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The 131st. consecutive annual edition of the Following the policy established by William Suppliers of seeds to the Royal World's largest and most famous seed catalog has Thompson in 1855, who received new and rare Families of virtually every country been arranged by T&M to give gardeners an seeds from Charles Darwin , T&M are constantly in Europe, T&M seeds have been chosen by .. . alphabetical presentation of over 4000 seeds (and searching for new seeds to give you pleasure. N~w York Botanical Gardens. only seeds) of flowers and vegetables. International publicity and acclaim praised T&M Central Park, Strawberry Fields. Nearly 1000 colored illustrations assist in the when they sent a team of botanists deep into the Longwood Gardens, Pennsylvania. identification of scores of new varieties now Huntingdon Botanical Gardens. Brazilian jungle , to bring back seeds of the Blue Royal Victoria Gardens. available for your garden color scheme, many of Amaryllis. Washin gton National Arboreta. which are exclusive to T&M . The 1977 "Guiness Book of World Records" The Rothchilds. It is a remarkable gardening reference with confirms T&M having the largest range of seeds Amsterdam University Bot. Gardens. individual state growing information and a "Green Moscow Botanical Gardens. with customers in 150 countries of the world . and were used to establish the garden Fingers" guide for the degree of experience The catalog is FREE . .. existing customers made famous by Monet the painter needed to achieve perfect results. automatically receive their new copy. and many more ..

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Thompson and Morgan Inc . Dept. A 1. Jackson . N J . 08527 I nfij. Please send my FREE copy to: I Name ...... I Thompson & Morgan Address . I THE SEEDS MEN EST.1855 City. I .. __,t o"" L. ;:e~ . ~ . ~ . _ . ~ . ~ ~iP~ ' ~" ~ ' ~ ' ~ ' ~ ' ~.J Mo ... .. ~ .... a...... VI VOLUME 64 NUMBER 12 Cantents

President's Page: National Garden Week by Edward N. Dane 3 The Indoor Gardener: Succulent Geraniums by Helene S. Berg 4 Book Reviews by Barbara W. Elli s 8 Seasonable Reminders: Plant Galls by Hiram Larew 10 Keeping Track in the Garden by Maya Moran 12 Variations on an Evergreen Theme by Joseph Hudak 15 CaJanthe Orchids: Aristocrats for Bouquets by Richard M. Adams, II and Donald Clay ton 21 John Bartram and His Garden by Marcia Bonta 24 Logee's Greenhouses by Peter Loewer 30 Classifieds 36 Pronunciation Guide 39 Sources 40 1985 Index 42 The Design Page: Texture by Ray mond J Rogers 44

Bartram's Garden, which lies along the banks of the On the Cover: This stunning variegated croton, Codiaeum sp.,would Schuylkill Ri ve r in Phil adelphia, Pennsylvania, was make an unforgettable accent in any southern garden. To learn America's first botanic garden. It was also home to more about variegated evergreens for both northern and southern botA John and William Bartram, two of this country's most well-known botani sts. To join Marcia Bonta for gardens, turn to page 15. Photograph by Dick Keen. a tour of this hi storic garden, turn to page 24. Photo- graph courtesy of th ~ John Bartram Association.

EDITOR, PUBLICATIONS DIRECTOR: Barbara W. Elli s. ART DIRECTOR: Rebecca K. McClim ans. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Lynn M. Lynch, A. Brooke Russell. HORTICULTURAL CONSULTANTS: Gilberr S. Daniels, Jane Steffey. ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR: Marrha Palermo, Cindy Weakland. BUSINESS MANAGER: May Lin Roscoe. MEMBBRSHIP DIRECTOR: Connie Clark. COLOR SE PARATIO NS: John Simmons, Chromagraphics In c. ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE: C. W. Adverri sing, P.O. Box 138, Mount Vernon, VA 22121, (703) 360· 6666.

Replacement issues o~ AMERICAN HO RTICULTURIS;r are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy. The opinions expressed in the arricles rhat appea r in AMERICAN HORTICU LTUR IST are those of the authors and are not necessar,ily those of the Society. Manuscripts, art work and photographs sem for possible publication will be returned if they are accompani ed by a self­ addressed, stamped enve lope. We cannot guarantee the safe return o f unsoli ci ted material.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, ISSN 0096·441 7, is the official publicarion of rh e Ameri ca n Ho rri cultural Society, 7931 Easr Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Virgin ia 22308, (703) 768·5700, and is iss ued monthly. Membership in the Society includes a subscription to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. Membership dues starr at $20.00 a yea r, $12.00 of which is designated for AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. Copyright © 1985 by the American Horticultural Sociery. Second-class postage paid at Alexandria, Virgi ni a and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please se nd Form 3579 to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, Mount Vern on, Virginia 22121.

American Horticulturist Help SaveArnerica?s Endangered WUd crs

Marvin W. Poulson

Many ofAmerica~s most treasured wildflowers-including the spectacular spineless hedtJehog cactus, Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. inermis (Rbove)-are threatened with extinction. In fact, experts estimate that one-tenth of the species and varieties native to the United States are in jeopar~. Over 50 taxa have already disappeared. Help save our endangered wildflowers by purchasing the American Horticultural Society's 1986 Endangered Wildflowers Calendar. Funds raised from sales wiU be used to support conservative projects. To order your calendar, turn to Paoe 40. PRESIDENT'S PAGE Park Seed I Big; Nat' = Newl = 1986 = I Catalog = Gardenlfeek I I Gardening is I more fun with = P a rk Highl I Performers'· - vegetables with better I ardening is America's most popular outdoor leisure activity, far I taste and hi gher vie ld, flow ers more I surpassing athletics, travel or any other avocati on. In fact, 43 mil­ I beautiful and easv to grow. Plus thou- I lion Americans have flower or vegetable gardens each year. Ac­ sands of exciting variet ies in our big, G I 124 page catalog, in color so lusciously I cording to the National Gardening Survey, conducted by Gallup, Inc., for I real vo u can almost t:::ls te and smell I the National Gardening Association, the total acreage in home and com­ I them' Send TODA Y' I munity gardens is 1.3 million. These gardens produce 13.5 million ISend my full F'RE'E I! pounds of vegetables worth an estimated $12 billion. IColor Catalog • I The time has come to recognize the many contributions of the Ameri­ I ABBI can gardener. I am pleased that the American Horticultural Society has N I Pie_.---- PrInt : I joined forces with 16 other national organizations who are working to IAddrna I establish a National Garden Week. National Garden Week would be cel­ I ApI. I ebrated during the third week of April each year, beginning April 13, laty I 1986. It would become the focal point for acti vities designed to increase I I the public's interest in the many benefits of gardening. Demonstrations, I Stele ZJp I community beautification projects and other garden-related events would PARK SEED I Greenwood, S. C. 29648-0046 I bring gardening to the attention of all Americans. A National Garden _._ .._ .. - .._-- Week would recognize the efforts of the millions of Americans who gar­ den, and also would attract the attention of those who need encourage­ ment to garden. I know all of us who are members of the American Horticultural Soci­ ety are familiar with the many benefits gardening provides. Home gar­ dens bring families together, and community gardens provide the oppor­ tunity for many families to share a piece of land and strengthen community bonds. Gardening can benefit the disabled through horticul­ Wee shamrocks tural therapy programs. It also instills an appreciation for nature and the to bring you good beauty of this country that in turn create a respect for the environment. luck, mini-gardenias for Bonsai buffs, As reported in the September 1985 issue of American Horticulturist dwarf fuchsias to News Edition, the United States Senate has passed the National Garden grow on your windowsill. Mini­ Week Resolution, which would authorize President Reagan to proclaim a atu re ro ses fo r National Garden Week. Before it can become law, however, the Resolu­ winter bouquets. Grow fragrant mini lilacs, or little pussy willows. Make a tion must be passed by the House of Representatives. At the time of this corsage with mini orchids. Enjoy dwarf writing, the Resolution is still in House Committee, and it must have 215 pomegranates with real fruit! Watch mini Christmas cactus come into bloom. sponsoring congressmen before it can be introduced for a vote. Year 'round shipping to U .S.A. and With your help, we will all have a National Garden Week to celebrate Canada. Send for mail-order catalog in 1986. I urge all Society members who are in favor of the establishment today. It's FREE! ---- -Clip & Mail- -- -- of a National Garden Week to write their congressmen. Let your repre­ MINIA TURE PLANT WORLD - 45638 sentatives know that, as a Society member, you want to see the establish­ Elder Ave., Box 7 A, Sardis, B.C. V2R 1 A5 I ment of a week celebrating the importance of gardening in America. Tell I o YES, I'd like to hear more about them about the benefits of gardening and its significance in your life. In you r MIN I P LA NTS. PI ease rush I short, urge your congressmen to contact the office of Congressman my FREE Catalog. I Thomas A. Luken (Ohio) and to cosponsor the National Garden Week My name is ______I Resolution. I I live at ______With your help, we will not only have a National Garden Week to cel­ I ebrate in 1986, but we will be able to look forward to such celebrations I In I for years to come. I I LS~t~ _____ ~ ____ :.J -Edward N. Dane

American Horticulturist 3 mE INDOOR GARDENER Succulent Geraniums

Sarcocaulon salmoniflorum lij heard you just got a new geranium. showy zonal or bedding ge raniums that ulcerated mouths frequently contain ed H ow soon can I have a cutting?" are known and loved throughout the world. powdered bits of dried geranium rhizomes. I cannot im agine refusing any re­ In fact, my Sarcocaulon inerme and the The roots and leaves of the plants supplied quest from this very dear fri end. But a piece red-, white- or pink-fl owered zonal gera­ important ingredi ents used in the tanning of my new geranium! niums (Pelargonium x hortorum) that are of hides. The object of my devoti on is a small, a feature of many a summer ga rden are Unlike the true geraniums, both Pelar­ 1 V2-inch, Y-shaped, brown object-a thin both members of the geranium family, gonium spp. and Sarcocaulon spp. are na­ fork of wood with four rows of little out­ Gerani aceae. Despite the fact that both tive to southern Africa, where water is croppings that look as though a surgeon species are commonly ca ll ed by the name scarce, and heat and bl azing sun are facts had done a bit of sewing and forgotten to ge ranium, neither of them technically is a of life. European botanists first di scovered trim the edges of the stitches . I gaze starry­ " true" geranium, meaning a member of the pelargoniums in the 1630's. Since the eyed at Sarcocaulon inerme, my new ge­ the genus Geranium. fl owers of these newl y discovered plants ranium. Sarcocaulon is Greek for fl eshy­ Ironically, Geranium species are often resembled those of the nati ve European stemmed; the specific epithet indicates that ca ll ed by another common name, cranes­ Geranium spp., they were given the name this species is spineless, unlike many other bills. These pl ants are members of a genus African geraniums. In his Species Plan­ cl osely related species whose spines can of wildflowers native to woods and shady tarum, published in 1753, Linnaeus in ­ pierce deepl y into the fl esh. places in Europe. Herbali sts used Gera­ cluded all geraniums in one genus. It was Few people would suspect that such an nium spp. for their astringent and diuretic not until some 40 years later that the bot­ austere-l ooking plant is a relati ve of the properties. Poti ons for sore throats and anist Charles Louis L'Heritier (counting

4 December 1985 Sure cure for cold-climate stamens and comparing other floral pa rts) life in their homeland poss ibl e. Like our determined that the African speci es, though native cacti, Sarcocaulon spp. tend to have growing pains members of the geranium family, actuall y developed unusual shapes. Genera ll y, the belonged in a separate genus, which he pl ant's stem is ro unded, because it is used Johnny's seeds get growing fast, mature named Pelargonium. However, the name for storage of li quid. There are no super­ quickly and thrive in cold climates. Send had already been accepted, and pelargoni­ fluous plant parts from which vital mois­ for our 1986 Catalog today-it's FREE urns are commonly call ed geraniums to ture could be lost. Leaves, which are usu­ for the asking. this day. all y small, thin and hi ghl y serrated, appear If yo u're tired of struggling to bring Dutch traders brought the ancestors o f when the rain comes, then drop o ff. The vegetables to harvest through short zonal (Pelargonium x hortorum) and Lady sa me is true for roots, which quickly gen­ summ ers-if yo u've ever lost yo ur crop Washington (P. x domesticum) gerani­ erate in the presence of moisture. Like the to an early frost-then 1986 should be yo ur year to pl ant Johnny's Selected ums from Africa to Holland and England leaves, they grow when water is avail able, Seeds. in the 1650's. In the ea rl y 1800's, th e Eng­ persist for awhil e, then-if no water is Our tough, northern hardy seeds get lish and Dutch succumbed to a ge ranium available-slo ugh off, leavin g onl y th e growin g fa st and mature quickly, to (o r, more accurately, Pelargonium) craze taproot. In the dry season, these pl ants go give yo u the earliest, best harvest yo u've similar to the " Tulipomania" that swept dormant in order to conse rv e water. ever had. For 12 seasons now , ga rdeners everywhere ha ve co me to through Holland in the 1630's. As a result, Sarcocaulon spp. are covered with a waxy depend on a vast number o f Pelargonium spp. were or resin ous skin that ranges in color from Johnny's for hybridized, crossed and recrossed. Today, light tan-gray to brown, with reddish or seeds that there are some 5,000 to 6,000 cultivars of green undertones. This coating i actuall y produce vege tables "geraniums" from which to choose. bark consisting of densely packed cork cell s with superior Thus, it is the zonal geranium's South that are heavil y impregnated with wax, navor, ap­ African heritage that gives it such a re­ whose fun ctio n (a mong others) is to pre­ pearance and markable tolerance for heat and drought. vent transpirati on. Each yea r a new layer disease O/lr me/on seeds and olher "lI'orlll" res istance. II'eo/hu" crops fhm'(' In Northern Many gardeners would be surprised to of cork cell s is added. As the waxy layer gardens-where olhers fall, know that although Lady Washington and thickens, the pl ant develo p a hard, glassy Over 20 new vegetable varieties­ zonal geraniums are often treated as an­ shell that protects it from mo isture loss. flowers, herbs, tools and books, too. nuals, they will grow and flower for yea rs This layer is translu cent, however, and un­ if they are properly cared for, for they are derneath li es a dark green layer of cortex, Intensive testing in our trial gardens assu res yo u th at va rieties from Johnny's actua ll y perennials. In southern a reas which is rich in chlorophyll. This layer is have met our Research Department's (USDA Zone 9 southward), these plants responsible for food production, and acts exacting standards. And this year our can be grown outdoors, where they be­ as a substitute for the leaves that are absent Catalog offers over twent y exc iting new come shrublets or shrubs. during much of the yea r. vegeta bl e varieties. In all, yo u'll find seeds for over 400 Obviously, almost any gardener in this In cultivation, some spec­ Sarcocaulon vegetables, nowers and herbs-even a country would recognize a common bed­ imens produce leaves and undergo a no­ special se lection for greenhouse gardens. ding geranium, or even one of the ivy­ ticeable seasonal change, while others do . Our pages offering vigorous, ea rl y­ leaved cultivars or a showy Lady Wash­ not. Although we are accustomed to think­ blooming nower seeds include many ington. There are, however, a number of ing of leaf production as a prelude to flow­ popular annuals. (Try our Northern Li ghts wildnower mix, and enjoy a species in the geranium family that many ering, some of these pl ants may flower, colorfu l, co nstantly changing natural gardeners would not know. These are the produce fruit and set viable seed without view.) succulent species (members of both ever producing leaves. Plants that do not You can choose from quality tools, Pelargonium and the less-well-known Sar­ have leaves should not be watered. In the accessories and books. You'll also find vast amounts of helpful (some say cocaulon)-that is, those that have devel­ plant's native habitat, both dew and ocean priceless) gardening information, grow­ oped in the harsh, dry climates of South mists provide much of the water the plants ing charts, even recipes ... No matter Africa. All of them are interestin g because need to survive throughout the year. As how good you are now, you'll be a bet­ of the adaptations that enable them to sur­ the moisture condenses and seeps slowly ter gardener with our Catalog at yo ur vive in their nativ e habitats. through the mineral-rich soil, shallow sur­ fingertips. Send for yo ur FREE copy today. Members of the genus Sarcocaulon are face roots retrieve the precious droplets of native to very arid areas in South and Cen­ water. Cultivated plants should be misted FREE 96-page Seed Catalog tral Africa, where the average yearly rain­ weekly, instead of watered, to approxi­ o Send me the 1986 Johnny's fall is 2% inches, although some years it mate the moisture sources that are avail­ Selected Seeds Catalog: does not rain at all. Like other small plants able in the plants' nativ e habitat. Name ______that eke out a minimal existence under Sarcocaulon species may be grown in a Address ______harsh conditions, they are found growing windowsill, under lights, in a greenhouse in the shelter of larger shrubbery or under or outdoors (if protected from rain or pro­ Town ______Zip ____ overhanging rocks where there is some longed, heavy mist as well as cold tem­ State protection from the elements. peratures). Some species flower regularly, A Johnny's Selected Seeds Sarcocaulon species are most interesting even under fluorescent lights, if the tops ~ 100 Foss Hill Road because of their "stripped-down" appear­ of the plants are kept four inches from the Albion, Maine 04910 ance and their Spartan lifestyle, which make tubes. Long periods of dormancy (even as

American Horticu lturist 5 THE INDOOR GARDENER

long as a year) are not unusual. Be sure to producing new shoots toward the end of water only when the plants have leaves. October or November, flowering and then To avoid plant desiccation at other times, going dormant. In more spacious quarters, mist the soil surface weekly during the the plants would grow larger and spread summer, and less frequently the rest of the more. In any case, as plants age, they be­ year. Be frugal with fertilizer, but do not come more interesting in shape; they tend completely withhold it. to grow straight initially, then to meander, Tip cuttings of Sarcocaulon species root twist, branch and recurve. Although it is without too much difficulty. Fresh seed not general practice, plants can be shaped germinates quickly, and even old seed re­ with a bit of judicious clipping. Such plants tains its viability. Seed is occasionally would undoubtedly have an interesting available, but few owners are willing to bonsai-type appearance. take cuttings of their plants. It is easier and Succulent pelargoniums are easy to grow less complicated to simply buy a plant; a from seed. Germinate the seed in a sterile few suppliers have a limited number of medium, in a covered container that has them. (See "Sources" on page 40.) a drainage hole. Place the container in a There are about 14 species of Sarcocau­ spot where it will receive some bottom heat lon, all of which are succulent, rather low­ or in a sunny window; bottom heat and growing, spiny shrublets. The half-inch­ warm temperatures aid germination. Cut­ long, sharply tipped spines of S. patersonii tings also root easily. (formerly S. rigidum) earn the species the These plants can be grown in a sunny common name hellthorn. The spines, as in window, under fluorescent light, in a

other plants of this genus, are the hardened Michael Vassar greenhouse or outdoors in warm, frost­ petioles that remain after the leaf blades Pelargonium klinghardtense free areas. Succulent pelargoniums are tu­ drop. The longer the original petiole, the berous or rhizomatous plants, and they longer the spine. S. patersonii has pale gray growing tips. The highly serrated, leafy usually have a dormant period. Water plants to almost golden bark. Its fleshy stem topknots resemble the unfurling leaves of while they have leaves, but not over-gen­ branches are prostrate to semi-upright. S. carrots or parsley. The surface layer or erously. During the dormant periods, either peniculinum, on the other hand, could be bark of the stem of many of the succulent withhold water completely or water very mistaken for a tuber or a small Idaho po­ pelargoniums is covered with grayish scales sparingly. tato lying on the surface of the soil. This that help prevent water loss and act as a Since growing conditions vary widely prostrate shrublet is about 3 Vz inches tall kind of sun screen. A green, chlorophyll­ and dormancy periods seem to vary from and eight inches in diameter. Its grayish­ rich cortex lies under the outer skin layer. species to species, the best advice is to study white branches rest on the ground and often The petioles of some species, such as your plants each week. You will soon learn bear short, fleshy shoots on the upper sur­ P. vanderietiae and P. echinatum, develop to recognize when a dormant period starts faces. This odd-looking species bears lovely into sharp spines. In other species, including and when it ends. rose-pink blossoms that last for days. P. alternans and P. dasyphyllum, the short The potting medium for both succulent Gray-skinned S. multifidum bears a few stubs of dead petioles jut out from the pelargoniums and Sarcocaulon spp. must horizontal branches and flaunts wooly hairs stems and are blunt and easily broken off. contain a sufficient amount of minerals in addition to spines. S. vanderietiae (also The leaves of many of these species are and humus or peat, but should also be well listed as S. spinosum and S. burmannii) is hairy; these hairs not only serve as a sun drained. Sarcocaulon require more drain­ distinguished by its thorns, which jut out barrier by protecting the underlying skin age than do the succulent pelargoniums. at right angles from the stem. S. inerme is layer from burning, but also direct droplets Use coarse sand, pumice, granite, gravel another species that has very few branches. of water to the roots below. or whatever is locally available. Frequent When the leaves drop, the remaining The size of succulent pelargoniums var­ repotting is unnecessary, since these plants petioles are blunt instead of spiny. ies with age and cultural practice. My three­ are slow growers. Equally interesting, but less demanding year-old cutting of P. alternans resides in There are far too many succulent pel­ and easier to obtain, are the succulent spe­ a 1 %-inch plastic vial. The five-year-old argoniums to describe individually. Some cies of Pelargonium. Like the Sarcocaulon plant from which the cutting was taken species to look for include Pelargonium spp., the succulent pelargoniums are found lives in a 2 V2 -inch pot. My P. carnosum, carnosum, P. crithmifolium, P. dasycaule, growing wild in South Africa, though in which I started from seed 21/2 years ago, P. ferulaceum and P. tetragonum. Each areas where the climate is less severe. In now dwells in a 2 Vz-inch plastic container, presents an interesting appearance and has structure and growth habit, the succulent where it is slowly developing a woody cau­ its own distinctive habit. Grow one for pelargoniums more closely resemble the dex beneath a twisted green stem. My plants fun! ~ kinds of plants we are accustomed to are grown under fluorescent light. Under -Helene S. Berg growing, even though many of these plants greenhouse conditions, succulent pelar­ have underground tubers or caudex bases, goniums grow sturdier and larger. Fur­ Helene Berg is a writer and gardener whose which serve to store moisture. Most spe­ thermore, they tend to exhibit a seasonal column "The Garden Bench" has appeared cies have a thin, woody stem whose gray­ growth cycle when grown in a green­ regularly in the Scarsdale Inquirer. She is now tan exterior gives way to green at the house-growing in spring and summer, a resident of Potomac, Maryland.

