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Published Semi-annually by the Department of Political Science, University, lgbariam Campus ISSN. 2315-7166 Volume 1 No. 2 March, 2013

'' CONTENTS'tl~•,~~~.... ; .,4 rl · · • 't ~ ' ' ~~'r~1!f~1'~~~:, ·' ' ~ • ,. I .~• ·~ I ' , ... "".,.. • i ·'.r~ - . " , ...... ,...

I 1. Bureaucracy and Democracy in New Public Management: 1 The Dynamics of Paradigm Evolution in Public Administration, 1 -Godwin Onu and Amobi P. Chiamogu

I 2. Party Primaries in Nigeria and the Electoral Choice of Party Members: A Study of the Emergence of Party Candidates in Anambra State ' (1999-2010}, 15 - Frank-Collins Nnamdi Okafor and Uzodinma C. Okafor

3. Protracted Armed Conflicts and Challenges of Internally Displaced Persons in Sri lanka, 29 - Nwanolue, B.O.G.; Victor Chidubem lwuoha and lwuoha, Adaeze Mary

4. Nigerian Armed Forces and Security Challenges in the Fourth Republic 2007-2012, 47 - Ojukwu Uche Grace; Maduekwe Vincent and Otugo Nkiru Esther

5. The Politics and Sociology of Corruption in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, 65 - Duruji, Moses Metumara and Azuh Dominic Ezinwa

6. The United Nations' Conflict Resolution Mechanisms and Intra-State Conflicts: Re-Thinking Alternative Strategies, 87 - Okafor J. C. and Orjinta H. I.

< .... 7. The Third World and Crisis of Identity, 98 - Ogbonnaya, Ufiem Maurice

8. International Politics of Regional Integration: Re-visiting the Successes and Failures of the European Union (EU) and African Union (AU), 105 - Chubah Ezeh and Obikaeze Victor Chibuike

9. Book Review: New Diaspora, 130 - Alumona, lkenna M. Duruji, M. M. & Azu/r, D.E. (2013), Tire Politics uuJ Sociology ofCorruption in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, . 65 _ ANSU .loumal of Pence aJUI Development Studies, 1(1):65-86

The Politics and Sociology of Corruption in Nigeria's Fourth Republic

Duruji, Moses Metumara•

and

Azuh Dominic Ezinwa • _,-

Abstract Rhetorics and promises by politicians in the campaign trail are o.fien not delivered to the people as a result of their interest in carting away puhlic funds for. thereby rendering their followers pauperized. Good governance is ensured in a corruption-free environment. This paper appraises the on-going campaign against corruption in Nigeria. especially during the Fourth Republic. The paper. argues that corruption is one of the worst problems, hindering Nigeria's progress in socio-economic growth and development. Some non-governmental Otganizations and civil society/liberty associations have been promoting anticorruption crusades but there is needfor wider publicity on the cancerous monster ravaging the nation. The fight against corruption in Nigeria requires thorough access to useful information for the masses. The paper pointed out that curbing corruption has to do with full awareness of its devastating efi'ects and how the political elites as well as leaders in power are playing with peoples' well being. In the light ofthis, the paper recommends a national rebirth/reorientation on anticorruption in Nigeria. Enthroning a value system tlzat rejects corruption in all levels o.fsociety will add to the fight against corruption. In addition. government should empower the masses through provision of infrastructure and amenities needed for elltrepreneurial skills/vocational acquisition to flourish and thereby reduce the extent ofpoverty in the country.

Keywords: Corruption; Anti-corruption Crusade; Fourth Republic, Non-Governmental Organization, Political Elite.

"' Duruji, Moses Metumara is a lecturer at the Department ofPoliti cal Science. College l!( DcFelop,;lenl Studies. Covenant University, Ota, . Nigeria. • Azull Domi11ic Ezin 111a is a lecturer at the Department of Economics and Del•elopmelll Swdit>s, College of Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun Stare. Nigeria. Duruji, M. M. & Azul!, D.£. (201J). Tire Politics and Sociology of Corruption in Nigeria 's Fourth Republic, 67 ANSU Joumal of Peace aud Developmeut Studies, 1(2):65-86

