EXTERIOR LIGHTING MASTER PLAN

Prepared for: Northumberland National Park Authority and Kielder Water & Forest Park

By James H Paterson BA(Hons), CEng, FILP, MCIBSE Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd. Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat DG10 9BT. Tel: 01683 220 299

Version 2. July 2013 Exterior Lighting Master Plan Issue 04.2013

Northumberland National Park Authority combined with Kielder Water & Forest Park Development Trust

Dark Sky Park - Exterior Lighting Master Plan

Contents

1 Preamble 1.1.1 Introduction to Lighting Master Plans for Dark Sky Status 1.1.2 Summary of Dark Sky Plan Statements 1.2 Introduction to Northumberland National Park and Kielder Water & Forest Park 1.2.1 Northumberland National Park 1.2.2 Kielder Water & Forest Park 1.3 The Astronomers’ Viewpoint 1.4 Night Sky Darkness Evaluation 1.5 Technical Lighting Data 1.6 “Fully Shielded” Concept Visualisation as Electronic Model 1.7 Environmental Zone Concept 1.8 Typical Task and Network Illuminance

2 Dark Sky Park Concept and Basic Light Limitation Plan 2.1 Dark Sky Park – Concept 2.2 Switching Regime (Time Limited) 2.3 Basic Light Limitation Plan - Environmental Zone E0's 2.4 Basic Light Limitation Plan - Environmental Zone E1 2.5 External Zone – South Scotland / North England Dark Sky Band 2.6 External Zone – Dark Sky Light Limitation – Environmental Zone E2

3 Planning Requirements 3.1 General 3.2 Design Stage 3.3 Non-photometric Lumen Cap method for domestic exterior lighting 3.4 Sports Lighting

4 Special Lighting Application Considerations

5 Existing Lighting 5.1 Lighting Audit - General 5.2 Recommended Changes 5.3 Northumberland National Park Lighting Inventory 5.4 Kielder Water and Forest Park Lighting Inventory 5.5 Public Lighting Audit - Town Totals 5.6 Towns in External Zone- awaiting data from NCC& SBC 5.7 Luminaire Profiles 5.8 "Public" Lighting Inventory - Detail Synopsis - awaiting data from NCC

APPENDICES A - H

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Appendix A – Definitions Appendix B – Night Sky Brightness Nomogram Appendix C - Domestic Retro-fit examples for Environmental Zone E0's Appendix D – Commercial luminaire examples for Environmental Zone E1's Appendix E – General Domestic Lighting – Equipment Profiles Appendix F – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output Chart Appendix G – Property Self-Audit Guidelines – The Next Step Appendix H - Design Guidance / Planning Application Guidance Note

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1 Preamble

1.1.1 Introduction to Lighting Master Plans for Dark Sky Status

The provision of and also the continued working to a Exterior Lighting Master Plan is an essential element, required by the International Dark Sky Association (IDA), when considering the initial merits of their Dark Sky Award process and also their continued monitoring of the night sky quality. The IDA also have the option of withdrawing their support of any award if future sky measurements show a marked decrease in star visibility.

Therefore in addition to forming an essential part of a Dark Sky Status application for appraisal by the IDA the ongoing purpose of this exterior Lighting Management Plan (LMP) is to provide a base document of advice and recommendations for the National Park Authority, adjacent Local Municipal Authorities, Commerce and residents alike. Its use will help to mitigate the effects of stray and obtrusive light, often generally referred to as “light pollution”, from all exterior lighting whether the lighting is intended for domestic, public, agriculture or commercial use. To this end the document is not regulatory but will outline strategies of best working practice to follow in both :-

x Planning for lighting with appropriate design and planning guidelines and x Appropriate choice of lighting fixtures and correct lighting installation practice

This plan’s principal aim is to provide practical advice on mitigating stray light, which astronomers, and others, may find obtrusive, within the boundaries of Northumberland National Park and part of the immediately adjacent Kielder Water and Forest Park, which are both situated in the north of England at the border with Scotland. Although the advice given is relative to both Parks all the guidelines can be equally followed in the other parts of the adjacent counties. This will help to protect, maintain or even, hopefully, improve the existing dark sky attributes and the rural environmental setting of intrinsic darkness, which is enjoyed by both Parks' residents.

Although this plan is principally about preserving this area's greatest natural asset - its dark night sky, there are other benefits such as energy saving and carbon footprint reduction when stray light is reduced.

English National Parks are administered by a National Park Authority which exists:-

x To conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Park. and x To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the National Park by the public.

The protection of the remaining dark night sky fulfils key elements in both of these two national objectives.

Within all English Forest Parks the day to day management of forest estates is exercised by the Forestry Commission England. However, planning matters, within Kielder Forest area (excluding the forest area within the Northumberland National Park), are administered by Northumberland County Council and the boundary of this County can be seen in outline on Figure 1.11.

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1.1.2 Summary of Dark Sky Plan Statements

Plan Statement Number 1

The Authority will endeavour to ensure that no lighting will be allowed to be projected from the adjacent light permitted Zones into the E0-0 areas and any overspill lighting from properties to be no greater than 0.05 lux (horizontal) at ground level or 0.05 lux vertical at 1 metre (or higher) above ground on the E0-0 side of the property boundary. (see section 2.3)

Plan Statement Number 2

Any new or replacement lighting within the E0-250 Zone boundary shown in Figure 2.3 should be “Fully Cut-Off” (Fully Shielded (IDA term)) regardless of light source lumen output. (see section 2.3)

Plan Statement Number 3

Residents in the E0-250 and E0-50 Zones are to be encouraged to limit the visual perception of light output at their property boundary by adapting or modifying existing units to this end. (see section 2.3)

Plan Statement Number 4

Residents in the E1 communities within an E0-250 area are to be encouraged to limit the overspill light at their property boundary to no more than 0.5 lux. (see section 2.4)

Plan Statement Number 5

Even although a village has a street lighting system the residents live with and enjoy intrinsic darkness and as shown in Table 1.1, equivalent to Environmental Zone E1-0. (see section 2.4)

Plan Statement Number 6

Where possible all new lighting within this application boundary should be designed and installed to provide lower glare or intensity values, where possible, than that recommended by the ILP for night time Environmental Zones. (see section 2.4)

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Plan Statement Number 7

All design submissions and planning applications that include external lighting within this application boundary should be encouraged to show evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 900 and above and encourage domestic luminaires to be selected from units having some form of upward light control. (see section 2.4)

Plan Statement Number 8

Through this LMP surrounding Planning Authorities will be encouraged to ensure that all design submissions and planning applications that include external lighting beyond this application boundary should monitor evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 900 and above. (see section 2.6)

Plan Statement Number 9

Through this LMP it will be possible to encourage developers, when required, to adopt and provide a lighting industry professionally prepared submission for planning consideration. (see section 3.1)

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1.2 Introduction to Northumberland National Park and Kielder Water & Forest Park

There are 15 National Parks in Britain with only two, Exmoor in England and Brecon Beacons in Wales, recently approved by the IDA as Dark Sky "Reserve" locations. Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, in Scotland, are nearing completion of their application following the continuing success of Galloway Forest Park and the town of Moffat is preparing an application to become Europe's first Dark Sky Town.

The general location of this application is on the border of Scotland and England as shown in Figure 1.1 and located some 10 miles from Newcastle upon Tyne.

Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park

Northumberland National Park

Kielder Water & Forest Park

Moffat

Newcastle- upon-Tyne

Kielder Obseratory Galloway Forest Dark Sky Park

© Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey PU100040361 Figure 1.1 – General location of Northumberland National Park and Kielder Water & Forest Park

Northumberland National Park has a total area of 405 square miles and Kielder Water & Forest Park, which incorporates England's largest woodland, covers an area of 250 square miles. There is an overlap of the respective Park boundaries and some 67% of Kielder Water & Forest Park is included in this proposal and therefore this application covers a cohesive area of 572 square miles (1,482 square kilometres) of English countryside. Central to the forest is Kielder Water reservoir which is Northern Europe's largest man-made lake with its shores providing a host of leisure activities.

More importantly, Kielder Water & Forest Park developed England’s largest public observatory in 2008. This has two telescope viewing rooms housing 20” and 16” respectively. There are also 14”, 12” and 5” telescopes available for use on the viewing deck. The Kielder Observatory promotes an ever growing "astro-tourism" profile with an extensive educational programme. The protection of their light pollution free viewing is central to this application.

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Jedburgh, Wooler, Rothbury, Bellingham and Haltwhistle are the main towns externally adjacent to both Parks' boundary line and their locations are shown in Figure 1.2.

© Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Wooler Ordnance Survey PU100040361

Scotland / England Border

Jedburgh

Kielder Observatory Rothbury

Otterburn Army Training Estate

Kielder Water Elsdon

Bellingham Northumberland National Park Visitor Centre - Once Brewed

Cawfields Dark Sky Discovery Site

Hadrian's Wall (scheduled ancient monument)

Haltwhistle

Figure 1.2 Northumberland National Park ( yellow border) and Kielder Forest (green background)

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1.2.1 Northumberland National Park

From the 2001 census there were approximately 2,000 people living within Northumberland National Park (about 2.5 people per square mile). Due to this low population density the tranquillity of the area is therefore one of Northumberland National Park’s special qualities and it is less than a one hour drive from the City of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The village of Elsdon, within the National Park, has approximately 250 residents and is the largest settlement within the application boundary.

Tranquillity means freedom from noise and visual intrusion, and in an increasingly busy world this is a key component of experiencing Northumberland National Park. In Northumberland National Park Authority’s Local Development Framework, Policy 19 specifically states "proposals which conserve or enhance the tranquillity of the National Park will be supported". See: http://www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk/_data/assets/pdf_file/0005/144275/cs march_2009.pdf

The promotion of astronomy facilities fits into this tranquillity outreach. Amateur astronomers also form part of the tourism outreach to attract more visitors as is now recorded in other Dark Sky award areas.

Northumberland National Park was designated in 1956 and as such has been a subject of national obtrusive light recommendations since the early 1990's. This ELMP therefore re- focuses attention to some nationally recognised obtrusive light limitation recommendations, initially designed to suit a general environment, and now combined in this plan with the prime objective of aiding the ability to make astronomical observations from within the combined structure of a National Park and a Forest Park environment.

Within Northumberland National Park boundary approximately 12% of the landscape (48 square miles (12,453 hectares)) is designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI's), where the very best examples of wildlife and geology can be found. Similar SSSI's also exist in Kielder Water & Forest Park making a combined area of 95 square miles within the proposed Dark Sky Park.

National Parks have the UK's highest level of statutory protection in relation to landscape. In landscape classification terms a National Park has greater planning protection significance than an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and each National Park has its own special qualities. In addition to its true sense of tranquillity Northumberland National Park's other particular special qualities are: its distinctive landscape character its landscape rich in bio-diversity and geo-diversity its rich in cultural heritage

In Policy 20 of the same Local Development Framework looks to conserve and enhance the landscape quality and character of the National Park, and the dark skies have been recognised by Natural England as a key characteristic of the National Character Areas that cover the Dark Sky Park, these being:- x The Northumberland Sandstone Hills; x The Cheviots; x The Border Moors and Forests; and x Tyne Gap and Hadrian’s Wall.

See:- (http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/587130)

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It is also worth noting that the work and activities associated with the Dark Sky Park contributes towards the UK Government’s delivery of the key actions arising from the European Landscape Convention that was ratified in 2006. Activities such as, working collaboratively, co-operation across boundaries, involving people, increasing the understanding, awareness and profile of a landscape affected by minimal light pollution, and integrating this work into areas of policy.

The promotion of astronomy facilities fits into this landscape and tranquillity outreach work.

As part of the education outreach programme the National Park use one of their outdoor visitor facilities at Cawfields (see figure 1.2) where primary, secondary or further education groups can meet to learn more about conservation in the outdoor environment. As part of its portfolio of visitor facilities in the National Park, Cawfields Quarry is now officially a Dark Sky Discovery Site, hosting many stargazing events for groups of all ages. The National Park Authority work closely with the Newcastle and Borders Astronomical Societies to put on events at Cawfields and hope to develop additional vantage points further north, and further from what is locally referred to as "Newcastle Skyglow", for the more serious astronomy workshops.

Northumberland National Park therefore also provides an important buffer of light pollution free land between Kielder Observatory and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the East.

The protection of the dark skies over the National Park is essential for the study of the night sky and will help with the development of astro-tourism.

The Otterburn Army Training Estate accounts for 23% of the Northumberland National Park and covers 93 square miles (242 square kilometres) of open landscape. It was established in 1911 where many soldiers were trained to throw hand grenades in the First World War from trenches specially constructed for training.

It is owned by the Ministry of Defence (MoD), and used for training some 30,000 soldiers a year. Otterburn is the UK's largest firing range, and is in frequent use. The ranges are used by AS-90 Artillery and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems and is the only place in the UK where the MLRS can be fired, requiring a 11 mile long by 2 mile wide firing range. Because of this, recreational use of the area is restricted, although it is possible for the public to use some parts of the estate subject to the relevant bylaws. The MoD publishes a booklet, Walks on Ministry of Defence Lands, which offers advice on this matter.

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1.2.2 Kielder Water & Forest Park

Kielder Water & Forest Park – The Landscape

Kielder Water & Forest Park is located in the upper reaches of the North Tyne Valley, North West Northumberland, between the Scottish Border, Hadrian’s Wall Country and Northumberland National Park with which it overlaps. The area is characterised by the sweeping expanses of upland moor land, vast expanses of coniferous forest and the attractive valleys associated with the North Tyne and the River Rede. It was an important communication route between England and Scotland and also an area made famous by the centuries of border warfare. The historical remnants of these days are scattered throughout the countryside.

Kielder Water & Forest Park is a cultural landscape originally created by man to meet the needs of society. It comprises of an area of over 230 square miles (600 square kilometres) with 1,000 kilometres of forest roads and tracks, and the largest man-made lake in Northern Europe with a surface area of over 4 square miles (11 square kilometres) and enough water to give everyone on the planet about 7 gallons of water. The landscape included within the dark sky park is home to 47 square miles (12,199 hectares) of Sites of Special Scientific Interest and 19 square miles (5116 hectares) of National Nature Reserve. The combination of managed coniferous forest and reservoir creates an environment that is both unique and spectacular the scale of which cannot be found anywhere else in the United Kingdom.

In terms of historic heritage, Kielder Water & Forest Park contains 48 scheduled ancient monuments (examples being Romano British settlements, burial cairns and bastles), of which 39 are in the Dark Sky Park area. There are 3 listed buildings and 1034 other sites listed in the county’s sites and monuments records. It is home to 60% of the UK’s endangered red squirrel population. Other mammals living in and around this area include badgers, roe deer, otters, shrews, voles and seven species of bat. Kielder Water & Forest Park is a haven for a huge variety of birds from common woodland birds such as the chaffinch, nuthatch and wren. However the most impressive of Kielder’s birds are the birds of prey including the Ospreys which have re-colonised the Park after a 200 year absence. Tawny owl, goshawk, merlin and goosander can also be spotted in these surroundings.