6 December 1985 Giant

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COLLECTING AND PRESER VING each flower, the text explores many of the PLANTS FOR SCIENCE AND ancient traditions, uses or folklore per­ PLEASURE. taining to the plant. First published in It­ Ruth B. (Alford) MacFarlane. Arco aly, The Language of Flowers is an English Publishing, Inc. New York, New York. transla'tion, and includes discussions of such 1985. 184 pages; hardcover, $13.95; diverse plants as acacia, amaranth, cal­ softcover, $8.95. AHS member price, endula, trumpet vine, fuchsia, tulip tree, $11.15 (hardcover), $7.15 (softcover) . pomegranate, African violet and zinnia. Plants are collected and preserved for many Unfortunately, the designers of this lovely different purposes and in many different and fascinating book chose not to set off ways. For example, the botanist generally the paragraphs in the text in any way. (One prepares pressed herbarium specimens, wonders how paragraph indents or extra which have detailed labels that provide spacing between paragraphs could be collection data. Bulky specimens are often thought to spoil design.) For this reason, preserved in fluid. Artists and amateur nat­ even the briefest discussions are rather tir­ uralists also use pressed plants, but for ing to read. Despite this problem, however, other purposes. The Language of Flowers would make a Collecting and Preserving Plants for Sci­ stupendous gift to a gardening friend or ence and Pleasure is an excellent intro­ relative, or an interesting addition to al­ ductory text for individuals interested in genera. In addition to clear, concise, and most any garden library. this fascinating topic. The author not only not overly t(:chnical descriptions of spe­ covers the essentials of collecting plants, cies, the book includes chapters on early GREEN INHERITANCE. she also explains how to preserve plants literature, history, taxonomy and propa­ Anthony Huxley. Anchor Press/ in a variety of ways, including pressing in gation. Excellent color plates and many Doubleday. Garden City, New York. a plant press, preserving in fluid, air drying, line drawings serve to illustrate the text. 1985. 193 pages; hardcover, $19.95. using drying agents and preserving with Although this is a British publication, AHS member price, $14.95. glycerin. Also included is information on American gardeners with a passion for this how to skeletonize leaves and on how to group of plants will find The Pelargonium handle fungi as well as algae and other Family to be a useful addition to their OUR GREEN AND LIVING water plants, which can be difficult to pre­ library. WORLD: THE WISDOM TO SA VE serve. The chapters on labeling, mounting, IT. storage and display, and herbariums are Eduard S. Ayensu, Vernon H. Heywood, equally informative. Finally, artists and THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Greenville L. Lucas and Robert A. craftsmen will appreciate the many ideas Laura Peroni, text. Marilena Pistoia, Defilipps. Anchor PresslDoubleday. for projects using both pressed plants and illustrations. Crown Publishers. New Garden City, New York. 1985.253 three-dimensional dried ones. In short, this York, New York. 1985. 207 pages; pages; hardcover, $25.00. AHS member little book is a treasure-trove of infor­ hardcover, $40.00. AHS member price, price, $22.50. ,mation that will open a whole host of pos­ $30.00. As the two titles suggest, both of these sibilities for anyone interested in plants. Anyone well-versed in the language of books focus on the many fascinating and flowers knows that daisies symbolize pu­ surprising ways that mankind is dependent rity, freshmess and simplicity. Further­ on plants. 1m both cases, the combination THE PELARGONIUM FAMILY: THE more, a branch of ho\lly signifies strength, of lavish photographs, illustrations and in­ SPECIES OF PELARGONIUM, immortality and aggressiveness; lotus formative text provides an excellent over­ MONSONIA AND SARCOCAULON. blossoms express great admiration; petu­ view of the relationships between plants William J. Webb. Croom Helm. nias are the symbol of love that cannot be and man. London, England. 1984. 104 pages; hidden; and asters denote unpredictability. Green Inheritance begins with a descrip­ hardcover, $34.50. AHS member price, The Language of Flowers is a sump­ tion of the ways in which plants control $27.60. tuous, oversized book that contains all these the environment-from the essential role The Pelargonium Family is a book written ticlbits and more. The book includes 80 they play in the carbon dioxide cycle to for the specialist who is interested in all full-color paintings of flowers, trees and their role in controlling soil erosion. One those plants we commonly refer to as ge­ shrubs by Marilena Pistoia, all of which chapter is devoted to the many plants that raniums, as well as members of two related are lovely and accurately detailed. Each serve as staple foods throughout the world, genera, Monsonia and Sarcocaulon. The full-page painting is accompanied by an while other chapters cover the many ways author devotes the majority of the text to interesting, if brief, discussion of the plant plants influence the cuisines of the world, discussions of the individual species in these depicted. In addition to the "meaning" of including their use in or as spices, bever-

8 December 1985 ages and deli cacies . Medicinal, industri al and building, and other uses are also dis­ cussed, as are ways mankind uses pl ants for ornamental purposes. Finally, the book concludes with chapters on improvin g our plant resources and saving the world's dwindling plant heritage. Our Green and Living World begins with a "global mosaic" that briefl y examines the many different types of pl ant com­ munities found in the world. About one­ half of the book is devoted to discuss ions of these various communities, and includes a look at the plant communities and the factors that play an important rol e in their ecology (periodic fires are a characteristic of grassland habitats, for example), as well as a discussion of the major ways in which each region is being used and misused by 23£'}in !)ou~ wau~ ,}au/£I2. tod~ with a -.£iC!)/20m. aatalo'}u£ man today. The regions covered include fwtu~in'} /2a'}E aft£~ /2~E of Gwutifu! watE7. !i!iH, !o tu~, Go'} dese rts, grasslands, tropical rain forests, p!ant1, fiih, 1tatua7.!), and thE. EHWtiali f07. kEE/2in'} it all w07.kil2'} wetlar.ds, oceans and islands. The authors to'}dhn. of Our Green and Living World devote the remainder of the book to a discussion .) \10 /:loo!? {!hoO~E a fiGE7.'}!a~1 07. q x V{! pool from thE mal2!j ~iZE~ of the ways in which plants are used by man-for example, for food, weaving, ~hown in filE -.£iC!)/20n1 aatalo'}u£. spices and medicines. Of particular im ­ ..------...., portance are the uses that remain undis­ I D Please send the new Lilypons catalogue plus informative I covered or that have just recently been dis­ I newsletters with seasonal sales. Enclosed is $3.50. I covered, for these are the main reasons the I Maryland and Texas resideniS please add 18(l tax. I world's flora is so precious to man and I D Please rush my catalogue by first class mail. Enclosed is an I deserves hi s concern and care. I additional $1.50. I I D 1500 Amhort Road D 1500 Lilypons Road I I P.O. Box 10 P.O. Box 188 New Edition Available Lilypons, MD 21717-0010 Brooksltire, TX 77423-0188 II I (301) 874-5133 (713) 934-8525 I

A GARDENER TOUCHED WITH I I GENIUS: THE LIFE OF LUTHER I Name Address I BURBANK. I I Revised Edition. Peter Dreyer. I City State Zip I L ______~ University of California Press . Los Angeles, California. 1985. 239 pages; hardcover, $29.95. AHS member price, $25.60. r------During his 50-year career as a plant breeder, Book Order furm Luther Burbank introduced as many as 800 new cultivars of flowers, vegetables, fruits Collecting and Preserving Plants I would like to order books. (Please D Hardcover ...... $11.15 add $1.75 per book for postage and handling. and cereal grains. This revised edition of ARC004290 Virginia residents, also add 4% sales tax.) the definitive biography of one of Amer­ D Softcover ...... $ 7.15 Enclosed is my check for $, ____ ARC004290 ica's foremost plant breeders is a must for Mail to: Jea nne Eggeman, America n Horticultural D The Pelargonium Family ...... $27.60 anyone who is interested in Burbank and Croom043 10 Society, P.O. Box 0105, Mount Vernon, Virgini a his work. The new edition incorporates D The Language of Flowers ..... $30.00 22121. Please all ow six weeks for deli very. much previously unpublished informa­ Crown04260 D Green Inheritance ...... $14.95 Ship roo ______tion, and has been extensively revised. t~ Doubl04280 -Barbara W. Ellis D Our Green and Living St reet: ______World ...... $22.50 Smith04270 D A Gardener Touched With Ciry: ______Barbara Ellis is Editor of American Genius ...... $25.60 Horticulturist and Publications Director for UCali04320 State: ______Zip: ______the American Horticultural Society. ------~ American Horticulturist 9 SEASONABLE REMINDERS Plant Galls

lub roots. Witches-brooms. Oak apples. Root knots. Crown warts. C As the names of some of the more infamous imply, plant galls can be sinister and, frequently, downright bizarre. Some are harmful. For example, uncontrolled explosions of the Phylloxera gall that ap­ pears on grapes and of the Hessian fly stem gall found on wheat have rocked the eco­ nomic stability of nations. Other galls are amusing. Wasp-caused galls on Quercus robur, for example, resemble toadstools perched on twigs, and seem otherworldly. Our emotions are mixed on the subject; we consider galls disastrous, benign, both­ ersome, beneficial-but rarely dull.

What Are Galls? Galls are abnormal plant swellings usu­ ally caused by an organism other than the plant itself. The organism, called the gall­ former, lives part of its life in the gall and Oak apples on leaves of Quercus garryana caused by the asexual generation of the wasp, feeds on the contents of the surroundiAg Besbicus mirabilis. plaflt cells. While the gall-former feeds, it gall-former causes this diversion of nu­ extensively attacked. injects growth-inducing chemicals into the trients, which would otherwise be sent to Often, a single plant species hosts St plant's formative tissues. The chemicals other parts of the plant. The implications era I very different types of gall-formers. cause these plant cells to abandon their of this ability of gall-formers are intrigu­ Wasp, midge and fungal galls, for exam­ normal coordinated growth pattern. As a ing, and not merely of academic interest. ple, are often found on adjacent oak leaves. result, the affected cells enlarge and divide Perhaps in the not-too-distant future, care­ On the other hand, the preference of a gall­ until an abundance of reorganized tissue fully selected types of galls will be grown forming species for its host plant is fre­ envelops the gall-former. and harvested as " protein pellets" suitable quently so strict that galls may be used as Undoubtedly, different gall-formers for livestock or human consumption. A taxonomic characteristics, just as are petal control plant development in different ways. fungus gall on corn, for example, is cur­ shape or leaf venation, to identify plant Some may directly disrupt the plant's hor­ rently considered a delicacy in parts of species. monal balance, while others may alter the Mexico. Although shared by many types of or­ cells' DNA. Gall development is under the ganisms and considered one of the more gall-former's strict control; although the The Cast of Characters specialized lifestyles in nature, the gall­ plant participates by providing the raw Everything hom viruses aNd wasps to forming habit does have its drawbacks. materials and energy, the gall-former di­ mistletoe and rotifers can cause galls on Once established by the gall-former, the rects construction with a surprising degree plants. However, the most common galls cozy environment is attractive to un­ of finesse. The gall-former's efforts usually are caused by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, wanted visitors and is not as protective as result in a structure so distinctive that we mites and insects. Gall-forming insects in­ one might imagine. The term "gall com­ often use the gall to identify the gall-for­ clude beetles, wasps, moths, flies, midges, munities" is used to describe the parasites mer. In most cases, gall growth stops if the sawflies, thrips, scales and aphids. The of gall-formers, parasites of parasites, guests gall-former is removed or killed. ability to form galls has proven to be a and other invaders that set up quarters in Perhaps the single most important ad­ successful adaptation that has developed a gall. In fact, it is often difficult to rear vantage to living in a gall is the rather independently in a variety of groups. gall-forming wasps in their galls because special menu provided by the host plant. Members of almost every plant group, of parasite-caused mortality. Although galls While in the gall, many gall-formers feed from algae to woody plants, are known to can protect the gall-former from some cli­ on plant cells that are richer in protein, host some sort of gall-former. On a world­ matic factors as wdl as some general ene­ carbohydrates and fats than are most cells wide basis, however, five genera-Quer­ mies, they are not an ultimate form of in the rest of the plant. Although this en­ cus, Populus, Salix, Eucalyptus and Fi­ protection. riched diet is provided by the plant, the cus-are known to be most frequently and All plant parts--even roots and seeds-

10 December 1985 Se:d::--' Its ~rm~t for r - can harbor galls. Acorn galls, for example, the Very Finest in I Burpee~ free 1986 I have been the subject of several studies. In many parts of the world, the unusual flow­ Miniature Roses I garden catalog! I ers of edible figs are pollinated, and at the I It's packed with over 400 vegetables and I same time "galled," by a small wasp. And, 650 flowers-including new varieties I and Burpee exclusives! Plus fruits, surprisingly, there are even galls formed selection, featur­ shrubs, garden aids, and more! for on galls. yours now! I Different groups of gall-forming insects ing the very best are prevalent in different regions of the of the older and world. In North America and much of Eur­ asia, for example, stingless wasps in the the very newest family Cynipidae, as well as midges (s mall varieties. versions of mosquitoes) in the family Ce­ cidomyiidae, form an abundance of galls. In Australia, however, gall-forming scale insects (relatives of the common pests of i--D---~-~-:~--~;--;~::--~-~-;:~----- our Camellia and Euonymus) abound and are responsible for the formation of some ICatalog Today! of the world's most unusually shaped galls, many of which are found on eucalypts. In W. Allee Burpee Company Name 2306 Burpee Building India, gall-forming thrips are prevalent. Warminster, PA 18974 North American scales and thrips are often Address Name ______7rn~~~------serious pests but rarely, if ever, form galls. City (Please print) , Address ______Detrimental and Beneficial Galls -=St-a-te------~Z~iP------j City ______Several galls are agricultural headaches. State ______Zip ______for~t Miniature Roses, Inc. j Nematode galls (also known as root knots), 58 Hammond Street, Dept. AH i you ordered from Burpee in 1985, your new catalog J will be sent to you automatically in January.) Row ley, Massachusetts 01969 i ____ 0 W. Aliee Burpee Co. 1985 the most notorious of which are caused by - __ - ___ - __ - - - - ______- __ -- ____ - ______-- ___ --I members of the genus Meloidogyne, an­ L: nually cause multi-million-dollar yield losses ~ .. I~~ .. I~~III~~M~~ ... ~~M~~M~~III~~I~_ @ ~ of tomatoes, potatoes and many other crops. 'j" A Compendium of Classic Solid Female nematodes cause plant roots to swell ~ Teak English Garden Seats ~ as they feed, and the swelling causes the -: and Site Furnishings S root vascular system to be disrupted. As @'j" from ~ is the case with all galls, root knots are a drain on the plant's energies because pho­ ~ ~ tosynthates are preferentially shunted to @.. Charles Verey Country Casual .~s the galls. Fortunately, nematode-resistant 'j" 6 '6" Lutyens 8'6"' tomatoes are available. ~ ~ Other bothersome galls include club root ~ Country Casual is a DIRECT ~ of cabbage, crown wart of alfalfa, and corn 'j" IMPORTER and DIRECT SUPPLIER smut gall, all of which are caused by fungi. ~ of Lister, Charles Verey, and other ~ Crown galls, which are also harmful, are ~ fine classic English garden and ~ caused by a bacterium. 'j" leisure furniture. Prompt delivery- ~ With few exceptions, detrimental galls l. most benches are in stock. .{ are found on roots, crowns or seeds, and ~ 5' Lister Mendip ~ @ Call or write for more information §) are caused by nematodes, bacteria or fungi. 'j" 16 page catalogue $1 .00 ~ Thus, galls on leaves or stems are gen€lral'ly l· CHAIRS. BENCHES .{ of little concern to farmers. Also, farmers @ TABLES. SWINGS. PLANTERS @ are generally not troubled by galls caused ~ • For park. church, school. office or private ~ by mites and insects. An important excep­ garden tion is the Hessian fly, a midge that causes ~ • Featuring select European grade solid natural ~ S teak timber - the supreme hardwood 5 galls to form on the stems of wheat. This @ • Timeless deSigns, craftsman-built with pegged @ gall-former, which was of concern to 'j" mortise and tenon joinery for strength and .~ l. durability ~ Thomas Jefferson nearly two centuries ago, ~.' • Virtually maintenance free - without paint or is still a problem today because it causes preservatives many English benches are still in @ regular use after 70 years @ stem stunting or lodging. A related midg€l 'j" • Timber weathers to silver grey patina .~ is considered a s€lrious pest on rice in the l· 4 ' Chippendale /I ~ @ A Country Casual Country Casual - CAH Orient. In both cases, breeding for plant • ori inal design 17317 Germantown Rd .. Germantown, Md. 20874-2999 resistance to the pest has provided the best ~ g (301) 540-0040 Metro D.C. # 428-3434 ~ Continued on page 34 ~,.~~~~/Ie@1hG'<®~~(4~~~ ~,tI@)h~~G'<®~

American Horticulturist 11 an's memory fades check everything off against my with the passage of original order and notes, mark M time. Record-keeping the destination on the bags, can be helpful to preserve and arrange the bulbs by fleeting moments, watch location. I put the ones growth, learn, remind and intended for the farthest bed in remember. Keeping track of the wheelbarrow first and cart things in writing is often a them to their location. (I know necessity, but it can also be a that my planting fervor may pleasant and rewarding decrease and that I may Fun expenence. out of steam if I have to go out The usefulness of keeping to the "far-west-40" bed last.) records is obvious to many Then I finish up my bulb­ professionals, especially those planting spree by planting the who work with plants on a bulbs I enjoy most, that is, the large scale. However, the need ones nearest the house. for notes may not be so evident After planting the bulbs, I to the small-scale gardener. use the empty bags as a In gardening, record-keeping reference. I mark the final can be very useful indeed. For location of the plants or bulbs one thing, a garden cycle spans on my main map, noting the several seasons, and many a species or cultivar, quantity and new moon may appear between date of planting. I also make a planting and harvest time. note of when the bulbs Good intentions can easily fall bloomed-or didn't-on the by the wayside. same map seven months later. Walking through one's This method is helpful in many garden looking for plants about ways. For example, if blooms to emerge from the soil is of several different cultivars do always a joy. However, this not appear, I can suspect a soil activi,ty can be even more disease that otherwise might pleasurable if one takes along a have gone unnoticed. Also, if notebook. In springtime, when some bulbs were not of top all the bulbs are blooming in quality (and I had recorded profusion, I jot down such these at planting time as reminders as "Put five more "doubtful"), I feel justified in lily-white tulips on the left, two writing the supplier. (I have feet in, near the peonies," or received a satisfactory response "Spray hollyhocks with the few times I did.) If a few Maneb," or "Order more black bulbs do not produce, I can tulips for behind the white suspect a mismatch or theft by Theris." The deficiencies in the a rodent. spring garden are now As my records accumulate noticeable, and I can remedy through the years, patterns­ them in the next cycle. Thanks for example, the blooming to my notes, my bulb order for season of the different cultivars, fall is ready in the spring, and as well as their idiosyncrasies­ my planting intentions and become clearly visible. This needs are clearly written out. kind of information is helpful There is no need to wonder in when planning a garden party July why I wanted to order or a special flower three Camassia bulbs and 20 arrangement, as well as future 'King Alfred' daffodils. Nor do planting sprees. I need to wonder in October What started me on this where I had intended to plant recording habit? Years ago, my them. When the large order of mo~her, my sister or a friend little bags with bulbs arrives, I would send me bulbs from the BY MAYA MORAN