group which confers police stations (Ovienloba 2007). For unjust or fraudulent Olarinmoye (2008) electoral corruption benefits on its finds an intimate link between electoral perpetrators, IS process and poor governance. When inconsistent with the electoral process are subverted, it leads to . established legal norms the installation of individuals who pursue and prevailing moral their private interest rather than the ethos of the land and is general interest hence this will eventually likely to subvert or lead to bad governance, poverty and diminish the capacity of economic underdevelopment that have the legitimate authorities plagued Nigeria (Olarinmoye 2008). One to provide fully for the aspect of corruption that has contributed material and spiritual to Nigeria's underdevelopment is well being of all manners beaurecratic corruption which does not of society m a just and allow for effective management of equitable manner resources by the government that could (2002:23). improve the well being of the citizens making it an obstacle to good governance Corruption from this perspective is seen in Nigeria (Lawai and Tobi 2006). Agba as "outright theft, embezzlement of funds (20 I 0) has examined the different types or other misappropnat1on of state ·of corruption and concluded that property, nepotism and the granting of bureaucratic and political corruption favour to personal acquaintances and the weaken good governance. This is so abuse of the public authority to exact because policy makers become hesitant in payments and privileges" taking decisions to reduce corruption or (Desta,2006: 19). Viewed from this angle, introduce new reforms to combat it. the general public is seen as the principal Corruption has remained one of victim and the public officials as the the most complex problems that have agent. impeded development in Nigeria. According to Dike (2003) Corruption is one of the issues ravaging corruption in Nigeria occurs in so many the foundation of the nation. Ribadu different (orms. Political corruption which (2006) also stated that corruption is one of takes place at the highest levels of the most dangerous social ills of any political authority, affects the manner in society because corruption, like a deadly which decisions are made. Electoral virus, attacks the vital structure that corruption is the buying of votes, special makes society to progress, thus putting its favours to anointed candidates or very existence into serious perils promises of illegitimate votes to certain Preventing corruption in Nigeria has been candidates. Another type is bureaucratic very difficult, based on the dimension it corruption which takes place among has taken particularly lack of political public servants. This type of corruption is leadership. A situation where looters of what the citizen's expenence m nation's wealth go without charge, mm1stries, departments and agencies awarded contracts that were never (MDAs) including schools, hospitals and executed and yet given recognition in the Duruji, M. M. & Azu/1, D. E. (10 11), Tile Politi<:.~ and Sociology ofCorruptiou i11 Nigeria's Fourtll Republic, 69 ANSU Journal of Peace tmd Development Studies, 1(1):65-86

Therefore, preventing abuse and reducing corruption v1ctm1s who faced a bribe corruption is important to increase for situation in 2008. It impacts negatively on social and economic wellbeing of the indi vidual or group behaviour leading to society. vices such as bribery, nepotism, and Despite the enormous income from misappropriation of funds which have oil in the last four decades, 54.4% of become the order of the day. According to Nigerians are still poor (NBS, 2008). lke (2009), cormption is probably the Many sources have reported that the fastest means to accumulate quick wealth percentage of the population living below in Nigeria. Hence, it has placed a great or at purchasing power parity of $1.25 a need for a critical appraisal of corrupt day is 64.4% (UNDP African Human practices in relation to sociological issues Development Report, 20 12). Access to of society pressures during the fourth quality and affordable health services and republic. other basic amenities including safe Measures of combating this drinking water and improved sanitation malaise of corruption and the challenges facilities is limited and economic it poses, requires an understanding of its opportunities remain poor for many causes. Many factors contribute to the citizens. With children under 15 years of spread of corruption in Nigeria. For age accounting for about 45 percent of the instance Dininio and Kpundeh (1999), country's population (FGN 2004), the Dike (2003), and Obayelu (2007), has burden of health sector has become traced the root causes of corruption in overwhelming. Nigeria to; poor payment system in the Comparatively, there has been an country, tepid attitudes of officials who increase in the budget over the last two­ are charged with enforcing the laws lead decades 1990 - 2010 accounting for to cormpt behaviours. Obayelu (2007) has N362,19.60 and N2,961 850.00 (CBN, specifically identified a number of factors 201 0). The challenges facing poor propagating cormpt practices in Nigeria. masses, in spite of this increased budget, They include lack of clear rules and code have remained enormous. The output in of ethics that leads to the abuse of terms of service provision at all the three political power; hence most Nigerians are tiers of government has been very exposed to corrupt practices. Furthermore clj~~ourag\ ng. The gladiators constantly low salaries and unfavourable working manipulated the people and the political conditions with poor incentives for processes to advance their own selfish effective performance are strong agenda, while the society remained indicators for cormption (Obayelu, 2007). pauperized and the masses in a Due to the fact that workers in Nigeria supposedly blessed country wallowed in both in the private and public sectors are abject poverty poorly paid and sometimes they are not This is a threat to growth and paid regularly, it gives an opportunity for development for the country. According corrupt practices especially bureaucratic to African Human Development Report corruption. This is because when workers (20 12), Nigeria has been found to be are not paid they will devise alternatives among the very few countries that have means to meet their family obligations the highest percentage (27%) of