Both environments, as well as having the commercial purposes in the supply of both timber and water, have a wide range of facilities and activities and constitute one of the top four visitor attractions in Northumberland, in terms of overall number of visits per annum. In 2012, Kielder Water & Forest Park attracted 369,000 visitor days and 189,720 overnight stays. Visitor spend contributed £18.4m to the economy of the area around Kielder Water & Forest Park.

Kielder Water & Forest Park – Outdoor leisure destination Kielder Water & Forest Park is developing into an attractive and varies activity destinations. For some it will remain a place ‘to get away from it all’. For others it will be a resort mixing outdoor activities with high quality facilities and relaxation. Waterskiing and sailing enthusiasts take to the water all year round and the lake offers a huge challenge to keen trout anglers between March and October.

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Famed for having the darkest night skies in England thanks to minimal light pollution, Kielder Water & Forest Park is a star gazers’ heaven and is home to the Kielder Observatory. The development and the creation of the observatory was a partnership activity with Kielder Observatory Astronomical Society. Kielder Water & Forest Park Development Trust raised the £500,000 investment and project managed its construction. The Forestry Commission, as part of the partnership, own it and look after it. Over a number of years events at the observatory have increased from 1 per month, when it was first opened, to now having several each week especially in the winter period.

Kielder Water & Forest Park hosts other events each year including national, regional and international mountain bike events and the first Kielder marathon, along with a variety of smaller events (badger, and deer watches, Bat and Raptor walks, vintage car rallies etc). Visitors are certainly spoilt for choice when it comes to spending a day trip, weekend break or holiday in what the Campaign to Protect Rural England calls the most tranquil spot in the country.

The size and scale of Kielder Water & Forest Park provides enormous leisure and recreation development potential. The landscape can cope with energetic events such as car rallying, sailing, fell running and mountain biking whilst providing space for relaxation and tranquillity.

The Dark Sky Park application boundary includes part of Kielder Water & Forest Park (167 square miles) with about 400 residents and the complete area of Northumberland National Park. The boundary is included within one Local Municipal Authority namely Northumberland County Council, as shown in Figure 1.11, with the Trunk Road network, through the park, maintained by the Highways Agency contractor. These two authorities maintain in excess of 100 street lighting units within the application boundary and all the lights in the rest of Northumberland. A few miles beyond the application boundary three additional Local Authorities namely Scottish Borders, Dumfries and Galloway Council and the Cumbria Council maintain many more streetlights. All four Local Authorities are committed to spending several million pounds over the next 7 or 8 years to replace old street lighting luminaires to reduce their carbon footprint.

All statutory planning functions for the area within the National Park boundary are undertaken by Northumberland National Park Authority. However Northumberland County Council provides community services like highway maintenance, street lighting and environmental health facilities within and beyond the National Park boundary.

Within the Dark Sky Park area, land ownership in the National Park is split between many owners with the Ministry of Defence being a large public sector landowner. In Kielder Water & Forest Park, land ownership is predominantly Forestry Commission England (public sector) with Northumbrian Water, Northumberland Estates and Calvert Trust being three large private sector owners.

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1.3 The Astronomers’ Viewpoint

More than 20 years ago the British Astronomical Association (BAA) forged links with the Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) (renamed in 2010 as the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP)) to open discussions on the plight of amateur astronomers. The problem was that views of the stars at night were being diminished by stray upward artificial light from outdoor lighting. This included elements such as old style street lighting and poorly installed floodlighting installations, as well as other commercial, advertising and domestic lighting.

There are many reasons why obtrusive light should be prevented but there are two prime objectives for adequate control and they are:-

x To minimise the problems it creates for human beings, plants and animals thereby improving amenity and biodiversity.

x Reduce unnecessary consumption of electricity and demands on fossil fuels thereby minimising carbon footprint and global pollution.

Combating poor light control for astronomers assists in achieving both of these prime objectives but this is only part of an international obtrusive light control issue.

This document has been commissioned with the prime objective of promoting the use of intrinsic darkness to view the stars in the night sky. The document therefore concentrates on mitigating any obtrusive light elements which could cause a nuisance, from both the astronomers’ and residents’ viewpoint, by:-

x Maintaining or improving the night sky darkness as a background to view the star constellations.

x Promoting a good practice working document for commercial and agricultural use, and to be accessible by residents, hoteliers and any other tourist related promotion.

x Promoting the use of quality domestic lighting equipment with good light control.

x Encouraging improvement, adaptation or changing of existing lighting equipment.

x Creating a benchmark to achieve the dark sky award.

Unlike some other countries the UK has no regulatory governing body which provides exterior lighting. Professional Institutions such as the ILP, the Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) and British Standards all provide illuminating engineering background advice and recommendations for engineers to follow and adapt to suit different geographic locations.

Likewise it is important to understand that apart from Northumberland National Park Authority owned property, neither it nor the Northumberland County Council have any role in or ability to change or alter conditions or standards on existing private or commercial property. This role lies in the hands of willing local residents, farmers, commerce and local authority managers to work in voluntary partnership and adopt the good practice principles outlined herein. Future new development designs will be encouraged to do likewise.

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1.4 Night Sky Darkness Evaluation

1.4.1 Kielder Water and Forest Park This section was undertaken by Gary Fildes FRAS, volunteers from the Kielder Observatory and Forestry Commission Rangers and Gary quotes:- " We set out to investigate the darkness of the night sky in and around Kielder reservoir, the observatory and the surrounding area. The intention was to measure the amount of light pollution per arc second of the sky. This would then be used to support the application for Dark Sky Park status for the KWFP area. In total 184 readings were taken from 23 sites, giving an exceptional standard that does suggest we have good dark sky conditions indicative of IDA recommendations.

The aim is to be able to demonstrate that the local and surrounding areas as designated are dark enough to be regarded as a Dark Sky Park; (It should be noted that these are not only locations with exceptional night sky, but locations that have gone above and beyond to preserve that night sky. That is, these locations exemplify public land management of our nocturnal resources.) The readings were taken at various times so that they would not coincide with the moon in being full phase. 23 separate locations were used with an average reading of 21.523. No allowances or scientific uncertainties were used when compiling this data, weather and temperature fluctuations were noted but were thought to be inconclusive when trying to establish the primary aim which was to take meter readings at the locations listed in Table 1.2 together with the average of all the readings shown in Table 1.1.

These readings put Kielker Water & Forest Park as a 2 at best ,on the Bortle Scale; definition here: Airglow weakly visible near horizon; M33 easily seen with naked eye; highly structured summer Milky Way; distinctly yellowish zodiacal light bright enough to cast shadows at dusk and dawn; clouds only visible as dark holes; surroundings still only barely visible silhouetted against the sky; many Messier globular clusters still distinct naked-eye objects. My observations can prove that this is an accurate description of the site. Transparency and seeing conditions will affect the sky per arc sec." Table 1.1 Average of all readings in Kielder Water & Forest Park Ref. No. Location Map Reference sum Av. SQM reading K 1 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93259 899.33 21.93 K 2 Catcleugh NT 743034 149.70 21.38 K 3 Byrness school NT 758028 144.32 20.61 K 4 Forest drive toll NT 780002 149.11 21.30 K 5 7 linns NY 6867 8012 150.73 21.53 K 6 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 152.33 21.76 K 7 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 147.97 21.13 K 8 Chirdon head NY 7127 8189 169.87 21.23 K 9 Coldstore NY 7127 8189 150.08 21.44 K 10 Crawberry Craggs NY 71371 90732 129.15 21.52 K 11 The cross NY 71371 90731 169.08 21.13 K 12 Blackaburn Lough NY 7645 7952 153.30 21.90 K 13 Pundershaw NY 7977 8017 132.04 22.00 K 14 Gowan burn NY 64718 91455 146.50 20.92 K 15 Janus chairs NY 6632 90761 147.67 21.09 K 16 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 146.30 20.90 K 17 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 147.66 21.09 K 18 Wainhope Bothy NY 6719792369 150.39 21.48 K 19 Butteryhaugh Bridge NY 63224 92289 109.06 21.81 K 20 Kielder castle NY 63197 93456 110.10 22.02 K 21 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 109.36 21.87 K 22 c200 border NY 56819 98107 108.70 21.74 K 23 Kerseycleugh lay bye NY 56819 98107 109.29 21.08

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Darkest Reading K22 = 21.74 K20 = 22.02 K4 = 21.30

K19 = 21.81

K18 = 21.48

K 1 = 21.93 K14 = 20.92

K21 = 21.87 N10 = 21.42

K15 = 21.09

N09 = 21.54 K17 = 20.09

K7 = 21.13

K6 = 21.76 K13 = 22.00 K8 = 21.23

Darkest average reading K12 = 21.90 in Kielder Forest = 22.02

Figure 1.3 Location of Sky Quality Meter Reading Sites N02 = 21.14 (see Table 1.1 for prefix K location names) (see Table 1.3 for prefix N location names) © Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey PU100040361

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Table 1.2 Sky Quality Measurements throughout the Kielder Water & Forest Park

Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading 19th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93259 21.97 17th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93288 21.98 20th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93260 22.41 18th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93289 21.91 21st Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93261 21.74 19th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93290 inclement 22nd Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93262 21.86 20th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93291 22.3 23rd Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93263 22 20th feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 22.95 24th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93264 21.36 20th feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 21.06 25th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93265 inclement 20th feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 22.54 26th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93266 22.12 21st feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93291 22.47 27th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93267 Inclement 21st feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 22.76 28th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93268 22.34 21st feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 22.18 29th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93269 21.87 21st feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 23.21 30th Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93270 21.75 22nd feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93291 22.1 31st Jan 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93271 21.89 23rd feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 21.07 1st feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93272 inclement 23rd feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 20.96 2nd feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93273 inclement 23rd feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 21.33 3rd feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93274 21.99 23rd feb 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 21.56 4th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93275 inclement 23rd feb 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 22.25 5th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93276 inclement 23rd feb 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 21.38 6th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93277 inclement 23rd feb 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 21.15 7th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93278 22.1 24th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93291 21.58 8th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93279 inclement 24th feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 21.05 9th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93280 inclement 24th feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 21.15 10th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93281 21.77 24th feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 22.07 11th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93282 22.45 24th feb 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 21.3 12th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93283 22.15 24th feb 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 21.33 13th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93284 Inclement 24th feb 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 21.3 14th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93285 21.89 24th feb 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 21.33 15th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93286 Inclement 24th feb 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 21.4 16th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93287 Inclement 25th feb 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93291 22.17

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Table 1.2 continued

Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading 25th feb 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 21.9 7th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93298 Inclement 25th feb 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 22.22 8th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93299 Inclement 25th feb 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 21.9 9th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93300 Inclement 25th feb 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 21.71 9th mar 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 19.3 25th feb 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 22.41 9th mar 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 19.87 25th feb 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 21.9 9th mar 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 20 25th feb 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8016 21.48 9th mar 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 19.26 26th feb 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93291 21.54 9th mar 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 20.5 27th feb 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93292 inclement 12th mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 22.64 27th feb 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93293 22.01 12th mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8016 22.68 28th feb 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93294 inclement 12th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93294 21.99 28th feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 21.21 13th mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 20.47 28th feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 19.92 13th mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 21.31 28th feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 20.61 13th mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 20.58 29th feb 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 20.48 13th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 21.03 29th feb 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 19.84 15th mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 22.04 29th feb 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 19.54 15th mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8016 21.7 29th feb 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 19.5 15th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93300 21.45 29th feb 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 19.54 16th mar 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 21.7 29th feb 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 19.55 16th mar 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 21.7 29th feb 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 19.26 16th mar 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 21.35 29th feb 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 19.88 16th mar 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 21.9 1st mar 2012 Catcleugh NT 743034 19.95 16th mar 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 21.95 1st mar 2012 Byrness school NT 758028 19.21 16th mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 22.32 1st mar 2012 Forest Drive Toll NT 780002 19.81 16th mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8016 22.08 3rd mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93294 20.87 17th mar 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 21.3 4th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93295 21.89 17th mar 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 21.36 5th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93296 Inclement 17th mar 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 20.9 6th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93297 Inclement 17th mar 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 22.1

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Table 1.2 continued

Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading 17th mar 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 22 22nd mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90731 21.44 17th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93300 21.87 22nd mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90731 20.92 18th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 inclement 23rd mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 22.67 18th mar 2012 Gowanburn NY 64718 91455 21.5 23rd mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.55 18th mar 2012 Janus Chairs NY 6632 90761 21.65 23rd mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90731 21.73 18th mar 2012 Belling inlet NY 66235 91122 21.3 23rd mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90731 20.25 18th mar 2012 Coal yard NY 69902 88649 22.1 24th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 22.09 18th mar 2012 Wainhope bothy NY 6719792369 22.25 24th mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 21.9 19th mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 22.53 24th mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8017 22.1 19th mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 21.87 24th mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.52 19th mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 22.04 24th mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90731 21.46 19th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 21 24th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90731 21.43 19th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93300 20.12 24th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90732 21.69 20th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 22.15 25th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90733 21.82 20th mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 21.68 25th mar 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93301 22.31 20th mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 22.01 25th mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.06 20th mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 20.01 25th mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90731 21.47 20th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 20.78 26th mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90732 21.56 21st mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 inclement 26th mar 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93301 21.97 21st mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 21.08 26th mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.48 21st mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8016 21.4 26th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90733 21.7 22nd mar 2012 Pundershaw NY 7977 8017 22.08 27th mar 2012 Kielder observatory NY 60936 93301 22.01 22nd mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 22.34 27th mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.56 22nd mar 2012 Blackaburn lough NY 7645 7952 21.42 27th mar 2012 crawberry craggs NY 71371 90732 21.49 22nd mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 20.64 27th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90733 20.08 22nd mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 21.24 27th mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 22.15 22nd mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 21.28 27th mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 22.35 22nd mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 21.2 27th mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 21.13 22nd mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.51 27th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 22.45

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Table 1.2 continued

Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading Time & Date Location Map Reference Reading 28th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8190 21.13 16th mar 2012 C200 at border NY 56819 98107 21.8 28th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93301 21.78 17th mar 2012 butteryhaugh bridge NY 63224 92289 21.67 28th mar 2012 Kielder Observatory NY 60936 93302 22.1 17th mar 2012 Kielder castle NY 63197 93456 21.68 28th mar 2012 coldstore NY 72094 88392 21.47 17th mar 2012 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 21.78 28th mar 2012 The cross NY 71371 90733 20.88 17th mar 2012 C200 at border NY 56819 98107 21.8 28th mar 2012 7 Linns NY 6867 8012 21.7 17th mar 2012 Klerseycleugh-lay-bye NY 56819 98107 22.45 28th mar 2012 Hopehouse NY 6891 8064 21.3 21st mar 2012 butteryhaugh bridge NY 63224 92289 21.66 28th mar 2012 Lord robinson NY 6746 8117 21.78 21st mar 2012 kielder castle NY 63197 93456 22.24 28th mar 2012 Chirdon Head NY 7127 8189 21.13 21st mar 2012 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 21.72 24th feb 2012 butteryhaugh bridge NY 63224 92289 21.65 21st mar 2012 C200 at border NY 56819 98107 21.76 24th feb 2012 Kielder castle NY 63197 93456 21.53 21st mar 2012 Klerseycleugh-lay-bye NY 56819 98107 21.74 24th feb 2012 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 21.45 22nd mar 2012 butteryhaugh bridge NY 63224 92289 22.42 24th feb 2012 C200 at border NY 56819 98107 21.56 22nd mar 2012 Kielder castle NY 63197 93456 22.74 Klerseycleugh-lay- 24th feb 2012 bye NY 56819 98107 21.49 22nd mar 2012 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 21.84 16th mar 2012 butteryhaugh bridge NY 63224 92289 21.66 22nd mar 2012 C200 at border NY 56819 98107 21.78 16th mar 2012 Kielder castle NY 63197 93456 21.91 22nd mar 2012 Klerseycleugh-lay-bye NY 56819 98107 21.76 16th mar 2012 Kielder campsite NY 62790 93803 22.57 Klerseycleugh-lay- 16th mar 2012 bye NY 56819 98107 21.85

1.4.2 Northumberland National Park

Table 1.3 and Figure 1.5 (on following pages) contains the sky quality readings obtained within the Northumberland National Park and an abbreviated selection from the main list (shown in Table 1.3 with *) as those readings taken in the central core. These readings will form the monitoring points for future assessment of changing night sky conditions. Some of the values in Table 1.3 are shown on a map base (Figure 1.4) together with their associated measurement site number.

