Management Strategy 2014–2024 311 Phocarctos hookeri Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion Nationally Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin Endangered Eubalaena australis Tohorā/southern right whale Tursiops truncatus Terehu/bottlenose dolphin Nationally Paragorgia alisonae Octocoral Vulnerable At risk species Threat status* Scientific name Common name Declining Carcharodon carcharias Mangō-taniwha/great white / white pointer shark Cetorhinus maximus Basking shark Corallium spp. Precious coral or red coral Enallopsammia cf. maranzelleri Stony coral Enallopsammia rostrata Stony coral Errina novaezelandiae Red coral Goniocorella dumosa Stony branching coral Gorgonocephalus dolichodactylus Basket starfish Gorgonocephalus chilensis Basket starfish Gorgonocephalus pustulatum Basket starfish Iridogorgia spp. Octocoral Isidella spp. Deep sea bamboo coral Keratoisis spp. Deep sea bamboo coral Lepidisis spp. Deep sea bamboo coral Madrepora oculata Zigzag coral (stony coral) Metallogorgia spp. Octocoral Octopus kaharoa Kaharoa octopus Opisthoteuthis mero Octopus Paragorgia arborea Sea fan Solenosmilia variabilis Stony branching coral

* Threat status may change over time.

Sources: Bats: O’Donnell, C.F.J.; Christie, J.E.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Lloyd, B.; Parsons, S. 2006: The conservation status of New Zealand bats. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 37: 4, 297–311. Birds: Miskelly, C.M.; Dowding, J.E.; Elliott, G.P.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Powlesland, R.G.; Robertson, H.A.; Sagar, P.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Taylor, G.A. 2008: Conservation status of New Zealand birds. Notornis 55: 117–135. Reptiles: Hitchmough, R.A.; Hoare, J.M.; Jamieson, H.; Newman, D.; Tocher, M.D.; Anderson, P.J.; Lettink, M.; Whitaker, A.H. 2009: Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 37: 3, 203– 224. Invertebrates: Excel files from Ian Stringer (DOC S&R), leader of threat classification re-ranking exercise. Fish: Goodman, J.M.: Dunn, N.R.; Ravenscroft, P.J.; Boubee, J.A.T.; David, B.O.; Griffiths, M.; Nicholas Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.A,.; Rolfe, J.R. 2014 New Zealand Threat Classification Series #xxx. Departmentof Conservation, Wellington. 12 p.

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Nationally iIconic species in Southland Murihiku These are nationally iconic species were that have been identified using a combination of web-based and phone-based through public surveys in 2011, in which those participating were asked what species they thought were quintessentially kiwi, contributing to their identity as New Zealanders, and so do not necessarily reflect a wider or regional perspective on iconic fauna and flora. They are the ten species identified most often. The table below includes only the nationally iconic species found in Southland Murihiku.

Common name Scientific name Flora Ferns There are in excess of 100 fern species in Southland Murihiku Kōwhai/kōwahi/ kōhai Sophora microphylla Rimu/red pine Dacrydium cupressinum Fauna Fiordland tokoeka/brown kiwi Apteryx australis australis Kākāpō Strigops habroptilus Kea Nestor notabilis Little spotted kiwi Apteryx owenii Tuatara* Sphenodon punctatus Tūī Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae

* Whilst currently extinct from Southland Murihiku, subfossil remains suggest that tuatara were an ancient component of Southland Murihiku ecology.

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Appendix 8

Marine habitats and ecosystems in Southland Murihiku The Coastal Classification and Mapping Scheme depth zones are as follows: shallow—0–30 m; deep—30–200 m; upper slope—200–500 m; mid-slope—500–1000 m; lower slope—1000–4000 m.

Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 Southern South Island bioregion: Coastal Exposed shallow The coastal zone is strongly influenced by the Tasman Large inputs of fine, Te Waewae Bay and Curio Murihiku gravel Current. The productive coastal ecosystem supports a mix of terrestrially derived sediments Bay Marine Mammal Exposed shallow widespread species and those typical of southern New and nutrients. Sanctuaries. reef Zealand. OverfFishing. Two Mātaitai Reserves are Exposed shallow Significant toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) beds occur at Oreti Invasive marine species. currently in place—the Oreti sand Beach and Te Waewae Bay. Mātaitai and the Waikawa Harbour/Tumu Toka Exposed rocky The islets provide roosting and breeding habitat for a variety Mātaitai. shore of seabirds, including tarāpunga/red-billed gulls (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus), kōau/little shags Exposed beach (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos), pārekareka/spotted shags High-current (Stictocarbo punctatus), kororā/blue penguins (Eudyptula shallow reef minor) and tara/white-fronted terns (Sterna striata striata). High-current deep Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) are sand also found along the coast. Moderate beach Large numbers of kekeno/New Zealand fur seals Moderate rocky (Arctocephalus forsteri) use the coast. shore Small, resident populations of tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin Moderate shallow (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) occur along the Southland gravel coast, with hotspots at Te Waewae Bay and Porpoise Bay, both of which are protected within a marine mammal Moderate shallow

74 Not all these areas may qualify as marine protected areas under the ‘Marine protected areas: classification, protection standard and implementation guidelines’ (Ministry of Fisheries and Department of Conservation , 2008), depending on the management controls implemented for the particular area.

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 reef sanctuary. Moderate shallow Tohorā/southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) are sand commonly seen between June and September as they migrate to and from the subantarctic islands. An increasing Deep gravel occurrence of small juveniles and calves is showing a Deep reef positive sign of recolonisation of the mainland coastal area. Deep sand Mainland haulout site for rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand Mudflat sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) and breeding has been recorded on the Southland coast. Sheltered beach Biogenic habitats

Foveaux Deep gravel Foveaux Strait has a complex bathymetry and sediment Large inputs of fine, Strait Deep reef distribution as a result of high current and tidal streams terrestrially derived sediments through the strait. The high current and exposed nature of and nutrients. Deep sand the strait produces a highly diverse biogenic habitat that OverfFishing. Exposed shallow includes bryozoans, sponges, sea tulips, lamp shells and Ground fishing methods such gravel oysters. These areas are some of the most productive and highly diverse habitats in Southland. The biogenic areas as oyster dredging and bottom Exposed shallow provide important habitat and nursery areas for many trawling have modified the reef species of fish, particularly the blue cod (Parapercis colias) biogenic features of Foveaux Exposed shallow an important commercial and recreational fish species in Strait, and ongoing fishing sand Southland. activity continues to threaten the diversity and structure of Moderate shallow the biogenic reefs. gravel Biogenic habitats Awarua Biogenic A highly significant area, with the Awarua Wetland being Coastal development. Waituna Wetlands Scientific Wetland saltmarsh recognised under the Ramsar Convention. Infilling by fine sediments. Reserve (part of the Waituna Complex Much of the shallow mud/sand flat areas were traditionally Lagoon/Awarua Wetland of Biogenic seagrass Nutrient and sediment runoff (Jacobs River dominated by the aquatic plants Ruppia spp. and International Importance). Estuarine beach from land use (significant Estuary, New karepō/seagrass (Zostera capricorni); however, both of these development of dairying over River Estuarine sand have undergone considerable decline. Estuary/ the last decade). Exposed beach The wetland complex provides extensive spawning and Mokomoko Artificial opening of the Exposed shallow

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 Inlet, Bluff sand nursery ares for both marine and freshwater fish species, Waituna Lagoon has the Harbour/ Mudflat such as the taiwharu/giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus), potential to cause adverse Awarua Bay, banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus), īnanga (Galaxias effects on Ruppia spp. Sheltered beach Waituna maculatus), tuna/longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), Pathogens and other Lagoon, tuna/shortfin eel (Anguilla australis), kanakana/lamprey contaminants in point source Toetoes (Geotria australis), aua/yellow-eyed mullet (Aldrichetta and non-point source Harbour) forsteri), kahawai (Arripis trutta), and species of stargazer discharges. and pātiki/flounder (Rhombosolea spp.). Invasive marine species. The wetland complex is one of the five most important waterfowl and wading bird habitats in New Zealand, and is Chronic disturbance to wildlife. particularly important for both local and international migratory shorebirds. Fiordland bioregion: Fiordland Deep mud Fiordland encompasses 13 fiords. The profile of each fiord is Doubtful Sound/Patea has There are ten marine Deep sand typically a sheltered, steep-sided basin that is separated from been heavily modified by the reserves within the fiords: Te the exposed rugged outer coast by a submarine sill or rock establishment of the Hapua (Sutherland Sound), Deep reef moraine. However, the biology differs both along a Manapouri Power Scheme, Hawea (Clio Rocks), Estuarine beach latitudinal gradient between the fiords and along an which has been depositing a Kahukura (Gold Arm), Kutu exposure gradient within the fiords. large volume of freshwater into Parera (Gaer Arm), Taipari Estuarine mud The rocky outer coast rocky intertidal communities reflect the head of the sound since the Roa (Elizabeth Island), Estuarine reef the high-wave-energy environment, with the intertidal zone early 1970s. Increases have Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Estuarine rocky dominated by the periwinkle snails (Littorina cincta), been allowed through consent Arm), Taumoana (Five shore encrusting algae (Bostrychia arbuscula), barnacles processes and will continue to Finger Peninsula), Te (Chamaesipho columna) and the bull kelp (Durvillaea impact oninfluence the fiord Tapuwae o Hua (Long Estuarine sand antarctica) dominating the immediate subtidal areas. rock wall communities. Sound), Piopiotahi (Milford Exposed beach Sound) and Te Awaatu The outer coast subtidal reef areas support a variety of Monitoring to date has shown Channel (The Gut) Marine Exposed rocky species of large brown algae, including sea wrack (Lessonia little ongoing change in the Reserves. All but the last 2 shore variegata), bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica), common kelp ecology of the fiord. were created under the (Ecklonia radiata), Xiphophora gladiata, Cystophora spp., Exposed shallow While commercial fishing has Fiordland (Te Moana o Landsburgia quercifolia and Marginariella spp. reef been bannedno longer occurs Atawhenua) Marine within the internal waters of Exposed shallow The well-vegetated catchment is responsible for low rates of Management Act 2005. the fiords, commercial fishing sand sediment deposition within the fiord system. on the outer coast is likelyhas There is limited protection The subtidal communities living on the fiord walls are Lower slope the potential to impact on for ecosystems and species

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 unique in New Zealand, and are dominated by sessile inner fiord ecosystems. There in the more exposed habitats Mid-slope suspension feeders, mainly at depths of 5–40 m, and common has been some research to of Fiordland, such as the kelp (Ecklonia radiata). The light-absorbing freshwater layer suggest that outer coast open coast, apart from Upper slope restricts some algal growth and has allowed normally deep- species act as a source for through fisheries Mudflat water species to become established in shallow depths. inner fiord populations. restrictions. Species include the endemic black coral (Antipathes Shallow mud Due to the very narrow Public conservation lands fiordensis) and snake stars (Astrobrachion constrictum), productive zone within the extending over beaches to Sheltered shallow which live exclusively on the coral, as well as red coral fiords, recreational fishing has mean high water springs. reef (Errina novaezelandiae), yellow zoanthids (Parazoanthus sp.) a high potential to impact on Anchoring prohibitions and brachiopods (Liothyrella neozelanica, Terebratella recreational species and the sanguinea, Calloria inconspicua, Notosaria nigricans). The (under the Regional Coastal ecology of this productive Plan) are in place in certain fiords support one of the world’s biggest populations of black zone. Current management coral trees. areas of the Fiordland regimes are in place to address Marine Area where vessel There are three well-known populations of terehu/bottlenose this issue, including bans, anchoring has been dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Fiordland, which are reduced bag limits, and identified as a significant generally based in Doubtful Sound/Patea, Dusky Sound and accumulation restrictions. threat to the areas’ ecological the northern fiords. Also resident in the fiords is the kekeno/ Vessel-based tourism in values. New Zealand fur seal, Fiordland crested penguin (Eudyptes Doubtful Sound/Patea and pachyrhynchus) and kororā/blue penguin. Tohorā/southern Milford Sound/Piopiotahi has right whales are being seen more frequently, especially in the been shown by researchers to southern fiords. alter the behaviour of terehu/ bottlenose dolphins, and increasing tourism in Fiordland will increase the likelihood of impacts on this species. There is currently a voluntary Code of Management in place to address the issue of vessel interactions with marine mammals in Doubtful Sound and a Code of Conduct in Milford Sound. Pressures still exist from recreational vessels that do not abide, or are unaware of the Codes. Ongoing education and

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 monitoring is required to ensure the effectiveness of the Codes is maintained. Invasive marine species have been identified as the greatest threat to the fiords by the Guardians’ Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy 2003 and management of this threat remains a high priority. Increasing cruise ship activity within the fiords has the potential to have adverse impacts on the significant values through anchoring damage, or the risk of oil spills and introduction of invasive species. Anchoring is currently managed by the Regional Council through the Regional Coastal Plan and Deed of Agreement with the Cruise Ship Industry. However, this agreement does not remove the potential adverse effects associated with this activity. An alternative area has been set aside for anchoring by cruise ships in Doubtful Sound to move the potential damage due to anchoring from an area found to have fragile species, to an area thought to contain mainly soft sediment communities.