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Duruji, M. M. & Azulr, D. E. (2013), The Politics ami Sociology o[Corrupti01r i11 Nigeria's Fourtlt Republic, 7 I ANSU Jo11mal of l'eace ami Deve/opme/11 Studies, 1(2):65-86

state apparatus is used to build up the The soft state thesis propounded by Gurnl layer of the primordial public, thus Myrdal also helps us to understand why making corruption the hallmark of the corruption persists in a country like civic public (Osaghae 1988). Nigeria. This theory gives us a better A good citizen of the primordial understanding of a post-colonial state and public is one who gives out and asks for its predicament largely drawn from the nothing in return and will only continue to Asian experience but applicable to the be a good man if he channels part of the rest of third world including Nigeria. A largesse from the civic public to the soft state whether democratic or primordial public. That is the logic of the undemocratic is bedeviled with the dialectics which makes it legitimate to rob inability to institute reforms or enforce the civic public in order to strengthen the social discipline. It is a state where the primordial public. The acme of this legal system and its paraphernalia are dialectics is corruption which takes two moribund or at least ineffective. Even dimensions - the embezzlement of public when framing policies, the authorities fund from the civic public and the (under the control of politico-bureaucratic solicitation and acceptance of bribes from elite) are reluctant to place obligations on individuals seeking services provided by the people, especially in matters of the civic public by those who administer corruption (Myrdal 1968). Gulthorpe these services (Ekeh 1975). ( 1975) further explains that a soft state is Richard Joseph in another study . one in which formal rules (laws, officially linked corruption to the fall of the stated administrative rules and practices, Nigerian Second Republic (Joseph). This etc) are applied copiously and in a lax as a result of prebendalism in which state manner rather than vigorously and offices are regarded as prebends that can consistently. It is a state in which private be appropriated by office holders, who advantage can be gained and private use them to generate material benefits for bargains struck concerning the themselves and their constituents and kin enforcement or non enforcement of the groups. For Seteolu (2005) while rules, as when a businessman bribes a tax clientelism and prebendalism might be official. Apart from money inducement, mutually reinforcing, the two concepts corruption is generated through kinship ..,...,.. have separate meanings. Clientelism sentiment and nepotism Therefore, one of defines the nature of individual and group the damaging consequences of the politics relationships within the broader social and of identity is that it tends to render the political space, prebendalism are state soft. Laws are discriminately applied essentially a function of the competition and the anti-.corruption laws are not an for, and appropriation of the offices of the exception. Therefore, one of the state. According to Seteolu (2005) characters of a soft state is its over­ cl ientelism assists to understand the permissiveness of corruption and corrupt mechanism of (how) class control acts. This explains the non-workability of legitimizes the lopsided distribution of government anti-corruption agencies resources among social groups and instituted by the Obasanjo administration enhances the status of the political elite. such as the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC), the Duruji, M. M. & Azull, D.£. (20/J), Tile Politics a11d Sociology ofCorr11ptio11 ;, Nigeria's Fourtfl Rep11blic, 73 ANSU Jo11mal of Peace a11d Developmellt Studies, 1(2):65-86