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Table 1.3 Sky Quality Measurements in Northumberland National Park

SQM Reading Dates Site Map Ave. Ref. Location Grid SQM No. Description Reference Value 18/12/2011 24/02/2012 21/03/2012 27/03/2012 28/03/2012 22/03/2012 15/11/2012 10/12/2012 11/11/2012 13/12/2012 15/12/2012 Hadrian's Wall N01 Walltown NY 670660 20.83 21.42 21.13 N02 Cawfields (Dark Sky NY 714666 21.16 20.65 21.19 21.55 21.14 Discovery Site) N03 Once Brewed NY 753668 20.56 20.56 N04 Jnct to Gibbs Hill Fm NY 743681 21.18 21.18 N05 Steel Rigg NY 751676 21.1 21.21 21.56 21.29 N06 Brocolitia Car park NY 860713 21.54 21.48 21.51 N07 Housesteads C. Park NY 794684 21.2 21.4 21.3 North Tyne & Redesdale N08 Layby on the C200 NY 818842 21.42 21.43 21.43 N09 Lanehead NY 792856 21.54 21.54 N10 Greenhaugh School NY 794875 21.48 21.42 21.37 21.42 N11 LaneEnd Tarset NY 792892 21.51 21.44 21.48 N12 High Green NY 810910 21.54 21.47 21.41 21.47 N13 Jnct to Sunday Sight NY 820917 21.49 21.44 21.38 21.44 N14 Padon Hill CattleGrid NY 824918 21.54 21.5 21.41 21.48 N15 Billsmoor NP C. park NY 943968 21.26 21.26 N16 Elsdon Village Green NY 936933 21.27 21.27 N17 The layby opposite NY 962909 21.29 21.29 the Gibbet N18 Layby at Elishaw NY 856956 21.46 21.46 N19 Rochester NY 834978 21.45 21.45 N20 Cottonhopesfoot NT 782028 21.57 21.55 21.56 Burn road N21 Byrness Campsite NT 780015 21.62 21.62 N22 Whitelee Farm NT 713050 21.55 21.55 N23 Carter Bar layby NT 698069 21.63 21.63

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N24 Jnct of B6320 and rd NY 834876 21.54 21.54 to Greenhaugh N25 Jnct to Sunday sight NY 819882 21.58 21.58 Coquetdale N26 Woodhouse Bastle NT 967002 21.56 21.48 21.52 layby N27 Holystone NT 956026 21.6 21.6 N28 Holystone cattle grid NT 951026 21.59 21.59 N29 Out onto range NT 925019 21.37 21.37 N30 Harbottle Castle NT 930048 21.61 21.5 21.56 N31 Alwinton Car Park NT 919064 21.35 21.64 21.5 N32 Barrow scar lay-by NT 906064 21.45 21.5 21.48 N33 Shillmoor bridge NT 887077 21.45 21.56 21.51 N34 Byegate bridge NT 870083 21.45 21.52 21.49 N35 Barrowburn NT 866103 21.42 21.56 21.49 N36 Slimefoot Car Park NT 859115 21.54 21.54 N37 Carshope NT 846113 21.54 21.54 N38 Buchams Walls CP NT 824106 21.48 21.48 N39 Chew Green layby NT 794086 21.47 21.5 21.49 N40 Clennel Hall NT 928071 21.36 21.36 N41 1st Bridge from NT 924076 21.4 21.4 Clennel Hall to Kidland Forest N42 2nd Bridge from NT 926084 21.39 21.39 Clennal Hall to Kidland Forest N43 Kidland Forest edge NT 920092 21.45 21.45 N44 Kidland Forest NT 918113 21.44 21.44 clearing N45 Makendon 21.51 21.51 N46 Alnham Church NT 991110 21.4 21.36 N47 Alnham Castle Hill NT 993107 21.4 21.5 21.43 N48 Ewartly Shank NT 961135 21.4 21.43 N49 Scrainwood Farm NT 990095 21.3 21.33 N50 Eli Law NT 977085 21.17 21.4 21.28 N51 Puncherton Rd end NT 948080 21.18 21.31 21.25 N52 Biddlestone NT 961084 21.34 21.34

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N53 Turn off for High NY 937953 21.26 21.26 Carrick on Elsdon – Bilsmoor Road. N54 NCC layby on Elsdon NY 938956 21.35 21.35 – Billsmoor Road N55 Lordenshaws C.Park NY 052987 21.37 21.37 N56 Tosson Waterworks NY 032003 21.41 21.41 N57 Alwinton Church NT 923057 21.36 21.36 N58 Yardhope 21.8 21.8 N59 Dudlees NY 869001 21.63 21.63 N60 Stewartshield NY 864992 21.72 21.72 N61 Potts Durtrees NY 873974 21.61 21.61 N62 Troughend A68 NY 865929 21.57 21.57 Cheviots N63 Ingram Bridge NU 018163 21.59 21.38 21.49 C.Park N64 Bulby’s Wood C.Park NU 008163 21.59 21.35 21.47 N65 Peggy Bells bridge NT 997166 21.57 21.39 21.48 N66 Hartside layby NT 977163 21.44 21.44 N67 Linhope NT 965163 21.39 21.39 N68 Wooler Common - NT 977273 21.05 21.05 Forestry Car Park N69 Wooler Common - NT 973271 21.29 21.29 Road to N70 Wooler Common NT 973264 21.21 21.21 N71 West Kirknewton NT 904303 21.44 21.44 N72 Hethpool Car Park NT 893281 21.42 21.42 N73 College Valley NT 887252 21.44 21.44 N74 Trough Up Road End 21.37 21.37 N75 Kilham 1st Cattle 21.43 21.43 Grid N76 Kilham 2nd Cattle 21.41 21.41 Grid N77 Kilham 3rd Cattle 21.33 21.33 Grid N78 Old Yeavering Road NT 925303 21.36 21.36 End

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Measurement Site Number = SQM Reading © Crown copyright and database rights (See Table 1.1 for prefix K site names) 2013 Ordnance Survey PU100040361 (See Table 1.3 for full list of Northumberland sites) N72 = 21.42

N35 = 21.49 N74 = 21.37 N67 = 21.39

N73 = 21.44 N66 = 21.44 N37 = 21.54 N48 = 21.43

N49 = 21.33

N23 = 21.63

N51 = 21.25

N22 = 21.55 National Park Darkest K3 = 20.61 N58 = 21.80

N21 = 21.62

K4 = 21.30 N26 = 21.52

N19 = 21.45 N54 = 21.35

N16 = 21.27 N60 = 21.72

N59 = 21.63 N24 = 21.54 N62 = 21.57 N61 = 21.61

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Page outline reminder pending sky quality photos being taken

Pictures and locations not correct

STILL WAITING FOR PHOTOS at Version 4

Figure 1.5 Sky Quality photographs within and near proposed boundary

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Astronomers also describe the sky darkness in terms of a Bortle Scale* of 1 to 9, this time the lower the number the darker the sky. Reference to the nomogram in Appendix B shows the comparison of the various methods the astronomers use to describe the night sky quality.

Darkest average within Northumberland National Park boundary = 21.80 magnitudes per sq. arc second Darkest average within Kielder Water & Forest Park boundary = 22.02 magnitudes per sq. arc second

The following readings are only included as a general comparison with other external areas and should not be used as an absolute measurement value since the SQM meters used may not have been calibrated at the same time, the measurement methodology may have been different and the weather conditions will certainly have been different.

Darkest reading in Galloway Forest = 22.70 magnitudes per sq. arc second Darkest reading in Loch Lomond & the Trossachs National Park = 22.20 magnitudes per sq. arc second Darkest reading in Exmoor N.P. = 21.80 magnitudes per sq. arc second Darkest reading in Brecon Beacons N.P. = 21.56 magnitudes per sq. arc second Darkest reading on the Isle of Sark = 21.50 magnitudes per sq. arc second

With an estimated conversion of the average reading of 22.00 magnitudes per square arc second, the area can be described as Bortle Class 2.

* See http://skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/article811.asp for further information on the Bortle Scale.

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1.5 Technical Lighting Data

It is not possible to produce a document on light control without introducing some light technical parameters and when used they will be defined as required with an appendix summary of technical definitions.

Basic Lighting Terms

Detailed explanations of basic lighting terms can be found in Appendix A but in this document the three lighting terms most commonly used for expressing values of light are: lumen Describes the total amount of light given off by a bare lamp. (abbreviation: lm (sometimes klm for 1000lm))

candela Describes the intensity (I) of light in a particular direction. (abbreviation: cd)

illuminance Describes the amount of light falling on a surface area in lumens / square metre. (abbreviation: lux)

This ELMP has been devised, principally, to control different forms of stray light. First, and foremost, is upward light which can obscure night-time astronomical observations when it reflects off air- borne particles of water or dust. The effect is commonly known as sky glow. However, direct light sources close to any field of observation are also problematic and are discussed later.

In addition to sky glow, astronomers do not like to see a visible source of light either and luminaires with a light source larger than 1000 lumens should be what the IDA call “fully shielded” from view, ie a completely flat glass window mounted horizontally, as shown in Figure 1.6 (right). Non-technical terms like this will be explained and mixed with technical descriptions later. Figure 1.6 “Fully Shielded” luminaire

The IDA term of “fully shielded” and other non-technical terms like high beam, semi cut-off, cut-off, fully cut-off and aero-screened were formerly used in the UK to categorise a luminaire’s light distribution. These luminaire category terms disappeared from the lighting industry usage in Europe and the UK some 30-40 years ago but sometimes still appear in UK planning publications. These old, non technical, terms have therefore been reinstated, in this LMP, but with more accurate technical descriptions with recommended limitations on intensity values in Section 2.

The IDA term “Fully Shielded” is synonymous with the old UK term “Horizontal Fully Cut- off” and is the preferred term used in this LMP.

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1.6 “Fully Shielded” Concept Visualisation as Electronic Model

The light limitations of a “fully shielded” luminaire is outlined in technical detail in section 1.4, however, Figure 1.7 and 1.8 display the effects, in a non technical format, from an electronic model village which was constructed and illuminated firstly with traditional low pressure sodium street lights as found in many rural streets as shown in Figure 1.7.

© LCADS Ltd

Figure 1.7 Traditional Low Pressure Sodium distribution - shows house details up to chimney pots

The luminaire positions were then replaced by luminaires with flat glass and mounted horizontally with an equivalent wattage consumption using LED light sources. The software used for the ensuing “before and after” visualisation used ray tracing techniques to calculate the effects of the light reflected off all surfaces from both types of luminaire.

© LCADS Ltd

Figure 1.8 Luminaires with Fully Shielded distribution - showing distinct lack of upward spill light detail and distinct reduction in distant visual glare from the luminaires.

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1.7 Environmental Zone Concept

Upward light and source intensity limitation are only two of four aspects of stray light control explained in two complementary technical publications on the limitation of obtrusive light namely:- x The Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) ‘Guidelines for the Control of Obtrusive Light’ (PGN 01:2011) and x The Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) Technical Report 150:2003 ‘Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations’.

Both documents support the concept of setting out environmental zones based on the night time ambient light in the area. They then go on to recommend differing degrees of stray light control for each of 5 environmental zones.

Strict light control status in all UK National Parks has been recognised since the ILE first introduced the night time ambience zone classification in 1993, however, this application for Dark Sky status covers a combined National Park together with a Forest Park and a hybrid Environmental Zone numbering system has been devised to suit the area and a full description of light limiting factors for this will follow in Section 2.

Table 1.4 Typical Environmental Zones in the UK (ILP 2011)

Zone Surrounding Night Environment Typical examples Number E0 Protected Dark Starlight Reserves, Dark Sky Parks or Islands, Typical of Core Zones National Parks, Areas of E1 Natural Intrinsically dark Outstanding Natural Beauty or Dark Sky Core Buffer Zones E2 Rural Low district brightness Village or relatively dark outer suburban locations E3 Suburban Medium district brightness Suburban residential / commercial or small town centre locations Large town, commercial area or city E4 Urban High district brightness centre with high levels of night time activity

In addition to direct upward light limitations Dr Christopher Baddiley has shown in ‘Towards Understanding Skyglow’ (ILE:2007) that obtrusive glare from street lighting units, at or near the luminaire horizontal axis, can also diminish the astronomers’ observations. Accordingly the source horizontal intensity is also used in this LMP as a further means of providing both public nuisance reduction and better astronomical observations.

Reference is therefore made to limiting intensity values emanating from lighting units. The traditional simplistic means of displaying intensity distribution information is by means of a polar diagram with angular intensity values.

The polar diagram in Figure 1.9 (following) is a traditional way of illustrating a line of maximum intensity through the major and minor axis of a street lighting luminaire. For clarity Figure 1.8 shows only the major axis distribution for a street lighting luminaire ie the intensity of light emitted out of each side of the luminaire together with three angles where intensity limitations will be later applied to control horizontal and upward light, and a further two downward angles which are used in BS 13201 to control disability glare on the public road

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network. However, recent research has shown that downward intensity values at an angle of 70 degrees has an effect on the amount of light reflected upwards, off hard surfaces. Therefore the lower the values at 70o and 80o, the lower the reflected upward light.