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 Solander Deep reef A large breeding colony of kekeno/New Zealand fur seal Fishing through bycatch and Islands Deep sand lives on the islands. benthic disturbance. Nearly half of the known population of Buller’s mollymawk Exposed beach (DiomedeaThalassarche bullerii) also lives on the islands, as Exposed rocky well as significant numbers of common diving petrels shore (Pelecanoides urinatrix). Little Solander Island may be the Exposed shallow southernmost Australasian gannet (Morus serrator) colony in reef the world. Offshore, the benthic invertebrate communities include the large kuhakuha/dog cockle (Tucetona laticostata) and the pūrimu/purple cockle (Purpurocardia purpurata); the trough shells Scalpomactra scalpellum and Maorimactra ordinaria; the morning star shell/zigzag cockle (Tawera spissa) and the bivalve mollusc Diplodonta globus. Snares bioregion: Snares Deep gravel The Snares Islands/Tini Heke comprise their own, distinct Direct and indirect effects of Intertidal area is within the Islands/Tini Deep reef biogeographic region. The marine biota contains cool to cold fishing, including bycatch from Snares Islands Nature Heke temperate species, and a number of common species, such as commercial fisheries. Reserve. Exposed rocky the kina (Evechinus chloroticus), reach their southernmost Oil spill risk from visiting cruise shore limit in New Zealand waters here. ships and fishing vessels. Exposed shallow The Snares contain a diverse and unique assemblage of Biosecurity issues are one of gravel seabirds and other biota. Albatross, shearwaters, petrels and the main threats to the penguins are all abundant here (southern Buller’s Exposed shallow subantarctic island mollymawk (Thalassarche bulleri bulleri), tītī/sooty reef ecosystems. The increasing shearwater (Puffinus griseus), common diving petrel, tītī/ demand from the tourism Mid-slope mottled petrel (Pterodroma inexpectata), tītī/broad-billed industry, and use of the Snares Moderate rocky prion (Pachyptila vittata), tītī/fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur), Islands/Tini Heke as a safe fulmar prion (Pachyptila crassirostris crassirostris), shore anchorage for fishing vessels, hākoakoa/brown skua (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi), Moderate shallow increases the risk of incidental Snares cape pigeon (Daption capense australe), pokotiwha/ gravel transfer of marine pest species. Snares crested penguin (Eudyptes robustus)). Moderate shallow Visitor impacts, such as Kekeno/New Zealand fur seals breed on the exposed coasts reef disturbance of marine wildlife

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 Upper slope of the Snares, and a large number of rāpoka/whakahao/New and anchor damage to seabed Zealand sea lions utilise the island. habitats.

Subantarctic bioregion: Auckland Deep gravel The subantarctic islands are New Zealand’s southernmost Direct and indirect effects of Currently the Auckland Islands, Deep mud islands and have the coolest waters. commercial fishing, including Islands/Motu Maha Marine Campbell There is significant endemism in the subantarctic islands, bycatch and overfishing from Reserve is the only marine Deep reef Islands, including island endemism. Some examples include the commercial fisheries. reserve established in the Bounty Deep sand subantarctic subspecies of paua (Haliotis virginea huttori) Oil spill risk from visiting subantarctic. A number of Islands and other marine reserves are in Estuarine beach (found only around the subantarctic islands), the Antipodes cruise ships and fishing Antipodes Island bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica) (found nowhere else vessels. the process of being Island Group Estuarine gravel in the world) and Marginariella parsonii, a seaweed that is established around the Visitor impacts, including found only at the Bounty Islands and the Antipodes Island Bounty Islands, Antipodes Estuarine reef disturbance of marine wildlife. Group. Island Group and Campbell Estuarine rocky Biosecurity issues are one of Islands. The Auckland Islands are important seabird breeding shore the main threats to the grounds. They are the stronghold of the rare hoiho/yellow- Benthic Protection Areas Exposed rocky subantarctic island eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) and white-capped (BPAs) have been in force shore ecosystems. The increasing mollymawk (Thalassarche cauta steadi), along with Gibson's around the Antipodes, demand from the tourism Exposed shallow wandering albatross (Diomedea antipodensis gibsonii) on Bounty and Campbell Island industry increases the risk of gravel Adams Island, the tītī/sooty shearwater and the endemic groups since 2007 (bottom incidental transfer of marine Exposed shallow Auckland Island shag (Leucocarbo colensoi). trawling and dredging pest species. prohibition). reef The Auckland Islands support the world’s largest population, Climate change—the Southern and main breeding colonies, of the critically endangered Auckland Islands Marine Exposed shallow Ocean is expected to change in rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion. They are also Mammal Sanctuary. sand response to the effects of important as a winter breeding area for tohorā/southern climate change. World Heritage Area status. Lower slope right whales. Intertidal areas of all four Mid-slope Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku is home to six species of island groups are protected Moderate beach albatross, including the black-browed (Thalassarche within National Nature melanophrys), grey-headed (Thalassarche chrysostoma), Moderate shallow Reserves. light-mantled sooty (Phoebetria palpebrata) and a small gravel population of Gibson’s wandering albatross. It is also an Moderate shallow important breeding area for hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins. reef Ihupuku/elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and rāpoka/

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Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas74 Upper slope whakahao/New Zealand sea lions breed on Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku. The seabird life of the Antipodes Island Group includes storm petrels, Antipodean wandering albatross (Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis), white-capped and black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys) mollymawks, erect-crested (Eudyptes sclateri) and rockhopper (Eudyptes filholi) penguins, and nine species of burrowing petrel. Ihupuku/elephant seals breed on Antipodes Island (the only native mammal to do so). The Bounty Islands host thousands of seabirds during the breeding season, including the Bounty Island shag (Leucocarbo ranfurlyi), which is one of the few birds present on the island throughout the year. They are also important islands for erect-crested penguins, Salvin’s mollymawks (Thalassarche salvini), Antarctic terns (Sterna vittata bethunei), fulmar prions, Snares cape pigeons and karoro/southern black-backed gulls (Larus dominicanus). The Bounty Islands are also one of the main bases for the kekeno/New Zealand fur seal in the subantarctic and support the world’s largest breeding colony. In 1992, the population was estimated at 20 000.

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References Arnold, A. (ed.) 2004: Shining a spotlight on the biodiversity of New Zealand’s marine ecology: experts workshop on marine biodiversity, 27–28 May 2003, Wellington, New Zealand. WWF-New Zealand, Wellington. Batham, E.J. 1965: Rocky shore ecology of a southern New Zealand fiord. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 6: 215–227. Booth, J.D. 2004: The marine ecosystem of the New Zealand subantarctic islands and their surrounding plateaus. Report for the Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: WLG2004-47. Carbines, G.D. 1998: Determination of movement of blue cod in Southland. NIWA Report No. BCO09702. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Cranfield, J.H.; Carbines, G.; Michael, K.P.; Dunn, A.; Stotter, D.R.; Smith, D.J. 2001: Promising signs of regeneration of blue cod and oyster habitat changed by dredging in Foveaux Strait, southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 897–908. Cranfield, J.H.; Michael, K.P. 2001: A summary of the fishery, commercial landings, and biology of the New Zealand Queen Scallop, Zygochlamys delicatula (Hutton, 1873). Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. Darby, J.; Fordyce, R.E.; Mark, A.; Probert, K.; Townsend, C. 2003: The natural history of southern New Zealand. University of Otago Press, Dunedin, New Zealand. Grange, K.R. 1985: Distribution, standing crop, population structure, and growth rates of black coral in southern fiords of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 19(4): 467– 475. Grange, K.R. 1985: The intertidal ecology of soft shores of Freshwater Basin, Milford Sound. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Grange, K.R. 1990: Macrobenthic communities of the New Zealand continental shelf. NZOI Investigation No. S3050/36. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Wellington, New Zealand. Grange, K.R. 1990: Unique marine habitats in the New Zealand fiords: a case for preservation. Report for the Department of Conservation, Wellington. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Wellington, New Zealand. Grange, K.R. 1991: The underwater environment of Doubtful Sound. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Grange, K.R.; Singleton, R.J.; Richardson, J.R.; Hill, P.J.; del Main, W. 1981: Shallow rock-wall biological associations of some southern fiords of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 8: 209–227. Hare, J.; Hayes, S.; King, S.; Pillai, A. (Comps) 1990: Coastal resource inventory: first order survey, Southland Conservancy. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Hume, T.; Herdendorf, C.E. 1988: A geomorphic classification of estuaries and its application to coastal resource management: a New Zealand example. Ocean and Shoreline Management 11: 249–274. Paulin, C.D. 1991: The fiordland fish fauna: a survey. Report on planning workshop, fiords marine research, 26–27 August 1991, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zelaland Oceanographic Institute, Wellington, New Zealand. Peat, N. 1997: Subantarctic island heritage: nomination of the New Zealand subantarctic islands by the government of New Zealand for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Schiel, D.R.; Hickford, M.J. 2001: Biological structure of nearshore rocky subtidal habitats in southern New Zealand. Science for Conservation 182. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Wilson, G.J. 1981: Distribution and abundance of the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri). Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 20. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Wellington.

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Appendix 9

Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes in Southland Murihiku Table A9.1. Significant geological features and, landforms and landscapes.

Type Geological Significance Pressure/ threats Protected areas feature/ (international, national or on public landform regional, including conservation significance to tangata lands and waters whenua) Representative Fiordland Internationally significant due Refer to Fiordland National park public National Park to world heritage area status; National Park conservation nationally significant because Management Plan areas of national park status; and relevant sections significant to Ngāi Tahu. of this strategy. New Zealand Internationally significant due Refer to relevant National nature subantarctic to world heritage area status; sections of this reserve islands nationally significant because strategy. of national nature reserve status. Awarua Internationally significant due Refer to relevant Scientific reserve, Wetland to wetland of international sections of this scenic reserve, Complex importance status; nationally strategy. conservation area significant because of scientific reserve status; significant to Ngāi Tahu. Mataura and Nationally significant because Refer to relevant Scenic reserve, Oreti Rivers of water conservation orders; sections of this recreation reserve, significant to Ngāi Tahu. strategy. conservation park, conservation area, marginal strip Geopreservation Land Internationally and nationally Varies—some Various (some sites formation significant (and 69 also of probably not sites) examples regional significance), as listed vulnerable; others (× 56) by the New Zealand Geological vulnerable to Fossil Society Geopreservation significant or locations/ Inventory for the Southland complete destruction beds (× 27) Region; some sites may be by human actions. significant to Ngāi Tahu. Volcanic features (× 2)

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Table A9.2. Significant landscapes.

Landscape Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on public (international, national, conservation lands and waters regional) Lake Gunn Nationally and regionally Modification or National park Lake Hauroko significant, as identified intensification of use. National park within Section 5.6 of the Also refer to relevant Lake Manapouri National park Southland Regional Policy sections of this Lake McKerrow/ Statement 1997; some sites strategy. National park Whakatipu Waitai significant to Ngai Tāhu. Lake Monowai National park Lake Poteriteri National park Lake Te Anau National park North and South Conservation area Mavora Lakes Hokonui Hills Regionally significant, as Modification or Scientific reserve, scenic reserve, identified in the Gore intensification of use. conservation area, marginal strip District Plan, July 2006. Also refer to relevant sections of this strategy. Te Anau Basin Identified in the Southland Modification or National park, wildlife Regional Landscape intensification of use. management reserve, recreation Assessment (Boffa Miskell Also refer to relevant reserve, conservation area, Limited, August 1997); sections of this marginal strip The inland some sites significant to strategy. Scenic reserve, conservation mountains, Ngai Tāhu. park, conservation area including the Takitimu, Livingstone, Eyre, Garvie and Umbrella Mountains The Southland coast National park, scientific reserve, scenic reserve, historic reserve, recreation reserve, government purpose reserve, conservation area, marginal strip Riverton Identified in the Southland Modification or Scenic reserve, wildlife Coastal Landscape Study intensification of use. management reserve, (Boffa Miskell Limited, Also refer to relevant government purpose reserve, August 2006). sections of this conservation area, marginal strip Southwest Catlins strategy. Scientific reserve, recreation reserve, conservation area, marginal strip South Coast Scientific reserve, scenic reserve, estuaries recreation reserve, conservation area Te Waewae Conservation area, marginal strip