colonials. However, the group became economically. Because of this weakness, increasingly prosperous and more of a the only instrument available for this class bourgeoisie after the colonialists were to ascend to power was politics and mass dislodged from power in the former mobi Iization. With the acquisition of colonial states, including Nigeria. political power, this class used the state to The bourgeois class in Nigeria was a expand their economic base. This was loose coalition of the elites of the done through expansion of the state soon disparate ethnic and religious groups and after independence using the ideology of economic interests. In the struggle against economic development that supports the the colonial regime, this class united state direct participation in the economy under common grievances even though it through the establishment of state- owned was fragmented along the fault lines of industries and state run enterprises, thus Nigeria's incoherent economy and its expanding the role of the state in the lives multi-ethnic and religious makeup. of the people (Ake 1996). The self-rule struggle spearheaded This, of course, has shaped the by this class against colonial system was dynamics of politics in Nigeria and made not motivated altruistically to change or it a zero-sum game in the sense that reform the system to function in the advancement m econom1cs 1s interest of the masses but merely to synonymous with advancement m inherit the system for their selfish politics. The implication of this is the interests. This objective became obvious ·hi gh value placed on political power in and manifest for most of the decades after Nigeria which has created an obsessive independence as exemplified in the preoccupation with politics since that is oppressive character of the post-colonial the only avenue for economic state which made it anti-democratic for accumulation. Access to political power most of the post-independent period. implies that the lucky elements would be Even under the so-called democratic in charge of the numerous government dispensation that followed the third wave owned industries and enterprises of which of global democratic phenomenon, the they can lay their hands into the till transition for this dominant ruling class in without being accountable to the general Nigeria to be driven by the interests of the public. collectives in their actions and policies is Ake ( 1996) argues that this - yet to occur. tendency of the Nigerian system Though democratic in name, the undermines the society. The use of nature of post-1999 democracy in Nigeria political power for accumulation of has continued to manifest anti-democratic wealth makes Nigerian capitalism tendencies which we shall be discussing unproductive. This is because the in detai Is in the next section. The reason wealthiest people in Nigeria are generally for these goes back to the structure of people who have acquired wealth through economy and politics instituted and state power either by political corruption, nurtured by colonialism. According to access to state contracts, agency rates or Ake (2002), the logic of colonialism did concessions such as import licenses that not allow the Nigerian political class to be hardly involve them in direct productive anything more than marginal activity. Duruji, M. M. & A zull, D. E. (20 /1}, The Politics lmd Sociology of Corruptio11 iu Nigeria's Fourth Republic, 75 ANSU Jmmwl ofl'eace aud Deve/opme/11 Studies, 1(2):65-86 from the struggle within the Nigerian ruling concentrated in a tier of government that elites that such tightening of hold would also controls the collection and distribution guarantee survival for the dominant f~1ction of all oil resources making other tiers of the ruling class controlling the centre. dependent and marginalized from oil For instance, the civil war was as a result of power. The conflict in the Niger Delta is the rivalry and fear of domination between therefore an attempt to redress this the country's major ethnic groups. The character of the Nigerian state which goes coup led by Kaduna Nzeogwu was back to the colonial era that foisted a interpreted by the North as a ploy by the political-economic structure sustained for lgbo to dominate the country given the fact the benefit of the profiteering alliance of that prominent northern politicians and ruling elites and the oil majors (Adebanwi military officers lost their lives in the 2001 ). The transition of the country from process. The counter coup of July 1966 led colonialism to a post-colonial state was a by northern officers, spurred chains of mere symbolism of flag independence as it events including the mass killing of the has remained an unfinished project in terms Igbo and easterners residing in the north of real power metrics, which became and the declaration of Biafr·an republic glaring in the foreign control of oil since (Ojeifa 2004). the inception of the Nigerian petroleum The war that followed was an industry and the dominance of Nigeria's attempt by the Northern dominated federal political economy (Obi, 2002). government to reunite the east with the rest The global economic crisis of the of the country. To co-opt the minorities of 1980s was very significant in creating the the Niger Delta where oil economy is condition for the new form of ethno­ bourgeoning to the federal side, the Gowon nationalism that arose in the 1990s in military administration created states for Nigeria. The resultant decline in oil revenue them, thus satisfying a long dream that had and mismanagement of resources by its root in the colonial era but unaccountable military elites plunged the systematically removed the control of the country into an economic crisis that left its oil from them under the guise that enough trail of social consequences that partly resources is needed at the federal level to contributed to this new form of ethno­ prosecute the war. In other words, it is the nationalism manifesting in Nigeria (Duruji, effective manipulation and abuse of the 201 0). The severity of the crisis compelled structure and processes of state power to the government to implement an economic accumulate oil surplus and institutionalize refonn program premised on stabilization factional rule that . brought monopolistic and adjustment, which was supervised by tendencies that are attended by the World Bank and the International authoritarianism, corruption and Monetary Fund. This reform consisted of patrimonialism which of course breeds liberalization, privatization, deregulation, instability and politics of exclusion (Obi , and the removal of subsidies, all of which 2002). ., were ideas aimed at scaling down · the The texture of this argument is to state's role in the economy. The effects of drive the point that the federal dominance these policies were reflected in the collapse has proven unfair, exploitative and of local industries and decline in the subversive of the spirit of federalism which capacity of the ones that survived including Nigeria professes, bringing about a rising costs of business in vital energy and situation where political power 1s power sectors. The consequent shrinking of Duruji, M. M. & Azufl, D.£. (20 IJ), The Politic., and Sociology of Corl'llption i11 Nigeria's Fourtfl Republic, 77 ANSU Joumalof Peace and Del'elopme111 Stmlies, I (2):65-86