Regardless of luminaire light distribution characteristics recent research has also, more importantly, shown that off highway light absorbing landscape such as natural grass can reduce, by half, the upward reflected light of the installation and the use of asphalt surface lowers by half the upward light reflected off concrete.

(Landscape note:- Many rural commercial / industrial estates and car parks could be constructed, where appropriate, with asphalt surfaces rather than bare concrete if illumination is required or intended in the future.)

Throughout this LMP Upward light control limitations are stated for the luminaire in its designed or “as-installed” condition on site and is not a factory measured intensity.

Figure 1.9 - Polar Diagram of typical street lighting luminaire

Also shows the angles and maximum intensity values for a “fully shielded (cut-off)” luminaire Imax above 950 = 0 candela Imax above 900 = 0 candela Imax at 900 = 0 candela

Imax at 800 = 100 cd/klm

Imax at 700 = 350 cd/k/lm

Tables extracted from BS publications will show all 5 angles with restrictions relative to glare control but in this LMP the important angles will be the intensity of zero at 900 and above.

Industry standard design software like “Lighting Reality” can be used to check luminaire “as installed” intensity values in a dynamic format as shown in Figure 1.10 at the design stage.

Another technical way of describing the limitation of upward light from luminaires is called the Upward Light Output Ratio and the ILP are currently considering the values, in percentage terms, of the zonal flux in 2 upward zones, namely between 900 and 1000 and between 1000 and 1800.

Figure 1.10 Dynamic output from Lighting Reality showing results at "as installed" tilt angle

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1.8 Typical Task and Network Illuminance

Over a period of time most working tasks, and sports activities, have been analysed and researched. Recommendations have been relative to the quantity and quality of light required to carry out the task in comfort and safety.

For task lighting illuminance value recommendations for outdoor work places reference should be made to BSEN 12464-2:2007 – ‘Light and Lighting – Lighting of work places’ (Part 2: Outdoor work places) but a few of the typical regional tasks are contained below in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5 – Illuminance for typical rural tasks (extract from BSEN 12464-2:2007)

Ref Type of area, task or activity Eav Uo GRL Ra ELMP Remarks No. lux Farms 5.5.1 Farm Yard 20 0.10 55 20 5.5.1 Equipment Shed (Open) 50 0.20 55 20 5.5.3 Animals sorting pen 50 0.20 50 40 Farmland Sport Equestrian (outdoor event) 100 0.50 55 20 Time limited Harbours 5.4.1 Waiting quays at canals and 10 0.25 50 20 locks 5.4.2 Gangways and passages 10 0.25 50 20 exclusively for pedestrians 5.4.6 Coupling of hoses, pipes and 50 0.40 50 20 ropes Power, electricity, gas and heat plants 5.11.1 Pedestrian movement within 50.255020 electrical safe area 5.11.3 Overall inspection 50 0.40 50 20 5.11.6 Repair of electric devices 200 0.50 45 60 Not permanent Use local close up lighting Industrial sites and Storage 5.7.1 Short term handling of large units 20 0.25 55 20 and raw material, loading and unloading of solid bulk goods 5.7.2 Continuous handling of large 50 0.40 50 20 units, lifting and descending location for cranes 5.9.1 Parking Areas – See Roadmap 20 in section following Simple Summary for safety Values during task operation time only and security when no No task – No Light equivalent task recommendation can be found Very low risk 5 0.25 55 20 Low Risk 10 0.40 50 20 Medium Risk 20 0.40 50 20 High Risk 50 0.4 45 20

Key to table abbreviations Eav = Maintained average illuminance Uo = Overall uniformity Ra = min. colour rendering index GRL = Glare Rating limit (for internal work visibility benefit and not a visibility measure from outside the site)

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Within any new design it is important to:- x Provide the correct lighting levels for the task or sport game and grade playing level. x Provide the lighting only when needed. x Recognise that providing light in excess of the recommendations not only increases an unnecessary addition to sky glow but it also wastes energy and increases the carbon footprint.

Most of the recommended values shown in Table 1.5 have been based on the premise that a lamp with a low colour rendering index will be used as shown in the column headed ‘Ra’.

Although monochromatic low pressure sodium light is simple to filter out of astronomical observations a well controlled, zero upward light, white light source should be a more acceptable compromise with some energy saving advantages. Filtering out certain wavelengths of artificial light, however, has the effect of reducing the visibility of low magnitude stars by a factor of at least 4 (equivalent to 2 F-stops in a camera aperture).

The colour rendering index (Ra) of a standard high pressure sodium lamp (SON) (yellow coloured light) is about 20 but the colour rendering index of ceramic metal discharge lamp (CMD) (true white light) is better than 65 and some newer light sources are achieving >80.

Various research projects, carried out over several years (see ILP PGN 03:2013), have proved that human vision works better with high order colour rendering and in some tasks the illuminance design target value can be reduced by the Photopic / Scotopic (S/P) ratio if ‘white’ light is used instead of ‘yellow’ light. This S/P ratio varies with different light sources and different colour temperatures and the proportional reductions for possible light sources in this application are shown in Table 1.6. Different luminaire manufacturers publish their own S/P ratios and the values shown in Table 1.6 should not be taken as generic.

Table 1.6 Reduced Target Illuminance depending on S/P Ratio

Baseline Target S/P = 1.15 S/P = 1.37 S/P = 1.43 Values in BS13201 Philips Philips Philips Ra < 60 CPO-/728 Warm white Warm white LED Eav (lux) Emin (lux) Eav (lux) Emin (lux) Eav (lux) Emin (lux) Eav (lux) Emin (lux) 15.0 5.0 13.5 4.5 13.15 4.4 13.05 4.4 10.0 3.0 8.7 2.6 8.45 2.5 8.35 2.5 7.5 1.5 6.3 1.3 6.05 1.2 5.5 1.1 5.0 1.0 4.0 0.8 3.8 0.8 3.8 0.8 3.0 0.6 2.2 0.5 2.1 0.5 2.1 0.5 2.0 0.6 1.3 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.5 Values above derived by linear interpolation from base values published in ILP PGN 03 by LCADS Ltd

0 Light sources achieving an Ra > 80 are often in the CCT range of 6000 K and although ocular vision research has proved a case of improved visual acuity with “white light” current health research in the UK and the USA is studying the possible disturbing effect on the human circadian rhythm from “blue rich” white light and on the mental well being of humans and animals. This paragraph may need updating in the future as more information becomes available. (See Appendix A for Warm or Neutral White LED light source recommendations)

Although BSEN 13201:2003 recommends that average values should not be reduced lower than 2 lux there is no visual reason why 1 lux cannot be used on private paths or roads in rural locations, where appropriate, and only if lighting is found to be necessary.

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3.2 Requirements for Traffic and Residential Area Lighting Selection Matrix Starter Set 8 - illuminance Design Objectives Main User Type Typical Speed Excluded UserType Situation Typical Network:- Footpath, cycle way of Main User Set and non-town centre pedestrian area Pedestrian & Cyclist Walking Speed Motors, Slow Vehicles Remote Path - Set 8 & Motor Cycles "Shops" - Set 7 Pedestrian Flow Normal High Pedestrian Flow Vehicle conftict 10-30 MPH "Streets" - Set 7 Environmental Zone E1/2 E3 E4 E1/2 E3 E4 Measurement from IESNA and shop users Car Parks - Set 6 Normal Crime Eav 235357.5in 1st hour of darkness Residential vehicles, 10-30 MPH Heavy goods vehicles Set 5 Emin 0.6 0.6 1 0.6 1 1.5 Low = 10 or less Cycles & Pedestrians High Crime Eav 7.51015101520Medium = 11 to 100 Motorised traffic & 20-40 MPH Minor / Rural- Set 4 Emin 1.5 3 5 3 5 8 High = over 100 Slow vehicles Secondary - Set 3 Where a light source with Ra>60 is used, the lighting level can be reduced by 1 class Motorised Traffic 30-70 MPH None Set 2 except 2 lux should not be reduced further.

Motorway 70+ Slow vehicles, cycles Set 1 Regulations & pedestrians Set 7 - illuminance Design Objective Typically:- City & Town Centre Shopping Streets Set 1 - Luminance Design Objectives Typical Network:- Motorway&Motorway Link Roads Values in Set 6, 7 Pedestrian / traffic flow Medium High Traffic Flow ADT <40,000 >40,000 and 8 are based on Environmental Zone E3 E4 E3 E4 Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Pedestrian Only Eav 15 20 20 30 Complex Interchange 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 a light source with Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Junction <= 3Km 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Mixed on separate Eav 20 30 30 30 Spacing > 3Km 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Ra < 60 surface Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Hard Shoulder 0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Mixed on shared Eav 20 30 30 30 surface Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Set 2 - Luminance Design Objectives Typical Network:- Strategic Routes, Trunk and some Principal "A" roads Set 6 - illuminance Design Objectives Main Distributor Routes or Typical Network:- Car Parks & Motorway Rest Area Routes between Strategic routes with peak time parking restrictions

Traffic Flow ADT <15,000 >15,000 >25,000 Zone Eav Uo GRL Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SRLavUo Ul TI SR Major shopping centre, sports & 20 0.25 50 Single Normally 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 major multi purpose building complex Carriage- >10,000 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Above only with on street Small town shops, Department store 10 0.25 50 way & E3 or E4 parking, otherwise as below office building, small sports complex Dual Carriageway 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Village shops, schools, churches, 5 0.25 50 terraced and apartment houses Set 3 - Luminance Design Objectives Typical Network:- Secondary Distributor ("A,B & C" Classified) See BSEN12464-2:2007 for other external work task illuminance Unclassified Urban Bus Routes Set 5 - illuminance Design Objectives Urban Collector Road Typical Network:- Local Access Roads & roads serving limited number of properties Traffic Flow ADTLow District Brightness Medium District (E3) High District Bright. E4 Urban Residential Loop Roads Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Residential Low traffic flow Normal traffic flow Normal traffic flow < 7,000 0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 Traffic with pedestrians with pedestrians with pedestrians 7,000 - 15,000 1.0 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 and cyclists and cyclists and cyclists > 15,000 1.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Env. Zone E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4 > 25,000 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Crime Ra rate value Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Set 4 - Luminance Design Objectives Low <60 3 0.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 Typical Network:- Local Rural Roads & Rural Bus Routes = 40MPH or less >60 2 0.6 30.6 30.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 Residential or Industrial Interconnecting Roads Med <60 5 1 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 15 5 Minor single carriageway & Link Roads between Secondary Distributors >60 3 0.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 10 3 Traffic Flow ADT Low District Brightness Medium District (E3) High <60 10 3 10 3 10 3 15 5 15 5 Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR >60 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 10 3 No < 7,000 0.5 0.4 0.4 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 Parking <7,000 + high cycle 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 LCADS Ltd Parking < 7,000 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 LIGHTING DESIGN ROADMAP - Devised and Designed by 7,000 to 9,000 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 LCADS Ltd, Moffat : Tel 01683 220 299 LCADS Ltd > 9,000 use Set 3 © 2013 Values in RED italics are additional CEN values to BSEN 5489 Recommendations (C) 2008

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The Roadmap shown on the previous page of this LMP has been compiled from information in BSEN13201-2:2003 - ‘Code of practice for the design of road lighting’ (parts 1 and 2) and the European CEN Standards. It has been designed to provide a simple selection process for light levels and quality criteria, including obtrusive light controls. The road lighting solution is derived from assessment of environmental zones, user types, user volume and crime volume via a flowchart.

Although BSEN13201-2:2003 is currently undergoing revision, and there will be changes in the Class numbers (ME to M, S to P et all), this LMP Roadmap does not use this Class selection process. Some previously recognised step values in the 2003 edition have been lined out to allow individual S/P ratio information to determine the proportional reduction.

Within the boundary of any Dark Sky application it is important to note here that if there is “NO TASK” in operation there should be “NO LIGHT” and that the recommended values given could be reduced if “white” light sources are used.

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Figure 1.11 Outline of Northumberland County Council relative to the proposed Dark Sky Park boundary

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2 Dark Sky Park Concept and Basic Light Limitation Plan

2.1 Dark Sky Park – Concept

In previous UK applications all National Parks, which have their own planning authority, have been described as "Dark Sky Reserves" with a Core Zone, a Buffer Zone and an External Zone as outlined in the IDA requirements for dark sky status. Likewise Forest Parks, which have a municipal planning authority, are described by the IDA slightly differently and do not require to have a protected "Core Zone" although one exists in Galloway Forest Dark Sky Park. The domestic lighting survey work recommendations also vary depending on whether the area is destined to be a "Park" or a "Reserve".

This application is a combination of a Forest Park and a National Park and initially there was a great deal of mental confusion as to where, and how, "Core Zones" and "Buffer Zones" could fit into a combined application.

National Park

Forest Park

Figure 2.1 Outline of cohesive application boundary

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The application boundary shown in Figure 2.1 covers an area of about 572 square miles, and apart from five or six small rural villages, within this boundary line, the remainder of the area is predominantly rural. It is estimated that 2,180 reside within this boundary and table 5.4 contains some individual village population figures.

For this application it is simpler to work to a "Dark Sky Park" scenario and also easier to identify sections of the Dark Sky Park relative to their ambient night time environmental setting in preference to the more general IDA terms of "Core" and "Buffer" Zones

This part of the LMP outlines the combination of the stray light control in each environmental zone and luminaire light output distribution control as being equivalent to the IDA concept of Core, Buffer and External Zones referred to in Dark Sky Parks and Dark Sky Reserves.

In order to combine the IDA recommendations within the concept of a multi-function Dark Sky Park this LMP introduces hybrid variations to the traditional CIE / ILP environmental zone settings.

As such each will require the application, in whole or in part, of fully cut-off (fully shielded) luminaires and Section 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 contains a method of describing the quality of light cut-off control in numeric terms for luminaires with a light source greater than 1,000 lumens (IDA setting), within the application boundary. In closely populated Community settings beyond the external boundary of this application for example (but not limited to) Bellingham, Wooler, Kelso, Jedburgh and Newcastleton this critical lumen output is 5,000 lumens (IDA setting).

Many domestic external lighting fittings use lamps less than 1,000 lumens and although many variations on a theme can be found there are principally 3 different luminaire styles: Heritage (Figure 2.2.1), Bulkheads (Figure 2.2.2), and Floodlights (Figure 2.2.3).

Figure 2.2.1 Figure 2.2.2 Figure 2.2.3

A few other styles may also be found but the important element is not the style of the luminaire but its associated lamp output and more importantly the distribution and direction of light being emitted.