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Landscape Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on public (international, national, conservation lands and waters regional) Oreti Beach – Sandy Identified in Invercargill Modification or Point Coastal Landscape Study intensification of use. New River Estuary (Boffa Miskell Limited, Also refer to relevant Scenic reserve, conservation 2013) sections of this area strategy. Omaui Headland Scenic reserve, conservation and Outer Bluff area, marginal strip Peninsula Bluff Harbour, Conservation area, marginal Awarua Bay and strip Tiwai Otatara Peninsula Identified in Invercargill Modification or Scenic reserve, conservation City District Plan 2005 intensification of use. area Bluff Hill Also refer to relevant Scenic reserve, conservation (Motupohue) sections of this area strategy. Three Sisters - Scenic reserve, conservation Bluff Dunes System area, marginal strip Awarua Wetlands Conservation area, marginal strip New River Estuary Scenic reserve, conservation area Bluff Harbour/ Conservation area, marginal Awarua Bay strip Sandy Point Reserve Thomsons Bush Te Wāhipounamu— Internationally significant; Modification or National park, scientific reserve, South-West New significant to Ngāi Tahu. intensification of use. conservation area, marginal strip Zealand World Also refer to relevant Heritage Area sections of this strategy. New Zealand Sub- Internationally significant; Modification or National nature reserve Antarctic Islands some islands significant to intensification of use. World Heritage Ngāi Tahu. Also refer to relevant Area sections of this strategy. Awarua Wetland Internationally significant Refer to relevant Scientific reserve, scenic reserve, Complex due to wetland of sections of this conservation area international importance strategy. status; nationally significant because of scientific reserve status; significant to Ngāi Tahu. Maunga teitei (lofty Representative sites Lack of knowledge. Some public conservation lands mountains) significant to Ngāi Tahu. Development of site. and waters Wāhi tapu sites, e.g. Lack of statutory Some public conservation lands Lake Hauroko protection. and waters Rock outcrops Natural processes. Some public conservation lands

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containing Māori Vandalism. and waters rock art Use of site. Marae landscape None settings

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Appendix 10

Actively conserved historic places on public conservation lands and waters, or managed by the Department, in Southland Murihiku

Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access Alpha battery Preservation Inlet, Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry and quartz Fiordland Locally significant vegetation destination / mine accessible by boat and unmarked route Anita Bay Milford Sound/ Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry stone hut Piopiotahi, Fiordland Locally significant disaster destination / remains (earthquakes); accessible by boat vegetation; visitor impacts Antipodes Antipodes Island Maritime Natural decay; No public access Island Nationally significant disaster (landslip); castaway vegetation depot Astronomer Dusky Sound, European discovery Natural decay; Local Treasure / Point Fiordland Internationally visitor impacts accessible by boat significant Beech Hut Upper Mataura Pastoralism Natural decay Backcountry River, Waipapa Locally significant destination / accessible via an unmarked route Beer’s farm Upper Waiau River Pastoralism Natural decay Backcountry valley, Kepler Locally significant destination / Mountains, accessible via an Fiordland unmarked route Bluff Hill gun The Bluff/ Coastal defence Natural decay Frontcountry emplacement, Motupōhue Nationally significant (spalling); destination/accessible battery vegetation; visitor by road and walking observation impacts track post, radar and camp Camp Cove Carnley Harbour, Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry castaway Auckland Island Nationally significant vegetation; destination / depot animals accessible by boat, by permit only Camp Cove Campbell Island/ Sealing and whaling Natural decay; Backcountry sod hut Motu Ihupuku Locally significant vegetation; destination / animals accessible by boat, by permit only Castaway Snares Islands/Tini Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry finger posts Heke, Auckland Locally significant vegetation; erosion destination / some (several Islands, Campbell (wind and sea) accessible by boat, by locations) Islands and permit only

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access Antipodes Island Group Caswell Caswell Sound, Wild animal control Natural decay; Backcountry Sound Hut Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; destination / disaster (fire) accessible by boat or via an unmarked route Clark Hut Grebe Valley, Wild animal control Natural decay; Backcountry Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; destination / disaster (fire) accessible via tramping track Cleddau horse Grave/Talbot Track, Tourism and recreation Natural decay Backcountry bridge Fiordland Nationally significant destination / accessible via an unmarked route from Milford Road Cuttle Cove Preservation Inlet, Sealing and whaling Natural decay Backcountry whaling Fiordland Nationally significant destination / station accessible by boat Derry Castle Enderby Island, Maritime Natural decay Backcountry grave site Auckland Islands Locally significant destination / accessible by boat and via walking track, by permit only Dog Box Eyre Mountains Pastoralism Natural decay; Backcountry Bivvy Locally significant disaster (fire) destination / accessible via an unmarked route Endeavour Dusky Sound, Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry wreck site, Fiordland Nationally significant visitor impacts destination / Facile (fossicking) accessible by boat Harbour Enderby Erebus Cove, European settlement Natural decay; Backcountry settlement Auckland Island (Enderby Company) visitor impacts destination / Nationally significant (fossicking); accessible by boat, by vegetation permit only Erebus Cove Erebus Cove, Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry castaway Auckland Island Nationally significant rāpoka/ destination / boatshed, whakahao/ New accessible by boat, by depot, Victoria Zealand sea permit only Tree and lionsanimals; Amherst Spar coastal erosion; vegetation Erebus Cove Erebus Cove, Maritime/European Natural decay; Backcountry cemetery Auckland Island settlement vegetation destination / Nationally significant accessible by boat, by permit only Freeman Burn Lake Manapouri, Tourism and recreation Natural decay; Backcountry Hut Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; destination / disaster (fire) accessible by boat German Terror Cove, Science Natural decay; Backcountry

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access scientific Auckland Island Internationally visitor impacts destination / expedition site significant (fossicking)/ accessible by boat, by vandalism; permit only vegetation Golden Site Preservation Inlet, Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry battery, Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; destination / Wilson River disaster (flooding) accessible by boat and via historic track Grafton wreck Carnley Harbour Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry and site of (North Arm), Nationally significant vegetation; visitor destination / ‘Epigwaitt’ Auckland Island impacts accessible by boat, by (anchoring and permit only fossicking) Hodge’s stock Te Anau Downs, Pastoralism Natural decay; Backcountry track Snowdon Forest, Locally significant vegetation destination / Fiordland accessible via an unmarked route Hollyford Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Vegetation; land Accessible from Icon baker’s oven Fiordland Locally significant use (Rroading) destination—car on safety and Milford Highway widening Homer Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Land use Accessible from Icon Tunnel portal Fiordland Locally significant (Rroading) destination—car on avalanche changes Milford Highway damage Indian Island Dusky Sound, Māori occupation/ Natural decay; Backcountry Fiordland contact vegetation destination / Nationally significant accessible by boat Jamestown Lake McKerrow/ European colonial Natural decay; Gateway destination/ site Whakatipu Waitai, settlement vegetation; visitor accessible via Fiordland Locally significant impacts Hollyford Track (fossicking) Luncheon Dusky Sound, Sealing and whaling Natural decay; Backcountry Cove Fiordland Nationally significant vegetation destination / accessible by boat MacKinnon Milford Track, Tourism and recreation Natural decay Icon destination / Pass Fiordland Nationally significant accessible via Milford Memorial Track Great Walk Māori Enderby Island, Māori occupation Natural decay; Backcountry occupation Auckland Islands Internationally coastal erosion; destination / significant animals; land use accessible by boat and (DOC work via walking track, by programmes) permit only Marian Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Land use Accessible from Icon Corner Fiordland Locally significant (Rroading) destination—car on construction widening; Milford Highway camp vegetation; natural decay; visitor impacts (fossicking)

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access Marian Hill Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Land use Accessible from Icon rock cutting Fiordland Locally significant (Rroading) destination—car on widening; disaster Milford Highway (rock fall) Martin’s Hut Longwood Range Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry and race Locally significant visitor impacts destination / (vandalism); accessible via disaster (fire) tramping track McIntyre Preservation Inlet, Timber milling Natural decay; Backcountry sawmill, Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; visitor destination / Cromarty impacts accessible by boat (fossicking) Mores’ Riverton township Timber milling Visitor impacts Accessible by car Johnston Nationally significant (vandalism); loss locomotive of cultural connection; natural decay Mores’ top Longwood Range Timber milling Visitor impacts Local Treasure / mill site and Nationally significant (vandalism); loss accessible by car Johnstons’ of cultural locomotive, connection (lack of Pourakino use); vegetation Valley

Morning Star Preservation Inlet, Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry Mine, Te Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; visitor destination / Oneroa impacts accessible by boat and (fossicking) via an unmarked route North-East Campbell Island/ Sealing and whaling Natural decay; No public access Harbour Motu Ihupuku Locally significant erosion whaling station Piano Flat Waikaia Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry water race Locally significant vegetation; land destination / use accessible via tramping track Port Craig Waitutu, Fiordland Timber milling Natural decay; Backcountry school, Nationally significant vegetation; visitor destination / settlement impacts accessible via South and sawmill (fossicking); Coast Track tramping site erosion; disaster track (landslip and fire) Port Craig Waitutu, Fiordland Timber milling Natural decay; Backcountry tramway and Nationally significant vegetation; destination / viaducts† erosion; disaster accessible via South (landslip); land use Coast Track tramping (DOC work track programmes) Port’s water Longwood Range Gold mining Natural decay; Local Treasure / race Nationally significant vegetation; land accessible via Round

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access use (logging); Hill walking track visitor impacts ( unmanaged mountain bikes); ing erosion; disaster (landslip) Printz’s Longwood Range Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry battery Locally significant land use (logging); destination / vegetation; visitor accessible via impacts tramping track (fossicking) Puysegur Preservation Inlet, Maritime Natural decay; Local Treasure / Point landing Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; visitor accessible by boat shed and impacts; disaster cemetery (fire) Puysegur Puysegur Point, Maritime Natural decay; Local Treasure / Point Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; erosion accessible by boat and lighthouse via historic Puysegur access road Point Road and settlement site Ranui Ranui Cove, Defence Natural decay; Backcountry coastwatchers Auckland Island Nationally significant vegetation destination / lookout hut accessible by boat, by permit only Richard Dusky Sound, Conservation Natural decay; Backcountry Henry's house Fiordland Nationally significant vegetation; visitor destination / site, Pigeon impacts accessible by boat Island/ (trampling and Wāwāhi Waka fossicking)

Round Island Preservation Inlet, Māori occupation Natural decay; Backcountry Fiordland Locally significant visitor impacts destination / (trampling and accessible by boat fossicking) Sandfly Point Milford Track, Tourism and recreation Natural decay; Icon destination / brick chimney Fiordland Locally significant vegetation accessible via Milford Track Great Walk Sandy Bay Enderby Island, Maritime/conservation Natural decay; Backcountry castaway Auckland Islands Nationally significant land use (DOC destination / boatshed work accessible by boat, by programmes); permit only erosion Snares Island Snares Island Maritime Natural decay; No public access castaway Nationally significant vegetation depot S.S. Stella hull Chalky Inlet, Maritime/fishing Natural decay; Backcountry and freezer Fiordland Nationally significant visitor impacts destination / base (rubbish); accessible by boat vegetation; erosion

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access Stella Hut Enderby Island, Maritime Natural decay; Backcountry castaway Auckland Islands Nationally significant vegetation destination / depot accessible by boat, by permit only Tagua Tagua Bay, Defence Natural decay; Backcountry coastwatchers Auckland Island Nationally significant vegetation destination / lookout hut accessible by boat and via walking track, by permit only Tarawera Preservation Inlet, Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry smelter and Fiordland Nationally significant vegetation destination / mine accessible by boat Te Anau Te Anau Downs, Pastoralism Natural decay; Accessible from Icon Downs power Fiordland Locally significant vegetation destination—car on plant Milford Highway Tucker Cove Campbell Island/ Pastoralism Natural decay; Backcountry farm complex Motu Ihupuku Nationally significant vegetation; destination / animals accessible by boat, by permit only Turnbull’s Longwood Range Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry race, dam and Locally significant vegetation; visitor destination / hut impacts accessible via (vandalism); tramping track disaster (fire) Tutoko Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Natural decay; Local Treasure / suspension Fiordland Locally significant land use (roading) accessible by car on bridge the Milford Highway Upper Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Natural decay; Accessible from Icon Hollyford Fiordland Locally significant vegetation; destination—no hydro station erosion; river marked access action land use (roading) Waipapa Waipapa Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry bucket dredge Locally significant vegetation destination / remains accessible via an unmarked route Waipapa Waipapa Maritime Visitor impacts Local Treasure / lighthouse Nationally significant (fossicking and accessible by car on settlement, vandalism); the Catlins Highway Tararua vegetation; wreck and animals Tararua Acre† Waipohatu Catlins Highway Timber milling Natural decay; Local Treasure / log hauler Locally significant vegetation accessible by car on the Catlins Highway Walker Creek Milford Road, Tourism and recreation Natural decay; Local Treasure / pit saw site Fiordland Locally significant vegetation accessible by car on Milford Highway Wilson River Preservation Inlet, Gold mining Natural decay; Backcountry pack track Fiordland vegetation destination /

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Place Location Heritage topics and Pressures/ Destination significance* threats management category/access Locally significant accessible by boat Wilson River Preservation Inlet, Gold mining / timber Natural decay; Backcountry tramway Fiordland milling vegetation destination / Locally significant accessible by boat

* From the Southland Historic Resource Management Plan 1993, Department of Conservation (unpublished). † Some parts of this site are owned and managed by others.