Netherlands, my pl ace of birth. as Scilla, Ornithogalum, contains all the bulb and plant I felt obliged to write down Puschkinia and Chionodoxa, orders I have received through where I had planted those which grace the edge of the the years. It lists the place of bulbs, knowing th at I would border earlier in the season. origin, and the giver of each reap the joy of my labors and Hosta leaves are also a plant or bulb, as well as the their gifts several mo nths later. marvelous coveL) When over­ supplier, quantities and species I also knew th at I would want planting, I keep track o n paper or cultivaL Even though some to send a second thank-you of what I am planting and acquisitions die off or are lost note when th e plants bloomed, where. or eaten, this record gives an mentioning th e bulbs by name. It is not always easy to stick account of the hundreds of The records helped me with the recording habit, but bulbs and plants that I have distinguish the different species neglectin g one's records can planted through the years. and cultivars. I also became result in surprises. For example, I tried several different media aware of which plants I have always dug in all the and methods for the markings multiplied and which died off bulbs I force during the winter on my map. One year I quickly. months. Throwing them Ou t recorded the flowers in their The need to record became seems sinful, especia ll y after respective colors, but I ended more obvious when my they have provided me with so up using one color for every husband, suffering from yea rl y much beauty. On occasion, pl anting year. I named all of spring fever, kept digging up with a handful of bone mea l, I the se parate flower beds, and freshly sprouted seeds, tender have put them to rest in an odd recorded them in the lower seedlings, bulbs or carefully spot, onl y to be surprised a right-hand corner of the map, tended yo ung plants that year or two later with a small just as one would on an looked like weeds to him. A version of th e original. How architectural drawin· . Then I chart helped steer him on the did it get there? I wonder. Did developed a scale. I measured right path, and eventually the a squirrel do the planting? No, the front bed by its sidewalk vegetable garden was added to I just neglected to record it. divisions ; the other beds I the flower bed la youts. I, too, When I first began to keep measured with a yardstick. had injured bulbs with summer records, I used a la rge sketch Such landmarks as "old lilac plantings, but with a spring pad as well as a large sheet of bush," "Thea's forsythia" and map in hand, I could plant the tracing paper, which I used for "Cornus mas" were also perennials and annuals, and overlays to record summer helpful in locating plantings. avoid injury to the multitude of plantings. However, the wind Start your own garden layout bulbs. Using written plans, I wreaked havoc with the fragile by purchasing a large was able to plot at leisure and paper, which I kept in place on sketchbook with heavy-weight to visualize the 85-foot-Iong top of the spring chart with paper, or pieces of poster flower bed and other beds as a heavy clips. Now the whole board, depending on the size of whole, thus preventing spotty map is laid out on large, sturdy your garden. Take time to planting, incorrect arrangement sheets of poster board that can consider long-term and large­ of plant heights, clashing colors be weighed down with heavy scale planning. Get out the or bunching. In short, my notes clips on windy days. These watercolors and work out color became invaluable to me. sheets have less of a tendency schemes. Plan the timing and Once I knew the location to blow away, and can rest on heights of the flowers that will and habits of certain species, I the top of the wheelbarrow like appear in your garden. One can found I could over-plant a desk. Aside from the maps on even buy a garden diary in the successfully. For example, I poster board, I also keep track bookstore to use instead of a learned that mums can be in a notebook, which notebook. Whatever methods planted over tulips. After the accompanies me when I go on you choose, you can increase tulips have bloomed, their an "inspection" walk. Some the joy of gardening by keeping foliage needs time to die off to notes are reminders, and are records. 0 replenish the bulbs for the valid every year: "Do not cut blooming period next spring. back mums near stone two," or The mums start growing "Cut mums in porch bed in Maya Moran is a part-time artist vigorously and eventually cover July, root them and plant," or and teacher. Her last article in American Horticulturist , "Planning the unsightly tulip leaves. "Dormant spray before May." a Low-Maintenance Garden," (Alyssum and ajuga obscure the Others are just hints, ideas or appeared in the October 1981 leaves of the small bulbs. such dreams. This book also issue.

BY JOSEPH HUDAK

e are all familiar with the green foliage of pines, hollies and priv­ ets. Their basic, natural coloring is well known. Yet the more ad­ vanced we gardeners become, the more we think about other foliage options for a change of pace in the landscape. Variations on a theme-in this case, an evergreen theme-are no less intriguing in the world of horticulture than in music, theater, literature or art; they awaken our jaded sensitivities to new possibilities. The familiar foliage of blue spruce or yellow arborvitae can provide solid color accents for gar­ dens over a wide geographic range. However, plants with variegated foliage can offer a more subtle variation in the landscape palette. Ever­ green trees and shrubs are especially useful be­ cause they add interest to the garden and can be enjoyed all year long. The dictionary defines "variegated" as "having discrete markings of different colors"; it is these muted blotches, spots, threads or edgings of dif­ fering hues that add sophisticated foliage appeal to variegated evergreens. Such gradations can be subtle, however, so these lovely plants are prob­ ably best appreciated when planted close at hand. A site next to a summer terrace, outside a picture window or along an entrance walkway would provide many opportunities to admire their fo­ liage. Variegated evergreens can also serve as fore­ ground plants. Plant them near a plain backdrop hedge of hemlock, yew or privet to highlight the contrast between plain and variegated foliages. ariegated evergreens, with their col­ orful foliages, are especially useful Vin spaces where other plants might only provide scant or seasonally brief bloom. The attractive leaves persist longer than any flowers, and can provide a full year of color in what might otherwise be a dull spot in the garden. Although mottled leaves can be eye­ catching, variegated evergreens do have their drawbacks. Generally, they cannot tolerate too much sun or wind, and they require regular watering to perform at their best. Because the white or cream portions of variegated leaves either lack or have reduced amounts of chlorophyll, the rate of photosynthesis is slowed, and the plants tend to be less vigorous than their all-green relatives. The leaves of some variegated plants have less substance, and thus tend to windburn more easily or to dry out along the leaf margins more quickly during dry spells. Although variegated evergreens need not be coddled, it is important to keep their reduced stamina in mind when selecting an appropriate site. Needle evergreens generally require am­ ple sunlight to hold their color variations well. A unique member of this group is Pinus densiflora 'Oculus-draconis', often sold as dragon's-eye pine. This slow-grow­ ing cultivar of Japanese red pine grows to 30 feet, and bears rich green needles ac­ cented with two creamy-yellow bands. Hardy from USDA Zones 5 to 9, this cul­ tivar prefers dappled sunlight, a location protected from the wind, and well-drained, average soil. Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aureo-mar­ ginata', a form of Irish yew, can be grown in Zones 7 and 8. Its leaves have gold margins and a central shaft of deep green. By late autumn, the two-toned effect fades, although some of the outer foliage retains traces of gold through the winter. This shrub is especially attractive as a specimen grown in a tub, and it also makes an ef­ fective hedge. Both Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'AI­ bovariegata' and C. lawsoniana 'Albo­ spica' are small-growing cultivars of the species commonly known as Lawson cy­ press. These arrestingly beautiful plants are PREVIOUS PAGE: Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aureo-marginata' is a cultivar of yew with useful as either rock garden specimens or two-toned leaves. ABOVE: A dazzling cultivar of garden croton, Codiaeum sp. low-growing hedges. Both are dome-shaped and have white-to-cream patches of new pacta Variegata'. This cultivar of Sawara Boston area grew slowly for three years, growth intermixed with older, green cypress exhibits creamy-yellow blotches of but is now about 15 inches tall and 15 needles. These cultivars are suitable for new growth against the deep green of the inches wide. Since most cypresses take dry gardens in Zones 6 through 9, although background foliage. Suitable for gardens conditions in stride, I had no qualms about 'Albovariegata' is less frost-resistant than in Zones 5 through 9, this shrub boasts planting this specimen in sandy soil, in a 'Albospica' if grown on an exposed site. bright variegation that fades very little location shielded from winter winds. I seem Another ball-shaped, slow-growing during the winter. (The one I have in my to have pleased it, as it is behaving well.) dwarf is Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Com- own dwarf conifer collection here in the Somewhat less hardy (Zones 6 to 9) is

16 December 1985 ~ ~e- e- :I: :I: ~ ~ 1 1Q. Q. LEFT: Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald 'N Gold' and Elaeagnus pungens 'Maculata' growing side by side. RIGHT: Little-known Pinus densiflora 'Oculu s-draconis', commonly call ed dragon's-eye pine, displays wisps of si lve ry green, variegated needles.

another Sawara cypress midget called boasts light streaks of pink and cream. It, slow-growing shrub that requires partial Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Snow'. As the name too, grows slowly and is easil y damaged shade and reaches only three feet at ma­ suggests, the plant looks like it has been by wind. Because of their three- to four­ turity. The new growth is pink-toned, and dusted with snow, an effect that is due to inch leaves and low habits of growth, both as the leaves mature they develop hand­ the uniform white tip growth contrasting shrubs can be used as bold ground covers. some, creamy-white leaf margins. If kept against a gray-green background. 'Snow' Both the wax-leaf or Japanese privet out of strong wind, this shrub can be grown needs protection from the elements, how­ (Ligustrum japonicum) and the glossy or from Zones 6 through 9. It prefers a moist, ever, and is @asily damaged by strong winds Chinese privet (L. lucidum) are popular humusy location with acid soil and good or prolonged ice cover, both of which tend broad-leaved evergreens from Zones 7 to air circulation. The flowers of P. japonica to brown the topmost growth. If grown 10, especially as screening hedges and pot­ 'Variegata' are not as pungently scented under the right conditions, however, this ted specimens. Variegated cultivars are also as those of the species, nor are they borne shrub can be an attractive addition to any appropriate for similar uses. L. japonicum as abundantly; however, the delicate trac­ garden. 'Variegatum', the only variegated Japanese ery of the margined foliage more than makes Broad-leaved evergreens are among the privet in cultivation, has leaves with creamy up for these slight drawbacks. This cultivar showiest of variegated plants. Large streaks and margins bordered in white. is an excellent plant for a shady nook. I@aves-as opposed to needles-display There are at least three cultivars of L. lu­ Pittosporum crassifolium 'Variegatum', variegated patterns quite effectively, and cidum that are of interest: 'Aureo-margi­ commonly known as variegated karo, is many broad-leaved evergreens also have natum', with leaves edged in yellow; 'Ex­ usually planted as a hedge, wind shelter attractive, glossy surfaces. Leucothoe fon­ celsum Superbum', whose leaves display or specimen plant-particularly in a tub tanesiana 'Girard's Rainbow' is a fasci­ prominent, deep yellow and cream mot­ as a special accent. A tall plant with en­ nating plant with a drooping habit and t1ings combined with rich yellow margins; ticingly fragrant flowers, P. crassifolium pink, cream and copper-red marbling on and 'Tricolor', whose narrower foliage is 'Variegatum' is hardy from Zones 8 through its leaves. Slower in growth than the spe­ pink when it emerges and turns to green 10. Its foliage is neatly margined with cies and far more susceptible to wind dam­ variegated with yellow as it matures. As creamy-white, red-toned bloom. This cul­ age, it prefers full sun to maintain its unique is the case with most privets, these cultivars tivar is indifferent to soil conditions as long color combinations. It is hardy from Zone adjust easily to a wide variety of soil and as it has enough sunlight. P. tobira 'Var­ 6 through 8. Similar but less vivid in color light conditions. iegata', variegated Japanese pittosporum, is L. fontanesiana 'Trivar', whose foliage Pieris japonica 'Variegata' is a tender, has pleasantly scented, white-to-yellowish

American Horticulturist 17 Ilex 'Silver Edge' is one of the many cultivars of variegated holly.

flowers as well as foliage that is clustered ginata' has white-edged leaves, while 'Ar­ make highly desirable indoor pot plants, at the twig ends. Like P. crassifolium 'Var­ gentea' sports foliage that is either varie­ since they grow slowly and can be kept iegatum', it prefers full sun; however, it gated with white or completely gray-toned. small. matures at less than half the height-six 'Argenteo-variegata' is a slow-growing Elaeagnus pungens, thorny elaeagnus, is to 12 feet. cultivar with leaves mottled in white. 'Au­ deservedly popular for its vigorous, dense Almost all of the cultivars of Aucuba reo-variegata' is a large shrub whose fo­ habit and captivating flower scent. Hardy japonica are distinguished by heavy yellow liage is splashed, striped or streaked in from Zones 7 to 9, it can be heavily pruned or silver dotting over large, broad leaves. creamy-yellow. 'Elegantissima' is consid­ to serve as a screen, barrier or hedge. It This vigorous shrub, which is suitable for ered the most striking silver-leaved box can also be successfully trained as an es­ gardens in Zones 8 and 9, readily adapts because of its irregular, cream-white leaf palier. E. pungens is vi rtually immune to to adverse conditions and neglect. Not only margins. 'Marginata' presents a large, erect drought, and prefers full sun and average, can it take drought, smog and diminished silhouette and puckered, misshapen foli­ well-drained soil. Its several variegated light in stride, it can also tolerate full shade. age that is randomly splotched and mar­ cultivars have the same cultural require­ The most dependable and popular of the gined in yellow. 'Variegata' produces either ments and offer striking foliage contrasts: variegated cultivars is A. japonica 'Var­ white- or yellow-variegated leaves. 'Aurea', with leaves edged in ye llow; iegata', which was introduced from Japan The brilliant foliage of Codiaeum var­ 'Fredrici', whose narrower foliage shows in 1783. Its deep green, serrated leaves are iegatum, garden croton, can only be de­ pale yellow centers; the popular 'Macu­ brightly speckled all over with yellow dots. scribed as dazzling. Hardy in Zones 9 and lata', which produces leaves with large, A compact grower (to about 10 feet), it 10, this easy-to-grow tropical shrub tol­ bright golden-yellow centers; 'Marginata', can be heavily pruned and used as a hedge erates both sun and partial shade. More whose leaves develop silvery margins; and or topiary accent. than 100 named cultivars are available from 'Variegata', which contributes a lush, vig­ Although rarely sold by American nurs­ nurseries and catalogues. Marvelously di­ orous habit along with foliage edged with eries, the variegated cultivars of Buxus verse in leaf outline, they come in shades thin, creamy-yellow lines. sempervirens, common box, are often seen of yellow, green and red, with secondary The evergreen species of Euonymus also abroad. Suitable for sunny to partially accents-streaks, blotches, lines and have variegated kin. Probably the oldest shaded spots in Zones 6 to 9, they can speckles-in orange, pink, ivory, brown known cultivar is E. fortunei 'Carrierei', provide subtle excitement when used as and gold. All of these plants benefit from a non-climbing form with glossy, two-inch hedges, specimen plants or topiary extrav­ fertilizing three times yearly, and any will foliage and occasional shoots that have aganzas. There is a wide range of cultivars grow in seaside locations if protected from conspicuous, creamy variegations. Today, to choose from. For example, 'Albo-mar- salt water spray. In colder climes, crotons the Emerald Strain cultivars are common.

18 December 1985 Vigorous Aucuba japonica 'Sulphurea' thrives even under the worst of conditions.

'Emerald Gaiety' is a green and white cul­ 10 feet, a useful height for trimmed hedges and southwestern United States. The col­ tivar developed decades ago by an Ipswich, and tub-grown specimens. If pruned co n­ lection of variegated cultivars of I. aqui­ Massachusetts nursery. It is hardy from sistently, th ey can also be shaped into small folium is particularly large and includes Zones 5 to 9, and will grow in full sun or trees. many variations. 'Argenteo-marginata', for partial shade. Its foliage has a pinkish cast There are many variegated cultivars of example, has leaves with silvery edges, while during winter dormancy in cold areas. Also E. japonica: 'Albomarginata', a slow­ 'Argenteo-marginata Pendula' produces popular is the sun-loving 'Emerald 'N Gold ', growing cultivar with narrow, white­ foliage with bold, creamy-white margins, a fascinating yellow- to chartreuse-toned banded leaves; 'Argenteo-variegata', which and has weeping twigs. 'Aurea Regina' dis­ cultivar that turns pink, red, gold and deep sports foliage margined and streaked in plays deep gold stripes on its leaves. The green during dormancy. Both cultivars can white; 'Aureo-marginata', a slow-growing foliage of 'Ferox Argentea' has silver-white be trained as upright, three- to four-foot cultivar whose leaves are leathery and edged spines and edges. 'Muricata' produces leaves shrubs that are useful as colorful speci­ in gold; the very popula r 'Aureo-varie­ that are heavily streaked with greenish­ mens or hedges. Ground cover forms are gata', with large blotches of deep yellow yellow or silver-gray. equally as prevalent in the marketplace. I on its leaves; 'Mediopicta', which has large, The variegated evergreens from which have found that plants with nearly round central yellow streaks; 'Microphylla Pul­ we can choose are many and varied, as this leaves usually grow to become erect shrubs; chella', a densely compact cultivar, with brief list suggests. Adventuresome garden­ those plants with narrow, lanceolate fo­ one-inch leaves mottled in gold, that is ers could spend a lifetime experimenting liage tend to creep. suitable for edging; and 'Viridi-variegata', with these plants and the ways in which The more tender Euonymus japonica, which produces large, bright green foliage they can be used in the garden. The fas­ Japanese spindle tree, is popular in the striped in both yellow and pale green. The cinating patterns of variegated ever­ southern United States (Zones 7 to 10) for cut branches of many of these cultivars are greens-especially combined and con­ its tolerance of heat and varying light­ also striking as indoor decorations. trasted with the many shapes, sizes, shades from full sun to full shade. The variegated Ilex aquifolium, English holly, is prob­ and textures of green-leaved plants-can cultivars are just as accommodating; they ably the most variable of all the hollies. It provide a wealth of diversity in any garden. are tolerant of drought, cool temperatures, is consistently admired for its glossy foli­ o salt spray, and both acid and alkaline soils . age, ease of maintenance and tolerance of Because mildew is a common problem, they shearing. Hardy in Zones 7 through 9, this Joseph Hudak is a landscape architect living in Massachusetts. He is the author of several should not be planted in spots where there species develops its most compact growth books, including Shrubs in the Landscape, is little air circulation. Once established, in full sun. It does not, however, tolerate Trees for Every Purpose and Gardening With these slow-growing shrubs mature at about the dry conditions of the lower midwestern Perennials Month by Month.