Although there are now some low output Light Emitting Diode (LED) security floodlights which look like Figure 2.2.3 most of the tungsten halogen floodlights found in the survey use lamps which have an output greater than 3,000 lumens. To be fully compliant with the IDA recommendations within the application boundary, the glass window should be totally horizontal (Fully Shielded) as shown previously in Section 1.5 (Figure 1.6). The light distribution from floodlights which are tilted upwards, like Figure 2.2.3, can also create a source of annoyance to neighbours in a residential community. (See Appendix G for a self audit improvement)

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2.2 Switching Regime (Time Limited)

Many commercial premises have labels attached to light switches to say “switch off lights when room is not in use” and some buildings have energy management systems which automatically detect occupation and adjust accordingly. External lighting should be similarly treated, not only to limit energy usage but also to reduce the impact on the night sky.

Many domestic exterior luminaires can be purchased with a combined passive infra-red (PIR) presence detector and photoelectric switch unit (PECU) to do the same work as the commercial building management system. A time delay switch is just as good and it has the added advantage over PIR detection in that the luminaires will not be turned on by cats, dogs or other wildlife movement and will ensure that lights are not accidentally left on overnight.

The Environmental Zone tables which follow gives intensity recommendations for Pre and Post - 22.00 hours.

All residential and business occupiers should be encouraged to recognise the benefits switching off unwanted lights or adopt some form of light reduction after the time limitation of 22.00 hours. Even if the luminaire is not fitted with presence or darkness detection some DIY stores supply programmable light switches which are designed to replace existing internal manually operated switches.

Some sports or other work related applications may have earlier time limitations included in their original planning approval. This LMP suggested time limitation recommendation does not override any existing planning conditions, however, in some cases a voluntary earlier switch off time or later switch on time may be requested.

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2.3 Basic Light Limitation Plan - Environmental Zone E0's

Galloway Forest Dark Sky Park contains an area of zero inhabitants and within that area the plan of no new lighting is sustainable within what is known by the IDA as the Core Zone and that was described as a possible E0 in 2009, prior to the CIE/ILP recognition in 2011 as the values shown in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 E0 - CIE/ILP guidance Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance 2 ULR E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) % Pre-10pm Post-10pm Pre-10pm Post-10pm Pre-10pm E0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -

There are now "Core Zones" in other Dark Sky Reserves where there are remote farms and residences within a "Core" boundary where the "no new lighting" concept is not sustainable. It could be made sustainable, however, if the visual perception of source intensity is limited to the immediate vicinity of the property or the property boundary.

Table 2.2 shows adaptations of the CIE/ILP published values to replace "Core Zone" with three assessment notes below (added by this LMP) to identify where "presence" can be measured depending on the property density. Within a group of houses a distance limit of 50 meters is appropriate and in totally remote locations a measurement distance of 250 metres could be applied, assuming in both situations that the property boundary is more distant.

Table 2.2 Stray light control recommendations in Typical E0 Zone

Sky Light Intrusion Maximum Assessment Night Time Glow (into windows) Source Intensity Luminance Point 2 Environmental E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Zone ULR Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre & Post Ev or Eh % 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm -10pm (lux) No New External Lighting Units Permitted E0-0 (excluding the need for red filtered navigation / marker lights)

E0-250 0 0 0 0* 0* 0 0.10

E0-50 0 0 0 0** 0** 0 0.25

E0-SL*** 0 0.25 0.1 0 0 0 © LCADS Ltd 2013 (IESNA = 0.5 lux)

Assessment Note 1 Measurement or calculation of light intrusion should be in the vertical plane and parallel with the window pane in its centre. * Assessment Note 2 Measurement or calculation of the source intensity should be based on a 1.5 metre high visual receptor placed at any location on the property boundary or 250 meters beyond the new light source, whichever is closer (eg. remote house or farm). ** Assessment Note 3 Measurement or calculation of the source intensity should be based on a 1.5 metre high visual receptor placed at any location on the property boundary or 50 meters beyond the new light source, whichever is closer (eg community within E0-250).

*** Note spill light from public street lighting unit only

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The author of this Lighting Master Plan has assessed the whole of the Dark Sky Park as E0-250. However, within the Dark Sky Park, there are areas having lower levels of ambient night-light (E0-0) as well as areas of slightly higher levels of ambient night-light (E0-50 & E1).

College Valley

E0-50

Whitelee Moor National Nature Reserve E0-50

Ingram Leaplish Waterpark & Calvert Trust Alwinton E0-0 E0-50 Harbottle Observatory E0-50 Holystone + 1 mile radius

E0-0 E0-50 E0-50

Butterburn Flow Greenhaugh & Nature Reserve Lanehead E0-0

Operation Centre & Hydro Plant E0-0 (E0-50)

Black Rig Greenlee Lough Nature Reserve National Nature Reserve Figure 2.3 E0-250 plan with other E0's - (See Figure 2.4 for E1-0 locations)

Plan Statement Number 1

The Authority will endeavour to ensure that no lighting will be allowed to be projected from the adjacent light permitted Zones into the E0-0 areas and any overspill lighting from properties to be no greater than 0.05 lux (horizontal) at ground level or 0.05 lux vertical at 1 metre (or higher) above ground on the E0-0 side of the property boundary. Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 39 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Master Plan Issue 05.2013

Plan Statement Number 2

Any new or replacement domestic lighting within the E0 Zone boundaries shown in Figure 2.3 should be “Fully Cut-Off” (Fully Shielded (IDA term)) regardless of light source lumen output.

Deltalight LED Deltalight Zumtobel -

Kont Smide + others Kont Smide - Torino Kont Smide - Modena

liteCraft Stainless Wall Light liteCraft Dacu 2x1 watt LED liteCraft Savona (shielded version)

Sitco + Others - Double Asymmetric Mini Flood

All floodlights like this are designed to be mounted horizontally (not as shown in manufacturer's illustration )

Additional shielding as illustrated right can limit light at task area boundary

Figure 2.4 Typical external domestic fittings which can provide the fully cut-off objectives of Plan Statement Number 2 and 3 when mounted correctly

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Plan Statement Number 3

Residents in the E0-250 and E0-50 Zones are to be encouraged to limit the visual perception of light output at their property boundary by adapting or modifying existing units to this end.

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2.4 Basic Light Limitation Plan - Environmental Zone E1

The CIE and ILP classify upward light as one segment above 900 but may consider upward light ratios in two segments in a future publication. This document uses a modified derivative of the glare restriction table in BS13201 until new UK data is published.

With the exception of most domestic style luminaires ( like those shown in Appendix C) the luminous intensity from a luminaire is derived from photometric information, which has been measured under laboratory conditions. These measured values describe the luminaire’s light distribution in numeric electronic format (commonly known as I-tables in IES, TM14 or other recognised format).

From the I-table for a particular luminaire and its installed angle of elevation the intensity of light at different elevation angles can be computed and classified, as shown in Figure 1.8, in glare classes, namely G1 to G6. G1 is the most relaxed and G6 is the most restrictive. G6 is the recommended restriction which should be applied throughout the E1 areas as shown in Table 2.3. Appendix D contains photographic profiles of some luminaires with light sources greater than 1,000 lumens and complying with the upper (and some lower) intensity limits of table 2.3.

Table 2.3 - Intensity limitation in E1 Zone

Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Dark Sky Class cd/klm Non technical description Requirements at at at above of luminaire light control 700 up 800 up 900 up 950 up in installed location

Rural G6 350 100 0 0 Fully Cut-off ( fully shielded) landscape installation for all luminaires with source > 1,000 lumens

Note up Table 2.2 restrictions apply to the luminaire's installed angle of upwards tilt

The application of zero intensity at and above the horizontal (900) in an E1 environmental zone is an essential recommendation. The values of intensity below 900 are not as essential but will provide better glare control if achieved.

In order to cover the use of heritage equipment in conservation areas the following table is a hybrid adaptation of additional options in an E1 Zone. (Private or public street lighting system)

Table 2.4 Conservation Area Equipment in E1 Zone

E1 Zone Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Non technical Dark Sky Class cd/klm description of luminaire Requirements at at at above light control in installed 700 up 800 up 900 up 950 up condition Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0

Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0

© LCADS Ltd 2013

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In addition to the intensity controls presented in table 2.3 and 2.4 further light limitation recommendations are contained in table 2.5, below, to mitigate any obtrusive light in an E1 Environmental Zone within the application boundary. These two tables should be considered in tandem at the design stage for all new exterior lighting which contains a light source greater than 1,000 lumens.

Table 2.5 - Obtrusive Light Marker Points

E1-Dark Sky Park Adaptation Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Property Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance Boundary 2 Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm (lux) %

E1 in E0-250 0 0.5 0.25* 1,000 0 0 0.50 area (E1-0) E1 (ILP guideline) 0 2 0 2,500 0 0 - (E1-1) (Beyond application) © LCADS Ltd 2013 ( IESNA = 1.0 lux )

* light from street lighting if installed - otherwise 0

Plan Statement Number 4

Residents in the E1-0 communities within an E0-250 area are to be encouraged to limit the overspill light at their property boundary to no more than 0.5 lux. (Remote residents within the E0 Zone have stricter recommendations see Plan Statement No. 3)

Some of the villages have no street lighting system and some have two or three located at strategic locations rather than providing a cohesive street lighting system. The location of the remaining towns and villages with a cohesive street lighting system totalling more than 10 units are shown in Figure 2.5, however, Northumberland County Council, who own and maintain the street lighting, are about to consider their own lighting policy plans to introduce part night dimming (ie full light output at dusk but dimmed by 50% about midnight and back on full power again about 5.30am until dawn). In addition to this they also have started an energy saving conversion contract formulation.

The Local Authority on the Scottish side of the application boundary, Border Regional Council, are also committed to reducing energy consumption in the same manner and will commence LED retrofit conversions in April 2014. Dumfries and Galloway have already retrofitted 10% of their lighting stock with LED units and have included dimmable control gear.

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Otterburn Camp

Byrness E1-0

E1-0 E1-0 Kielder Village E1-0 E1-0

Elsdon E1-0

Rochester

E1-0 Falstone

Stonehaugh

Figure 2.5 plan showing E1 in E0-250 area together with location of street lighting systems within application boundary.

Plan Statement Number 5

Even although a village has a street lighting system the residents live with and enjoy intrinsic darkness and as shown in Table 1.1, equivalent to Environmental Zone E1-0.

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Plan Statement Number 6

Where possible all new lighting within this application boundary should be designed and installed to provide lower glare or intensity values, where possible, than that recommended by the ILP for night time Environmental Zones.

Plan Statement Number 7

All design submissions and planning applications that include external lighting within this application boundary should be encouraged to show evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 900 and above and encourage domestic luminaires to be selected from units having some form of upward light control.

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Table 2.6 Summary of E0 zones

Zone Definition Typical Examples Implications Means to Achieve E0-0 Dark Typically uninhabited areas like No new external lighting units Adapting or modifying :- allowed and residents existing units to this end. Whitelee Moor National Nature encouraged to modify existing Reserve units 1 mile round Kielder Observatory E0-250 Predominantly dark - Some All remote properties within New units must be compliant New units must be fully light spill is inevitable up to 250 boundary of application and residents encouraged to cut-off / shielded regardless of metres beyond the new light e.g. isolated farmsteads modify existing units to lumen output source or up to property prevent no more than 0.1 lux Encourage existing units boundary whichever is nearer straying beyond their property to be modified or adapted to this to property boundary. end.

E0-50 Predominantly dark - Some No street lighting system New units must be compliant New units must be fully light spill is inevitable up to 50 e.g. and residents encouraged to cut-off / shielded regardless of metres beyond the new light Greenhaugh modify existing units to lumen output source or up to property Rochester prevent no more than 0.25 lux Encourage existing units boundary whichever is nearer Alwinton straying beyond their property to be modified or adapted to this to property boundary. end.

E1 in E0 Intrinsically dark - Up to 0.5 Kielder & Butterhaugh New units must be compliant Residents encouraged to area lux light spill is inevitable at Bryness and residents encouraged to use bulbs with an output less the property boundary Stonehaugh prevent any light straying into than 600 lumens or ensure Elsdon their neighbour's windows by lighting unit is fully cut-off / Otterburn Camp adapting or modifying existing shielded if greater than 1,000 units to this end. lumens

E1 Up to 1 lux light spill is Residents encouraged to Residents encouraged to Beyond inevitable at the property prevent any light straying into use bulbs with an output less Park boundary inclusive of any their neighbour's windows by than 1,000 lumens and ensure Boundary contribution from street lighting adapting or modifying existing lighting unit is fully cut-off / system units to this end. shielded if greater than 1,800 lumens

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2.5 External Zone – South Scotland / North England Dark Sky Transition

Since neither the Kielder Water & Forest Park or Northumberland National Park Authority has any jurisdiction in the area beyond their boundary this section, and the next, relies on planners and engineers working in voluntary partnership, both within and external to the application boundary, to help maintain or better still enlarge the Dark Sky attributes of the area.

As indicated in the Introduction this application is near other Dark Sky status applications and although they are not yet joined up, this application contains a consistent approach with new Dark Sky status work currently under development for Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council.

Although each of the surrounding Local Municipal Authorities operate autonomously there is a Cross Border Liaison Group and likewise this application has been designed to cross borders if required. Figure 2.6 is included to show the close relationship of different applications in progress.

In response to the call for comments on the 3rd Edition of National Planning Framework (NPF3) the Scottish Government have included planning for the protection of Dark Sky Parks. This application therefore includes an area of transitional protection round the proposed boundary.

With the exception of the town clusters along the A69 to the south of the application boundary most of the land surrounding the boundary is rural. At least 200 square kilometres of forest is contained within a 10 mile transition band for part of the boundary.

Although this area beyond the application boundary is not National Park status, but may have designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) it has a high degree of natural intrinsic darkness and the equivalent of the CIE/ILP Environmental Zone E1. Provided the application is approved as a Dark Sky Park this application includes the additional protection of Environmental Zone E1 (see Table 2.6) obtrusive light recommendations for a distance of 10 miles beyond the application boundary.

E1-1 Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Property Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance Boundary 2 Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm (lux) %

E1 0 2 0 2,500 0 0 - (ILP guideline) (E1-1) ( IESNA = 1.0 lux )

Table 2.6 - Obtrusive Light Marker Points beyond boundary

The following section recommendations are hybrid adaptations to suit future Dark Sky Community settings beyond the application boundary and they are taken from existing generalised light control recommendations.