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Appendix 11

Icon and Gateway Recreation destinations in Southland Murihiku Thise following list has been taken from the Department’s national list of destinations managed as part of Destination Management as at July 2013. It is correctThe list is accurate as at the date of this CMS approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Note: Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations are not included in this table. They are addressed in general in Parts One and Two of this CMSstrategy. These categories are also subject to on-going review in response to trends in demand Where specified, these destination types are accurate as at the time of CMS approval, and may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Icon destinations Kepler Track Iris Burn Waterfall Track Kepler Track Kepler Track amenity area and car park Lake Te Anau Control Gates car park and access road Luxmore Caves Track Rainbow Reach road end/amenity area Milford Road Journey Cascade Creek campsite Homer Nature Walk Knobs Flat interpretation panels Lake Gunn campsite Lake Gunn Nature Walk Lake Marian Falls Track Mackay Creek campsite Mackay Creek Walk Mirror Lake Monkey Creek lookout Pop’s View lookout Routeburn Track: Key Summit Track The Chasm Walk The Divide car park Milford Sound/Piopiotahi Bowen Falls Path Milford Foreshore Walk Milford Sound Lookout Track Milford Sound Village interpretation panels Milford Sound Development Authority Terminal interpretation panels Milford Track Milford Track Quintin Hut to Sutherland Falls Track Te Anau Downs Boat Ramp and Jetty Routeburn Track (part) Routeburn Track: Howden Hut to Harris Saddle

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Gateway destinations The Bluff/Motupōhue Foveaux Walkway Glory Track The Bluff/Motupōhue viewpoint Croydon Bush Dolomore Track Whisky Creek and Popplewells Tracks Curio Bay/Porpoise Bay Curio Bay Walk Curio Bay picnic area Forest Hill Tussock Creek picnic area Crossing Road picnic area Tussock Creek road end to Lookout Track Crossing Road end to Lookout Track Greenstone/Caples Track (part) Greenstone Track: Howden Hut to head of Lake McKellar Hollyford Track Hollyford Road end carpark Hollyford Track: road end to Alabaster Hut Hollyford Track: north end Lake McKerrow/Whakatipu Waitai to Martins Bay Hut Mavora Lakes Mavora Lakes campsite and amenity area Mavora Lakes Road

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Appendix 12

Prescriptions for the management of visitor management zones Refer to Volume II for maps of visitor management zones in Southland Murihiku. Setting Urban Rural Front country Backcountry- Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in General  Areas inside or on  Remnant native  Where the majority  Large-scale  Catchments  Gazetted description the periphery of forest, wetlands, of visitation occurs; natural settings beyond the wilderness urban areas marine reserves typically small areas, generally accessed backcountry  Typically includes and historic or scattered within or first through front zone, forming the a historic or cultural sites in on the periphery of country wild lands in the cultural site areas dominated large relatively  Includes popular interior of large by farmland and natural areas walks and tramps protected areas, plantation forest  Includes the vicinity set within the with basic low- of main ‘scenic’ body of large-scale use tracks, roads passing natural settings marked routes through public and/or that access and huts in some conservation lands other settings places  Often focused on a particular attraction Accessibility  Enabled for people  Typically via  Readily accessible  People will have  Typically 5 or  Typically of most ages and sealed and areas, usually via travelled some more hours travel Rrequires passing abilities unsealed roads, sealed roads or distance to reach on foot from front through and in some scheduled ferry or these settings country backcountry and cases by boat air services  ‘Backcountry  Access supported remote to reach  Enabled for  Mostly by car, but accessible’ focuses by air or water the boundary people of most also tour buses and on unsealedgravel craft in some ages or abilities guided parties to roads, four-wheel areas some sites drive roads,  Enabled for people navigable waters of most ages and and aircraft abilities landing sites

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Setting Urban Rural Front country Backcountry- Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in  Motorised ground access generally restricted to roads and designated routestracks  ‘Backcountry walk- in’ is focused beyond the influence of motorised access Predominant  Short-stop  Short-stop  Predominantly  Predominantly  ‘Backcountry  ‘Remoteness visitor groups travellers and day travellers, day short-stop travellers, ‘backcountry adventurers’ and seekers’ visitors visitors and over- day visitors and comfort seekers’ ‘remoteness nighters over-nighters and ‘backcountry seekers’  Other visitors in adventurers’ transition to backcountry and remote settings Predominant  Icon, Gateway and  Icon, Gateway  Icon, Gateway and  Predominantly  Predominantly  If present, destination Local Treasure and Local Local Treasure Icon, Gateway and Backcountry Backcountry categories Treasure Backcountry Facility setting  High-standard  Short walks,  Good quality  A range of facility  Basic huts,  No facilities footpaths, campsites and facilities, services standards, bridges, low-use cycleways and picnic areas, for a and easy access including any tracks and modified range of ages  Sometimes the designated vehicle marked routes landscapes and abilities origin for tramping routestracks, and  Evidence of  High degree of  High degree of tracks and routes, popular walks and control is limited control via control via with signs and tramping tracks to essential signs information and information and information to make  Evidence of direction signs, and direction signs, this transition clear control limited to barriers and barriers  High degree of essential control via directional signs information and and barriers on

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Setting Urban Rural Front country Backcountry- Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in direction signs, and Great Walks, and barriers where there are significant hazards

Desired visitor  Varying, from activities with large groups, time with small  Generally some  Reasonable  Complete experience and groups/families, some time away from other groups and, in some time away from expectation of isolation from interactions cases, solitude other groups and, isolation from sights, sounds in some cases, sights, sounds and activities of solitude and activities of other people  Occasional other people  Maximum encounters with  Interaction with interaction with organised groups few other groups only one other  Generally  Considerable group is generally accepting of self-reliance on acceptable occasional backcountry intrusion of noise skills Preferred  What is socially  50  15  15  8  46 maximum party appropriate  Conforming  50 for periodic tour size  Conforming concessions bus parties concessions schedule—15  Conforming schedule—15 concessions schedule—15 Typical visitor  What is socially  20 or less people  30 or less people  15 or less other  One other party  6 or lLess than 1 interaction appropriate seen per hour seen per visit people seen per seen10 or less other partypeople levels duration day for people seen per seen per ‘backcountry day weekvisit adventurer’ tracks duration  40 or less people seen per day for ‘backcountry comfort seeker’

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Setting Urban Rural Front country Backcountry- Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in tracks Concessions  Concessionaire activity may be permitted in all these visitor management zones, subject to conditions to avoid,  Concessions are operations remedy or mitigate adverse effects, including compliance with criteria within this table; the outcomes and policies for rare andshould Part Two—Places and policies in Part Three apply only be granted for this setting  Concessionaire client activities should not be advantaged or disadvantaged compared with those for non- where the activity concessionaire visitors, unless there is a specified reason for different management; the outcomes and policies for Part is not contrary Two—Places and policies in Part Three apply toconsistent with policies for wildnerness areas Concessions  Avoid, remedy or mitigate adverse effects  Avoid or mitigate  Avoid adverse effectsConcessions activity  Avoid adverse effects by setting conditions adverse effects to be indistinguishable from other effects management approved activities  Concessions must demonstrate the activity is necessary or desirable for the preservation of theshould only be granted for this setting where consistent with policies for wildnerness area’s indigenous natural resources Aircraft  Aircraft access for visitor use purpose should not be approved other than in accordance with Policies 3.6.1 to 3.6.9  Aircraft access for management (Aircraft) in Part Three, and the outcomes and policies in Part Two—Places visitor use purpose must be necessary or desirable for the preservation of theshould only be

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Setting Urban Rural Front country Backcountry- Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in granted where consistent with policies for wilderness area’s indigenous natural resources

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Appendix 13

Prescriptions for the management of aircraft zones

Red Zone

Description Areas where there are no recreational landings. An application for a landing permit would most likely be declined for this zone. Landings can still take place for the following purposes:  Management  Search and rescue  Maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic, communication systems)  To support a research and collection permit

Orange Zone

Description Areas where there are complex issues to be managed. A concession application for landing an aircraft would be considered but with no guarantee of approval due to a range of factors. This zoning may be applied:  For situations that cannot be fitted into any of the other zones  For any type of management outcome regardless of numbers (either more or less landings than would be deliverd by the Yellow Zone)  For situations that involve limited concession opportunities  In hotspots of intensive aircraft activity  Where there are justifiable historic or legal reasons for a different management approach  To manage a specific recreational activity (e.g. heli-skiing)  Where there are variations in seasonal use  Where monitoring is being carried out using new technologies

Green Zone

Description Areas where values are not affected by landings, where there is a natural limit on sites where landings can actually occur, or where it is unlikely that there would be any demand. An application for a landing permit would most likely be approved in this zone subject to criteria and/or limits in the relevant policies for aircraft activity in the Green Zone, and provided the activity is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where it is proposed to occur. (See table over.)

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Interpretation of outcome statement wording around level of aircraft use in the Green Zone

Low High

Average percentage of time that aircraft 1% or less 5% 25% 50% or more are likely to be encountered

Likely visitor management Remote and/or backcountry zones Backcountry and/or front country zones zone

Key word used in Rare Occasional Regular Frequent the outcome at Place to describe and achieve the above percentage

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Appendix 14

Statements of outstanding universal values for World Heritage Areas in Southland Murihiku Te Wāhipounamu—South-West New Zealand

Statement of outstanding universal values (UNESCO)

Brief synthesis Located in the south-west corner of New Zealand’s South Island, Te Wāhipounamu—South-West New Zealand covers 10% of New Zeland’s landmass (2.6 million hectares) and is spread over a 450km strip extending inland 40 - 90km from the Tasman Sea. The property exhibits many classic examples of the tectonic, climatic, and glacial processes that have shaped the earth. The great Alpine Fault divides the region and marks the contact zone of the Indo-Australian and Pacific continental plates making it one of only three segments of the world’s major plate boundaries on land. Collision between the two tectonic plates constructs the main mountain range, known as the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, which rise to nearly 4 000m altitude within a mere 30km from the sea. Overwhelmingly a mountainous wilderness, including significant piedmont surfaces in the north-west glaciation, both historic and modern, is a dominant landscape feature. Spectacular landforms include: the 15 fiords which deeply indent the Fiordland coastline; a sequence of 13 forested marine terraces progressively uplifted more than 1000m along the Waitutu coastline over the past million years; a series of large lake-filled glacial troughs along the south-eastern margin; the Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers which descend into temperate rainforest; and spectacular moraines of ultramafic rock extending to the Tasman coastline. As the largest and least modified area of New Zealand’s natural ecosystems, the flora and fauna has become the world’s best intact modern representation of the ancient biota of Gondwana. The distribution of these plants and animals is inextricably linked to the dynamic nature of the physical processes at work in the property. The region contains outstanding examples of plant succession after glaciation, with sequences along altitudinal (sea level to permanent snowline), latitudinal (wet west to the dry east), and chronological gradients (fresh post-glacial surfaces to old Pleistocene moraines). It is the combination of geological and climatic processes, the resultant landforms, the unique biota displaying evolutionary adaptation over a diverse range of climatic and altitudinal gradients, all in a relatively pristine state, that give Te Wāhipounamu – South-West New Zealand its exceptional and outstanding natural characteristics. Criterion (vii): Te Wāhipounamu – South-West New Zealand contains many of the natural features which contribute to New Zealand's international reputation for superlative landscapes: its highest mountains, longest glaciers, tallest forests, wildest rivers and gorges, most rugged coastlines and deepest fiords and lakes, as well as the remnant of an extinct volcano in Solander Island. The temperate rainforests of the property are unmatched in their composition, extent and intactness by any such forests anywhere in the world. From the vast wilderness of Fiordland in the south to the spectacular upthrust of the Southern Alps in the north, the landscapes are world class for the sheer excellence of their scenic beauty. It is an area of magnificent primeval vistas: snow-capped mountains, glaciers, forests, tussock grasslands, lakes, rivers, wetlands and over 1000km of wilderness coastline. Only traces of human influence are evident and then mainly in peripheral areas.