American Horticulturist 19

Aristocrats for Bouquets

BY RICHARD M. ADAMS, II AND DONALD CLAYTON

rchids-members of the most ev­ and are thriving in the greenhouses at Mt. he crossed the two species, a seedpod rip­ olutionarilyadvanced plant fam­ Cuba. ened. Two years later, the first of the prog­ O ily, the Orchidaceae-sometimes The various cultivars-derived from the eny bloomed. seem like snobs. They are seldom seen with white-flowered Calanthe vestita, the red­ Upon first seeing the hybrid flowers, Dr. other flowers in bouquets or arrange­ flowered C. rasea and the hybrid of these John Lindley, the great orchidologist, ex­ ments. You might see a Cattleya or Cym­ two species, C. x veitchii-bloom from claimed, " You'll drive the botanists mad!" bidium in a corsage by itself (or with others December through February, in colors He knew that it would be difficult for an of its kind), or a moth orchid (Phalaen­ ranging from pure white to deep pink. They unsuspecting botanist to identify a plant apsis) gracing an Oriental arrangement in provide cheery flowers for arrangements with characteristics intermediate between which it is the only flower. Most orchid for the Mt. Cuba mansion during most of those of the parent species. Actually, bot­ flowers, thougl'l, are really too distinctive the winter. Sometimes the resident florist anists had already begun to realize that to mix easily with commoner flowers. mixes them with other flowers ; at other hybrids can occur in nature, and that ar­ One group of orchids that mingles easily times, she arranges several dozen Calanthe tificial hybridization could help determine and is even suitable for bouquets is the spikes by themselves in a big silver bowl. how closely related two species or genera deciduous species of Calanthe, a subtrop­ The horticulturists at Mt. Cuba consis­ might be. ical or tropical Asian genus of some 120 tently produce such superb floral displays John Dominy went on to produce 25 species and several named hybrid cultivars. of Calanthe that they have won several other orchid hybrids. By the time he retired Calanthe spp. bear long racemes of petite, ribbons at the Philadelphia Flower Show. from the Veitch Nursery 24 years later, he one- to two-inch flowers, which are white Although specimens of Calanthe are rare had achieved fame for his work and or cream with pink centers or rosy-pink. in orchid collections today, calanthes were launched the field of orchid breeding. The attractive stalks of flowers look both the first orchids to be hybridized success­ festive and formal, and provide just the fully. In 1852, John Dominy, manager of Culture right touch for social affairs or dainty cor­ the famous Veitch Royal Exotic Nursery The deciduous hybrids and cultivars of sages. in Chelsea, England, crossed Calanthe tri­ Calanthe, such as the ones grown at Mt. Calanthe flowers once attracted the at­ plicata (formerly C. (urcata) with C. mas­ Cuba, are adapted to the monsoon climate tention of many wealthy and horticultur­ uca. The creation of this hybrid was sig­ of Southeast Asia, which is characterized ally sophisticated residents of the Dela­ nificant because it was the first time a by summer rains and winter drought. Leaves ware Valley, including Henry Francis horticulturist had ever figured out the un­ sprout at the beginning of the rainy season, duPont, whose former estate is now Win­ usual sexual structure of the orchid flower when water is plentiful. They grow long terthur Museum and Gardens near Phil­ and applied this knowledge to hybridiza­ and luxuriant, producing food that will be adelphia. At one time, Mr. duPont's green­ tion. Although breeders in Dominy's time stored in the new pseudobulbs and made houses probably contained several hundred knew that hybrids could be made by plac­ available for winter's flowers. Then, be­ Calanthe plants, all of which supplied cut ing pollen from one flower on the stigma fore the dry season, the leaves begin to turn flowers for floral displays in the 200-room of another, they had difficulty recognizing yellow. Later, they wither and fall off, mansion. After H. F. duPont died in 1969, these structures in orchids, since the an­ thereby allowing the plant to conserve water many of his Calanthe plants were trans­ thers and pistil are highly reduced and are during the winter dry season. = ferred to a relative's estate known as Mt. united in a single organ called the column. During the active summer growth pe­ Cuba. Today, about 240 plants of six cul­ With the help of his friend Dr. John Harris, riod, the plants need abundant light, water tivars remain from the original collection who had studied botany in medical school and fertilizer. Bright but diffuse light (about 3,000 foot-candles' worth; direct summer LEFT: Spectacular Calanthe arrangement and knew the anatomy of the orchid col­ with 'Revertan', 'Baron Schroeder' and umn, Dominy located the pollen and stig­ sun is about 10,000 foot-candles) is ideal. 'William Murray'. matic surface in Calanthe. The year after Calanthe orchids will generally receive the

American Horticulturist 21 Calanthe Care Calendar

Plant Growth Stages Seasonal Care

JANUARY

Begin two-month dormant period. FEBRUARY Do not water. Place pots on sides ___ _ ---under greenhouse benches to keep out water. Blooming ends in the latest-flowering MARCH cultivars. Repot near end of dormant period. _-_____"=------_ Place one pseudobulb per five- or six­ inch pot for maximum spike size, or APRIL plant several pseudobulbs per pot for a fuller specimen. Incorporate slow­ ------release fertilizer into potting medium. MAY New growth begins. Shade plants slightly for three weeks, ----'----~=----- until new growth adjusts to bright light. Active growth period. JUNE

Keep soil continually moist, but not JULY soggy. Feed plants weekly with __~ =-----___ chemical fertilizers, fish emulsion and liquid seaweed. Foliage begins to yellow. AUGUST

Foliage withers and falls off. SEPTEMBER To induce the formation of flower spikes, let the soil dry out after the ------leaves have fallen off. Flower spikes appear. OCTOBER Keep the soil moist as the flowers develop. ------NOVEMBER Flowers begin to open in the earliest------flowering cultivars. During and after flowering, reduce DECEMBER watering to allow the soil to dry out __~ ____ almost completely. ~------~~------~~ 22 December 1985 proper amount of light in an unshaded After dormancy (around the beginning fiber glass greenhouse or in a glass green­ of May), new leaves sprout from the pseu­ house lightly shaded with saran cloth. dobulbs. Leave the plants under the green­ The large, thin leaves transpire consid­ house benches for about three weeks, or erable amounts of water, so soil should be until the new growth adapts to the bright, kept continually moist but not soggy. Plants diffuse li ght that is necessary to encourage at Mt. Cuba are watered as often as every next year's flowers. other day if necessary. Calanthes are terrestrial orchids that grow A continuous supply of fertilizer nu­ in well-drained sites; their growing me­ trients encourages growth and helps the dium must be both well-drained and mois­ plants produce spectacular flowers. Add a ture retentive. As ground-dwelling or­ slow-release fertilizer to the medium when chids, calanthes receive more moisture than repotting, then supplement this applica­ do some of their epiphytic relatives, which tion during the active growth period with grow on tree branches and dry out soon a balanced liquid fertilizer, fish emulsion TOP: Calanthe x veitch ii, a hybrid of C. ves­ after rain. Epiphytic speoies require loose and liquid seaweed. tita and C. rosea. ABOVE: Potted Calanthe potting media such as fir bark or osmunda After the leaves fall off, reduce watering orchids from Mt. Cuba. fiber, while most Calanthe species are found to initiate flower spikes. Once the spikes growing in well-drained leaf mold, in sandy have formed, resume regular watering, The deciduous calanthes must be re­ or rocky soil, or on rock outcroppings where perhaps twice weekly. As the spikes de­ potted every year for best flowering. Some­ drainage is good. velop, the plant consumes more water; time during the dormant period-in March A mixture of one-third soil, one-third watering every other day may again be or April-remove the plant from its pot peat moss or compost, and one-third per­ necessary. and separate the pseudo bulbs. Old pseu­ lite will both retain moisture and drain Depending upon the cultivar, plants dobulbs will sprout new growth from dor­ quickly. Add slow-release fertilizer and trace bloom between Thanksgiving and late mant buds, while younger ones will flower elements according to manufacturers' in­ February. The flowers will last up to four the next fall. If you intend to use the or­ structions for convenient feeding. 0 weeks on the plant, or up to two weeks if chids as cut flowers, plant one pseudobulb cut for a bouquet. After flowering, the na­ per five- or six-inch pot for maximum spike Richard M. Adams, II is a former curator of ked, leafless pseudobulbs go dormant for size. Planting several pseudobulbs to a pot the University of California, Riverside, a couple of months. At Mt. Cuba, the pots will produce a fuller-looking potted spec­ Botanic Gardens. He is a frequent contributor are placed under the greenhouse benches of American Horticulturist. Donald Clayton imen. After repotting, place the pots under was formerly the Calanthe grower at Mt. and turned on their sides to keep the plants greenhouse benches until the dormant pe­ Cuba. He has won many awards at the dry during this dormant period. riod is over. Philadelphia Flower Show for his work.

American Horticulturist 23 lohn Bartram . & His Garden

BY MARCIA BONTA

"I do believe I can challenge aI:J.Y gar­ den in America for variety," Quaker botanist John Bartram wrote to his fri~nd and patron, Peter Collinson, in Eng­ land. This garden, which he started along the Schuylkill River near Philad~lphia, was the first botanical garden in America. In it, Bartram grew as many species of native American plalilts as h~ could collect. By the mid-eighteenth century, it was justly fa­ mous not only for its variety of native spe­ cies but also for the hybridization exper­ iments he carried out there in his spare time. John Bartram was primarily a prosper­ ous, self-educated farmer with a wife and nine children to support. Only after the farm work was done did he have time to collect plants and work in his botanical garden. Because h~ was sensitive about his . ~ lack of formal education, he never pub­ G lished scholarly articles about his work with ] plants. He did, however, keep journals of ! his botanical collecting trips, and, like most 03 literate people in the eighteenth century, ..2 he left a rich legacy of correspondence . ••iiiliiiiiJiiii :- His botanical wanderings took him as ~ far north as Lake Ontario, west to Pins­ ~ burgh and the Ohio River, and south into ~ Florida, Georgia and South Carolina in U search of plants for his own garden as well ABOVE: A banner hanging above the stable as the gardens of his powerful patrons in door welcomes visitors to America's first Europe. In time, his patrons included Sir botanic garden. RIGHT: Goldenrod, phlox, marigolds and a host of other plants decorate Hans Sloane, whose collections fmmed the the lawn on the river side of the historic nucleus of the British Museum; Philip Bartram house. The unique stone facade was Miller, curator of the Chelsea Physic Gar­ designed and built by John Bartram. den; Queen Ulrica of Sweden; and Peter Kalm, the Swedish plant expl0rer whose Travels into North America includes a charming account of his visit to Bartram's Garden. Collec~ing, preserving and shipping plants abroad was no easy task in Bartram's time. Bartram traveled by hQrseback and, be­ cause of the French and Indian Wars, found the Saud'! safer to explore than the W~st.

24 December 1985 Ameri.can HorticulturISt. 25 He took the advice of "Friend Collinson," He quickly found he had more patrons Altogether, John Bartram has been cred­ and used the bladders of oxen and cows than plants, and so he experimented with ited with introducing over 200 American to store his plants as he went along. Col­ ways to propagate the plants he collected. plants to the gardens of Europe ~ including linson's explicit instructions were to " cut Often, he grew the plants in large wooden cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acumi­ off the neck [of the bladderJ high and when boxes for several years before sending them nata), white cedar (Chamaecyparis the plant is found take it up with a little abroad. But no matter how many he sent, thyoides), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), witch earth to the roots. Put this into the bladder his patrons' appetites for new American hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) and hack­ to cover the roots then tie up the neck of plants were insatiable. Collinson was par­ berry (Celtis oCGidentalis). His most fa­ the bladder close round the stalk of the ticularly fond of Rhododendron maxi­ mous discovery, though, is Franklinia ala­ plant leaving the leaves and flowers with­ mum ("for all plants it is my favorite .... tamaha, named for his close friend, Ben out." In this way, an amazing variety of One can never have too many") and Franklin. He and his SOia William (who plants made their way safely back to Phil­ mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), which later became even more famous than his adelphia, where Bartram packed them up Collinson called "certainly one of the fin­ father as an explorer, botanist and artist) in his seed house to send to Europe. est evergreen shrubs." discovered the rare plant OIa a trip to the South in 1765, shortly after John was ap­ pointed the King's Botanist. With the 50 pounds John had received as his first year's salary, he and William had traveled to Charleston, South Caro­ lina and set ott on horseback through Georgia and East Florida. It was along the Altamaha River in Georgia that father and son first noticed the attractive tree with its pure-white, camellia-like flowers. Appar­ ently, they only noted the location of the trees on that trip-"two or three acres of ground where it grows plentifully." How­ ever, on a later trip, William was able to find the grove again and collect either seeds or cuttings, which were subsequently propagated in Bartram's Garden. Other botanical explorers also found the spot, until 1803, when the tree vanished from the wild. Only the Bartrams' propagation efforts had saved Franklinia from extinc­ tion. Today, this lovely tree graces many gardens in both Europe and North America. John Bartram was 66 years old when he discovered Franklinia, but he continued to collect, experiment and supply his patrons with plants until the outbreak of the Rev­ olutionary War. Divided by loyalties to English friends and American patriots, he spent his last months agonizing over the fate of his garden after the English won the Battle of the Brandywine and began moving toward Philadelphia and his be­ loved garden. He died before learning its fate, but he need not have worried. Al­ though British soldiers camped on the property, General Howe made certain that no damage was done to it. John Bartram, Jr., who had inherited the house, garden and botanical business from his father, went .2." rig1n on with his father's work. William, 3i who remained a bachelor, returned from ~ his five-year exploration of the South, and i lived at Bartram's Garden with his brother, ABOVE: A fig tree grows in front of a John, Jr., and his family. It was at the window on the river side of the house. Above Garden where William wrote and illus­ it, the Quaker botanist carved 'Tis God trated his highly acclaimed Travels Through alone, Almighty Lord, the Holy One by me Ador'd-John Bartram 1770. RIGHT: John North and South Carolina, Georgia, East Bartram is perhaps best known for his and West Florida etc., which made him a discovery of Franklinia alatamaha. celebrity of sorts in England and America.

26 December 1985 American Horticulturist 27 But this gen tle botanist-who made Bar­ what had become southwestern Philadel­ Petersburg. As a poor boy growing up in tram's Garden a peaceful refuge for visi­ phia. Bartram's unique seventeenth-cen­ Philadelphia, Eastwick had made a pil­ tors like Thomas Jefferson, Alexander tury Swedish stone farmhouse, his seed grimage to see Bartram's Garden a nd had Hamilton and George Washington-was house and the barn his son John, Jr. had thought it an earthly "paradise." Later, content to spend the res t of his life at home. built in 1775 also remained intact over the after he returned to Philadelphia a wealthy Dr. Alexander Garden once described years. When John, Jr. died, the house and man, he learned that the "paradise" was Bartram's Garden as "a perfect portrai­ grounds were willed to his childless daugh­ for sale, and promptly purchased it. His ture" ofJohn Bartram himself. "Here," he ter, Ann, and her husband, Edwin Carr. head gardener, Thomas Meehan, took so­ said, "you meet with a row of rare plants They, in turn, sold the property to Mr. licitous care of the garden. In 1853, Mee­ almost covered over with weeds, here with Andrew Eastwick, a successful business­ han even published a Handbook of Or­ a Beautiful Shrub even LlJIxuriant amongst man who had invented the equalizing beam namental Trees in which he described the Briars, and in another corner an Elegant for the locomotive, and spent the 1840's trees in Bartram's Garden. and Lofty tree lost in a common thicket." in Russia building the rolling stock for the By the time l1.astwick died in 1891, Mee­ And so it remained for over 200 years in Russian railroad from Moscow to St. han was an important Philadelphia flurs­ erymafl aRd politician, and a member of the City Council. He was also considered the "Father of Philadelphia City Parks," since he had persuaded the city to preserve green places just when Philadelphia began swallowing up its rural enviFons. With his help and foresight, the Bartram property became both a historical site and a city park. Two years later, John Bartram's de­ scendants formed an association to work closely with the city to preserve the site. c After the turn of the century, the John Bartram Association incorporated, and the ·. ~0 ~ site was placed under the jurisdiction of <~ the Fairmount Park Commission. Since :;; then, the city has owned the property, the ~ park has maintained it, and the association :2, has operated it. This has proved to be a ~ happy arrangement-"an excellent ex­ ~ ample of public and private organizations ~ working together," according to the pres­ .,.,.. __~ _--. <3 ent director, D. Roger Mower, Jr. The historic house was completely ren­ ovated in rhe late 1970's, after having been almost "forgotten," and Bartram's de­ scendants have returned many of the orig­ inal furnishings. To restore the home to its former austere beauty, the walls and woodwork have been painted to resemble the original colors, which researchers de­ termined by paint analysis. The bare, dark, wide-planked, wooden floors and fine ma­ hogany and walnut furniture present a stark contrast to the white ceilings, walls and linens. Bartram's study-with its pot­ pourri of old botanical books, birds' nests, seed pods ancl wild bird feathers-is es­ pecially attractive, and still commands a view of the garden and the Schuylkill River beyond. The large kitchen with its walk­ in fireplace was added to the house by 5 Bartram in 1731 ; today, it is often the ~ setting for afternoon tea during the colder i:5 months of the year. An attractive plant ABOVE: Bartram's Garden has a va~ i ety of room, added to the house by Ann Bartram programs for visiting schoolchildren that Carr iR 1820, is now a museum gift shop. teach about botany and colonial life. BELOW: A cider press, located on the banks An outstanding architeotural feature of of the Schuylkill, is one example of the ar­ the house's exterior is the unique stone chaeological treasures at the garden. facade, which faces the river toward the

28 December 1985 The seed house at Bartram's Garden. east and was designed and built by John tram did not collect. Instead, he found this tain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), cucumber Bartram when he extended the house by naturally occurring hybrid of red oak and magnolia (Magnolia acuminata) and hack­ the depth of one room. Below the second­ willow oak growing on his farm . berry (Celtis occidentalis) are prominently story window, the Quaker botanist af­ Many descendants of the trees and shrubs labeled in the garden. The focal point for firmed his faith by carving, 'Tis God alone, planted by Bartram still grow along the most horticulturally inclined visitors, Almighty Lord, the Holy One by me paths. The yellowwood (Cladrastis luteal, though, is the rare Franklinia tree, which Ador'd-John Bartram 1770. mentioned in garden accounts of the 1850's, flowers from August until frost. Its seed The Common Flower Garden below the is probably the oldest tree on the grounds. capsules, striped bark and bright red au­ house is filled with a colorful array of herbs Like most wild trees and shrubs, it does tumn foliage make it an attractive plant and flowers, and looks much like a kitchen not bloom every year. However, when it the rest of the year as well. garden of colonial times. Two tree-lined does bloom in late spring, its fragrant, white, Bartram's Garden continues to evolve paths lead down to the river, where the sweet-pea-Iike blossoms are a magnificent as plans to restore the historic botanic gar­ remains of the cider mill, hand-hewn from sight. Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri), den proceed. A master plan for the site, rock by John Bartram, are still evident. discovered by William Bartram in 1775 based on research about the historical bo­ Despite the presence of oil refineries and while he was exploring the area around tanical garden and Bartram's correspon­ factories on the far side of the river, the what is now the Great Smoky Mountains dence, has been developed. There will also Schuylkill attracts a wide range of water National Park, also has lovely flowers, but be garden exhibits designed to demon­ birds, especially during migratioN. The its large "ears" at the base of each leaf strate the work the Bartrams conducted. Garden's full-time naturalist, Peter Kurtz, (it is also called ear-leaved umbrella tree) But Bartram's Garden will always be, as also recently discovered a stand of seaside and its bright red fruits are its showiest George Washington once commented, goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens) grow­ features. "stored with many curious plants, shrubs ing along the riverbank. Although it is a Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), an­ and trees and many of which are exotic"­ common species along the Atlantic sea­ other native of the South, was collected in a wonderful place to learn about the hor­ shore, it is listed as a species of special Delaware by John Bartram in 1735. A ticultural and botanical history of North concern in Pennsylvania by the Pennsyl­ specimen growing in the garden reached a America. 0 vania Rare Plant Committee. height of 160 feet before dying in 1900. A fine specimen of Bartram oak, Quer­ Today, a younger cypress has taken its Marcia Bonta, a weekly columnist for the cus x heterophylla, still thrives on the lawn place in Bartram's Garden. In addition, Altoona Mirror, has written for the near the entrance to the nouse. Ironically, pawpaw (Asimina triloba), northern prickly Conservationist, Bird Watcher's Digest and the Bartram oak is one tree that John Bar- ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), moun- Pennsylvania Heritage.