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© Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey PU100040361 E1

E1 E1 E1 E0-250 Ɣ E2-0% Byrness E1 Ɣ Ɣ Rocheste E0-250 E1 E0-0 Ɣ Ɣ Kielder Ɣ E0-250 E1 E0-0 E1 E1 E0-250 Glentrool Ɣ Ɣ E0-250 E1 E2/3 Stonehaugh E1 E1 Ɣ E1 E2/3

Ɣ E1 Ɣ

Ɣ new E0-50 Community in E0-250 area eg Glentrool / Rochester / Greenhaugh Ɣ new E1 Community in E0 area Ɣ new E2-0% / E2-1% (eg Dark Sky Community - Moffat) Ɣ original E2-2.5% Low District Brightness Figure 2.6 Curent / Future Environmental Zone Map

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2.6 External Zone - Dark Sky Light Limitation - Environmental Zone E2

Table 2.7 Original CIE/ILP stray light limitations in E2 Zone

ILP and CIE Obtrusive Light Limitations for Exterior Lighting Installations Environmental Sky Glow Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Zone Upward (into windows) Luminance 2 Light E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Ratio Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm % 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm

E2 2.5 5 1 7,500 500 5

Environmental Zone E2, as shown above, was created by the CIE many years before the introduction of Dark Sky areas and like the adaptations of E0 and E1, this ELMP proposes an adaptation of the original Environmental Zone E2 to suit the exacting needs of the IDA in a large village or town community settings beyond the application boundary.

The original upward light ratio of 2.5%, as shown in Table 2.7 is still a sustainable objective in low district brightness areas which have not been recently improved. However, the low district brightness of a Dark Sky Community requires to maintain an installed 0% upward light ratio for all luminaires with a light source greater than 5,000 lumens. The only exception to this is in the hub or centre of the community where a 1% ULR can provide additional visual perception.

As a result of this ELMP there is no reason to continue accepting a 2.5% ULR limit for new planning applications if the old street lighting has recently been changed to full, or nearly full cut-off Light emitting Diode distribution equipment.

Table 2.8 Adapted stray light limitations for Dark Sky Community (surrounded by E1 setting)

E2-Dark Sky Community Adaptation Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Property Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance Boundary 2 Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm (lux) %

E2-0% 0 2.5 1 2,500 0 0 1.0 (Residential)

E2-1% 1 5 1 2,500 500 3 3.0 (Town Centre)

E2-2.5% 2.5 5 1 7,500 500 5 ( IESNA = (ILP guideline) 3.0 lux ) © LCADS Ltd 2013

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In addition to the stray light controls presented in table 2.8 further light limitation recommendations are contained in table 2.9, below, to mitigate glare in a Dark Sky Community Zone. As in Section 2.4 these two tables should be considered in tandem at the design stage for all new exterior lighting.

Table 2.9 Intensity Distribution Control in Dark Sky Community beyond Application Boundary

DSC Zone Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Non technical Dark Sky Class cd/klm description of luminaire Requirements at at at above light control in installed 700 up 800 up 900 up 950 up condition Any light source > Fully cut-off installation 5,000 lumens G6* 350 100 0 0 in residential community Single light source >1,000 but < 5,000 G5- 350 100 5 0 Cut-off installation lumens derivative LED light sources >1,000 but < 5,000 G4 500 100 10 0 Part Cut-off installation lumens (Part Shielded) Community Centre with population < G4 500 100 10 0 Tilted up installation 3,000 (excluding using Cut-off conservation style distribution streets) Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0 Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0

© LCADS Ltd 2013

Note up Table 2.9 restrictions apply to the luminaire’s installed angle of upwards tilt which can be tested in UK industry standard design calculation software.

Note * Intensity relaxation may be appropriate at 700 and 800 depending on luminaire availability but the values of intensity at 900, 950 and above are crucial.

Note ** Requires discussions with adjacent land owners and local authorities to adopt similar controls in their individual environmental policy plan.

Plan Statement Number 8

Through this LMP surrounding Planning Authorities will be encouraged to ensure that all design submissions and planning applications that include external lighting beyond this application boundary should monitor evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 900 and above.

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Temporary Graphics

EXTERNAL ZONE

Kelso 7 miles Scottish Borders Council Yetholm Wooler Jedburgh

9 miles Hawick Northumberland County Council 15 miles Moffat Rothbury

Dumfries & Galloway Dark Sky Park Council Newcastleton Blyth Langholm

13 miles Bellingham

Cumbria County Council Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hexham 10 miles Haltwhistle

Carlisle © Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey PU100040361 Figure 2.7 – Dark Sky Status Application boundary and surrounds ( NCC Boundary to be added if graphic supplied) Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 52 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Master Plan Issue 04.2013

3 Planning Requirements

3.1 General

In order to avoid a combination of light polluting the night sky and also possible light nuisance problems Section 2 contains basic recommended numeric objectives to this end, however, this section explains how planners and engineers need to work in partnership, both internally and externally, to help maintain or enhance the sky darkness at night.

As indicated in the Preamble the guidance given in this document will assist in the defence of the existing night sky. However, there is a national problem with obtrusive light. Part of the problem emanates from the random standards of some planning applications containing external lighting proposals.

The previous lack of a published lighting design & assessment methodology has resulted in planning applications, being presented in a variety of formats, sometimes with a few extracts from manufacturers’ catalogues and scant calculation techniques. This has created major difficulties in appraising applications both subjectively and technically.

A new ILP document (PLG04:2013 "Guidance on Undertaking Environmental Impact Assessments") focuses on the lighting aspects of creating a Lighting Impact Assessment. Whilst most of these are effects on people and their perception of the surroundings, assessments must also include effects on flora and fauna. A summary of some of the sections covered are included below.

Table 3.1 Typical Lighting Impact Assessment Checklist

Lighting Impact Assessment - Checklist

Baseline Descriptions

Baseline Assessment Procedures Day time visit Night time visit Viewpoint Scheduling Baseline Assessment Layout Location Plan Brief Description Viewpoint Pages Baseline Summary

Proposed Development – Lighting Design Design – General Preliminary Assessment Provisional Design Final Design

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In addition to the ILP rational covering the process of carrying out Lighting Impact Assessments the Scottish Executive have published a complementary Planning Guidance Note (Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Energy Consumption) which provides a rationale to all lighting design proposals.

An abbreviated 12 point summary checklist of the design methodology is shown in Table 3.2 below but reference to the full document will provide the reasoning behind a 20 bullet point checklist. This LMP should encourage Development Control Committees, both within the National Park Authority and adjacent Local Authorities, to insist on a thorough design process by the developer before submitting proposals. Although only 12 points are included in Table 3.2 these should be treated as an absolute minimum requirement and there are no reasons why the full 20 point plan is not set as a standard requirement.

See Appendix H for a more detailed description of the design and assessment methodology.

Table 3.2 Design Methodology Checklist

Good External Lighting Design Practice

x Survey of surrounding area environment x Identification of critical viewpoints or receptors x Analysis of task lighting level recommendations and game level if sports lighting application x Establish environmental light control limits x New lighting design quality objectives x Calculated measurement of Task working area(s) Overspill area(s) x Obtrusive light calculation of Property intrusion Viewed source intensities Direct upward light output ratios x Compare design achievement with baseline values x Schedule of luminaire types, mounting height and aiming angles x Schedule of energy usage and lumens per square metre x Schedule of luminaire profiles x Layout plan with beam orientation indication and site relationship with surrounding residential and commercial properties

Plan Statement Number 9

Through this LMP it will be possible to encourage developers, when required, to adopt and provide a lighting industry professionally prepared submission for planning consideration.

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3.2 Design Stage

Luminaires are designed to have light distributions which are appropriate for specific applications. Even though a luminaire has a Dark Sky Fixture Award it can produce sky glow, light intrusion or glare if it is installed incorrectly. By following the recommendations relating to viewed intensity and vertical illuminance limits at lighting design stage this should mitigate the potential obtrusive nature of stray light.

This assessment is not possible by inspecting luminaire catalogue information, however, industry standard software, complete with obtrusive light evaluation criteria, eg Philips Calculux, is essential and is available as a free download from their web site. Some luminaire manufacturers also provide a design service but this may be limited in application and may not include obtrusive light analysis.

All planning applications involving external lighting should be encouraged to follow the 12 point plan outlined in Section 3.1 to ensure that viewed intensity and obtrusion are mitigated accordingly.

Over-lighting an area is just as obtrusive and wasteful as pushing light into the night sky. Designing for, and providing, the correct task illuminance on the ground is just as important as controlling stray light.

However, some luminaire manufacturers / suppliers, especially budget range DIY equipment, cannot provide photometric intensity tables. This precludes the use of computer algorithms to check either the essential information about fundamental illuminance values or check for obtrusive light situations.

At design and planning application stages the answer is simple, do not accept the use of such equipment and at installation stage do not substitute a non- photometrically measured equivalent look-a-like.

Although most of the commercial luminaires have photometric files many of the 1,000 lumen range of domestic residential exterior lighting does not have photometric files and therefore requires a non-photometric method. A lumen cap methodology is explained in the next section.

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3.3 Non-photometric Lumen Cap method for domestic exterior lighting

Budget range DIY equipment usually takes the form of a simple area floodlight with a high wattage tungsten halogen lamp. They are popular because they are cheap, easy to install, and are often combined with photo-electric (PECU) switches to prevent daytime operation and with passive infra red (PIR) detectors to switch on and off automatically during the hours of darkness.

In the majority of cases these fittings, or luminaires, are installed typically on garage or porch fascias at about 2-3 metres above ground level, and arranged to direct their main beams towards the property boundary to operate as vehicles or people enter. This high beam arrangement can result in disability glare for the user and to other road users, light intrusion into adjacent property and a source of possible complaint.

This type of installation is not in keeping with the light control required in a rural setting and as from the effective date of implementation of this LMP no new floodlights of this type will meet the IDA Dark Sky requirements unless they are installed with the glass face horizontal.

As described previously a light source output limit of 1,000 lumens in luminaires with poor light control is considered to be a generalised rule of thumb marker. However Table 3.3 provides a more accurate lumen and wattage prescription, which is based on the overall area of the building structures on each residential plot of land.

Appendix E contains examples of exterior lighting equipment which should be considered when purchasing new exterior lighting. This Appendix could be made available to all the residents within each participating community.

Lamp lumens is a consistent value and although difficult to find on some lamp packaging it will gradually superseding the lamp wattage. Lamp watts can vary with the efficacy of the lamp. Table 3.3 (following page) has therefore been constructed using the lamp lumens as the base from which to start followed by tables which show the equivalent lamp wattages for different lamp types.

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Table 3.3 - Total Lumen Limit for each residence

Environmental Zone E0-50 / E0-250 E2 E3*** E4*** and E1

750 lm 2250 lm 4500 lm 6000 lm Total Lumens plus plus plus plus for domestic Exterior Lighting 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 of site structures* of site of site of site structures* structures* structures* Fully cut-off luminaires each lamp lumen maximum 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm 3200 lm Part cut-off luminaires E0's E1 each lamp lumen maximum none 750 lm 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm No light control luminaires E0's E1 each lamp lumen maximum none 480 lm** 750 lm** 750 lm 750 lm © LCADS Ltd 2013 * Site structures is the sum of the land area of residential buildings, habitable structures, garages, recreational buildings and storage structures on each property plot.

** The maximum watts or lumens for each lamp in this section relates to replacing lamps in existing lighting units only. No new luminaires with little or no light control should be considered, especially in environmental zones E0's and are shown in Table 3.3 as not allowed.

*** Environmental zones E3 and E4 do not relate to any conditions in or near Dark Sky Park rural or Community living and should be excluded from any considerations within the application boundary. They are shown here as an example for external zone large town centres to follow if appropriate.

From table 3.3 a total site structure in the Zone E1 with say 255 m2 would provide for a total of 1,897 lumens which can be distributed as 1 or more luminaires up to the total allowance. (see Appendix F for list of lower lumen and wattage lamps) Table 3.4 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Compact Fluorescent

Environmental Zone E0's E1 E2 E3*** E4***

Fully cut-off luminaires each lamp watts maximum 13w. 20 watts 24 watts 32 watts 42 watts Part cut off luminaires each lamp watts maximum 0 11 watts 20 watts 24 watts 32 watts No light control luminaires each lamp watts maximum 0 9 watts** 12 watts** 12 watts 12 watts © LCADS Ltd 2013

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Table 3.5 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Tungsten Halogen

Environmental Zone E0-50 E1 E2 E3*** E4*** / 250

Fully cut-off luminaires each lamp watts maximum 60 w. 100 watt 120 watts 150 watts 200 watts Part cut off luminaires each lamp watts maximum none none 60 watts 100 watts 150 watts No light control luminaires each lamp watts maximum none none none none none © LCADS Ltd 2013

Table 3.6 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Incandescent / Candle / Capsule Lamp

Environmental Zone E0-50 / E1 E2 E3*** E4*** 250

Fully cut-off luminaires each lamp watts 2x35 w. 2x35w. 2x60 watt See 3.4 See 3.4 maximum halostar halostar Capsule Part cut off luminaires each lamp watts max. none 60 watts See 3.4 See 3.4 See 3.4 No light control luminaires none 40w 40w 60w 60w each lamp watts max. candle candle candle candle © LCADS Ltd 2013

Table 3.7 - Lumen and Watts exception for Ceramic / Metal Halide discharge lamps

Environmental Zone E0-50 E1 E2 E3*** E4*** / 250

Fully shielded luminaires each lamp lumen maximum none 1500 lm 2400 lm 5500 lm 5500 lm each lamp watts maximum 20w 35w 70w 70w Part or No light control luminaires are not allowed with this light source © LCADS Ltd 2013

Table 3.8 on following page contains pictorial examples of fully cut-off ( fully shielded), part cut-off (part shielded) and no light control luminaires.

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Table 3.8 – Light Control Examples Fully Cut-off Examples Partly Cut-off Examples No light Control Examples

IP 65 IP 44 SILL 420 100w halogen = 1650 lm no new units Full range of compact fluorescent 150w halogen = 2200 lm and low wattage metal halide 300w halogen = 5000 lm

Zumtobel Bega 2489 18w PLC Solar power LED no new units

IP 65 ERCO Parscoop 42w fluorescent = 3200 lm 70w metal halide = 5000 lm limit to 40 watt candle Acceptable substitute for 300 or 500 or 9 watt compact watt tungsten halogen replacement fluorescent

18 watts = 1200 lm and too large for E0's & E1 Dark Sky

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3.4 Sports Lighting

With a growth in leisure pursuit comes a growth in the need to extend the hours that play areas can be used and there are several game areas adjacent to this application with floodlighting facilities but some have poor light control. Nationally some sports areas contain some of the worst cases of over-lighting and it is essential that this does not happen in or around this application.

BS EN 12193:2007 “Light and Lighting. Sports Lighting” contains both indoor and exterior lighting recommendations for not just the players but also the audience, the referees, the cameras and last but not least the neighbours. It also contains recommendations for lighting designers in the form of typical calculation areas and the number of calculation points to include in any assessment.

The illuminance recommendations are based on the quality of the game. There are 5 levels of competition from National to Recreational, all with different illuminance requirements. Table 3.3 shows some of these extremes.

Some manufacturers provide free design outlines as shown in Figure 3.1 but that is only a very small part of sports lighting design considerations. It is also essential to consider light overspill and intrusion, especially when the sports field is close to residential property.