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Criterion (viii): Te Wāhipounamu – South-West New Zealand is considered to be the best modern example of the primitive taxa of Gondwanaland seen in modern ecosystems – and as such the property is of global significance. The progressive break-up of the southern super-continent of Gondwanaland is considered one of the most important events in the earth’s evolutionary history. New Zealand’s separation before the appearance of marsupials and other mammals, and its long isolation since, were key factors enabling the survival of the ancient Gondwanan biota on the islands of New Zealand to a greater degree than elsewhere. The living representatives of this ancient biota include flightless kiwis, carnivorous land snails, 14 species of podocarp and genera of beech. The South West is also an outstanding example of the impact of the Pleistocene epoch of earth history. Ice- carved landforms created by these “Ice Age” glaciers dominate the mountain lands, and are especially well- preserved in the harder, plutonic igneous rocks of Fiordland. Glacier-cut fiords, lakes, deep U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, cirques, and ice-shorn spurs are graphic illustrations of the powerful influence of these glaciers on the landscape. Depositional landforms of Pleistocene glacial origin are also important, especially in Westland, west of the Alpine Fault. Chronological sequences of outwash gravels, and moraine ridges in elegant curves and loops, outline the shapes of both former piedmont glaciers and Holocene “post-glacial” valley glaciers. Criterion (ix): A continuum of largely unmodified habitats, the property exhibits a high degree of geodiversity and biodiversity. Fresh-water, temperate rainforest and alpine ecosystems are all outstandingly well represented over an extensive array of landforms and across wide climatic and altitudinal gradients. Notable examples of on-going biological processes can be found in the large expanses of temperate rainforest, the plant succession after glacial retreat, soil/plant chronosequences on beach ridges, plant succession on alluvial terraces, vegetation gradients around the margins of glacial lakes and ecotypic differentiation of plants on ultramafic soils. The extensive and little modified freshwater habitats, the impressive diversity of alpine ecosystems, extensive alpine plant endemism, and on-going evolution associated with long-standing geographical isolation of animal populations, like the kiwi taxa of South-Westland, are further examples of on-going biological evolution. While there is little permanent physical evidence of past human interaction with the natural environment, tangata whenua (the indigenous people who have customary authority in a place) have long associations with the area which was significant to them for natural resources, particularly pounamu (nephrite). European associations are more recent and initially based on natural resource exploitation. The predominant human uses today are associated with sustainable tourism. Criterion (x): The habitats of Te Wāhipounamu contain an extensive range of New Zealand’s unusual endemic fauna, a fauna which reflects its long evolutionary isolation and absence of mammalian predators. The property contains the entire wild population of the rare and endangered takahē (Notornis mantelli), the entire population of the South Island subspecies of brown kiwi (Apteryx australis), New Zealand’s rarest Kiwi, the rowi (Apteryx rowi), the only significant remaining populations of the seriously declining mohua /yellowhead (Mohoua ochrocephala), the only large populations remaining of kākā and kākāriki/yellow- crowned parakeet, the only remaining population of pateke/Fiordland brown teal in the South Island. The world’s rarest and heaviest parrot, kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) survived in Fiordland until the early 1980s. It is now thought to be extinct on the mainland and its survival depends on careful management of a limited number of offshore island populations.

Integrity Te Wāhipounamu encompasses many complete ‘mountains-to-the-sea’ or ‘mountains-to-inland basins’ landscape sequences. These landscapes cover the full range of erosion and deposition landforms of Pleistocene and modern glacial origin. The 2.6 million hectare property represents the 10 percent of New Zealand that is least disturbed or modified by human settlement, and is largely in its natural state giving it a high degree of integrity. The property boundaries encompass all the values of the property which comprises a nearly contiguous network of reserved land covering much of the south-west of the South Island. The boundaries are closely and realistically aligned with the main features of the area. The property

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includes four national parks (Fiordland, Mount Aspiring, Mount Cook and Westland) covering 1,725,437 ha, two nature reserves, three scientific reserves, 13 scenic reserves, four wildlife management reserves, five ecological areas, conservation areas and one private reserve (20 ha). Bordered by other protected public conservation land the property has an effective buffer zone providing further protection for the natural values. The property contains nearly 2 million hectares of temperate rainforest on an extraordinary range of landforms and soils including altitudinal, latitudinal, west-to east rainfall gradients, and age sequences associated with glacial retreat, prograding coastlines and marine terraces uplifted progressively over the last million years. In particular, the rainforest contains the best examples in the Southern Hemisphere of one of the most ancient groups of gymnosperms, the Podocarpaceae, which range from the densely-packed 50m-high rimus of the South Westland terraces to the world’s smallest conifer, the prostrate pygmy pine. The relatively recent introductions of alien browsing mammals and predators, such as rodents and mustelids, have resulted in localised extinctions, range reductions, and significant declines in abundance of some indigenous biota. These threats will remain, but with ongoing intervention can be managed and should not impact significantly on the integrity of the area. There is some evidence of the effects of global warming on the permanent icefields and glaciers in the region. The international profile of the area as a visitor destination places pressure on some of the main tourist attractions within the wider site. These pressures are being managed to provide visitor access but only where the conservation values at these sites are protected.

Protection and management requirements A comprehensive array of statutes and regulations protect the property, the most important being the National Parks Act 1980 and the Conservation Act 1987. These two pieces of legislation along with the Reserves Act 1977 are the principal means of ensuring legal protection for the property. The land encompassed by the boundaries of the property, with one small exception, is Crown (Government and the people of New Zealand) owned and it is administered by the Department of Conservation. The property is a reformulation of two previous property inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1986; Fiordland National Park and Westlands / Mt Cook National Park. This property adds 1.2 million ha of the intervening land, almost doubling the size of the area inscribed in 1986 and including almost 70% of the area under national park status, and greatly adding to the overall universal value, wilderness quality and integrity of the property. The Department of Conservation has a legislative mandate for the preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations. The Department of Conservation is obligated through its legislation to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. In practice this implies a partnership agreement with tangata whenua that have manawhenua (prestige, authority over the land) over the area. This involves an annual business planning process with the Ngāi Tahu iwi (the overarching tribal authority for tangata whenua). This process gives Ngāi Tahu the opportunity to engage in and contribute to the operational management of the property. The particularly high natural values of the property, along with the World Heritage status, mean that this area is a priority area for ongoing management. The Area covers four separate Conservancies, although they all report to one Manager. The Department’s organisational structure therefore also provides for integrated management of the area. There is no single management strategy for the area, although under the National Parks Act, each national park is required to have a national park management plan and there are also a number of conservancy conservation strategies that acknowledge the values of the regions comprising the large site, as well as the property’s World Heritage status. Together these planning documents set strategic directions for the integrated management of this property. These are statutory documents formulated through a public consultation process. The national park management plans are prepared by the Department of

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Conservation (the administering authority for all national parks in NZ) and approved by the New Zealand Conservation Authority, in accordance with the General Policy for National Parks (a policy document that guides the implementation of the National Parks Act, also prepared and administered by the Department of Conservation). The principal uses of the property are nature conservation, nature based recreation and tourism and sustainable small-scale natural resource utilisation. Impacts from tourism at key sites and introduced species are being addressed by management actions and continue to be a concern. Traditional use of vegetation by native Māori people, fishing for whitebait, recreational hunting and short-term pastoral leases are closely regulated and do not result in significant impacts. Invasive species are the biggest impact on the property, despite their impacts being restricted to small areas of the property. Population increases of red deer as well as impacts from other browsing mammals such as wapiti, fallow deer, goat, chamois and tahr have caused severe damage in some parts of the property, in particular threatening the integrity of the forest and alpine ecosystems. Commercial hunting activities have assisted in reducing numbers and impacts from these species. Australian brush-tailed possum, rabbits, mustelids and rodents also impact habitats and indigenous birds. The Department of Conservation has control programmes in place and National Parks general policy seeks to eradicate new incursions and eradicate (where possible) or reduce the range of existing invasive species.

Areas of public conservation lands and waters

Conservation Conservation Unit name Place UnitNaPALIS number C4300012801633 Fiordland National Park Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place C43 00142801645 Conservation Area (FNP Addition— Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place Cromarty Sections) C4300172801648 Conservation Area (FNP—Milford Road Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place Stopped) C4500012801657 Conservation Area—Dean Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place C4500042801659 Conservation Area—Rowallan Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801667C450012 Marginal Strip (non movable) Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801668C450013 Conservation Area—Bryce Burn, Dean Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801669C450014 Conservation Area—Dean Forest Access Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801669C450016 Conservation Area—Rowallan Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place Access 2801501D390001 Conservation Area—Pyke Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801502D390003 Conservation Area—Awarua Point Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place 2801521D420003 Conservation Area—Te Anau Downs, Western High Country Mata-puke Henry Creek Koikoi Place 2801523D420006 Conservation Area—Te Anau Downs Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801524D420008 Conservation Area—Snowdon Forest Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801525D420009 Conservation Area—Mavora Park Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801526D420010 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801527D420012 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

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2801528D420013 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801529D420014 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801530D420015 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801514D420031 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801560D430054 Conservation Area—Kepler Mire Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2801561D430055 Conservation Area—Stevens Wildlife Area Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2801568D430062 Conservation Area—Home Creek Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2801585D430081 Conservation Area—Margin Forest Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801589D430086 Conservation Area—Mararoa River, Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place Wilderness 2801590D430087 Wilderness Scientific Reserve Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2801592D430089 Conservation Area—Mount Prospect Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2801596D430099 Burwood Bush (Red Tussock) Scientific Western High Country Mata-puke Reserve Koikoi Place 2801597D430100 Conservation Area—Weydon Burn, Centre Western High Country Mata-puke Hill Koikoi Place 2801599D430102 Burwood (Takahe Rearing Site) Scientific Western High Country Mata-puke Reserve Koikoi Place 2801600D430103 Conservation Area—Chewings Road Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place / Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2801620D430131 Marginal Strip Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2802777D430146 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2802778D430147 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2802799D430173 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2802805D430183 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2802812D430192 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2803989D440003 Conservation Area—Taylors Bush Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place / Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2804042D450001 Conservation Area—Mangapiri Forest Fiordland Te Rua-o-te-moko Place / Lowlands Te Rā a Takitimu Place 2800808E420003 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2800796E420011 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place 2800797E420012 Marginal Strip Western High Country Mata-puke Koikoi Place

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New Zealand Sub-antarctic Islands

Statement of outstanding universal values (UNESCO)

Brief synthesis The New Zealand Sub-antarctic Islands (NZSAI) encompasses five island groups that lie between latitudes 47o and 53o south; Snares Islands/Tini Heke, Bounty Islands, Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands/Motu Maha and Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku and the islands surrounding it. The World Heritage status also applies to the marine environment out to 12 nautical miles from each group. Including a total land area of 76,458ha, the marine area takes in 1,400,000 ha and constitutes one of New Zealand’s remotest protected natural areas, including some of the world’s least-modified islands. The property lies between the Antarctic and Subtropical Convergences and the seas have a high level of productivity, biodiversity, wildlife population densities and endemism. While the NZSAI’s are all located on the Pacific Tectonic Plate, the different geological history and age of each island group, and their geographical isolation from mainland New Zealand and from each other, has shaped the unique and remarkable biodiversity of the islands including distinctive plants, birds, invertebrates, marine mammals, fish and marine algae assemblages. The biota contains numerous endemic and/or rare elements, and some extraordinary examples of adaptation. Particularly notable is the abundance and diversity of pelagic seabirds and penguins that utilise the islands for breeding. The property supports the most diverse community of breeding seabirds in the Southern Ocean. There are 126 species of birds, including 40 seabirds, eight of which breed nowhere else in the world. The islands support major populations of 10 of the world’s 22 species of albatross and almost 2 million sooty shearwaters nest on Snares Island alone. Land birds also display a surprising diversity, considering the limited land area available, with a large number of threatened endemics including one of the world’s rarest ducks. More than 95% of the world’s population of New Zealand sea lion (formerly known as Hooker’s sea lion) breed here and the marine environment provides critical breeding areas for the southern right whale. The plant life of the NZSAI is notable for its diversity, special forms and unique communities, yet another outstanding example of the biological and ecological processes significant in the property. The Snares Islands and two islands in the Auckland group (Adams and Disappointment), are among the last substantial areas in the world harbouring vegetation essentially unmodified by humans or alien species. Another notable feature about the NZSAI is the land-sea interface and the close inter-dependence of both environments for many of the species – the inclusion of the marine environment out to 12 nautical miles in the world heritage property recognises this. Criterion (ix): Isolation, climatic factors, and seven degrees of latitudinal spread have combined to significantly influence the biota of the islands. Consequently they provide scientific insights into the evolutionary processes affecting widely-spread oceanic islands, varying from relatively mature endemic forms to relatively immature taxa, constituting a fascinating laboratory for the study of genetic variation, speciation and adaptation, particularly in the insulantarctic biogeographic province. Evolutionary processes, such as the loss of flight in birds and invertebrates, offer unique opportunities for research into island dynamics and ecology. Another outstanding feature is the preponderance of ‘megaherbs’ within the plant biodiversity. These large herbs, often with brightly coloured flowers are considered to display unique evolutionary adaptation to the distinctive sub-antarctic climate – with its cloud cover (and lack of solar radiation), lack of frosts, strong winds, and high nutrient levels (derived from seabird transference of nutrients). Criterion (x): The NZSAI, and the ocean that surrounds and links them, support an extraordinary and outstanding array of endemic and threatened species among the marine fauna, land birds, and invertebrates. As a group they are distinct from all other island groups, having the highest diversity of indigenous plants and birds. Of particular significance: the most diverse community of seabirds in the world with eight species endemic to the region; including four species of albatross, three species of cormorants (one of which, the Bounty Island Shag, is the world’s rarest cormorant) and one species of penguin; 15 endemic land birds including snipe, parakeets and teal; breeding sites of the world’s rarest sea

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lion (the New Zealand (or Hooker’s) sea lion); and a significant breeding population of the southern right whale. Together with neighbouring Macquarie Island, the NZSAI represent a Centre of Plant Diversity and have the richest flora of all the sub-antarctic islands with 35 endemic taxa. The ‘megaherbs’ are unique to the NZSAI and Macquarie Island. The Snares Group and two of the Auckland Islands are of particular biodiversity conservation significance due to the absence of any human and exotic species modification.