American Horticulturist 29 The oldest horticultural business in Connecticut under continuous operation by one family

BY PETER LOEWER

arly in 1980 I wrote an article for Woman's Day entitled "And Now for Something Different: Showy Houseplants." The piece was for the Sep­ tember issue, which was scheduled to ap­ pear on newsstands in late July and had to be written and edited by early May. Late that May, the Art Department de­ cided that the 10 plants mentioned in the article should be photographed in full bloom in a real indoor garden. I was asked to drive to New York City with all the nec­ essary plants, on the assumption that I had them all at home. In fact, my collection varied according to available space, and I could supply only a cymbidium orchid (Cymbidium sp.), a black bamboo (Phyl­ lostachys nigra), a wax plant (Hoya car­ nosa) and a ti tree (Cordyline australis). (My orchid cactus had just dropped its last flower, and the passionflower had spider mites.) They asked me where they could get the other six plants. I thought for just a moment, then replied, "Try Logee's Greenhouses in Danielson, Connecticut." They left Manhattan the next day in a sleek station wagon, drove to Connecticut and arrived back that night with a four­ foot-high flowering maple (Abutilon sp.), a Kaffir lily (Clivia miniata), a formidable orchid cactus (Epiphyllum sp. ), a huge clump of star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), a lush lipstick plant (Aes­ chynanthus pulcher) and a healthy pas­ sionflower-all covered with flowers. The

30 December 1985 history of the business. " My fath er, William D. Logee, wanted to be a florist right from the start. He vi­ sualized having a half-acre of roses on this spot. He served an apprenticeship at th e J. J. Montgomery Rose Conservatory in Boston. In 1892 he started work in the first greenhouse, a wooden structure that was built by my step-grandfather when this was all a homestead. And my brother, Ernest Kimble Logee, worked right along­ side of Father. " We passed through another door into a small er wooden greenhouse. " It froze that winter," Mrs. Martin continued, " but he . ~ persevered. These sash bars are the orig­ ::; inals, made of cy press. Here is our Pon­ ~ derosa lemon tree (Citrus limon ' Ponder­ f- osa') that we've had 80 years." It was 20 LEIT ABOVE: Passiflora vitifolia growing at Logee's. LEIT BELOW: Mrs. Logee guiding a years old when it arrived. The tree stretched visitor through her famil y's greenhouse. ABOVE LEIT: The tremendous trumpets of Brugman­ up to the eaves and was hung with lemons sia floreplena. ABOVE RIGHT: A giant staghorn fern, Platycerium bifurcatum, contributes to the fern house "jungle" at Logee's. th e size of grapefruits. She walked ahead and opened another following day, the plants were phoro­ Jekyll ') predominated-and toward the rear door into a larger greenhouse that stretched graphed in the elegant setting of a Man­ yo u could just see the sparkl e of th e myri ad ahead some 100 feet and was a blaze of hattan townhouse; the coll ecti on of pl ants panes of glass that make up the seven color shimmering in the warm air. from Logee's had literall y saved th e day. working greenhouses. "The business really began in 1894, and The clivia presented the onl y problem;. it Inside the building was a large room lit that one greenhouse led to five more, plus started to drop its flowers shortl y after it from the ceiling with old-fashioned por­ one pithouse and the new solar model that's was unloaded. We carefully found each celain sockets, each holding one bare light under construction in the back of our seven fallen bloom, and with toothpicks, epoxy bulb. On the wooden walls were old maps acres. and the patience of Job, glued th em back of Da niel son, newspaper clippings, a n "There's color in the first persi mmons, into place. That particular plant looked so empty wrought-iron string holder and some so it must be about September 17," she good it made the cover. prize ribbons (including a pink one from said as we stopped to look at the flowers I have often ordered pl ants from Logee's the American Begonia Society and a red that surrounded us. over the past 10 yea rs. Whenever I ge t an one for an entry in " Begoni as at the Big The giant trumpets of an orange-colored itch to try something new, I'll pick up thei r Apple" in 1979). Bunches of dried herbs angel's-trumpet (Brugmansia x insignis) catalogue a nd choose something like hung from the ceiling. Crates of clay pots hung overhead, gently swaying in the warm honeybells (Hermannia verticillata), which sat in one corner. Tables--each piled high air. Nearby, a passionflower (Passi(lora bears masses of honey-sweet flowers; a with boxes, papers, paper cups and trays yitifolia) laden with brilliant red flowers parachute plant (Ceropegia sandersonii), of plants ready for shipment-filled most saturated the already heavy air with a sweet a succulent climber boasting truly strange of the floor. There was nothing fancy here; perfume. Not to be outdone by this dis­ blooms; or the first specimen of lemon­ no '80's chrome or pl asti c marred this work play, a large pot of chenille plant (Aca­ grass (Cymbopogon citratus) that I ever place. lypha hispida) waved its long, textured, owned. Two women were busy wrapping plants; reddish fingers toward the dampened floor. Last fall my wife and I decided to drive one came over to introduce herself as Tovah At the far end of the greenhouse a pel­ over to Logee's, the oldest horticultural Martin. She directs all the shipping and is ican flower (Aristolochia grandi(lora), the business in Connecticut under continuous one of the guiding lights at Logee's. In Caribbean cousin of our familiar Dutch­ operation by one family. We drove up the addition, she is a garden writer and ma n 's-pipe, twined about an invisible Connecticut Turnpike, and just before New photographer. support. London, took the left fork (the right leads Introductions were made in the midst of Along the aisle, and occupying every to the beaches of Rhode Island), arriving a rustle of paper, although Tovah said they space in between, grew a bewildering va­ in Danielson at about 11 :30 a.m. weren't too busy that day. During the spring riety of tropical plants that created a ka­ Passing the local high school, then a small rush of orders, however, Logee's packs and leidoscope of color. A Chinese hibiscus shopping plaza, we turned left on Me­ ships from 200 to 300 packages a week, cultivar with jarring pink flowers (Hibis­ chanic Street, turned right on North Street and each order averages about 12 plants. cus rosa-sinensis 'Double Pink') fought for and pulled up on a semi-circular gravel There were still plants to pack, so Tovah breathing space with the yellow flowers of drive at number 55, in front of the main introduced us to Mrs. Joy Logee Martin, the allamanda vine (Allamanda cathartica office at Logee's. a charming lady dressed in a light lavender 'Williamsii'), while a blue trumpet vine The building was small, made of wood, sweater, and a small straw hat to shade (Thunbergia grandiflora) glowed in the and old. The front was shaded by tall trees. her eyes from the glare. Mrs. Martin di­ shade of a giant bush of fairy rose (Rosa On the left side was a bed of blooming rected us to a small door with steps leading chinensis 'Minima'). Occasionally, a heav­ annuals-mallows (Lavatera trimestris) and down to an aisle running through a jungle ily laden bee would fly by looking for a love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena 'Miss of green. As we walked, she gave us a short way out of paradise.

American Horticulturist 31 Highest quality LOGEE'S GREENHOUSES Cold Frame At this point, Tovah rejoined us and crete, with pipes, recessed fans and wires System introduced us to Mrs. Martin's son, Byron, everywhere. The light from the two-o'clock who continues in the family tradition as sun was intense. the manager of .Logee's. He stopped to "There are 170 tons of rock from the examine the yellow flowers of a new epi­ Connecticut River in the bottom," said By­ phytic rhododendron, Rhododendron 10- ron. "The rock is just the perfect size for chae, which belongs to the Vireya section retaining the day's heat, and with the help of the genus. of fans, the heat can be recycled at night." "This plant promises to be one of the We walked toward the fern house, where Pick lettuce and spinach 6 weeks later this Fall . new stars on the plant horizon, especially giant staghorn ferns (Platycerium bifur­ 6 weeks earlier next Spring . Start perennials now as a house plant," he said . "They were very catum) shared space with the lush growth from seed and grow them right on into December. Raise all garden transplants. popular in Victorian times, but with the of sword ferns (Nephrolepis exaltata ) and Literature gives a dozen year-round uses. hardships of World War I, they passed some seven cultivars of maidenhair fern Greenhouse quality construction includes solid from view when the big conservatories and (Adiantum spp.). The collection also con­ aluminum frame with double-wall polycarbonate greenhouses were abandoned. But in 1961, tained endless pots of over 50 species and glazing . High light transmission. equal to glass. Top and all 4 walls are glazed . Shatterproof. the American Rhododendron Society cultivars of ferns. Durable. but light weight materials. Easy to sponsored an expedition into the forests We walked to the sun-heated pit, where assemble. move or store. Vent locks with 3 open positions . Optional automatic openers. System of Malaysia, and they 're back in commerce the herbs-some 180 different species and expandable with add-on units. again." cultivars-nestled in the late-afternoon sun. Imported from England We asked him how many plants cur­ We smelled the sweet, anise-like odor of rently were in the collection at Logee's. angelica (Angelica archangelica) and the " Roughly something over 2,000 vari­ tiny Corsican mint or creme-de-menthe Watering eties, including the largest gathering of be­ (Mentha requienii), a delicate, moss-like gonias in the East. Some of the plants have plant with tiny lavender flowers. We also Cans been in cultivation for over 50 years." pinched the leaves of Cinnamomum cam­ Regular & "And visitors are always welcome," said phora in order to sniff the scent of cam­ Long Reach Mrs. Martin. phor, and marveled at the 10 different cul­ Byron was called away to supervise some tiva rs of rosemary (Rosmarinus spp.), Models construction in the new solar greenhouse, including 'Arp', which has a faint lemon ThiS range of 6 and the rest of us stopped for a much­ fragrance, and a creeping form called cans handles every watering needed rest and some lunch. We sat down ' Lockwood de Forest', which has small job in the greenhouse. garden or : .' home. Good looking . strong green plastic and beneath an umbrella at a small table sur­ leaves and bright blue flowers. built to last . Brass-faced rose attachments pro­ rounded by a developing perennial garden. Finally, we passed a small group of pot­ vide gentle rain for seed beds and delicate seed­ lings. All priced under $10. As wasps and bees traded insults among ted fig trees and the fading blooms of a the flowers, we continued to talk with Mrs. huge Dutchman's-pipe cactus (Epiphyllum ELECTRIC Martin. oxypetalum), which is also commonly called " That oak tree over there," she said, night-blooming cereus. Although we were Chipper­ "was damaged in the hurricane of 1938. back where we had started, we were con­ I can remember when it was much smaller. vinced we had missed over half of the plants Shredder It was planted someti me in 1850. I hope on view. that it won't shade the new solar house As we said good-bye, Mrs. Martin gave Steinmax 1800 cleanly shreds old too much, as we've already cut one down us some seeds of a cultivar of love-in-a­ plants. leaves. prunings and vines to make room. Our big greenhouse came mist that had pure, soft blue flowers and then pulverizes them into fine mulch . Chipper chute takes 1'1,' from the wreckage of th at storm. The salt had been developed in one of Gertrude branches. Powerful 170Ow. _~~~. spray from the winds ruined the roses at Jekyll's gardens. It's blooming in our gar­ motor runs on house . current. Special Bud Longs'. He was a Rhode Island rose den this summer. Right next to it, in a large accessory for bulk grower. My brothers went and moved his clay pot, is part of that originallemongrass leaf shredding . jl1.. tlJli.&'!I~ 100-by-40-foot greenhouse over here, piece from Logee's. ~~ by piece. That same storm picked one of Logee's Greenhouses is located one mile north our greenhouses up and moved it to a nearby of Danielson center; North Street is off Con­ field. necticut Route 12. The greenhouses are open "And," she added, "greenhouses must daily from 9:00 a. m. to 4:00 p.m. Garden clubs Call or write for run in the family. My sister, Mary Ellen, and other large groups are asked to make an FREE INFORMATION PACKAGE appointment. For more information, or to order married Ervin Ross in 1946 and started a copy of their catalogue (cost, $3.00), write The Merry Gardens up in Camden, Maine." Logee's Greenhouses, 55 North Street, Daniel­ Kinsman We headed for the new solar green­ son, CT 06239, (203) 774-8038. house, which was then under construction. Peter Loewer is a botanical artist and Company Inside, its 80-foot length seemed to stretch Ri ve r Road (Dept. 91,1) Point Plea sant, PA 18950 scientific illustrator who writes and illustrates (215) 297-5613 toward a distant horizon. Most of its 18- hi s own books. He is the author of Peter foot width was gleaming plastic and con- Loewer's Month-by-Month Garden Almanac.

32 December 1985 I ~~~~ I The American Horticultural Society

Caribbeal1 GarDel1 S;gmposium January 17-31, 1986 Our two-wee k cr ui se. hi ghlightea by a 180- mil e jo urn ey up the Orin oco Ri ve r through th e jungles of Venez uela. offers the pleas ure of sailing with a co mpatible group of AHS members aboard the gracious and com fortable Stell a Ocean is. a shi p sma ll enough to ga in access to secl uded island harbors in accessible to larger ve ·sels. Everitt Mill er. form er Direc tor of Lo ngwood Gardens. will lectu re du ring our tri p and escort us on visits to exquisite pri va te homes and gardens in such lovely ports of ca ll as Barbados. Tobago. Grenada and Martini que.

Kel1~a al1D East Africa March 5-24, 1986 _ ____-\ Led by Dr. Gi lbert Dan iels. pbst president of th e AHS, this trip to one of the world 's most evocative co un tries includes visits to private gardens. arboreta. great tea esta tes. lakes. mountains. rain fores ts and moo rlands througout Kenya. The co un try offers an in credible spectrum of botan ical wo nders. Areas of great sce ni c beauty also prov ide ample opportunity to view the vas t array of East Afri ca's ex trao rdinary wil dli fe.

Chil1a! Horticulture al1D His tor~ April 9-29, 1986 Share with us an unforgettable three weeks studying the fl ora. art and history of Chi na. Under the tutelage of Andrew La uener. an authority on Chin ese plants and recently retired fro m th e Royal Botan ic Garden of Ed in burgh. and of Dr. Willi am Wu. a Chin ese scholar of art history and arc haeo logy. born in Shanghai and now li ving in San Francisco. we will travel fro m Hong Kong to Kunmi ng. Xian. Shanghai and Beijing. Ri chard Hutton. president of Conard-Pyle/Sta r Roses and current board member of th e AHS will also accompany our gro up.

Dutch Treat! Ho[[aJ1D at Tulip Time April 27-May 11 , 1986 This year's tri p is a variation on las t year's hi ghl y accla im ed tour foll owing paths to the country's thri ving horti cul tural centers. We spend the first week in Amsterdam visiting the garde ns of Mien Ruys. the Palais Het Loo. Haa rl em and more. Th e seco nd week we cruise Holl and's canals aboard th e lu xurious hotel barge 'Juli ana.' Our tour leader will be Mary Mattison van Sc haik . Mrs. va n Schaik, now a Ve rmonter. li ved in Holl and for 18 years and has ow ned a bul b importing business fo r 30 years. A member of th e AHS. she is a popul ar lecturer and has been a Regional Director of th e Ameri can Daffodil Society.

scotlal1D! unspoileD al1D Ul1k110WJ1 May 25-Jun e 8, 1986 Scotl and is unquesti onably romanti c in legend and history and the landscape beautiful and unspoil ed. We will visit pri vate homes and gardens in th e Western Highl ands of Argyll. renow ned for its rhododendrons and fl owering shrubs. Traveling through remote and breathtaking scenery, we will tour the Isle of Gigha, Crarae Woodl and Gardens. Inve rewe and Inve rness. We will be entertained in pri vate homes and cas tl e gardens. In Edinburgh we have the opportunity to ex plore the city at our ow n pace and to be enterta in ed by so me of Sco tl and 's most enthusias ti c and privil eged horticulturists. We are aga in fortunate to have Everitt Miller, former director of Lo ngwood Gardens, as our leader.

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Thus, a • Rose & Wildflower Honey with legumes to increase nodulation. single species of wasp can contain mem­ Gall-forming mites, insects and fungi are bers that cause rwo distinctly different types • Rose Petal Jelly also being used in biological control efforts of galls, a fact that once caused confusion • Rose Petal Vinegar against a variety of weeds. Gall mites at­ in attempts to sort out the many types of • Perfect Gifts for Special People tack both the leaves and flowers of poison galls on oaks. ivy and poison oak. Weeds such as false Other ornamentals attacked by gall­ Send For Our Free Brochure dandelion and knapweed are also attacked forming insects and mites include dog­ by various gall-formers. Perhaps one day woods, spruce, boxwoods, witch hazel, we will depend as heavily on certain gall­ elms, black gums, wild and cultivated roses, ------formers for effective weed control as we bearberry, holly, filbert, linden, sagebrush A do on synthetic chemicals today. and snowberry, as well as kalanchoe, wil­ Rose Garden Apiary, Inc. Surprisingly, the bacterium that causes lows, serviceberry, poplars, chrysanthe­ crown gall, which is the bane of orchard­ mums and firs. Mite-caused witches­ ists, is the focus of the hopes of plant ge­ brooms, which are dense clumps of many netic engineers for the future of crop im­ short rwigs on a larger branch, are com­ provement. In this case, the gall-forming mon on ash. Like many rwig galls, these 3423 Royal Court S. bacterium, Agrobacterium tumafaciens, are easily seen once the1leaves have fallen. Lakeland, FL 33803 remains outside the plant cell and injects To rid your yard of galls on shrubs or 813-646-0984 part of its genetic material (a segment called trees, prune out and dispose of as many a plasmid) into the plant cell. The plasmid of the galls as possible as soon as they are contains all of the instructions required for visible, that is, while the gall-former is still crown gall development. In fact, once the in the gall. If carefully timed, contact pes­ plasmid has moved from the bacterium ticides can be used against the life stages SUPPORT FROM into a plant cell and is operating, the bac­ of the gall-former that take place outside SCOTLAND terium does not need to be present for of the gall. Once the gall is formed, how­ For over 50 years, the continued gall development. This bacte­ ever, only systemic pesticides can reach the Scottish War Blinded have rium's "remote control" method of gall gall-former. Keep in mind that many galls made a galvanized wire, formation is the cause of considerable ex­ on trees cause little apparent reduction in garden plant support that is~~~~~1 used in home and public citement and intensive study; potentially, plant vigor. Depending on your perspec­ gardens all over Britain -­ a human-designed plasmid could carry our tive, some may actually increase the aes­ even sold at the famous Wisley Garden Centre. tailor-made messages into plant cells and thetic quality of the plant. Goldenrod stems Place this support over your thus allow us-rather than the bacterium that have galls, for instance, have been plants early-on to allow or the plant-to direct or genetically en­ used effectively in flower arrangements. them to grow up thru the five separated sections of gineer plant development. Recent progress Controlling the more serious soil-dwell­ the ring. The ring is support­ confirms these hopes. In fact, crown gall ing gall-formers, such as some nematodes, ed by a set of 3 legs. Order ._ .. _".. .. , .• plasmids have already been engineered so fungi and bacteria, is often difficult. Re­ ~~-~~~:(j~i~::)~:;~!~~y. ~J0j4lGl~{~~:;%;J that they no longer cause galls. These re­ sistant cultivars of the host plant, if avail­ designed plasmids function normally in all able, are the best protection. Soil sterili­ RINGS: SET OF 3 LEGS: other respects, and should be useful in car­ zation before planting, either with heat or 12" Ring ... $1.95 18" High ... $1.85 IS" Ring ... $2.40 24" High ... $2.50 rying directions to the plants without caus­ with chemicals, will also help. Many gar­ 18" Ring ... $2.85 36" High ... $4.15 ing disease. The future of horticultural crop deners practice companion planting; that 22" Ring ... $3.40 improvement may depend on our ability is, they use one crop such as marigolds to Shipping to mimic and usurp age-old methods used minimize infestations by gall-formers and