The Sociology of Corruplion in Nigeria looting of public funds are sometimes due The sociological dimension of corruption largely to social pressures from relatives in Nigeria is deeply rooted in Nigeria's and kinsmen who believe that access to political economy and the character of power by their close kin is an open Nigeria state. It is a fact that N igcria was invitation to squander the nation wealth a creation of colonialism to serve purely while the tenure last. In the process, these British economic interest without regard leaders acquires outrageous amount they for · the natives. The struggle for and their coming generation does not independence, initially premised on the need. For instance, the former Head of plank of correcting the exploitation of State General. siphoned $2.3 Nigeria's resources by foreign interests billion from the government treasury, became fractionalized along ethnic and a warded contracts worth $1 billion to his other fault lines dividing the country. personal companies, and took $1 billion Consequently instead of a pan Nigerian as bribe fi·om foreign contractors (Edikan struggle for independence, it became an and Emem 2008) Likewise Professor ethno-regional struggle to replace the Adenike Grange, a former Minister of colonialists. The implication of this is that Health (2007-2008) along with others, the faction of elites that acquires power was arraigned in an court over comes in and pursues ethno-regional financial impropriety involving the sum agenda that negates pan-Nigerian of 5.2 billion naira ($34,666,666.67 US interests. Secondly, the rentier nature of Dollars) (The Nation, 2009). the Nigeria state and the near zero The prevailing attitude among industrial productivity base, make access Nigerians, sometimes make these corrupt to power in Nigeria vital as that is the practices inevitable. The Nigerian socio­ most important means of accumulation. economic landscape creates an To retain power and the access to wealth, environment that is uneonducive for the the power elite must dispense favour to upright and men of integrity to thrive. For retinues of supporters. instance ones a person assumes a public Given this scenario, corrupt office, he discovers that his/her circle of practices in Nigeria had involved myriads friends has multiplied. Congratulatory of political elites/leaders in various levels messages from sundry quarters appear all of political offices who engage in corrupt in a bid to position themselves for adivities to enrich themselves and their patronages. Invitation for launchings and circle of friends and suppmiers. This is social events where the public official done through gross misappropriation of was hitherto a non-entity, now abound budgets meant for development purposes most of them identifying him as the most to benefit the general interests. this kind important personality for the occasion of corruption is what Ribadu (2006) says with expectation for him/her to dole at involves deliberate use of one's position financial largesse, notwithstanding the to get illegitimate benefits and undue source of such monies. This consequently advantage which could be financial or in renders ineffective, anticorruption other forms.. Most of the time, this measures adopted by the government corrupt leaders embezzle the country's sometimes under pressure from civil treasury with reckless abandon. This society groups and external interests. As Duruji, M. M. & Azuh, D. E. (20/3), The Politics mul Sociology ofCol'ruptiou in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, 79 ANSU Jourrwl of Peace ami Development Studies, 1(2):65-86