Integrity The NZSAI have benefited from their remoteness providing them with a high degree of natural protection. With their geographical isolation from mainland New Zealand and from each other, the NZSAI include some of the world’s most unmodified islands. In particular; the Snares and two islands in the Auckland group (Adams and Disappointment), are among the last substantial areas in the world harbouring vegetation essentially unmodified by human impacts. Many of the islands remain in virtually pristine condition, being rat and cat free and rarely visited by humans. The Antipodes group have undergone minimal modification from a pristine state despite sealers once being active there. The boundaries of the property include all land area of these island groups and are sufficient to protect the core natural values of the property. The geological and biological integrity of the terrestrial component of the NZSAI is considered high with conservation actions underway to reduce the impact of exotic species. One of the island groups (Auckland Islands) is surrounded by an overlapping no-take marine reserve and marine mammal sanctuary out to 12 nautical miles. In 2008, a stakeholder forum was convened to consider additional marine protection measures in the Sub-Antarctic region. As a result of that process, three new marine reserves have been approved and are awaiting implementation. These reserves will protect 100% of the territorial sea surrounding Antipodes Island, approximately 58% of the territorial sea around the Bounty Islands and approximately 39% of the territorial sea around Campbell Island. In addition, restrictions on fishing methods will be in place in the remaining territorial sea areas around these island groups. These protection measures significantly enhance the integrity of the islands’ marine environments, and complement the protection afforded to the islands themselves. Bycatch of pinnipeds and seabirds remain important issues in the Subantarctic marine environment, and the fishing industry, New Zealand Government and environmental groups continue to work together to address these issues.

Protection and management requirements Managed by the Department of Conservation on behalf of the Government and the people of New Zealand the comprehensive application of legal, administrative and management systems in place ensure the areas of the NZSAI that are above mean high water have the highest level of protection under New Zealand legislation, being classified as Nature Reserves under the Reserves Act 1977. In addition, the five island groups have each been identified as National Reserves, which acknowledges “values of national or international significance” (section 13 Reserves Act 1977). The islands are also covered under the Wildlife Act 1953; the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; the Resource Management Act 1991; the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011; the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978; and the Fisheries Act 1996. The existing no-take marine reserve and marine mammal sanctuary around the Auckland Islands are managed by the Department of Conservation. Proposed marine reserves around Antipodes, Bounty and Campbell Islands will also be managed by the Department of Conservation. Under section 4 of the Conservation Act 1987 the Department is required to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. In practice this implies a partnership agreement with tāngata whenua (Iwi or hapū that has customary authority in a place) that have manawhenua (prestige, authority) over the area. As a part of the Crown’s settlement with Ngāi Tahu, protocols have been developed on how the Department and Ngāi Tahu will work together on specified matters of cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi ai Tahu ki Murihiku are kaitiaki (guardians) of the Southland region, including the Sub-antarctic Islands. They have prepared a management plan: Te Tangi a Tauira—the Cry of the People, which consolidates Ngāi Tahu ki Murihiku values, knowledge and perspectives on natural resource and environmental management issues. The range of legislation relating to the NZSAI is aimed at the protection and conservation of the species and ecosystems within the property. The Resource Management Act 1991 requires a Regional Coastal Plan to be developed, with the aim of promoting the sustainable management of natural and physical resources

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of the islands (jurisdiction is mean high water springs to outer limits of the territorial sea). A Regional Coastal Plan for the Sub-antarctic and Kermadec Islands (Coastal Plan) was notified on 15 January 2011. While yet to be operative, the rules took immediate legal effect on the date of notification. The key issues the plan seeks to address are to minimise the risk of oil spills and biosecurity breaches. The NZSAI are managed in accordance with a Conservation Management Strategy (CMS), which is a statutory document prepared under the Conservation Act 1987 that aims for integrated management of the natural and historic resources of the islands and specifies what activities are considered appropriate. The integrity of the marine area and the conservation of the marine resources is a key management issue for the property. Work to further assess the risk to protected wildlife from fisheries impacts is in progress. Studies have revealed the status and significance of the (formerly endangered) southern right whale population in the waters surrounding the Campbell and Auckland islands. The New Zealand subantarctic waters are also on the migratory path of several additional whale species, including minke, sei, fin, blue and humpback whales, highlighting the importance of the marine environment and adding further weight to the natural values of the property. The impacts of alien mammal species, currently restricted to pigs, cats and mice on Auckland Island and mice on Antipodes Island, along with a range of alien plant and invertebrate species have in most cases been addressed though the management plans. Previous eradication programmes have removed cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, rats and mice from several of the islands. New Zealand authorities plan to eventually remove all alien mammal species from the islands and once achieved this will provide a model for oceanic islands elsewhere. Increased tourism demand has resulted in a significant increase in tourist numbers and activity within the property and the challenge is to manage this increased demand while protecting the experience tourists are seeking and most importantly ensuring the longer term protection of the islands and the immediate marine environment. The CMS and Coastal Plan work together to address these issues and recommend approaches to limit the impact of tourism activities while also enabling the benefits of access to the property. Areas of public conservation lands and waters

Conservation Conservation Unit name Place Unit number 2795077 Antipodes Islands Nature Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0001 Reserve Place 2795078 Auckland Islands Nature Reserve Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0002 Place 2795079 Bounty Islands Nature Reserve Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0003 Place 2795080 Campbell Island Nature Reserve Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0004 Place 2795081 Snares Islands Nature Reserve Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0005 Place 2795082 Auckland Islands Marine Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0006 Mammal Sanctuary Place 2795083 Subantarctic Islands National Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0010 Reserves Place 2795063 Auckland Islands—Motu Maha Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga SAIS0012 Marine Reserve Place Moutere Mahue/Antipodes Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Island Marine Reserve Place Moutere Hauriri/Bounty Islands Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Marine Reserve Place Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Subantarctic Ngā Moutere O Murihiku Ki Tonga Island Marine Reserve Place

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Appendix 15

Criteria for which the Waituna-Awarua Wetland Complex was nominated as a Wetland of International Importance was nominated Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region. Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities. Criterion 3: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region. Criterion 4: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions. Criterion 6: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird. Criterion 7: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity. Criterion 8: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend. Criterion 9: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent non-avian animal species.

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Appendix 136

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions relating to Southland Murihiku

13.1 Tōpuni in Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) Schedule 85 15.1.1 Tōpuni for Motupōhue (Bluff Hill) (Schedule 85)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Motupōhue, as shown on Allocation Plan MS 8 (SO 12233).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Motupōhue as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Motupōhue The name Motupōhue is an ancient one, brought south by Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāi Tahu from the Hawkes Bay region where both tribes originated. The name recalls a history unique to the Ngāi Tuhaitara and Ngāti Kurī hapū that is captured in the line, “Kei korā kei Motupōhue, he pāreka e kai ana, nā tō tūtae” (“It was there at Motupōhue that a shag stood, eating your excrement”). Oral traditions say that the Ngāti Mamoe leader, Te Rakitauneke, is buried upon this hill. Te Rakitauneke’s saying was: “Kia pai ai tāku titiro ki Te Ara a Kiwa” (“Let me gaze upon Foveaux Strait”). Some traditions also place another Ngāti Mamoe leader, Tū Te Makohu, on this hill. For Ngāi Tahu, histories such as this represent the links and continuity between past and present generations, reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and document the events which shaped Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. The mauri of Motupōhue represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with Motupōhue.

Schedule 89 15.1.2 Tōpuni for Takitimu Range, Southland (Schedule 89)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Takitimu Range located in Murihiku (Southland), as shown on Allocation Plan MS 5 (SO 12232).

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Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu’s statement of Ngāi Tahu’s cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Takitimu as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Takitimu The Takitimu maunga (mountains) were named by Tamatea, the captain of the Takitimu waka (canoe) in memory of the waka after it struck trouble in Te Waewae Bay, and was eventually wrecked near the mouth of the Waimeha Stream. Tradition states that the Takitimu waka was overtaken by three large waves known as Ō-te-wao, Ō-roko and Ō-kaka, followed by a cross wave, which resulted in the Takitimu being hurled well inland, with its cargo being strewn about. In some accounts the ranges inland from Te Waewae Bay are likened to the huge waves that caused the demise of the waka Takitimu. In other accounts the Takitimu maunga are considered to be the upturned hull of the waka. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as this represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events that have shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. Tamatea and his crew made their way overland from the site of the wreck. Tamatea likened the majestic and upright Takitimu maunga when he viewed them from the south coast, to the crew of the Takitimu struggling to control the waka in adverse conditions. During the overland journey past the Takitimu maunga Tamatea lost one of his party, a woman named Kaheraki who strayed away from the party and was captured by the maeroero (spirits of the mountain) and never seen again. Kaheraki had been betrothed to Kahungunu, who was a son of Tamatea. The Takitimu maunga are, therefore, a symbolic reminder of the famous exploits of Tamatea in the south, and a reminder forever locked into the landscape, of the tupuna (ancestral) waka Takitimu, adding lustre to the noted spiritual values of the western Southland landscape. The Takitimu maunga are visible from all points of the Murihiku landscape, and are also a noted weather indicator. The mauri of Takitimu represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the land.

Schedule 93 15.1.3 Tōpuni for Tūtoko (Schedule 93)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Tūtoko located in Fiordland National Park, as shown on Allocation Plan MS 3 (SO 24747 (Otago Land District) and SO 12231 (Southland Land District)).

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Tūtoko The Fiordland area, within which Tūtoko stands, represents, in tradition, the raised up sides of Te Waka o Aoraki, after it foundered on a submerged reef and its occupants, Aoraki and his brothers, were turned to stone. These people are now manifested in the highest peaks in Kā

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Tiritiri o Te Moana (the Southern Alps). The fiords at the southern end of the Alps were carved out of the raised side of the wrecked Waka o Aoraki by Tū Te Rakiwhānoa, so as to make the waka (canoe) habitable by humans. The deep gorges and long waterways that are the fiords were provided as safe havens on this rugged coast, and stocked with fish, forest and birds to sustain humans. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as this represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events that have shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. Tūtoko is not, in fact, the original name of the maunga (mountain), but was applied by Dr J. Hector in 1863 after he met the old rangatira (chief) Tūtoko and his two daughters, Sara and May. The hills to the north of the Kōtuku River are named the Sara Hills, and those to the south, May Hills, after these daughters. The use of this name is seen as appropriate to Ngāi Tahu, as Tūtoko was an important rangatira of this region at that time, and is represented by the mountain. Tūtoko is the kaitiaki (guardian) of Whakatipuwaitai, the westernmost creation of Rakaihautu and the southernmost kāinga (settlement) of Te Tai Poutini (West Coast) pounamu trails, which provides access to koko-takiwai (a type of pounamu) at Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) and Poison Bay further to the south. The kāinga was also an important staging post for travel into the Lake Wakatipu area via the Hollyford Valley. All of these trails, whether by land or by sea, lie under the shadow of Mt Tūtoko. The tūpuna had considerable knowledge of whakapapa, traditional trails and tauranga waka, places for gathering kai and other taonga, ways in which to use the resources of the land, the relationship of people with the land and their dependence on it, and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. Mountains such as Tūtoko are linked in whakapapa to the gods, and being the closest earthly elements to Raki the sky father, they are likened to the children of Raki and Papa, reaching skyward. The mauri of Tūtoko represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the land.