34 December 1985 AIlS

Caribbean Garden Symposium (January Fall England (September 10-25) Travel 17-31) Sail from Barbados through the 1986 through the East Anglia counties of Essex, Grenadines and down Venezuela's Orinoco Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. Visit River. Tour gardens and natural areas on private gardens and nurseries, as well as Grenada, Martinique and Tobago. Leader: such public gardens as Harlow Car and Everitt Miller. Study/ Sandringham. Gardens of Costa Rica (February 16- Nantucket & Martha's Vineyard (Septem­ March 1) Tour private and public gardens, ber 14-20) Learn about the native plants of commercial nurseries and natural areas. Travel these islands by visiting natural areas and See tropical plants in their native habitats. private gardens. Leader: Polly Pierce, Presi­ Leader: tvlildred Mathias. dent, New England Wild Flower SOCiety. Kenya & East Africa (March 5-24) Visit Wildflowers of Western Australia (Sep­ private gardens, arboreta, great tea estates Program tember 24-0ctober 12) Join AHS and Vir­ and natural areas. Learn about the botani­ ginia Wildflower Preservation Society mem­ cal wonders and view the vast array of wild­ bers on a tour of natural areas and gardens life. Leader: Gilbert Daniels. featuring wild plants of Australia. China Exploration (April 9-29) Learn The American Horticultural Autumn Tour of Japan (October 19- about the plants, gardens, art and hiStory of Society is sponsoring an November 6) Explore unique private gar­ China on a visit to the country's coastal, dens, as well as state and temple gardens mountain, sub-tropical and temperate exciting program of not open to the general public. Autumn areas. Leaders: William Wu and Andrew horticultural explorations for foliage and chrysanthemum festivals are Lauener. the 1986 season. Plan to join special features. Aegean & Adriatic Cruise (April 19-May India (November 4-19) Tour magnificent 5) J oin our spring wildflower. garden and fellow AHS members on one royal palaces, parks, gardens and nurseries, flower-arranging symposium. Cruise to or more of these interesting from the Taj Mahal to the exotic Vale of Greece, Yugoslavia and Italy. Leaders: Dor­ Kashmir and the floating gardens of Lake othy Temple_and Martin J . S. Sands. garden-related tours. Use the Dal. Leader: Larry Schokman, Superinten­ Holland at Tulip Time (April 27-May 11 ) coupon below to request more dent, The Kampong. Admire spectacular Dutch flowers in Am­ information. sterdam and Aalsmeer on tours to bulb ------fields, private gardens and nurseries. Spend YES! Please send me more information on the one week on a luxury canal barge cruise. tours I have checked below. Leader: Mary Mattison van Schalk. o Caribbean Garden Symposium Spring England & Chelsea (May 8-23) o Gardens of Costa Rica Visit public and private British gardens at o Kenya & East AfrIca the peak of spring bloom. Tours of Ny­ o China Exploration o Aegean & Adriatic Cruise mans, Wakehurst Place and the Chelsea o Holland at Tulip Time Flower Show are planned. Leaders: Sue Alpine Gardens (July 10-25) Visit the o Spring England & Chelsea McDonald and Helen Clapp. SWiss, Austrian and Italian Alps on a trip o Scotland Scotland (May 25-June 8) Tour Scotland's that includes public and private gardens, as o Island World of Britain & Ireland finest gardens, nurseries, historic homes well as stays in Sl Moritz and Interlaken. o Gardens of Southeast Asia and castles. Leader: Everitt Miller. o The Amazon In Search of Jekyll's Gardens (July 24- o Alptne Gardens Island World of Britain & Ireland (June August 7) Join several of Britain's most o In Search of Jekyll's Gardens 5-20) Sail to gardens, manor houses and notable landscape gardeners and authors o Southern California castles in England, Wales, Ireland, Scot­ on a tour of Gertrude Jekyll's gardens. o Pacific Norlhwest land, and the Isles of Scilly and the He­ Leader: Mac Griswold. o Fall England brides. Leader: Pamela Harper. Southern California (August 6-12) Join o Nantucket & Martha's Vtneyard Gardens of Southeast Asia (June 9-29) our pre-annual-meeting tour of botanical o WUdflowers of Western Australia o Autumn Tour of Japan Travel to some of the world's most exotic gardens, arboreta, nurseries, parks and pri­ o India botanical gardens on this trip to Singapore, vate gardens in southern and central Cali­ Malaysia, Java, Bali and the Philippines. fornia, from San Diego and Los Angeles to N~e ______Leader: Ernie Chew. San FranciSCO. The Amazon (June 24-July 17) Take an Pacific Northwest (August 19-24) Join Address ______in,depth look at the plant and anirnallife in our post-annual-meeting tour to botanical remote, undisturbed Amazon habitats. A gardens, arboreta, nurseries, parks and pri­ City ______State ____ Zip ---- wilderness experience for adventurous trav­ vate gardens, from San Francisco to Seattle MAIL TO: Robtn Willi~s, American Horticultural elers. Leader: Mildred Mathias. and British Columbia. SOCiety, PO Box 0105, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. American ------, A Horticultural Society

" PRESENTS Botanic Garden Tour of Southeast Asia CIassifieds June 9-29, 1986 AND CLASSIFIED AD RATES: Professional secrets for PRESERVING FLOW­ Japan Garden Tour 75¢ per word; $15.00 minimum per insertion. 10% ERS Step-by-Step $2.95 (includes Microwave) discount for three consecutive insertions using same and companion book Step-by-Step BOOK OF of Fall Color copy. Copy must be received two months prior to DRIED BOUQUETS $8.95-over 285 pho­ publication date. Send orders to the attention of Cindy tographs for making Williamsburg, Victorian, Oct. 19-Nov. 6, 1986 Weaklancl, American Horticultural Society, Mount Modern, Gifts. Both Books $12.90 ppd. FREE Vernon, Virginia 22121. Or call (703) 768-5700. NEWSLETTER, send stamp. ROBERTA HOSTED BY AFRICAN VIOLETS MOFFITT, Box 3597, Wilmingtqt:!, DE 19807. Ernie VIOLET LOVERS here's your ticket to bloom­ Fascinating aJ;ld useful gardening books, old and Chew ing success! Informative catalog. Exciting va­ new. Catalog, $1.00. SUTLEY HORTICUL­ rieties from top hybridizers. Supplies. Custom TURAL BOOKS, 1105 Cherry, Dept. AH125, made solid wood Plant Cases. 50\!. SUNI'S VI­ Centralia, WA 9853l. OLETS, PO Box 329, South Kent, CT 06785. Last Chance: Limited quantity, gift for all sea­ THE AVANT GARDENER sons, Guide to Significant and Historic Gardens of America, RaylNicholIs, $8.95 per copy + DIFFERENT, EXCITING, GREAT FUN TO $1.50 postage and handling. Order now from READ-for the gardener who wants to get more GARDEN CLUB OF GEORGIA INC, 325 So. out of gardening! Subscribe to THE AVANT Lumpkin St., Ath ~ GA 30602. GARDENER, the most useful, most quoted of all gardening publications. Every month this Used and Rare Books: Horticulture, Botany, unique news service brings you the newest and Pomology, Landscaping, Herbology, Floral Arts. most practical on-going information-new Catalogue $1.00. POMONA BOOKS, Rock­ plants, products, techniques, with sources, plus ton, Ontario, Canada LOR 1XO. feature articles, special issues. 16th year. Awarded BROMELIAD CULTURAL INFORMATION Garden Club of America and Massachusetts Horticultmal Society Medals for outstanding LEARN ABOUT BROMELIADS. Colorful, fas­ contributions to horticulture. Curious? Sample cinating, easily grown, send stamp for cultural information. BROMELIAD SOCIETY, INC., copy $1. Serious? $10 full year (reg. $15). THE 2355B Rusk Beaumont, TX 77702. AVANT GARDENER, Box 489M, New York, J NY 10028. CACTI & SUCCULENTS AZALEAS & RHODODENDRONS BRAND NEW 1986 CATALOG NOW ERNIE CHEW is the horticulturist who AZALEA PETITES-choice and hard-to-find AVAILABLE! Almost 100 color photographs. planned and planted most of the San dwarf and ground cover azaleas-hardy and Orchid Cactus, ChristmaslEaster Cactus, Hoyas, Diego Zoo. Ernie is garden editor of the large enough to be transplanted directly " From Night Blooming CactHs. Separate Bookshop San Diego Home and Garden Magazine Our Gardens To Yours!" Two Year Catalog Catalogue (FREE upon Fequest) also included offering 225 + books on Cactus, Succulel'lts, and he is also on the board of directors Subscription: $2.00 (deductible). CARLSON'S Epiphyllums, Bromeliads, Stationery, Post­ of the Japanese Friendship Garden. GARDENS, Box 305-AHA1285, South Salem, NY 10590. (914) 763-5958. cards. World's largest! All this for only $1.00 (includes $3 .00-offwint(;!r coupon). RAINBOW Highlights BANANA PLANTS GARDENS, Box 721-AH125, La Habra, CA * * Over 40 varieties from around the world in­ 90633-0721. SOUTH EAST ASIA cluding the cold-tolerant Orinoco Victoria. In­ Descriptive/illustrated, cacti, succulent plant and door and outdoor delicious fruiting varieties. SINGAPORE • LUALA LUMPUR seed catalog. $2.00 (deductible). MESA FLORA Catalog $1. GARDEN WORLD, Dept. 32, 2503 NURSERY, HC 1, Box 4159, Yucca Valley, CA PENANG • JAKARTA. BOGOR Garfield Laredo, TX 78043. J 92284. ClBODAS • MALANG BALI BONSAI CAMEROON HIGHLANDS Unusual and unique cactus plants from the great Bonsai Plants, Pots, Tools, Books, Supplies. Great Southwest . .. all hIlly guaranteed up to one Hobby. Cata1log "AH" $1.00. BONSAI FARM, year! FREE Catalog; call toll free 1-800-325- JAPAN PO Box 130, Lavernia, TX 71821. 2453 or write: ARID LANDS PCA"NTS, 6538C NIKKO • KAMAKURA • GIFU Bonsai trees. FREE 1985 catalogs of Bonsai East Tanque Verd~ AH, Tucson, AZ 85715. NAGOYA· TAKAYAMA KANAZAWA Books, Tools, Pots, Trays, and Supplies. Visit Exotic, Unusual Plant Forms. Current catalogue our display when in our area (by appointment). • KYOTO • KURASHIKI NARA $2.00. Complete refund on first plant order. Call or write for catalog or more information. Beautiful plant photos in black & white. Sat­ We ship anywhere. Wholesale inquiries invited. isfaction guaranteed. K & L CACTUS NURS­ BONSAI CREATIONS, Dept. 102AH, 2700 N. ERY, 12712 Stockton Blvd., Gal!, CA 95632. For additional information and brochure 29th Ave. #204, Hollywood, FL 33020 (305) CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 962-6960. CONTACT: Carnivorous, woodland terrarium plants and BOOKS American Horticultural Society supplies. Book, The World of Carnivorous Plants, EXOTICA 4,16,300 photos, by Dr. A. B. Graf, $6.95 postpaid. Catalog FREE. PETER PAULS Education Dept. 2,590 pages in 2 volumes, $175. EXOTIC NURSERIES, Canandaigua, NY 14424. Box 0105 PLANT MANUAL-4,200 photos, $37.50. CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR GARDENERS EXOTIC HOUSE PLANTS-1,200 photos, Mt. Vernon, VA 22121 Beautiful, functional gifts for those who live to $8.95. Circulars gladly sent. ROEHRS, Box 125, OR CALL garden. To receive our publication, please call E. Rutherford, NJ 07073. or write MRS. McGREGOR'S GARDEN SHOP, (617) 246-3575 DRIED BOUQUETS SO REAL THEY LOOK Dept. AH, 4801 1st Street North, Arlington, FRESH!!! TW0 show-and-tell books give VA 22203. (703) 528-8773.

36 December 1985 COENOSIUM GARDENS NURSERY, "The Grape Peopl e," 4764 Deuel tion guaranteed ! HO RTIDEAS, AH, G ravel Rd., Dept. X, Canandaigua, NY 14424, Ph one: Switch, KY 40328. 425 North 5th St., Lehighton, PA 1823 5 lists (71 6) 394-3 ] 40. hundreds of dwarf and unusual coni fers, wi th HOUSE PLA NTS photos, in a new catalog. $3.00 refun dable. In- GREENHO USE ACCESSORI ES RARE FLOWERING PLANTS, fl oweri ng vines, cludes specially grafted Bo nsai materi al. COMPL ETE M IST PRO PAGATION SYS ­ rropicals, begoni as, gesneri ads, Afri can violets, CYCLAMEN TEMS. Get phenomenal propagati on res ults­ miniatu re and terrarium plants. Cata log $2.00. Cycl amen, primulas shipped in pots. Descrip- Greater fin ancial yield ! Unequall ed-in expen­ KARTUZ GREENH O USES , Dept. A, 140$ tive li st, cultura l advice, $1. 00. Nancy Good- sive-FREE brochure. AQUAMONITOR, Box Sunset Drive, Vista, CA 92083 . 327, Dept. B, Huntin gton, NY 1 J 743. win , MONTROSE NURSER Y, PO BOX 95 7, TROPI CALS deli ve red to your door courtesy Hi llsborough, NC 27278. GREENHOUSE BO O KS o f Logee's. O ur 1985-86 catalog lists 2,000 DAYLILIES G REEN H OUSE MANAG EM ENT- SEC­ Indoor Plants in cl udin g Begoni as, Geraniums, Day lil ies " The Ultimate Perennial" we grow OND ED IT ION by Robert W. Langhans, Cor­ Jas mi nes , Citrus, Herbs. Bea utiful color illustra­ hundreds o f the fin est culti va rs ava il able. Color nell Uni versity pro fesso r. In form ati on on heat­ ti ons th roughout-$3.00. LOGEE'S GREEN­ ca talogue $1. 00. GREENWOOD NURSERY, ing, coolin g, watering, lighting and pes t control. HOUSES, AH, 55 North Street, Danielson, CT 2 EI Camino Ratel, Goleta, CA 93 11 7. 270 pages, 209 illustrations. Send $21.00 post­ 06239. paid to H ALCYON PRESS OF ITHACA, 111 DWARF CONIFERS ORCHIDS, GESNERlDS, BEGONIAS, CACTI Halc yo n Hill Road, Ithaca, NY 14850. & SUCCULENTS. Visitors welcome. 198 4-85 Over 180 ty pes of dwarf conifers, small lea f GREENHOUSE EQUIPMENT ca talog $1.50. LAURAY OF SA LI SBU RY, Rt. rhodies, andromeda & holli es. Many suitable FREE CATALOG- Save on equipment, pots, 41 (Undermoun tain Rd. ), Salisbury, CT 06068 fo r bonsai. Des cribed by size, shape, color and (203) 435-2263. texture. 50-page ca t a l og~.OO (refundable) . fl at , baskets, so il s, fertil izers. Send 22¢ stamp WASH INGT ON EVERGREEN NURSER Y, fo r postage. GROW-N-ENERGY, PO Box 508A, H OY A SPECIAL Box 388AH, Leicester, NC 28 748. Baldwin Pl ace, NY 10505. WH AT'S A HOYA) 6 ea. di fferent Hoya cut­ EXOTIC SEEDS GREENHOUSE NEWSLETTER tings. $14.95 Postpaid . FREE descriptive li st & growing instructions. Satisfaction guaranteed. 1500 varieti es of rare and unusual seeds in beau- INTERESTING, POTENT IALLY PROFITA­ BLE. National Greenhouse Gardener newsletter SLO GARDENS, 4816B Bridgecreek, San Lu is tifully color ill ustrated and descriptive catalog. Obispo, CA 93 401. M any never offered before. Ava il able fr om: qua rterly i sues a re enj oyable, easily under­ INTERNATIONAL SEED SUPPLI ES, PO Box stood. Pro fessional trade inform ati on helps yo u INDOOR-OUT DOOR GARDENING 538, NOWRA N.S.W., 2541 AUST RA LI A. For grow confid entl y indoors. Lim ited '/2 pri ce sub­ SUPPLIES yo ur ca talog, send $2.00 fo r surface mail , $3.00 scriptions $5 year cash or check. ANDMAR " FREE C ATALOGUE" .. . " LOWEST for Air Mail , refunded with first order. PRESS, PO Box 21 7, M ills, WY 82644. PR ICES-TOP QUALITY SUPPLI ES " ... Plas- ti c pots, hangin g baskets, peat pots, etc . . . . 2 100% ORGANIC FERTILIZER GREENHOUSES Redwood/fiberglass, solar-efficient kits, func­ Sta mps . .. Postage . . . PLANT COLLECT­ Peruvian Seabird Guano is excell ent for Roses, IBLES, 103E Kenview Ave., Buffalo, NY 14217. Mums, Vegetable Gardens, and all Green Plants. tional, economical. Wri te for FREE brochure. FREE G ROWING SUPPLI ES CAT ALOG. Even the more skeptical soon become convinced GOTHIC ARCH GREENHOUSES, PO Bo x Wholesale Prices ! Fast Service! Pots, fl ats, la­ after having used it. Dealer inquiries in vited . 1564-a h, Mobile, AL 36633-1564. bels, fertil izer, tool5,PIant stands. FPI -H, 2242 For informati on call or write: LAWRENCE A. H ARPER HORTICULTURAL SLIDE Palm er, Schaum burg, IL 60195. POZARELLI , 3562 E. 80th St., Cleveland, O H LIBRARY (PAMELA H ARPER) 441 Ql, (216) 641-1200. 60,000 slides of pl ants and gardens. Lecture sets J APAN ESE AND AMERICAN WILDFLOWERS FRAGRANCE fo r rent or purchase, including six different sets Also Cycl amen, Ep im ediums, All iums, Species GROW SOMET HING O LD, new, fr agrant, on PERENNIALS , with lecture notes. Catalog Iri s, Rock Garden Plants, Rare and Unusual blue. M any obtain able only from seed. THE $1.50.219 Robann a Shores, Seafo rd, VA 23696. Perenni als. Catalogue $.50. WE-D U NURSER­ FRAGRANT PATH, PO Box 328, Fort Cal- (804 ) 898-6453. IES, Rte. 5, Bo x 724, Mari on, NC 28752. houn, N E 68023. Catalogue $1. HEATHS & HEATHERS Enj oy a colorful all -year HEATHER GA RDEN! JASMINES FRUIT TREES (Trained) Send SASE fo r descriptive 100-culti var list. Poets Jasmine offi ci noll is, J. polya nthemum and Espali er-Trained Fruit Trees from the Historic HEATHER GROWERS, Box 850, Elm a, WA J. revolutum: 4 for $7.50. List 25 ¢. EDN A Gardens o f Stratford Hall , Birthplace of Robert 98541 . W ELSH , Route 3, Box 1700, M adi son, FL E. Lee. Fascinating Garden Art Form. Single ti er 32340. from $14.00 each. Write for details: Robert E. HERBS Lee M emori al Association, Stratford Hall Pl an- 1 25 H er bs, 50 scen ted Gera n i u ms, 500 KOI tation, Stratford, VA 22558, Attn : Ronald Wade, Houseplants, Fuchsias, Ivies, Cacti and Succu­ Finest Quality Japanese Ko i, 3" to 28", $15.00 Ph one: (8 04) 493-8038. lents. Catalog, Newsletters- $1.00. MERRY to $1,000.00 each. Phi ladelphia area. Call : GARDENS, Camden, ME 04843. Weekdays: (215) 563-3336; Evenings/week­ GARDEN ORNAMENTS ends: (215) 667-73 40. HORTICULTURE THERAPY ERKINS- Since 191 0 importer of fin es t lead, Ho rticulture therapy and rehabi litati on pro­ LANDSCAPING iron, terra cotta, stone and teak gardelil orna- gram serving the mentall y ill and mentall y re­ Learn Landsca ping and the growin g of plants ments. Send $4.00 fo r cata logue. ER KIN S tarded is seeking funds for expansion. For more at home. Start busin ess or hobby. FREE book­ STUDIOS, 604 Thames Street, Newpo rt, RI info rmati on, pl ease contact Joe Krake, THE let. LIFETIME CAR EER SCHOOLS, Dept. 02840. Dealer inquiries welcome. FLOWER POT GREENHO USE, N .W . 18th St., A-1 76, 2251 Barry Avenue, Los Angeles, CA GARDENING BOOKS Richmond, IN 47374, or ca ll coll ect (3 17) 962- 90064. 7177. Send six 22¢ stamps for extensive listings of MAPLES both new and out-of-print titles, especiall y gar- HORTIDEAS-GARDEN NEWS YOU CAN USE MATSU-MOMI]I N URSERY- Attention Di s­ den history and design. WARREN BRODER- " BEST GARDENING NEWSLETTER!" say criminating Gardeners and Bonsa i Growers­ ICK, PO Box 124, Lansingburgh, N Y 12182. backyard AN D commercial growers. Enjoya­ we are offering the fin es t Japanese Maples and ble, authoritative monthly coverage of new/ Bl ack Pines. Also we have selecti ons of Spruce GRAPE VINES overl ooked methods, plants, products, publi­ and Tropi cals fo r Indoor Growers. Catalog FREE GRAPE CATALOG. Over 34 varieti es- cati ons, research findings. Fully referenced and $1. 25, PO Box 11414, Phil adelphia, PA 19111. Seedless Dessert & Wine . SQUARE ROOT indexed. One year, $10. Sample, $1. Sati sfac- (215) 722-6286.