In order to protect the existing dark sky it is essential to ensure the playing surface of any new sports facilities requesting floodlighting is not over lit.

Double asymmetric flat glass luminaires should be used with the luminaire window completely horizontal as shown in Figure 1.6 and 3.2.

It may also be necessary to limit the average illuminance to that of recreational level depending on the distance the sports facility is from the Core Zone. (see Appendix A for the definition of ‘average’).

Figure 3.1 – Typical Football Area - Free Design Note:- Free Design like this never includes an impact assessment on the surrounding landscape.

Table 3.3 - Game maintained average illuminance extremes

Game Class I Class III Football, Rugby, Basketball, 500 lux 75 lux Netball, Volleyball Equestrian and Cycle Racing 500 lux 100 lux Hockey and Tennis 500 lux 200 lux

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Figure 3.2 – Tennis Court lighting good example

This is a pictorial example of a fully cut-off luminaire installation.

The IDA term for this installation is “fully shielded” without applying additional external screens, hoods or louvers on the luminaire.

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4 Special Lighting Application Considerations

4.1 Excluded Applications

The following applications will be prohibited from any part of rural landscape and other areas that are not designated as Environmental Zone E3 or E4:- x Aerial Laser Shows x Sky Tracking Searchlights x High intensity light sources greater than 200,000 lumens x Sports complexes requiring an average playing surface greater than 100 lux.

4.2 Temporary Applications

Typical lighting applications not excluded but requiring Short Time Planning Permission - but not limited to the following applications:

x Sports facilities with column mounted luminaires. x Construction site lighting. x Churches, public monuments or buildings. x Travelling Fair Grounds - theme and amusement parks.

4.3 Planning Application

The Light Control Zone will be deemed to include the Dark Sky Park and Communities. To obtain planning permission, applicants shall demonstrate that the proposed lighting installation application:

x (a) Contains an analysis of at least 12 essentials in the 20 point Good Design Practice Checklist produced by the Scottish Executive (see also Section 3.1)

x (b) A statement that shows every reasonable effort to mitigate Sky Glow and Light Intrusion has been addressed and accompanied by a computer calculation indicating average task illuminance, uniformity, horizontal values of overspill beyond the property line and vertical illuminance values of light intrusion on adjacent property windows.

x (c) Employs lighting controls to reduce the quantity of lighting at the project specific ‘switch-off’ time which has been established in the LMP.

x (d) Complies with all light limitation factors outlined in this LMP.

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5 Existing Lighting

5.1 Lighting Audit - General

A full audit was undertaken for domestic lighting units in both of the Parks and as shown in Table 5.1 the resulting compliance percentage is equivalent to other UK Dark Sky applications. The survey contained data from domestic and commercial properties and when analysed the combined compliance percentage equated to 75%. However about 140 of the "non-compliant" floodlights (1/4) are connected to presence detection devices and may not therefore be providing continuous illumination.

Table 5.1 Comparison of Percentage Compliant with other applications

Dark Sky Application Quantity Quantity Percentage Surveyed Compliant Compliant This Application 2,375 1,786 75% Loch Lomond & The Trossachs 2,443 1,816 74% Brecon Beacons 964 681 70% Exmoor National Park Reserve 693 539 77% Isle of Sark Dark Sky Island 582 436 75% Galloway Forest Park 374 263 70%

Figure 5.1 (following page) contains an overall picture of the compliance variations for each of the survey sections.

Where new or replacement external lighting is required the most onerous light control conditions should be applied to improve this condition. To assist in this objective, Section 2.4 contains recommendations on luminous intensity recommendations for new luminaires, with a lamp output greater than 1,000 lumens. For domestic style luminaires with no intensity data Section 3.3 contains a lumen cap evaluation method.

A full Public Lighting Audit within each park was also collected and is displayed, together with typical luminaire profiles shown in Section 5.6.

Of particular interest in this section were the very low number of public street lighting units which have been fitted with flat or low profile glass and the quantities were well below the IDA perception. This has, however, very recently been increased to 15% on the municipal highway system by converting part of Elsdon and more are planned to be completed after the application submission.

Figure 2.5 shows a map of the town or village locations, within the application boundary, which contain more than 10 street lights.

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74%

80%

88% 79% 71% 75%

77% 66% 78% 83% 84% 73% 81% 82%

33% 79%

© Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey PU100040361

Figure 5.1 Showing the private lighting percentage compliance in different sections of each Park

5.2 Recommended Changes

All existing lighting units within the application boundary, which utilise lamps greater than 1000 lumens, should be brought into line with the light limitation recommendations in this LMP within the timescale indicated in the guide to Table 5.2 and 5.3 below.

All existing street lighting within the application boundary should be changed to horizontal "flat glass" within the next 12 months and at least 10% should be completed before the application is appraised by the IDA. The remainder in the External Zone shall remain as installed until the luminaires require to be replaced

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through the Carbon Reduction programme. As local authority improvement budgets permit, each street will be equipped with new luminaires and bracket arms, where necessary, to meet zero light intensity limitation at 900 and above as recommended in this LMP.

Change of property size

If a major addition occurs on a property, or street, lighting for the entire property, or street, shall comply with the recommendations in this LMP. The following are considered major additions:

x An addition of 50% or more in terms of residential houses, gross floor area, seating capacity, parking space or street length.

x Single or cumulative additions, modifications or replacement of 50% or more of installed exterior lighting luminaires.

Change of Property Ownership

If a property, with non-conforming lighting, changes ownership or usage a new external lighting application must be made. The application must include a complete lighting inventory and site plan detailing all existing and proposed new exterior lighting. If the existing exterior lighting is no longer required all non-conforming lighting should be disconnected and removed.

Guide to Table 5.2 and 5.3 “Compliant” column

In both tables the last column contains 3 grades of luminaires namely:- (1) Those which are "fully or part shielded" regardless of their lumen output (shown as 1 or more in clear cells) and are not at issue.

(2) Those with lamps less than 1000 lumens although they are not "fully shielded" (shown as 1 or more in clear cells) and are also not at issue.

(3) Those with lamps greater than 1000 lumens and not "fully shielded" (shown as red cells) in the table.

As previously indicated priority should be given to modifying the over 1000 lumen units, in the red cells, over the next 5 years.

A Red bar across the complete record should be treated as top priority since some are technically incorrectly installed, regardless of the dark sky application, and some have incorrect luminaires to suit the lighting application.

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Table 5.2 National Park - Exterior Lighting Audit

Total Number of lighting units = 1301 Total Compliant = 987 = 76%

Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation Adaptable Wattage Duty Application Fully Qty. Angle Cycle Shielded Compliant No.

1.01 asymmetric 1 hostel 45 yes 70 pecu car park no 0 1.01 spotlight 2 hostel 90 yes 120 pir access no 0 1.01 bulkhead 4 hostel 90 no 8 pir toilet no 4 1.01 floodlight 1 hostel 45 yes 100 pir path no 0 1.01 wellglass 1 hostel 0 no 8 switch path no 1 1.01 spotlight 2 cottage 10 yes 35 pir steps part 2 1.02 wellglass 1 cottage 90 no 20 switch access no 1 1.02 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 8 switch access no 1 1.03 wellglass 4 hall 90 no 60 switch access no 4 1.03 bulkhead 4 hall 90 no 8 switch doors no 4 1.04 floodlight 3 cottage 30 yes 100 switch path no 0 1.04 floodlight 1 cottage 30 yes 100 pir path no 0 1.04 wellglass 1 cottage 90 no 60 switch path no 1 1.05 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 8 switch door part 1 1.06 floodlight 2 farmhouse 45 yes 300 switch yard part 1 1.06 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 150 pir garden no 0 1.06 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 60 switch path no 1 1.07 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 8 swith door part 1 1.08 bulkhead 2 farmhouse 90 no 60 switch door part 2 1.08 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 8 switch door no 1 1.08 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 150 pir access no 0 1.09 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 300 switch drive no 0 1.09 bulkhead 2 farmhouse 90 no 40 switch door no 2

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1.10 survey declined farmhouse 1.11 bulkhead 3 cottage 0 no 8 switch access yes 3 1.12 no lights cottage 1.13 bulkhead 5 cottage 90 no 8 switch door no 5 1.14 bulkhead 1 stables 90 no 8 switch yard yes 1 1.15 floodlight 3 office 45 yes 300 pir yard part 0 1.15 floodlight 3 sheds 0 yes 300 pir drive no 3 1.16 heritage 1 house 0 no 8 switch door part 1 1.16 floodlight 2 workshop 0 yes 300 pir path yes 2 section summary 57 42 74% 2.01 wellglass 2 outhouse 0 no 40 switch access no 2 2.01 floodlight 2 barn 0 yes 300 pir yard yes 2 2.01 bulkhead 1 farmhouse 0 no 40 switch door part 1 2.02 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 150 switch door no 0 2.03 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch door no 1 2.03 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 300 switch garden no 0 2.04 floodlight 1 barn 0 yes 300 switch yard yes 1 2.04 floodlight 2 farmhouse 10 yes 150 pir access part 2 2.04 wellglass 3 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch access no 3 2.04 heritage 1 cottage 180 no 8 switch door no 1 2.05 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch door no 1 2.06 heritage 1 farmhouse 0 no 40 switch door no 1 2.06 floodlight 2 outhouse 20 yes 150 pir access no 0 2.07 bad access not surveyed 2.08 bulkhead 2 lodge 90 no 40 switch door part 1 2.08 opal sphere 1 lodge 90 no 60 switch door yes 1 2.08 floodlight 3 lodge 20 yes 300 pir yard part 3 2.08 wellglass 2 lodge 0 no 60 pir drive no 2 2.09 wellglass 2 house 0 no 40 switch corner no 2 2.09 heritage 1 house 180 no 40 switch steps no 1 2.10 flooddlight 1 house 30 yes 300 pir yard part 0 2.10 floodlight 1 workshop 45 yes 250 switch drive part 0 2.10 bulkhead 2 house 90 noo 8 switch door part 2

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2.11 floodlight 2 house 0 yes 300 pir garden yes 2 2.11 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir garden no 0 2.11 wellglass 2 house 45 no 60 switch corner no 2 2.12 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch access no 2 2.12 floodlight 2 barn 45 yes 300 switch yard part 2 2.13 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 2.14 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 2.14 floodlight 2 barn 45 yes 300 switch yard part 2 2.15 no lights unocupied 2.16 floodlight 1 house 10 yes 300 pir steps no 0 2.16 floodight 1 barn 20 yes 2x 8 switch yard no 1 2.16 bulkhead 2 outhouse 90 no 60 switch door no 2 2.17 bad access not surveyed 2.18 bad access not surveyed section summary 45 36 80% 3.01 bulkhead 4 house 1 90 no 8 switch yard no 4 3.01 bulkhead 1 house 2 90 no 60 switch door no 1 3.01 bulkhead 3 workshop 90 no 40 switch door no 3 3.02 no lights farm 3.03 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch access no 2 3.03 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 40 switch door no 1 3.04 bulkhead 5 house 90 no 8 switch access no 5 3.04 floodlight 1 house dead 1 3.04 wellglass 2 outhouse 0 no 8 switch access no 2 3.05 no lights 3.06 bulkhead 4 house 90 no 8 switch access no 4 3.06 floodlight 1 barn 0 yes 300 switch drive yes 1 3.07 no lights 3.08 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2 3.08 floodlight 1 house no lamp 1 3.08 floodlight 1 barn no lamp 1 3.08 no lights camp barn 3.08 no lights deer hut

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3.10 wellglass 2 house 0 no 8 switch corner no 2 3.10 floodlight 1 pole 10 yes no lamp 1 3.11 wellglass 3 house 0 no 8 switch corner no 3 3.11 floodlight 1 house 45 no 300 pir drive no 0 3.11 floodlight 1 barn 0 no no lamp switch yard yes 1 3.13 wellglass 1 farmhouse 45 no 60 switch corner no 1 3.13 floodlight 1 barn 60 yes 80 switch yard part 0 3.13 heritage 2 house 180 no 20 switch access no 2 3.14 heritage 1 house 180 no 40 switch door no 1 3.14 wellglass 2 house 0 no 8 switch corner no 2 3.14 floodlight 1 house 20 no 300 pir access no 0 3.14 spotlight 1 barn 45 yes 3 x led pir access no 1 3.14 street light 1 barn no lamp dead 1 3.14 floodlight 2 barn 0 yes 300 pir access yes 2 3.14 floodlight 1 barn 2 45 yes 300 switch yard no 0 3.17 floodlight 1 barn 1 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 3.17 par 38 2 barn 1 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0 3.17 bulkhead 3 house 90 no 8 pir porch yes 3 3.17 bulkhead 4 cottage 1&2 90 no 40 switch access no 4 3.17 heritage 1 cottage 3 180 no 8 pir access part 1 3.17 no lights barn 2 3.18 no lights ruin 3.19 bulkhead 4 outdoor centre 90 no 8 switch access no 4 3.20 no lights ruin 3.21 no lights outdoor centre not permanently occupied 3.22 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 60 switch no no 1 3.23 heritage 4 inn 180 no 8 switch front no 4 3.24 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 3.24 heritage 1 house 180 no 8 switch door no 1 3.25 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 3.26 led floodlight 1 house 45 yes 40 pir drive no 1 3.26 solar 1 gatepost 180 no 2 sun gate no 1 3.27 Bulkhead 1 90 Bungalow N 60 SW Door N 1

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 68 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

3.28 Wellglass 1 90 Cottage N 60 SW Door N 1 3.29 Bulkhead 1 90 House N 60 PIR Door N 1 3.29 Heritage 1 90 N 13 SW Door N 1 3.30 Heritage 1 90 Cottage N 13 SW Door N 1 3.31 Heritage 1 90 Cottage N 25 SW Door N 1 3.31 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 3.32 Heritage 1 90 Cottage N 60 SW Door N 1 3.33 Heritage 1 90 Cottage N 60 SW Door N 1 3.34 Bulkhead 1 90 House N 60 SW Porch Y 1 3.35 Bulkhead 1 90 House N 60 SW Door N 1 3.36 Flood 1 30 House N 60 SW Door N 1 3.37 Flood 2 60 House Y 300 PIR Yard N 0 3.37 Heritage 1 60 60 SW Door N 1 3.38 no lights 3.38 Flood 1 Shed 80 Y 300 PIR Yard N 0 Flood 3.39 Elevated 3 0 3.39 Flood Flat 1 1 3.39 Bulkhead 38 38 3.39 Wellglass 6 6 3.39 Heritage 13 13 3.39 globe 3 3 3.39 Street Lights 6 0 section summary 160 140 88% 4.01 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 13 pir yard yes 1 4.01 heritage 4 cottages 180 no 8 pir access no 4 4.01 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 13 pir door no 0 4.02 floodlight 2 house 0 yes 42 switch wall wash yes 2 4.02 floodlight 2 porch 130 yes 42 switch wall wash part 0 4.02 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 42 pir car park no 0 4.02 floodlight 1 house 45 yes pir door no 0 4.03 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 150 pir door no 0 4.03 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 pir door no 1