Appendix 17

13.2 Deeds of Recognition sites that include public conservation lands and watersin Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998)  Aparima River (Schedule 15)  Lake George (Uruwera) (Schedule 68)  Lake Hauroko (Schedule 29)  Lake Manapouri (Moturau) (Schedule 45)  Lake Te Anau (Te Ana-au) (Schedule 58)  Mataura River (Schedule 42)  Mavora Lakes (Manawapōpōre/Hikuraki) (Schedule 39)  Oreti River (Schedule 50)  The Bluff/Motupōhue (Schedule 44)

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 Tutoko (Schedule 66)  Waiau River (Schedule 69)  Waituna Wetland (Schedule 73)

Appendix 18

13.3 Nohoanga entitlements on public conservation landsin Southland Murihiku (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Schedule 95) Sites over which nohoanga entitlements have been granted

Site No Waterway Site 46 Lake Te Anau Lake Mistletoe 47 Lake Te Anau Lake Te Anau (9 Mile Creek) 48 Mataura River Ardlussa 49 Mavora Lakes Mavora Lakes 52 Waiau River and Lagoon Waiau River (No 2) 53 Waiau River Queen’s Reach 54 Waikaia River Piano Flat

Appendix 19-

13.4 Taonga species as per Schedules 97 and 98 of the (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Schedule 97)

Taonga species: Birds

Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Hoiho Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes Kāhu Australasian harrier Circus approximans Kākā South Island kākā Nestor meridionalis meridionalis Kākāpō Kākāpō Strigops habroptilus Kākāriki New Zealand parakeet Cyanoramphus spp. Kakaruai South Island robin Petroica australis australis Kakī Black stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae Kāmana Crested grebe Podiceps cristatus Kārearea New Zealand falcon Falco novaeseelandiae Karoro Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus Kea Kea Nestor notabilis

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Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Kōau Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius varius Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little shag brevirostris Koekoeā Long-tailed cuckoo Eudynamys taitensis Kōparapara or Korimako Bellbird Anthornis melanura melanura Kororā Blue penguin Eudyptula minor Kōtare Kingfisher Halcyon sancta Kōtuku White heron Egretta alba Kōwhiowhio Blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos Kūaka Bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica Kūkupa/Kererū New Zealand wood pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae Kuruwhengu/Kuruwhengi New Zealand shoveller Anas rhynchotis Mātā Fernbird Bowdleria punctata punctata and Bowdleria punctata stewartiana and Bowdleria punctata wilsoni and Bowdleria punctata candata Matuku moana Reef heron Egretta sacra Miromiro South Island tomtit Petroica macrocephala macrocephala Miromiro Snares Island tomtit Petroica macrocephala dannefaerdi Mohua Yellowhead Mohoua ochrocephala Pākura/Pūkeko Swamp hen/Pūkeko Porphyrio porphyrio Pārera Grey duck Anas superciliosa Pateke Brown teal Anas aucklandica Pīhoihoi New Zealand pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Pīpīwharauroa Shining cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus Pīwakawaka South Island fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa fuliginosa Poaka Pied stilt Himantopus himantopus Pokotiwha Snares crested penguin Eudyptes robustus Pūtakitaki Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata Riroriro Grey warbler Gerygone igata Roroa Great spotted kiwi Apteryx haastii Rowi Ōkārito brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli Ruru koukou Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae Takahē Takahē Porphyrio mantelli Tara Terns Sterna spp. Tawaki Fiordland crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Tete Grey teal Anas gracilis Tīeke South Island saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus Tītī Sooty shearwater/ Puffinus griseus and Puffinus

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Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Muttonbird/Hutton's huttoni and Pelecanoides urinatrix shearwater and Pelecanoides georgicus and Common diving petrel Procellaria westlandica and South Georgian diving Pachyptila turtur and Pachyptila petrel vittata and Pelagodroma marina Westland petrel and Pterodroma cookii and Fairy prion Pterodroma inexpectata Broad-billed prion White-faced storm petrel Cook’s petrel Mottled petrel Tītitipounamu South Island rifleman Acanthisitta chloris chloris Tokoeka South Island brown kiwi Apteryx australis Toroa Albatrosses and Diomedea spp. Mollymawks Toutouwai Stewart Island robin Petroica australis rakiura Tūī Tūī Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae Tutukiwi Snares Island snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli Weka Western weka Gallirallus australis australis Weka Stewart Island weka Gallirallus australis scotti Weka Buff weka Gallirallus australis hectori

Taonga species: Plants

Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Akatorotoro White rata Metrosideros perforata Aruhe Fernroot (bracken) Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum Harakeke Flax Phormium tenax Horoeka Lancewood Pseudopanax crassifolius Houhi Mountain ribbonwood Hoheria lyalli and H. glabata Kahikatea Kahikatea/White pine Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Kāmahi Kāmahi Weinmannia racemosa Kānuka Kānuka Kunzia ericoides Kāpuka Broadleaf Griselinia littoralis Karaeopirita Supplejack Ripogonum scandens Karaka New Zealand laurel/Karaka Corynocarpus laevigata Karamū Coprosma Coprosma robusta, coprosma lucida, coprosma foetidissima Kātote Tree fern Cyathea smithii Kiekie Kiekie Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii Kōhia NZ Passionfruit Passiflora tetranda Korokio Korokio Wire-netting bush Corokia cotoneaster

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Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Koromiko/Kōkōmuka Koromiko Hebe salicifolia Kōtukutuku Tree fuchsia Fuchsia excorticata Kōwahi Kōhai Kōwhai Sophora microphylla Mamaku Tree fern Cyathea medullaris Mānia Sedge Carex flagellifera Mānuka Kahikātoa Tea-tree Leptospermum scoparium Māpou Red matipo Myrsine australis Mataī Mataī/Black pine Prumnopitys taxifolia Miro Miro/Brown pine Podocarpus ferrugineus Ngaio Ngaio Myoporum laetum Nīkau New Zealand palm Rhopalostylis sapida Pānako (Species of fern) Asplenium obtusatum Pānako (Species of fern) Botrychium australe and B. biforme Pātōtara Dwarf mingimingi Leucopogon fraseri Pīngao Pīngao Desmoschoenus spiralis Pōkākā Pōkākā Elaeocarpus hookerianus Ponga/Poka Tree fern Cyathea dealbata Rātā Southern rātā Metrosideros umbellata Raupō Bulrush Typha angustifolia Rautāwhiri/Kōhūhū Black matipo/Māpou Pittosporum tenuifolium Rimu Rimu/Red pine Dacrydium cypressinum Rimurapa Bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica Taramea Speargrass, spaniard Aciphylla spp. Tarata Lemonwood Pittosporum eugenioides Tawai Beech Nothofagus spp. Tētēaweka Muttonbird scrub Olearia angustifolia Tī rākau/Tī Kōuka Cabbage tree Cordyline australis Tīkumu Mountain daisy Celmisia spectabilis and C. semicordata Tītoki New Zealand ash Alectryon excelsus Toatoa Mountain Toatoa, Celery Phyllocladus alpinus pine Toetoe Toetoe Cortaderia richardii Tōtara Tōtara Podocarpus totara Tutu Tutu Coriaria spp. Wharariki Mountain flax Phormium cookianum Whīnau Hīnau Elaeocarpus dentatus Wī Silver tussock Poa cita Wīwī Rushes Juncus all indigenous Juncus spp. and J. maritimus

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Marine mammals

Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Ihupuku Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina Kekeno New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri Paikea Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae Parāoa Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus Rāpoka/Whakahao New Zealand sea Phocarctos hookeri lion/Hooker’s sea lion Tohorā Southern right whale Balaena australis

Fish

Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Kāeo Sea tulip Pyura pachydermatum Koeke Common shrimp Palaemon affinis Kōkopu/Hawai Giant bully Gobiomorphus gobioides Parki/Ngaiore Common smelt Retropinnaretropinna Piripiripōhatu Torrentfish Cheimarrichthys fosteri Taiwharu Giant kōkopu Galaxias argenteus

Shellfish

Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Pipi/Kākahi Pipi Paphies austral Tuaki Cockle Austrovenus stutchburgi Tuaki/Hākiari, Surfclam Dosinia anus, Paphies donacina, Mactra discor, Kuhakuha/Pūrimu Mactra murchsoni, Spisula aequilateralis, Basina yatei, or Disinia subsosa Tuatua Tuatua Paphies subtriangulata, Paphies donacina Waikaka/Pūpū Mudsnail Amphibola crenata, Turbo smaragdus, Zedilom spp.

Appendix 20

13.5 Protocols on the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues (Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: Sections 281–286) (Clause 12.12, Deed of Settlement, 1997)

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NOTIFICATION OF THE ISSUE OF PROTOCOLS Under Section 282 (4) of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 the Minister of Conservation hereby notifies that she has issued Protocols on behalf of the Crown regarding the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues, and that the Protocols as set out in the Schedule hereto were issued on 22 October 1998. Schedule

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The purpose of the Conservation Act 1987 is to manage natural and historic resources under that Act and the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act. Section 4 of the Conservation Act requires that the Act be so interpreted and administered as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. 1.2 The Director-General has certain management responsibilities in terms of legislation and can only delegate or share responsibility for decisions s/he makes within the limits of his/her legislation. However, in making such decisions, the Director-General will provide Te Rūnanga the opportunity for input, consistent with section 4, in its policy, planning and decision-making processes on the matters set out in these Protocols. 1.3 These Protocols apply across the Ngāi Tahu Takiwā, which spans five conservancies, and the Southern and Central Regional Offices of the Department. 1.4 Both the Department and Te Rūnanga are seeking a relationship consistent with the Treaty principle of partnership that achieves, over time, the conservation policies, actions and outcomes sought by both Te Rūnanga and the Department, as set out in this document.

2 PURPOSE OF PROTOCOLS 2.1 These Protocols are issued pursuant to section 282 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 and clause 12.12 of the 1997 Deed of Settlement between the Crown and Ngāi Tahu, which specifies the following:

2.1.1 Definitions Protocol means a statement in writing, issued by the Crown through the Minister of Conservation to Te Rūnanga, which sets out: (a) how the Department of Conservation will exercise its functions, powers, and duties in relation to specified matters within the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area; and (b) how the Department of Conservation will, on a continuing basis, interact with Te Rūnanga and provide for Te Rūnanga’s input into its decision-making process.

2.1.2 Authority to Issue, Amend or Cancel Protocols Pursuant to section 282 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Minister of Conservation may, from time to time issue, amend, and cancel Protocols.

2.1.3 Issue of Protocols On the Settlement Date (as defined in section 8 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) the Crown has agreed through the Minister of Conservation to issue Protocols in this form on the following matters: (a) cultural materials; (b) freshwater fisheries;

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(c) culling of species of interest to Ngāi Tahu; (d) historic resources; (e) Resource Management Act 1991 involvement; and (f) visitor and public information.

2.1.4 Protocols subject to Crown Obligations Pursuant to section 283 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Protocols are issued and amended, subject to, and without restriction upon: (a) the obligations of the Minister of Conservation and the Department of Conservation to discharge their respective functions, powers, and duties in accordance with existing law and Government policy from time to time; and (b) the Crown’s powers to amend policy, and introduce legislation amending existing law. This clause is not intended to indicate, and should not be interpreted as indicating, any agreement by Te Rūnanga to any amendment to policy which would adversely affect the redress provided by the Crown pursuant to the Settlement Deed or the ability of either party to fulfil its obligations expressed in the Settlement Deed.

2.1.5 Noting of Protocols on CMS Pursuant to section 284 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: (a) The existence of Protocols, once issued, and as amended from time to time, including a definition of Protocols as set out in section 281 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 and a summary of the terms of issue of Protocols, must be noted in conservation management strategies, conservation management plans and national park management plans affecting the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area; and (b) Noting of Protocols pursuant to section 284(1) of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 is for the purpose of public notice only and is not an amendment to the relevant strategies or plans for the purposes of section 17I of the Conservation Act 1987 or section 46 of the National Parks Act 1980.

2.1.6 Enforceability of Protocols Pursuant to section 285 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: (a) The Minister of Conservation must comply with a Protocol as long as it remains in force; (b) If the Minister of Conservation fails unreasonably to comply with a Protocol, Te Rūnanga may, subject to the Crown Proceedings Act 1950, enforce the Protocol by way of public law action against the Minister of Conservation; (c) Notwithstanding paragraph (b), damages are not available as a remedy for a failure to comply with a Protocol; and (d) This clause does not apply to any guidelines which are developed pursuant to a Protocol.

2.1.7 Limitation of Rights Pursuant to section 286 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, except as expressly provided in the Deed of Settlement, the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, or in a Protocol, a Protocol does not, of itself, have the effect of granting, creating, or providing evidence of any estate or interest in, or any rights of any

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kind whatsoever relating to, land held, managed, or administered under the Conservation Act 1987 or a statute listed in the First Schedule of that Act.