started out with serving former Head of all 170 counts against him without State, the late Sani Abacha. When i\bacha hearing any evidence at trial. But when died he shifted his allegiance to former there was change in government, Ibori Vice-President and then preferred to be tried in the UK rather than to President , and in Nigeria, where he had earlier been played a major role in pushing the declared not guilty (Ajaero 2012). infamous third-term agenda, while he was EFCC operators had pledged in a governor of Delta Stale. Alter he finished newspaper report to further prosecute his two-terms and lost his immunity from lbori when he returns to Nigeria, The prosecution as prescribed by the sentencing of Ibori was based on the Constitution, Ibori found another cover by foundation of the case built by the EFCC installing his relative, Emmanuel in 2007 which unfortunately was thrown Uduaghan, as governor of as out by the Federal High Court in Asaba well as aligning himself with the late for lack of merit. The same fate has lately President Umam Yar"Adua, whose befallen other EFCC cases, notably the campaign he allegedly bankrolled. Erastus Akingbola, Ndudi Elumelu, As the tenure wore on, there were Dimeji Bankole and Gbenga Daniel indications that Ibori was gearing up to matters. They were all thrown out by the become vice-president to Yar' Adua in his courts purely on technical grounds second term in office, to replace President without consideration of the substantive Goodluck Jonathan, who was vice- . issues (Chidozie 2012). The Commission president then. However, the death of stated that "The fact that a case which Yar' Adua, before the end of his first supposedly lacked merit in Nigeria could tenure changed the political calculations, fetch a 13-year jail term in the UK after a with Jonathan taking over at the helm of landmark guilt plea, brings to the fore the affairs. That singular change in need for a reassessment of the nation's government, many believe, resulted in the justice delivery process . . We must Economic and Financial Crime strengthen our judicial institutions if we Commission (EFCC) re-opening Ibori's are to make any headway in the anti-graft case in 2010, forcing him to flee to Dubai, efforts." However, it is worthy of note United Arab Emirates, where he was that since inception, the EFCC has eventually arrested and extradited to the arraigned about 19 former governors on "' UK (Agba 2012). corruption charges, but none of them is The first attempt by the EFCC to currently serving prison term in Nigeria prosecute lbori in 2007, while Yar' Adua (Chidozie 20 12). was president, was unsuccessful and But beside the ineffectiveness of shortly after the then Chairman of EFCC, EFCC and other anti-corruption agencies Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, was not only to effectively prosecute corruption cases removed from office, he was demoted and and obtain conviction, is the attitude of dismissed from the police. Ibori 's Nigerians who quickly coalesce to protect corruption case was transferred to the these corrupt elements, a bully ruling Asaba High Court and a new judge class. The cases of lbori, Alamesegha and appointed in the person of Marcel Bode George indicate the same trend. Awokulehin to handle the case, dismissed When Alamesegha had issues of money Dul"llji, M. M. & Azu/t, D. E. (201.1), 1 lie Po/itil'.\ 1111d Sociology of Cormptiu11 i11 Niger·ia 's Fuurtlr Republic, 81 ANSU Joumal of l'eact' a11d Det•t•lopmeut Studil!s, I (2):65-86

National Assembly since it was people rejected him at the polls during the inaugurated in 1999 (Fa lade 20 II). The 20 I I General Elections and the EFCC first scandal over furniture allowance and arrested him and charged him to court for award of bogus contracts Jed to the bll of taking loans on behalf of the House of Senator Chuba Okadigbo during the first Representative that was not appropriated tern of Obasanjo. Senator llaruna and awarding contracts for sundry items. Abubakar who was the deputy Senate The question that arises from the President in 2000 was accused or examples highlighted above, boils down embezzling of 16.9 million natra to motives behind these corrupt ($140,833) of Christmas and Sallah gifts. tendencies. Certainly, sociological factors Senator who became has been shown to exert pressure even the Senate president after the 2003 upon the unwilling who eventually General election was also forced to resign succumb to temptations of corruption so after accusation were leveled against him as to remain relevant and retain such for demanding gratification from highly exulted office. Professor Fabian ministries and agencies to uphold their Osuj i an academician who was the former budget proposals. The next principal education minister between 2003-2005 officer of the National Assembly that was was stunned at what he met at the forced to step down on accusation of National Assembly when he went to corruption related to inflation of contract defend his education budget. He was terms was the first woman to become the asked by members of the education speaker of House of Representatives, Mrs committee in collaboration with some Patricia Eteh. The former speaker of the principal omcers including Former House of Representatives, in 2007 lost her president of the Senate, Senator Adolphus seat due to award of contracts at inO ated Wabara to grease their hand before his price of 628 million naira ($ 233,333) in ministries budget can be passed. As a 2007 (Fa lade 2011 ), but was later neophyte he went back to his ministry and exonerated by her colleagues. its parastatals to mobilize 55 million naira The man that took over from ($458333) bribe money he offered Representative Patricia Eteh, Senator Adolphus Wabara and the House Representative Dimeji Bankole was not Committees on Education m 2005 free of this corruption bug in the National (Falade, 201 I. Lewis, 2011). This · Assen1bly as he was in constant battles tendency of making demands was also with a segment of the House that accused exposed with the imbroglio between the him of corrupt practices and also sent House of Representatives and Chairman deluge of petitions that EFCC found of Security Exchange Commission Miss credible and used against him. Dimeji Arunma Oteh. Bankole was alleged to have over The enormous pressure office invoiced the bill for the purchase of holders face everyday once they ascend vehicles for oversight functions at the ra~e power, compels them to soil their hands of 2.4 billion naira.(Aiabi and just to maintain and oil their machine to Fashagba,201 0). retain power. Nigerian generally raise Even though he completed his expectation of trickle down from office tenure with the 6th Assembly, Bankole 's holders and given the number of people Dumji, M. Ill. & A:ull, D.£. (2013), The Politic.\ lfllli Sociology ofCormpliou in Nigeriu'.~ Fourtllllepublic, 83 ANSU Jounwl of l'eucc: uml De1·elopmeu1 Swdie.,, 1(2):65-86