American Horticulturist 37 __ AIIS __ CLASSIFIEDS NURSERY STOCK Largest selection of Rhododendrons and Aza­ leas on the East Coast with many new vari eties. MILLIONS OF SEEDLINGS: High Quality, Reasonable Prices. Over 100 Selections for Mail order catalog $2.00. ROSLYN NURS­ Christmas Trees, Ornamentals, Windbreaks, ERY, Dept. AH, Box 69, Roslyn, NY 11576. Travel Timber, Soil Consel'¥ation, Wildlife Cover. FREE SEEDS CATALOG. CARINO NURSERIES, Box 538, 75th ANNIVERSARY EDITION of J.L. HUD­ Dept. J, Ir.ldiana, PA 15701. SON'S famous catalog. WORLD'S LARGEST SELECTION of quality rare seeds from every Program ORCHIDS CONtinent. ThousaNds of hard-to-find exotics, ORCHIDS! ORCHIDS! ORCHIDS! Brome­ flowers, bulbs, houseplants, hardy perennials, liads, Staghorn Ferns, Books, Peters Fertilizer, trees, ferns, alpines. Rare herbs, medicinal, edi­ The American Horticultural Society is Potting Mixes, Supplies for indoor and green­ ble plants. European and Oriental vegetables. sponsoring an exciting program ofhorti­ house culture. REQUEST CATALOG. FOX Hundreds of exclusives. Reasonable prices. cultural explorations for the 1986 sea­ ORCHIDS, INC., 6615 West Markham, Little World's most informative catalog, packed with son. Plan to join fellow AHS members Rock, AR 72205. illustrations, cultural and historical informa­ on one or more of these exciting garden­ PALMS tion, $1.00. WORLD SEED SERVICE, J.L. Hudson, Seedsman, Box lOS8-AT, Redwood related tours. DWARF RHAPIS EXCELSA- ELEGANT IN­ City, CA 94064. DOOR PALMS Green and variegated va rieties, Gardens of Costa Rica (February 16-March 1) 12"-32" tall, 5"-10" pots. 3-9 years old. Catalog Seeds of choice woody and herbaceous plants Visit private and public gardens, and tour com­ $1. Rhapis Palm Book $5. ppd. RHAPIS GAR­ and vines. Clematis, Fothergillia, Primulas, many DENS, POB 287-A, Gregory TX 78359. Maples, Viburnums. Plants for Fall co lor, spe­ merdal nurseries and natural areas in a horticul­ cial bark and beuies. Spores of rare Mexican tural paradise. See mature collections of orchids, PERENNIALS Fems. Generous packets $1.50 postpaid. Send aroids and bromeliads at Lankester Garden, and We offer a good selection of sturdy plants. Send legal SASE for informational list and FREE packet stay at an Organization for Tropical Studies field $1.00 for Plant List (refundable). CAMELOT of seeds. MAPLETHORPE, 11296 Sunnyview station near the Panamanian border. Tour NORTH, R2, Pequot Lakes, MN 56472. Rd., N.E., Salem, OR 97301. Leader: Mildred E. Mathias, Emeritus Professor Peonies, Japanese Iris, Hosta, Daylilies. Free THE WORLD'S LARGEST and most famous of Botany, UCLA. catalog (1985) through November. Reserve your seed catalog. Over 200 pages, 4,000 varieties, February, 1986 copy-$1.00 refundable with 1,000 co lor pictures. A major book of reference. China Exploration: (April 9-29) Learn about the first order. CAPRICE FARM NURSERY, i 5425 The Encyclopedia of how and what to grow SW Pleasant Hill, Sherwood, OR 97140. plants, gardens, art, architecture and history of from seed. The Bible of seed catalogs to gar­ China on an exploration through the coastal, PLANTS-RARE BUT AFFORDABLE deners in over 100 countries. Vegetables, pot Extensive selection: ,. American Natives ,. Out­ plants, exotics, perennials, alpines, rockery, lat­ mountain, subtropical and temFJerate areas of the est and best annuals, trees, shrubs, bulbs from country. AHS board member Richard Hutt@n will standing Ornamentals ,. Uncommon Conifers ,. Wild Fruit * Hardiest Eucalyptus * Wildlife Plants. seed with rare items unobtainable elsewhere. lead a good-will delegation to strengthen horticul­ Affordable containerized starter-plants. Informa­ Write for FREE copy, allowing three weeks or tural ties between China and America. William tive catalog- $1.50. FORESTFARM, 990 enclose $2.00 for First Class mail: THOMP­ Wu, Co-Chairman of the Shanghai-San Francisco Tethera1!, Williams, OR 97544. SON & MORGAN, INC., Dept. AHC, PO Friendship City Cultural Committee, and Andrew RARE NATIVE PLANTS Box 1308, Jackson, NJ 08527. Lauener, an authority on Chinese plants, recently Rhododer.ldron chapmannii, R. al1strinum, R. SOLAR WATER HEATER retired from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin­ speciosum, R. serralatum, R. prunifolia, Mag­ HOW TO BUILD your own solar water heater. burgh, will lead the tour. nolia ashei (Weatherby), Magnolia pyramidata, Easy as making a sandwich! Breakthrough de­ Stewartia malacrodondron. Grown from native tails. EDMONDSON, Box 88-AH, Ocotillo, CA Kenya and East Africa (March 5-24) Visit pri­ seed or cuttings. Write for prices and shipping 92259. vate gardens, arboreta and great tea estates in this dates. SALTER TREE FARM, Rt. 2, Box 1332, SUCCULENTS Madison, FL 32340. exotic part of the world. Learn about the botanical HIGHLAND SUCCULENTS. Your source for wonders of the lake, mountain, rain forest and RHODODENDRONS the very rarest in Euphorbias, Pachypodiums, moorland habitats throughout Kenya. There will RHODODENDRONS for the woodland, Cycads, Caudiciforms, Crests, and Variegates. also be many opportunities to view the vast array landscape, or rock garden. We grow only Hundreds of other hard-to-find succulents. Send of African wildlife. Tour Leader: Dr. Gilbert rhododendrons. FREE LISTING. CARDINAL $2.00 ($3.00 foreign) for our expanded 1985 Daniels, Past President of AHS. NURSERY, Rte. 1, Box 97M, State Road, NC Mail Order Catalog. Visitors welcome by ap­ 28676. (9 19) 874-2027. pointment. Box 133AH, Eureka Star Route, ROSES Gallipolis, OH 45631 (6 14) 256-1428. HARD TO FIND ROSES, old and new vari­ TOPIARY ------eties. List FREE Or.l request. HORTICO INC., Planted topiary and frames. Discount to clubs. YES! Please send me more information R.R. #1, Waterdown, Ontario, Canada LOR Write for brochure. TOPIARY, INC., 41 Ber­ on the tours I have checked below. 2HO; (416) 689-6984. ing, Tampa, FL 33606. RHODODENDRONS & AZALEAS UNUSUAL PLANTS Gardens of Costa Rica o SPECIALIZING IN THE UNUSUAL. Dwarf Baobabs, rare succulents, caudiciforms, Sansev­ o China Exploration ierias, low light plants, and other exotics. Price Kenya and East Africa Rhododendrons, Evergreen & Deciduous o Azaleas, Dwarf Conifers, Companion Plants. list and periodic newsletters, $1.50 deductible Nrune ______Catalog $1.00, refundable. THE CUMMINS from fi rst order. Singers' 17806 Plummer St., GARDEN, 22 Robertsvi lle Rd., Marlboro, NJ AH, Northridge, CA 91325. 07746. (201) 536-2591. WOODLANDERS Ad&~s ______CHOICF AND HARD-TO-FIND Azaleas and RAREL Y OFFERED SOUTHEASTERN NA­ Rhododendrons-hardy and large enough to be TIVES, w(wdy, herbaceous, nursery-grown. City ______State ____ Zip ____ transp>lanted directly " From Our Gardens To Many hardy northward. Also newly introduced Yours!"-Two Year Catalog Subscription: $2.00 exotics selected for Southern gardens. Send MAIL TO: Robin Williruns, American Horticultural So· (deductible). CARLSON'S GARDENS, Box 305- postage for extensive mailorder list. WOOD­ clety, PO Box 0105, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. AHR1285, South Salem, NY 10590. (91 4) 763- LANDERS AH, 1128 Coll eton Ave., Aiken, SC 5958. 29801.

38 December 1985 Pronunciation Guide

Abutilon ah-BEW-ti-lon E. japonica e. jah-PON-i-kah Populus POP-yew-lus Acalypha hispida Ficus elastica FIE-kus ee-LAS-ti -kah Pu schkinia push-KIN-ee-ah ack-ah-LIFF-ah HISS-pid-ah Franklinia alatamaha Quercus heterophylla Aeschynanthus pulcher frank-LIN-ee-a h ah-lah-tah-MAH-hah QUER-kus het-er-oh-FILL-ah ess-kin-AN-thuss PULL-ker Geranium jer-A Y-nee-um Q. robur q. ROW-bur Allamanda cathartica Gymnocladus dioica Rhododendron lochae all-ah-MAND-ah cath-ARE-ti-kah jim-no-CLAD-us dy-OY-kah row-doe-DEN-dron LOC K-ee Angelica archangelica Hamamelis virginiana R. maximum r. MAX-i-mum an-JELL-i-kah ark-an-JELL-i-kah ham-ah-MA Y-li ss ver-jin-ee-A Y- nah Rhus typhina ROOS ry-FINE-nah Aralia spinosa ah-RAIL-yah spin-OH-sah Hermannia verticil/ata Rosa chinensis ROW-sah chi-NEN-siss Aristolochia grandiflora her-MAN-ee-ah ver-tiss-ill -A Y- tah Rosmarinus rows-mare-EYE-nus air-riss-toe-LOW-kee-ah grand-i-FLOR-ah Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Salix SAY-li cks Asimina triloba ah-SIM-i-nah try-LOW-bah high-BISS-kus ROW-sah sin-EN -s iss Sa rcocaulon burmannii Astilbe ah-STILL-bee Hoya carnosa HOY-ah ca r-NO-sah sar-koe-CALL-on burr-MAN-ee-eye Aucuba japonica aw-KOO-bah /lex aquifolium EYE-lex ak-qui-FOE-Iee-um S. in erme s. in-ER-me jah-PON-i-kah Kalmia latifolia S. multifidum s. mull-TIFF-id-um Brugmansia x ins ignis KAL-mee-ah lat-i-FOE-lee-ah S. patersonii s. pat-er-SOE-nee-eye brewg-MAN-see-ah in-SIG-niss La vatera trimestris S. peniculinum s. pen-ick-you-LINE-num Buxus sempervirens lav-ah-TAIR-ah try-MES S-triss S. rigidum s. RlDGE-i-dum BUCK-sus sem-per-VIE-renz Leucothoe fontanesiana S. spinosum s. spin-OH-sum Calanthe furcata lew-KOE-thoe-ee fon-tayne-see-A Y-nah S. vanderietiae s. van-der-EE-rye-ee kal-AN-thee fur-KAH-tah Ligustrum japonicum Scilla SILL-ah C. masuca c. mah-SUE-kah li-GUS-trum ja-PON-i-kum Solidago sempervirens C. rosea c. ROSE-ee-ah L. lucidum 1. LOO-si-dum sol-i-DA Y -go sem-per-VIE-renz C. triplicata c. trip-Ii-KAY -tah Magnolia acuminata Tamarix TAM-ah-ricks C. veitchii c. VEECH-ee-eye mag-NOL-yah ah-kew-min-A Y-tah Taxodium distichum C. vestita c. vess-TIE-tah M. fras eri m. FRA Y-ser-eye tacks-OH-dee-um diss-TY-kum Camassia kah-MASS-ee-ah M. grandiflora m. grand-i-FLOR-ah Tax us baccata TACKS-us back-A Y-tah Camellia kah-MEAL-yah Mentha requienii Thunbergia grandiflora Catalpa kah-T AL-pah MEN-thah re-quee-EN-ee-eye thun-BERGE-ee-ah grand-i-FLOR-ah Cattleya cat-LA Y-ah N ephrolepis exaltata Trachelospermum jasminoides Celtis occidentalis neff-row-LEP-iss ex-all -T AH-tah tray-kell-oh-SPER-mum jazz-min-OY -deez SELL-tiss ock-si-den-TA Y -I iss Nigella damascena Zanthox ylum americanum Ceropegia sandersonii ny-JELL-ah dam-ah-SEEN-ah zan-tho-ZIE-lum ah-mer-i-KA Y-num sair-oh-PEDGE-ee-ah san-der-SON-ee-eye Ornithogalum or-ni-THOG-ah-lum Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Passiflora vitifolia kam-ee-SIP-er-us law-son-ee-A Y-nah pass-i-FLOR-ah vit-i-FOE-lee-ah ADVANCED PROPAGATION C. pisifera c. pi-SIFF-er-ah Pelargonium alternans C. thyoides c. thigh-OY-dees pell-ar-GO-nee-um all-TER-nans MIST SYSTEMS Chionodoxa ky-on-oh-DOCK-sah P. carnosum p. car-NO-sum (Free brochure) Cinnamomum camphora P. crithmifolium sin-ah-MOE-mum camp-FOR-ah p. crith-mi-FOE-Iee-um AQUAMONITOR Citrus limon SIT-rus LIE-mon P. dasycaule p. day-see-CALL-ee Dept. 10 - Box 327 - Huntington, NY. 11743 Cladrastis lutea P. dasyphyllum p. day-see-FILL-um 516-427-5664 klah-DRASS-tiss LOO-tee-ah P. x domesticum p. doe-MESS-ti-kum Clivia miniata CLIV-ee-ah min-ee-A Y-tah P. echinatum p. eck-in-A Y-tum Codiaeum variegatum P. ferulaceum p. fer-you-LA Y-see-um co-DEE-ee-um var-ee-eh-GA Y-tum P. x hortorum p'. hor-TOR-um Cordy line australis P. spinosum p. spin-OH-sum CORE-di-line os-TRAIL-iss P. tetragonum p. tet-rah-GO-num Cornus mas CORE-nus MAS Phalaenopsis fail-ee-NOP-siss Cymbidium sim-BID-ee-um Phyllostachys nigra Cymbopogon citratus fill-oh-STACK-iss NY-grah sim-boe-POE-gon sit-RAH-tuss Pieris japonica Elaeagnus pungens pie-AIR-iss jah-PON-i-kah el-ee-AG-nus PUN-jinz Pinus densiflora PIE-nus den-si-FLOR-ah Epiphyllum oxypetalum Pittosporum crassifolium ep-i-FILL-um ocks-ee-PET-al-um pit-toe-SPORE-um crass-i-FOE-lee-um Eucalyptus you-kah-LIP-tus P. tobira p. tow-BY-rah Euonymus fortunei Platycerium bifurcatum yew-ON-i-mus FOR-tune-eye plat-ee-SEAR-ee-um by-fur-KA Y -tum

American Horticulturist 39 HORTICULTURAL EXPLORATION OF Europe Sources SPRING ENGLAND AND CHELSEA (May 8-23) SUCCULENT GERANIUMS Concentrating on Cornwall, see Trelissick and enjoy a helicopter trip to Tresco Pelargonium spp. and Sarcocaulon spp. are in Scilly. Other public gardens include Stourhead and Numans. Also spend a available from the following mail-order full day at the Chelsea Flower Show and enjoy free time in London. sources. The Abbey Garden, Box AHS,4620 Car­ In addition we are offering pinteria Avenue, Carpinteria, CA 93013, two other European Horti­ Catalogue $2.00. cultural Explorations: Altman Specialty Plants, Box AH, 553 Switzerlarld and Northern Buena Creek Rd., San Marcos, CA Italy (July 10-25) and Fall 92069, Catalogue $1.00. England (September 10- 25). Grigsby Cactus Gardens, Box AH, 2354 Bella Vista Drive, Vista, CA 92082, Cat­ alogue $2.00. Highland Succulents, Box AH, Eureka Star Route, Gallipolis, OH 45631, Cata­ logue $2.00. Enjoy three different European itineraries escorted by horticulturists. All include visits to Singers' Growing Things, Box AH, 17806 private homes and gardens in addition to interesting cultural and historical sights. Since these trips usually are fully subscribed, we suggest early enrollment, particularly for those Plummer Street, Northridge, CA 91324, who wish single hotel rooms. Catalogue $1.50. For your free brochures on these Horticultural Explorations led by horticulturists, please KEEPING TRACK IN THE GARDEN write to Education Department, American Horticultural Society, Box 0105, Mt. Vernon, VA 22121. Or call collect: (513) 281·7000. The American Horticultural Society's Garden Diary is an excellent way to keep track of garden plants and plantings. This 96-page, ring-bound book has a laminated cover and spaces to record all kinds of Endangered W~ers gardening information, including graph paper for drawing landscape and border designs; a blooming sequence chart to keep 1986 CALENDAR track of color in the garden from week to week; pages to record data on individual Help save our endangered and threatened wildflowers by pur­ plants; and space for three years of month­ chasing the American Horticultural Societys 1986 Endan­ by-month notes. There is also a pocket for gered Wildflowers Calendar. Funds raised from sales will be news clippings and other notes, as well as used to support conservation projects. tabs for quick, easy reference. • 20 full-color photographs The AHS Garden Diary usually retails To Order Calendars: for $14.95 ($11.95 for AHS members). • Information on all plants pictured Send $6.95 per calendar ($6.25 This month the Society is offering it at a special discount price: $10.95 retail ($9.95 • Large 81H' by IllH' format for AHS members), including for AHS members), including postage and (81H' by 23" when open) postage and handling, to Jeanne handling. To order a copy, write Jeanne • Reward offer: calendar owners Eggeman, American Horticultural Eggeman, American Horticultural Society, are encouraged to help Society, PO. Box 0105, Mount PO Box 0105, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. rediscover populations of plants Vernon, VA 22121. Virginia thought to be extinct. residents, please add 4% sales tax. VARIATIONS ON AN EVERGREEN THEME

N~e ______The following companies have a selection of variegated conifers and broad-leaved Address evergreens. Cin' ______Carroll Gardens, Dept. AH, Box 310, 444 East Main Street, Westminster, MD State ______Zip ______21157, Catalogue $2.00. Coenosium Gardens, Box AH, 425 N. Fifth Total # ordered ______Amt. Enclosed $ ______Street, Lehighton, PA 18235, Catalogue D $3.00, refundable.