3 IMPLEMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION 3.1 The Department will seek to establish and maintain communication with Te Rūnanga and its Papatipu Rūnanga on a continuing basis by: (a) maintaining at the conservancy level, with the assistance of Te Rūnanga, information provided on Papatipu Rūnanga, their office holders and addresses; and (b) providing reasonable opportunities for Te Rūnanga and Papatipu Rūnanga to meet with Department managers and staff. 3.2 The Protocols provide for ongoing implementation of a range of matters, as well as Specific Projects which will require resourcing. It is not intended that all of the Specific Projects listed in these Protocols will be implemented in any one year. Implementation will be over time. Where these Protocols refer to Specific Projects that require resourcing, their implementation will be subject to provision being made in the relevant conservancy business plan. The process for the Department implementing any particular Specific Project in a business year will be as follows: (a) The Department will meet with Te Rūnanga in each conservancy and at Regional level annually to identify priorities for undertaking Specific Projects as listed in these protocols for the upcoming business year; (b) The identified priorities will be taken forward by the Department into its business planning process at the conservancy and regional levels and considered along with other priorities; (c) The decision on whether any Specific Projects will be funded in any business year will be made by the Conservator and the Regional General Manager; (d) The Department will advise Te Rūnanga of the outcome of this process; and (e) Te Rūnanga and the Department will then meet again, if required, to finalise a work plan for implementation of the Specific Projects in that business year, in accordance with the resources which have been allocated in the business plan. The Department will apply the allocated resources to give effect to that work plan, subject to unforeseen management requirements which may arise from time to time, such as emergencies, adverse weather, staff shortages or reallocation of resources directed by the Minister. 3.3 The Department will: (a) Meet with Te Rūnanga to review implementation of these Protocols and to deal with the matters in clause 3.2; four times per annum, unless otherwise agreed, in each conservancy, twice per annum at regional level, and at least once per annum at Chief Executive level; (b) As far as reasonably practicable, train relevant staff on these Protocols and provide ongoing training as required; and (c) As far as reasonably practicable, brief Conservation Board and NZCA members on these Protocols and the Ngāi Tahu Settlement, and provide ongoing information as required.

4 CULTURAL MATERIALS 4.1 For the purpose of these Protocols, cultural materials are defined as: (i) plants, plant materials; and (ii) materials derived from animals, marine mammals or birds,

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to the extent to which the Department holds and is responsible for them, and which are important to Ngāi Tahu in maintaining their culture. 4.2 Current legislation means that generally some form of concession or permit is required for any gathering of cultural materials. 4.3 The Department will: (a) Have particular regard to Te Rūnanga’s cultural use policy (Kawa Hua Taiao) as it relates to the Department’s activities, and other relevant Te Rūnanga statements of policy produced from time to time. (b) Consider requests from members of Ngāi Tahu Whānui for the customary use of cultural materials in accordance with the appropriate legislation. (c) Agree, where reasonably practicable, for Ngāi Tahu to have access to cultural materials which become available as a result of Departmental operations such as track maintenance or clearance or culling of species. (d) Consult with Te Rūnanga in circumstances where there are competing requests from non-Ngāi Tahu persons or entities for the use of cultural materials, for example for scientific research purposes, to see if the cultural and scientific or other needs can be reconciled before the Department makes a decision in respect of those requests. 4.4 Specific projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: (a) Develop and implement guidelines for each conservancy within the Ngāi Tahu Takiwā that help define levels of customary use of cultural materials, and set conditions, after consideration of tikanga, to be met for gathering; (b) Identify local sources of plants and provide advice to Te Rūnanga with respect to the establishment by Te Rūnanga of cultivation sites; and (c) Establish Departmental cultural materials banks for cultural materials which have come into the Department’s possession, and guidelines for their use.

5 FRESHWATER FISHERIES 5.1 The Department has a statutory role in advocating the conservation of aquatic life and freshwater fisheries generally. Its advocacy for freshwater biota, aquatic habitats and fish passage in all areas is primarily taken via statutory planning processes provided by the Resource Management Act 1991. 5.2 Section 48B of the Conservation Act 1987 (inserted by section 305 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) provides the power to promulgate regulations providing for customary Māori fishing rights with respect to freshwater fisheries within South Island Fisheries Waters. Pursuant to clause 12.14.11(e) of the Deed of Settlement such regulations are to be promulgated as soon as practicable, and in any event no later than two years after Settlement Date. Besides generally consulting with Te Rūnanga and providing for its participation in the conservation and management of customary freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats, the Department will consult with, and have particular regard to the advice of, Te Rūnanga in its capacity as an Advisory Committee appointed under section 56 of the Conservation Act in all matters concerning the management and conservation by the Department of Conservation of Taonga Fish Species (as defined in section 297 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) within the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area. This obligation does not derogate from the obligations of the Department under section 4 of the Conservation Act 1998 to give effect to the Treaty of Waitangi. 5.3 Advisory Committee

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The Department will, in relation to the Taonga Fish Species and as far as reasonably practicable, provide the Advisory Committee with all relevant information to enable it to give informed advice, and will meet with the Advisory Committee at conservancy level as necessary to give effect to the Deed of Settlement and the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 5.4 Customary freshwater fisheries regulations The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: (a) Provide for Te Rūnanga participation in the development and promulgation of customary freshwater fishing regulations by: (i) Establishing a joint working group; (ii) Setting terms of reference for that working group; (iii) Setting timelines for progress; and (iv) Providing information to Te Rūnanga in a timely manner and allowing Te Rūnanga an opportunity to comment. 5.5 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: (a) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to the promotion of compliance with customary freshwater fisheries regulations; (b) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to monitoring the efficacy of the customary freshwater fisheries regulations at regular intervals; and (c) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to sharing accumulated management information and research data on customary freshwater fisheries with Te Rūnanga. 5.6 Other matters The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to provide for active participation by Te Rūnanga in the conservation, management and research of customary freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats by: (a) Seeking to identify areas for cooperation in advocacy, consistent with clause 9, focusing on fish passage, minimum flows, protection of riparian vegetation and habitats, water quality improvement and in the restoration, rehabilitation or enhancement of customary freshwater fisheries and their freshwater habitats; and (b) Consulting with Te Rūnanga in developing or contributing to research programmes that aim to improve the understanding of the biology of customary freshwater fisheries and their environmental and habitat requirements. The Department confirms that it regards Te Rūnanga as a possible science provider or collaborator for research projects funded or promoted by the Department in the same manner as other potential providers or collaborators. 5.7 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: (a) Conduct research to establish and address ecosystem threats to specified customary freshwater fisheries including barriers to migration, habitat loss and exotic species interaction;

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(b) Contribute to the resolution of eel management issues, in particular, the administration of the fish passage regulations in the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations, the promotion of the installation of effective fish passes where necessary and monitoring of their effects, by participating in discussions with Te Rūnanga and Te Waka a Māui me ona Toka Mahi Tuna; and (c) Identify the need for, and where necessary prepare, management plans for freshwater fisheries management.

6 CULLING OF SPECIES OF INTEREST TO NGĀI TAHU 6.1 As part of an integrated management regime, or because a species population has risen to become an ecological pest, it may from time to time be necessary for the Department to carry out a cull of a protected species under the Wildlife Act 1953. The Department recognises that Te Rūnanga is interested in such operations in the following ways: (a) the carrying out of such a cull where the species to be culled is causing or is likely to cause ecological damage to species or habitats of particular significance to Ngāi Tahu; (b) the methods to be used in such culls; and (c) cultural materials arising from the cull. 6.2 The Department will: (a) Have regard to any requests initiated by Te Rūnanga for the carrying out of culling operations; (b) Consult with, and have particular regard to the views of, Te Rūnanga before deciding to carry out a cull of protected species on land administered by the Department, in respect of the reasons for the cull and the method proposed to be used; and (c) In situations where either a Fish and Game Council or a Regional Council intend to carry out a cull of protected species or game bird and the Department has a statutory role in the process, request the relevant body to consult with Te Rūnanga before carrying out any such cull.

7 HISTORIC RESOURCES 7.1 The Minister acknowledges the importance to Ngāi Tahu of their wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to them. Liaison with Te Rūnanga is important in the management of those places containing sites of historic and cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu, including places of settlement, horticulture, natural resource harvesting, warfare, communication, and places of cultural and spiritual connection. 7.2 The Department notes that non-disclosure of locations of places known to Ngāi Tahu is a practice used by Ngāi Tahu to preserve the sanctity of a place. Respecting the principle of confidentiality brings management difficulties of a particular kind. Where information is not available, management practices which (unintentionally) contravene the cultural value associated with a specific site, may be put in place. Where reasonably practicable, the Department will respect the principle of confidentiality that applies to wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu. The primary responsibility for identifying and assessing Ngāi Tahu heritage values rests with Te Rūnanga.

7.3 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to:

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(a) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that Ngāi Tahu values attaching to identified wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu managed by the Department are respected by the Department, for example, by the Department giving consideration to impacts from visitor numbers, facilities and services; (b) Manage, as far as reasonably practicable, wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu according to the standards of conservation practice outlined in the ICOMOS New Zealand Charter 1993; (c) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that when issuing concessions giving authority for other parties to manage land administered by the Department, those parties manage the land according to the standards of conservation practice outlined in the ICOMOS New Zealand Charter 1993; (d) Have particular regard to relevant Te Rūnanga policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites; (e) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it uses Ngāi Tahu’s cultural information only with the consent of Te Rūnanga; and (f) When issuing concessions to carry out activities on the land administered by the Department, request that the concessionaire consult with Te Rūnanga before using Ngāi Tahu’s cultural information. 7.4 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: (a) Develop and implement guidelines for the identification, inventory and management by the Department of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu that take into consideration the traditional uses and practices of Ngāi Tahu and are, where reasonably practicable, consistent with Ngāi Tahu tikanga; (b) Identify and actively protect specified wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga or other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu on land administered by the Department; (c) Develop and implement guidelines for the active protection of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu; (d) Identify cooperative projects covering a range of options for the protection and management of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu; (e) Develop and implement guidelines relating to the use of Ngāi Tahu’s knowledge of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance of Ngāi Tahu, including the use of this inf`ormation by the Department; and (f) Consult with and seek participation from Te Rūnanga with respect to research, survey or inventory projects that relate specifically to wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to them.

8 VISITOR AND PUBLIC INFORMATION 8.1 In providing public information and interpretation services and facilities for visitors on the land it manages, the Department recognises the importance to Ngāi Tahu of their cultural, spiritual, traditional and historic values.

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8.2 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to encourage respect for Ngāi Tahu values by: (a) As far as reasonably practicable, seeking to raise public awareness of positive conservation partnerships developed between Te Rūnanga, the Department and other stakeholders, for example, by way of publications, presentations and seminars; (b) Consulting on the provision of interpretation and visitor facilities (if any) at wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic or cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu; (c) Ensuring, as far as reasonably practicable, that Department information on new panels, signs, and visitor publications includes Te Rūnanga perspectives and references to the significance of the sites to Ngāi Tahu, where appropriate, including the use of traditional Ngāi Tahu place names; and (d) Encouraging Te Rūnanga participation in the Department’s volunteer and conservation events programmes. 8.3 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: (a) Develop and implement guidelines on the provision of information and interpretation facilities and services for visitors, so as to identify and consider issues of concern to Te Rūnanga; (b) Consider possibilities for Te Rūnanga to contribute to visitor appreciation of the cultural value of sites of cultural and historic significance to Ngāi Tahu managed by the Department; and (c) Provide information to education providers, including kohanga reo and kura kaupapa Māori, for the development of educational resources on conservation issues and associated Ngāi Tahu values.

9 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT 9.1 Te Rūnanga and the Department both have concerns with the effects of activities controlled and managed under the Resource Management Act. These include effects on: (a) wetlands; (b) riparian management; (c) effects on freshwater fish habitat; (d) water quality management; (e) protection of historic resources; and (f) protection of indigenous vegetation and habitats. 9.2 From time to time, Te Rūnanga and the Department will seek to identify further issues of mutual interest for discussion. It is recognised that their concerns in relation to any particular resource management issue may diverge and that each of them will continue to make separate submissions. 9.3 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to discuss the general approach that will be taken by each of Te Rūnanga and the Department in respect of advocacy under the Resource Management Act, and seek to identify their respective priorities and issues of mutual concern. 9.4 The Department will:

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(a) Have regard to the priorities and issues of mutual concern identified in clause 9.3(a) in making decisions in respect of advocacy under the Resource Management Act. (b) Make non-confidential resource information available to Te Rūnanga to assist in improving the effectiveness of Resource Management Act advocacy work at the Papatipu Rūnanga level.

10 AMENDMENT AND REVIEW PROVISIONS FROM THE DEED 10.1 Amendment and Cancellation of Protocols (a) Protocols may be amended or cancelled by the Minister of Conservation, from time to time at the initiative of either the Crown or Te Rūnanga; (b) The Minister of Conservation may amend or cancel Protocols only after consulting Te Rūnanga and having regard to its views; and (c) As soon as reasonably practicable after the amendment, or cancellation of a Protocol, the Minister of Conservation must notify such amendment, or cancellation in the Gazette.

Dated at Wellington this 26 day of July 2001 MATT ROBSON, for SANDRA LEE, Minister of Conservation. (NZ Gazette 2001, page 2171)

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