democracy cannot be achic\ ed without a References confrontation of this bchcnJOih or Adcbanwi, W (200 l) "Nigeria: Shell of a corruption in Nigeria. State" in Dollars and Sense However, the fact is that Magazine July/August. Available corruption has been long recognized both at by the government, civil society and the http://w\vw. th i rdworldtraveler.com populace as a hindrance to development I J\ fri ca/N igcria Shell State.html in the country. All attempts to tackle Adisa, T (20 12) " Subsidy Probe: How corruption in Nigeria seem to be hitting SSS burst $3m Bribery the brick wall. The reason for this is not Scandai,Oil Chief Used" Tribune far fetched, it revolves around the values Online lOth June Available at system in the country which seems to http://www. tribune.com.ng/7547- have made corruption the normal way or subsidy.probe. how .sss.burst-3 life in Nigeria. J\l'ricatt !Iuman Development Report The sense of entitlement in the (2012). Tmmrds a Food Secure country and the fratricidal division of the Future. New York: UNDP. people along multiple fault lines tends to Agba, M.S. (20 lO) "Combating encourage corruption and give it fillip to Corruption for Sustainable endure. The character of Nigeria's Developmental Growth in Nigeria. political economy as well as massive Exploring the Paradigm of Divine poverty of the populace bas kept Option", International Business reinforcing the fabrics that support and Management, 1(1), 16-21. corTuption in Nigeria. Eritrea: Journal of Developing In the light of this, this paper societies, 4, 421-449 recommends that the only way corruption Agba,I (20 12) Ibori bags 13 years jail tern can be tackled in the country is not only in UK" Tlzisdaylive Com 18th April strengthening of the laws and the Available at institutions that enforce them, but much http://www.thisdaylive.com more than that, a national rebirth that Aiyekiti, A (2007) "Corruption: targets at reorientation of the entire Alamiesigha pleads guilty,bags 12 Nigerian populace is imperative. This years in jail term" Daily Sun 27111 should be aimed at instituting a val ue July. Available at ·-- system that rejects corruption and should www .sunnewson I i ne.com have zero tolerance for such practices. To Ajaero, C (2012) "lbori's long Road to 1 this regard designing an academic Jail" Newswatch Sunday 13 h curriculum that incorporates corruption May,. Available at and its negative vices in school curricula http(lv,/ /www. newswatchngr.com should be part of the educational system Ake, C ( 1996) "The Political Question" in from the basic level to the tertiary. In Oyediran ,Oyeleye ed. addition, government should empower the Governance and Development in masses through provision of infrastructure Nigeria: Essays in Honour of and amenities needed for entrepreneurial Professor Billy J Dudley Ibadan skills to flourish and thereby reduces the :Oyediran Consult International pp extent of poverty in the country. 22-32. Duruji, M. M. & Azufl, D. E. (10 I 3), 11u! /'olitics and Sociology of Corruption i11 Ni~:eriu ·~· Founfl Republic, 85 ANSU Joumul ofl'l'iiCI' and Development Studies, 1(1):65-86

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