40 December 1985 NOW .•. BY MAIL! Unusual, Hard­ Louisiana Nursery, Dept. AH, Route 7, To-Find Flower Box 43, Opelousas, LA 70570, Cata­ Arranging logue $3.50. Supplies: Washington Evergreen N ursery, Dept. AH, Tool, Techniques, PO Box 125, South Sa lem, NY 10590, Tricks of the Trade Catalogue $2.00, refundable. SPECIAL OFFER­ CALANTHE ORCHIDS MAKES A GREAT I The ONLY specialty liquid plant I Ca lanthe spp. are ava il a ble from An n GIFT: I foods in the industry. Made for I Mann's Orchids, Dept. AH, 9045 Ron­ safety, accuracy and results. Den Lane, Route 3, Box 202, O rl ando, FL The I JUNGLE JUICE (2-5-4) for fantastic I 32811, Catalogue free if you mentio n Original I foliage growth and super green. I American Horticulturist. I GRANNY'S BLOOMERS (0·6-5) I. Stem ZERO nitrogen and special trace I JOHN BARTRAM AND HIS GARDEN I for abundant african violet Bartram's Garden is located at 54th Street I blooms, you won't believe your I Stripper eyes. and Lindbergh Boulevard, Philadelph ia, A unique tool for removing CACTUS JUICE (1·7·6) For Pennsy lvania. The ga rd ens are open da il y, I I thorns and leaves from I outstanding specimens and helps I free of charge. The historic house is open stems. promote flowering. Tuesday through Sunday, April 1 through 95 including I FLOWER CRACKER (1-6-5) For I October 31, 10:00 a.m. to 4 :00 p.m. Dur­ onI Y $9ea postage £, handling I Impatiens, Orchids, Bromeliads, I ing the winter months the house is open Geraniums, all flowering plants. New Catalog .. . I I Tuesday th rough Friday. Admission is $2.00 $1.00 Refundable with 6 oz. bottle makes 12 gals. capful I for adults, $1.00 for children. Group tours FIRST ORDER I measure. $3.85 ppd. by appointment only. For more info rma­ I Any 4·6 oz. bUs. $11.85 ppd. Free I The Keth Company • catalog. ti on, write John Bartram Associati on, 54th PO. Box 645 • Street and Lindbergh Boulevard, Phila­ Corona del Mar, Deerfield. IL 60015 Clarel delphia, PA 19143, (215) 729-5281. California 92625 n III Llt)(lf.ltOllt·..., ill(

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American Horticulturist 41 Daisies. June, 10. Desert Gardens. Coaxing Iris from the Desert. June, 20. 1985 Index Design Page, The. Doors and Dooryards. April, 42; Garden Rooms. August, 44; Jack-in-the-Box Planting. October, 45; An annual index to articles appearing in Moran, Maya. Keeping Track in the Garden. Steps & Stairs. February, 40; Texture. American Horticulturist magazine is printed December, 12. December, 44; Vines. June, 15. in each December issue. A separate cu­ Monroe, Lynn Lewis. Sonnenberg Gardens­ Doors and Dooryards. April, 42. mulative index has also been published for A Victorian Extravaganza. August, 19. Echinaceas-The Purple Coneflowers. McGourty, Frederick. Combining Perennials. August, 14. the years 1922-1971 and is available in February, 29; Out-of-the-Ordinary Eliza Lucas Pinckney-Colonial Gardener. paperback for $10. Address inquiries to Annuals. April, 22. October, 7. Jeanne Eggeman in care of the Society. Palamuso, Jeanne. Horticultural Therapy in a Evergreens, variegated. Variations on an Although no index for the years 1972-85 Historic Setting. August, 4. Evergreen Theme. December, 15. has yet been published, these back issues Parke, Margaret. The Abby Aldrich Farrand, Beatrix. A Portrait of Beatrix have been catalogued by the editorial staff. Rockefeller Garden. October, 21; Cary Farrand. April, 10. Back issues (if available) are $2.50 each Arboretum's Fern Glen. June, 22; A Fern Glen. Cary Arboretum's Fern Glen. and may be obtained by writing to Norma Portrait of Beatrix Farrand. April, 10. June, 22. Westwood in care of the Society. Prince, Martha. Shakespearean Bouquet. Flowers of Shakespeare. Shakespearean April, 2l. Bouquet. April, 2I. Robertson, Josephine. Rock Garden in the Galls. Plant Galls. December, 10. AUTHOR Rockies. April, 14. Garden Book Dealers: A Catalogue Review. Adams, Richard M., II., and Donald Clayton. Rogers, Raymond J. Jack-in-the-Box Planting. February, II. Calanthe Orchids: Aristocrats for October, 45; Texture. December, 44. Garden Design. Continual Color. August, 39; Bouquets. December, 2l. Sheldon, Elisabeth. One Woman's Garden. Perennials for the Front of the Border. Berg, Helene S. Succulent Geraniums. February, 14. June, 40. December, 4. Simington, Maire. Coaxing Iris from the Gardening in History. Eliza Lucas Pinckney­ Bonta, Marcia. Eliza Lucas Pinckney­ Desert. June, 20. Colonial Gardener. October, 7. Colonial Gardener. October, 7; John Staff,AHS. New Plants for 1985.February, 22. Garden Recordkeeping. Keeping Track in the Bartram and His Garden. December, 24. Steffey, Jane. The Barberry Family. April, 4; Garden. December, 12. Burgess, Lorraine Marshall. Water, Water The Purslane Family. June,S; The Wood­ Garden Rooms. August, 44. Anywhere. August, 25. Sorrel Family. February,S. Gardens. The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Clayton, Donald, and Richard M. Adams, II. Taloumis, George. Amsonia. August, 30. Garden. October, 21; John Bartram and Calanthe Orchids: Aristocrats for His Garden. December, 24; Cary Bouquets. December, 2l. SUBJECT ITITLE Arboretum's Fern Glen. June, 22; Coaxing De Blasi, Anthony. The Cold Greenhouse. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Garden, The. Iris from the Desert. June, 20; One February, 19; Lutea Hybrid Tree Peonies. October, 2l. Woman's Garden. February, 14; Paul June, 16. Amsonia. August, 30. Aden-Hostas at Large. October,S; Rock Foster, Steven. Echinaceas-The Purple Annuals, Unusual. Out-of-the-Ordinary Garden in the Rockies. April, 14; Coneflowers. August, 14. Annuals. April, 22. Sonnenberg Gardens-A Victorian Gibson, Gail. Ornamental Mustards. June, 25. Barberry Family, The. April, 4. Extravaganza. August, 19; Topiary in Harper, Pamela. Perennials for the Front of Bartram, John. John Bartram and His Tuld.n. April, 29. the Border. June, 40. Garden. December, 24. Geranium. Succulent Geraniums. December, 4. Head, Elizabeth S. Oleanders. October, 40. Berberidaceae. The Barberry Family. April, 4. Greenhouse, Cold. The Cold Greenhouse. Heiser, Charles B., Jr. Topiary in Tuld.n. Bewildering Binomials, The. August, 10. February, 19. April,29. Book Dealers. A Catalogue Review. February, Greenhouses, Logee's. Logee's Greenhouses. Hensel, Margaret. Doors and Dooryards. II. December, 30. April, 42; Garden Rooms. August, 44; Botanical Nomenclature. The Bewildering Horticultural Therapy in a Historic Setting. Steps & Stairs. February,40;Vines. June, 15. Binomials. August, 10. August, 4. Hudak, Joseph. Variations on an Evergreen Buffalo Psychiatric Center. Horticultural Hostas. Paul Aden-Hostas at Large. Theme. December, 15. Therapy in a Historic Setting. August, 4. October,S. Hynes, Erin Monica. A Longing for Lithops. Calanthe Orchids: Aristocrats for Bouquets. Indoor Gardener, The. A Longing for October, 30. December, 21. Lithops. October, 30; Succulent Lacy, Allen. The Wild Cyclamen of Cary Arboretum's Fern Glen. June, 22. Geraniums. December, 4. Montrose. October, 26. Catalogue Review, A. Garden Book Dealers: Iris. Coaxing Iris from the Desert. June, 20. Larkin, "Lyn" Vodak. Continual Color. A Catalogue Review. February, 11. Jack-in-the-Box Planting. October, 45. August, 39. Chrysanthemum. Daisies. June, 10. John Bartram and His Garden. December, 24. Larew, Hiram. Plant Galls. December, 10. Coaxing Iris from the Desert. June, 20. Keeping Track in the Garden. December, 12. Loewer, Peter. Garden Book Dealers: A Cold Greenhouse, The. February, 19. Lithops. A Longing for Lithops. October, 30. Catalogue Review. February, 11; Logee's Combining Perennials. February, 29. Logee's Greenhouses. December, 30. Greenhouses. December, 30; Paul Aden­ Coneflowers. Echinaceas-The Purple Longing for Lithops, A. October, 30. Hostas at Large. October, S. Coneflowers. August, 14. Lutea Hybrid Tree Peonies. June, 16. Lynch, Lynn M. The Bewildering Binomials. Continual Color. August, 39. Montrose. The Wild Cyclamen of Montrose. August, 10. Cruciferae. Ornamental Mustards. June, 28. October, 26. Martin, Laura C. Daisies. June, 10. Cyclamen. The Wild Cyclamen of Montrose. Mustards, Ornamental. Ornamental Mitchell, Irene. Western Shrubs. October, 14. October, 26. Mustards. June, 25.

42 December 1985 PLANTS NEED MINERALS NOT MIRACLES ... New Plants for 1985. February, n. Nomenclature. The Bew il dering Binomials. Order To ll Free: August, 10. 800·841·1105 Oleanders. October, 40. In NY: 516·922·9176 Olmsted, Frederick Law. Horticultural Therapy in a Histori c Setting. August, 4. .--- , That's why we formulated Multi­ I I One Woman's Garden. February, 14. mineral GREEN CROSS Wintercare Ornamental Mustards. june, 28. (2-20-10), an exclusive ALL MINERAL I I Out-of-the-Ordinary Annuals. April , 22. formulation designed to harden stems, I I Oxalidaceae. The Wood-So rrel Famil y. strengthen roots, reduce dieback and injury due to winds, winter and acid rain. Fortify and I Greenhouse I February,S. protect your roses, dogwoods, shrubs, trees, Paeonia /utea. Lutea Hybrid Tree Peonies. perennials ... all plants with Multimineral I or Sunroom? I june, 16. GREEN CROSS Wintercare because plants I Make the right choice with Janco. I Paul Aden-Hostas at Large. October, S. need minerals .. . not miracles or fillers. Patent Pending. Pelargonium. Su cculent Geraniums. I I December, 4. I :~~~~I:~~~~~;ao~u;~~~~~u~~ ~::~ I 1.5 Ibs.-$7.95, 5.0 Ibs.-$14.95, 25 Ibs.-$32.99 Sola rooms to match every lifestyle. Peonies, Tree. Lutea Hybrid Tree Peo nies. I Postpaid USA. Canada add 25%. Send check to: I cli mate and budget. I june, 16. Green Cross Wintercare Inc., P.O. Box 195H Oyster Bay, NY 11771 - 516·922·9176. I So before you make your decision , I Perennials, Combining. Combining Perenni als. Na me: ______I send $2.00 and receive our informa- February, 29. I t ive 48-page color catalog featuring I Perennials for the Front of the Border. june, 40. Address: ______over 100 greenhouses. ~ I Pinckney, Eliza. Eliza Lu cas Pinckney­ City: ______l So la rooms and IANCO I Coloni al Ga rd ener. October, 7. I accessori es. tiREENl Plant Galls. December, 10. State: ______Zip: _____ &. GLASS STRUCTURES I I Mail to: Building in the sun since 1948. I Plants and People. Horticultural Therapy in a ___ Send more informati on I Janco Greenhouses. Dept. AM 12. 9390 Davis Ave .. Histori c Setting. August, 4. La urel. MD 20707. (301) 498·5700 I Plants for: The Landscape. Amsonia. August, I I've enclosed $2.00 t o cover f irst -class postage and Also: Brookstone (Plantijreeze) Smith & Hawken, I handling of my 48·page co lor catalog. I 30; Cold Greenhouses. The Cold Gardener's Eden, Van Bourgondien, Me Fayden Name ------I Greenhouse. February, 19; The Front of Seed. I Address ______Dealer inquires in vited. the Border. Perennials fo r the Front of the I Cit y State _____ Zip ----- I Border. june, 40; Western Gardens. L ~~ ~~~~~:~_~~~--1 L Phone ( ) • Western Shrubs. October, 14. Portrait of Beatrix Farrand, A. April , 10. ------Portulacaceae. The Purslane Family. june,S. Purslane Family, The. june,S. Recordkeeping. Keeping Track in the Garden. December, 12. Rockefeller Garden. The Abby Aldrich Rockefell er Garden. October, 21. Rock Garden in the Rockies. April, 14. Sarcocau/on. Succulent Geraniums. December, 4. Seasonable Reminders. Da isies. june, 10; Plant Galls. December, 10. Here in the lush harvested plants Shakespearean Bouquet. April , 21. mountains of will arrive Shrubs: Western. Western Shrubs. October, 14. North Carolina looking fit ll5' Sonnenberg Gardens-A Victorian are our fields ll5' ready to grow. Extravaganza. August, 19. greenhouses filled You want quality Steps & Stairs. February, 40. with hardy her· ll5' you get it from Strange Relatives. The Barberry Family. April, baceous perennials, Holbrook Farm. 4; The Purslane Family. june,S; The selected trees ll5' Send $2.00 shrubs ll5' our own [refundable with first Wood-Sorrel Family. February, S. native wildflowers. order] for your Spring Succulent Geraniums. December, 4. We have a special interest in our catalogue today. Texture. December, 44. mountain grown plants. We are Topiary in Tulcan. April, 29. gardeners, first ll5' last, ll5' our Name Tree Peonies. Lutea Hybrid Tree Peonies. commitment is to grow the best Address june, 16. of the new introductions as well Tulcan. Topiary in Tulcan. April, 29. as your old favorites. We also go City Variations on an Evergreen Theme. to great lengths to assure December, 15. Victorian Gardens. Sonnenberg Gardens-A =th=a=t=o=u=r=c=a=re=['=U=ll=y======~====St=a=te======Z=ip======Victotian Extravaganza. August, 19. Vines. june, 15. Water, Water Anywhere. August, 25. Holbrook Farm &Nursery Western Shrubs. October, 14. Rte. 2, Box 223B·6017, Fletcher, NC 28732 Wild 'Cyclamen of Montrose, The. October, 26. Wood-Sorrel Family, The. February,S.

American Horticulturist 43 THE DESIGN PAGE Texture

age through any reference book on landscap e design, and you w ill P inevitabl y come across the term texture. Why, you ask, should the texture of a pl ant matter in a ga rden? It matters a great deal-perhaps more than a plant's other fea tures, such as fl owers or fruit, whi ch we gardeners are ofteJ;J led to beli eve are the major reason to plant a tree or perennial. Unlike fl owers and fruit, whi ch remain on a pl ant fo r a relatively short porti on of the yea r, texture is always an integral part of the pl ant. Simply put, texture is the feel­ ing you get from a pl ant-not through touch but through sight. Texture makes us react to a pl ant, just as color and fo rm do. So me plants are considered "fine" in texture. For example, tamarisk (Tamarix sp. ) features lacy foli age made up of ve ry The coarse fo li age of Rodgersia provides a striking contrast agai nst the airy leaves of Japanese maple. small , individual leaves. Honey locust and maidenhai r fe rn also have fin e-textured fo­ counterpart, you will noti ce how the var­ as monotonous as a coll ection of all-ye ll ow li age, with small lea fl ets arranged in com­ iegated leaf looks li ghter and finer. daisies or irises. It is also important to pound leaves. Japanese maple displays finely Even the time of day can influence tex­ avoid sharp contrasts between radicall y cut, or dissected, leaves that create a del­ ture. For example, a clump of pampas grass di ffe rent textures. Let your eye move grad­ icate effect. In each case, the leaves give looks rather bold and coarse in the harsh uall y from one texture to anoth er--coars­ an impression of airiness or deli cacy. midday sun. H owever, as the setting sun es t to finest and back again-through a On the other hand, Catalpa, Southern shines through it, the leaves are individ­ planting. If well planned, however, a sharp magnoli a (Magnolia grandifl ora), hostas uall y silhouetted, and the plumy fl ower texture contrast can create an eye-catching or rubber plants (Ficus elastica) all bear heads almost glow with sil very li ght. focal point. For example, one large-l eafed relati vely large leaves with plain , sim ple Few plants retain the same texture blue or green hosta in a bed of sweet wood­ margins. These plants look heavier, harder throughout their li ves, or even throughout ruff or maidenhair ferns can be as strong and more somber than their finer coun­ a sin gle year. A sapling often lacks the visuall y as a sculpture or a birdbath . terparts, and are considered "coarse" in grace of an older tree, and the texture of Apartment dwellers with no outdoor texture. Of course, a pl ant's texture is rarely a deciduous plant changes completely when space can apply these same principles to a either simply fine or coarse; most plants it loses its leaves in autumn. The texture coll ecti on of house pla nts in a win dow. fa ll somewhere in the middle. of Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus Moreover, the texture of house plants can Other factors can also contribute to a dioica), devil 's-walking sti ck (Aralia spi­ make an apartment look bigger or small er. plant's texture. Fo r example, long, taper­ nosa) and cutleaf staghorn sumac (Rhus Finer-textured pla nts such as asp aragus ing leaves such as those of will ows or many typhina 'Laciniata'), fo r example, appears ferns, ming arali as or cycads make corners mature Eucalyptus species look much finer relatively fine in summer; in wi nter, the seem larger, while rubber pl ants, single­ than the broad, bolder leaves of a syca­ large, thick and sparse twigs make the plants stemmed cacti and other coarse plants make more or tulip tree. Long peti oles not only almost too coarse for many landscapes. corners and small areas look even small er. project leaf blades away fro m the twigs The deli cate tracery of the small branches Heavy and light, complex and simple, into space but also all ow leaves to flutter and twigs of an elm, on the other hand, thin and thick, kinetic and static, fine and in breezes, as is the case with aspens and lends a deli cate to uch to the wi nter coarse- all these terms may be used to cottonwoods. In general, plants whose landscape. describe texture. How you use texture in leaves move easil y appear li ghter and finer When designing your garden, try to avoid your ga rden will ultimately affect the fee l­ than those wi th ri gi d, firmly fi xed leaves. using too much of anyone texture. M ost ings and moods of your green spaces. 0 Leaves wi th contrasti ng colors can also peopl e prefer a mix of colors, and the same -Raymond J. Rogers make a pl ant appear fin er than can uni­ should be true for di ffe rent textures . A Ray Rogers is Education Supervisor/ fo rmly colored leaves. If you compare any large number of fin e-leaved plants such as Horticulturist at the American Horticul tural . plain green leaf with its white-vari egated larkspur, baby's-breath and Astilbe can be Sociery.

44 December 1985 Ado ...... a Piece of Histo It cost George Washington $2,885 in 1760. The First President reaped an excellent return on his investment, harvesting an abundance of wheat, rye and corn from his River Farm. Now, as the proud custodians of this historic property, AHS members can make a beautiful harvest possible through the River Farm Adopt-A-Plant Program. When you make a contribution to this Program, we'll send you a hand-lettered "adoption certificate" as our way of com­ memorating your gift. Or you may choose to make a gift adoption-by making a contribution in support of a plant or gar­ / den for a special gardener in your life. We'll be happy to send a certificate an­ Ri ver Farm map drawn by George Washington in 1793. nouncing your gift. With the holidays FOR $50: coming up, why not consider adopting a Heavenl y Bamboo (Nandina domestica) Tropical Water L il y (Nymphaea cvs.) Christmas fern, a Japanese snowball or C li mbing Hydrangea (Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris) Virg in 's Bower (Clematis cv.) that early harbinger of spring, a snow­ Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum forma plicatum) drop? Japanese Anemone (A nemone hybrida 'Alba') Japanese Wisteri a (Wisteria f loribunda) Fl owering Dogwood (Corn us florida) Butterfl y Bush (Buddleia davidii) Trifo li ate Orange (Poncit'us trifoliata) Select your favorite plant from the fol­ Fi g (Ficus carica) lowing list, and send the corresponding FOR $100: Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) "adoption" contribution today with your Golden-Rain Tree (Koelreu.teria paniculata) instructions to Connie Clark, AHS, PO Japanese Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica) Lily-of-the-Valley Bush (Pieris japonica) Box 0105, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. Help Tamarisk (Tamarix parviflora) Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus) us keep Mr. Washington's heritage grow­ Tree Box (Buxus sempervirens ' Arborescens') ing. Adopt a plant or garden at historic Bridal-Wreath Spirea (Spiraea prunifolia) Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cvs.) River Farm. Bl ack Walnut (Juglans nigra) Tulip Tree (Lirodendron tulipifera) FOR $10: Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Snowdrop (Ga lanthus nivalis) Copper Beech (Fagus sylvatica ' Atropunicea') Oriental Poppy (Papaver orientale) Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus) M agic Lily (Lycoris squamigera) Columbine (A quilegia canadensis) FOR $200: Money Pl ant (Lunaria annua) Herb Garden Children 's Garden Rose (Rosa cvs.) Rose Garden Wi ldflower Meadow Chrysanthemum Garden Woodland Walk FOR $25: Daffodil Garden Dwarf Fruit Tree Collection Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis alpestris) Dahlia Garden Hybrid Camellia Collection Miniature Rose (Rosa cvs.) Lily Garden Aquatic Pl ant Collecti on Viginia Bluebell (Mertensia virginica) Daylily Garden Rhododendron Collection Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis) Hosta Garden Bleeding-heart (Dicentra spectabilis) Crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) FOR $250: Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) Coll ection of 100-year-old Eng li sh Boxwood Weatherend Estate Furniture

·1.1'1 ••• i I

In a world enamored with computer-enhanced design and push-button gratification, we take pride in the fact that we still depend upon fine craftsmanship to create Weatherend Estate Furniture. We belieue our woodworkers haue a certain reuerence for the materials they are working with: the finest teak and Honduras mahogany. These skilled men make certain that our furniture is made according to the highest quality standards, with such details as: Mortise-and-tenon joinery whereuer possible, for maximumstrength. Epoxy in all the joints, to make them less subject to loosening with the passage of time. " First Right'" is the standard for judging all our work: whether it be the product itself, or the seruice to our customers. We look forward to seruing you.

© Imaglneering, Inc. 1984