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 69 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

4.03 floodlight 1 hall 45 yes 150 pir access no 0 4.03 bulkhead 2 90 no 8/60 switch access no 2 4.04 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 150 switch access no 0 4.05 floodlight 3 cottage 90 yes 300 pir access no 0 4.06 bulkhead 1 church 90 no 60 switch door no 1 4.07 heritage 3 manse 180 no 8 switch door no 3 4.08 heritage 1 cottage 180 no 60 switch door no 1 4.08 floodlight 2 house 90 yes 300 pir steps part 0 4.08 led 6 wall 90 no 3 solar car park no 6 4.09 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 300 pecu access no 0 4.10 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir access no 0 4.10 heritage 2 house 180 no 8 switch access no 2 4.11 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch steps no 2 4.12 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir steps no 0 4.13 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 pir door part 1 4.13 par 38 2 house 20 yes 150 pir drive part 2 4.14 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 60 switch access part 1 4.15 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch corner part 1 4.16 floodlight 1 workshop 0 yes 300 switch chamber yes 1 4.17 bi-symmetric 2 outhouse 90 yes dead 2 4.17 plaza 1 outhouse 90 no dead 1 4.17 floodlight 1 outhouse 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 4.17 floodlight 1 house 30 yes 300 pir yard part 0 4.17 sign light 6 house 0 no 40 switch sign yes 6 4.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 8 switch emergency no 2 4.17 asymmetric 1 house 90 yes 400 switch car park no 0 4.18 bulkhead 2 cottage 90 no 60 switch access no 2 4.18 spotlight 2 cottage 0 yes 50 pir path yes 2 4.19 heritage 1 cottage 180 no 60 switch door no 1 4.20 contemporary 2 gate 90 no 8 switch gate no 2 4.20 heritage 2 house 180 no 8 switch door no 2 4.20 floodlight 2 garage 0 yes 300 pir access yes 2 4.21 no lights

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 70 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

4.27 floodlight 4 canopy 0 yes 150 pir access yes 4 4.29 bulkhead 2 canopy 90 no 60 switch access yes 2 4.29 floodlight 1 porch 45 yes 150 pir access no 0 4.30 bulkhead 8 eaves 0 no 60 switch access part 8 4.34 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir access part 0 4.35 floodlight 1 outhouse 45 yes 300 pir access no 0 4.35 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch access no 2 4.35 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 4.36 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door part 1 4.36 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 4.36 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 4.37 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 4.37 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0 4.37 bulkhead 3 barn 90 no 60 switch access part 3 4.38 bulkhead 4 barn 90 no 60 switch yard part 4 4.38 wellglas 2 farmhouse 0 no 40 switch corner no 2 4.38 floodlight 2 barn 0 no 150 switch yard yes 2 4.39 wellglass 2 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch corner no 2 4.39 bulkhead 4 farmhouse 90 no 60 switch door no 4 4.40 bulkhead 1 farmhouse 90 no 60 switch door no 1 4.40 floodlight 1 farmhouse 20 yes 150 pir oil tank part 1 4.40 floodlight 1 barn 0 yes 300 switch yard yes 1 section summary 118 93 79% 5.01 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir door no 1 5.01 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 150 pir access yes 1 5.01 floodlight 3 house 3 yes 300 switch area no 0 5.01 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 5.02 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir door part 1 5.02 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 switch yard part 1 5.02 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir yard no 0 5.03 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 5.03 spotlights 1 hut 20 yes 2x35 pir yard yes 1 5.03 bi-symmetric 1 house 45 yes 80 switch gate no 0

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 71 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

5.04 wellglass 1 house 0 no 8 switch corner part 1 5.04 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 42 switch drive yes 1 5.04 floodlight 2 barn 20 yes 80 switch drive no 0 5.04 bi-symmetric 2 barn 20 yes 250 switch yard part 0 5.05 no lights 5.06 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner part 1 5.06 floodlight 2 barn 0 yes 500 switch yard yes 2 5.06 par 38 2 house 20 yes 150 pir access no 0 5.06 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 5.07 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 5.08 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1 5.09 globe 1 house 180 no 40 switch door no 1 5.09 floodlight 1 barn 20 yes 150 pir access yes 1 5.10 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir access no 0 5.10 bulkhead 2 house 0 no 60 switch door yes 2 5.10 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door part 1 5.11 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner part 1 5.11 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door part 1 5.11 bulkhead 1 barn 0 no 60 pir access part 1 5.12 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch access no 2 5.12 floodlight 1 house 30 yes 300 pir access part 0 5.13 no lights 5.14 bulkhead 3 farmhouse 90 no 60 switch access part 3 5.14 floodlight 2 barn 0 / 45 yes 300 switch yard part 1 5.15 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1 5.16 floodlight 3 house 70 yes 300 pir area no 0 5.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 40 switch door no 2 5.17 heritage 2 house 180 no 40 switch door no 2 5.17 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 42 switch garden yes 1 section summary 63 35 66% 6.01 heritage 1 porch 0 no 8 switch door yes 1 6.01 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 300 pir access part 0 6.01 heritage 2 conserv. 0 no 60 switch access part 2

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 72 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

6.01 floodlight 2 house 45 no lamp yes 2 6.01 floodlight 1 house 0 no 1 6.01 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 6.02 heritage 2 house 180 no 20 switch access no 2 6.02 heritage 1 house 0 no 8 switch drive part 1 6.03 bulkhead 1 box 0 no 2 x 20 24 hour no 0 6.04 bulkhead 2 cottage 90 no 60 pir drive no 2 6.05 floodlight 1 house 20 yes 300 pir garden part 0 6.05 heritage 2 house 180 no 60 switch path part 2 6.05 lv garden light 6 ground 90 no 10 switch path part 6 6.06 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 20 pir door no 1 6.07 bulkhead 1 house 45 no 8 switch door part 1 6.08 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1 6.08 floodlight 1 house 90 no 300 pir garden no 0 6.09 par 38 2 house 45 yes 150 pir path no 0 6.10 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch path no 1 6.11 heritage 2 inn 180 no 8 switch door no 2 6.11 hertage 2 inn 180 no 20 switch garden no 2 6.11 wellglass 1 next door 0 no 60 switch path no 1 6.12 heritage 1 house 180 no 20 switch door no 0 6.13 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir stables no 0 6.14 bulkhead 3 farmhouse 90 no 8 switch access no 3 6.14 floodlight 1 workshop 45 yes 300 switch yard no 0 6.14 floodlight 1 workshop 80 no 4 x led pir fox guard no 1 6.14 heritage 1 pole 180 no 11 switch garden no 1 6.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch path no 1 6.15 wellglass 1 cottage 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 6.15 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 6.16 streetlight 1 pole 90 no 70 switch gate no 0 6.16 bollard 3 ground 45 no ? switch path part 3 6.16 bulkhead 5 wall 45 no ? switch path no 0 6.16 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 8 switch exit door no 1 6.16 plaza 1 wall 90 no 70 pir entry door no 0

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 73 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

6.17 heritage 2 house 180 no 20 pir door no 2 6.17 floodlight 1 pole 45 yes 300 switch drive no 0 6.18 bulkhead 1 workshop 90 no 8 switch door no 1 6.18 floodlight 1 house 10 yes 300 switch yard yes 1 6.18 contemporary 1 outhouse 180 no 11 pir steps no 1 6.19 bulkhead 1 cottage 90 no 60 switch door no 1 6.20 heritage 4 farmhouse 180 no 11 switch path no 4 6.20 floodlight 2 barn 45 yes 300 pir yard part 2 6.21 Bulkhead 9 Office 90 N 20 SW Perimeter N 9 6.22 Bulkhead 2 Building 90 N 60 PIR Doors N 2 6.23 Flood PAR 38 2 House 60 Y 150 PIR Yard N 6.23 Bulkhead 2 90 N 60 SW Yard N 2 6.23 Heritage 1 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 6.24 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 6.24 Wellglass 3 90 N 60 SW Door N 3 6.25 Cottage 6.26 Heritage 2 Cottage 90 N 60 SW Door N 2 6.27 House 6.28 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Garage N 1 6.28 Heritage 1 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 6.29 Flood 1 House 40 Y 300 PIR Frontage N 1 6.29 Flood 1 House 60 Y 300 PIR Yard N 1 6.29 Heriage 1 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 6.30 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 300 pir drive yes 1 6.30 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch door yes 1 6.31 heritage 3 house 180 no 40 switch access no 3 6.31 heritage 2 gate post 180 no 40 switch drive no 2 6.32 heritage 4 hall 0 no 60 switch access no 4 6.32 dsf floodlight 1 hall 0 no 120 pir tables yes 1 6.33 heritage 3 house 180 no 60 switch access no 3 6.33 asymmetric 1 house 10 yes 42 switch garden no 6.34 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch drive no 1 6.34 floodlight 1 house 10

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 74 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

6.34 twin spotlight 1 garage 10 35 pir drive no 1 section summary 116 94 81% 7.01 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 7.01 floodlight 1 farmhouse 45 yes 300 pir drive part 0 7.01 asymmetric 1 barn 20 yes 70 switch stockyard part 1 7.02 wellglass 1 cottage 90 no 42 switch door no 0 7.03 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch corner part 2 7.03 bulkhead 2 outhouse 90 no 60 switch door part 2 7.04 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 7.04 heritage 1 house 180 no 8 switch door no 1 7.05 Dsf floodlight 2 house 45 no 150 pir drive yes 2 7.05 globe 1 house 180 no 60 switch door no 1 7.06 heritage 1 house 180 no 8 pir door part 1 7.06 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 switch drive no 0 7.07 bulkhead 3 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 3 7.08 wellglass 1 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 7.08 floodlight 1 barn 0 no 150 switch yard yes 1 7.09 4x4 access 7.10 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch door no 1 7.10 floodlight 1 barn 60 yes 300 switch yard no 0 7.11 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 7.11 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0 7.12 bulkhead 4 lodge 90 no 60 switch paths no 4 7.12 bi-symmetric 1 lodge 45 no 80 pecu quadrangle part 0 7.12 floodlight lodge no lamp 7.12 heritage 7 lodge 180 no 8 switch path no 7 7.12 bollard 4 post 180 no 40 switch drive no 4 7.13 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 7.13 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch door no 1 7.14 heritage 1 farmhouse 180 no 60 switch door no 1 7.14 floodlight 2 barn 10 yes 300 switch yard part 0 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 75 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 76 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

7.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse broken 1 7.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 7.15 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 7.16 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 7.17 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2 section summary 53 44 83% 8.01 conical st. Lt. 26 pole 90 no 55 sox pecu roadway no 0 led bi- 8.02 symmetric 1 gatehouse 45 yes 30 switch approach no 8.02 bulkhead 2 gatehouse 90 no 60 switch door no 2 8.03 bulkhead 5 admin 90 no 8 switch door no 5 led bi- 8.03 symmetric 2 admin 45 yes 30 switch door no 8.03 plaza 1 admin 90 no 70 switch yard no 8.04 bulkhead 10 block 90 no 8 switch door no 10 led bi- 8.04 symmetric 1 block 45 yes 30 switch car park no 8.04 bi-symmetric 1 block 45 yes 70 switch occupation part 1 8.05 plaza 1 service 90 no 70 switch area no 8.05 bulkhead 4 service 90 no 8 switch area no 4 8.06 bulkhead 10 admin 90 no 8 pecu access no 10 8.06 bi-symmetric 3 pole 45 yes 70 pecu car park no 8.06 bulkhead 3 Pump house 90 no 60 switch access no 3 8.06 bulkhead 3 lodge 90 no 8 switch access no 3 8.07 bulkhead 11 huts 90 no 8 pecu access no 11 led bi- 8.07 symmetric 1 huts 45 yes 30 switch yard no 8.07 bulkhead 3 NBC 0 no 20 switch access yes 3 8.08 bulkhead 14 block 90 no 8 switch access no 14 8.08 bi-symmetric 2 block 0 yes 70 switch area yes 2 8.09 bulkhead 5 admin 90 no 8 switch door no 5 led bi- 8.09 symmetric 1 admin 45 yes 30 switch yard part

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 77 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

led bi- 8.10 symmetric 11 workshop 45 yes 30 pir yard no 8.10 bulkhead 14 workshop 90 no 8 switch access no 14 8.10 bi-symmetric 1 workshop 45 yes 70 pecu yard no 8.10 plaza 1 workshop 90 no 70 pecu yard no 8.11 bulkhead 22 block 0 no 8 switch access no 22 8.11 bulkhead 22 block 90 no 60 switch door no 22 led bi- 8.11 symmetric 5 block 45 yes 30 pir area no 8.12 wellglass 1 service 0 no 60 switch area no 1 8.12 bulkhead 3 service 90 no 8 switch area no 3 led bi- 8.13 symmetric 11 service 45 yes 30 pecu area no 8.13 bulkhead 10 service 90 no 8 switch door no 10 8.14 spotlight 3 pole 45/60 yes 150 switch re-fuel no led bi- 8.15 symmetric 6 service 45 no 30 pecu area no 8.15 bulkhead 11 service 90 no 8 emerg. door no 11 8.15 bulkhead 4 canopy 0 no 12 switch door yes 4 8.16 bulkhead 8 block 90 no 8 switch door no 4 led bi- 8.17 symmetric 2 pole 45 yes 30 switch bridge no 8.17 bollard 2 louvered 45 no 11 switch path part 2 8.17 flat glass st/lit 2 pole 0 no 70 switch area yes 2 8.18 bi-symmetric 2 pole 80 yes 150 switch wall no 8.18 bulkhead 1 huts 90 no 8 switch path no 1 8.19 bulkhead 4 huts 90 no 8 switch path no 4 led bi- 8.19 symmetric 1 huts 45 yes 30 switch area no 8.19 plaza 2 huts 90 no 70 pecu area no 8.19 bi-symmetric 2 huts 0 yes 70 pecu area yes 2 led bi- 8.20 symmetric 2 service 45 yes 30 pecu area no

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 78 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

8.20 bulkhead 2 service 90 no 8 switch door no 2 8.20 bulkhead 4 store 90 no 8 switch door no 4 8.21 bulkhead 80 block 90 no 8 switch door no 80 led bi- 8.21 symmetric 4 block 45 yes 30 pecu area no 8.21 bi-symmetric 3 block 0 yes 70 pecu area yes 3 led bi- 8.22 symmetric 42 block 45 yes 30 switch area no 8.22 bulkhead 14 block 90 no 8 switch door no 14 8.22 bi-symmetric 6 block 0 yes 70 switch area yes 6 8.23 bi-symmetric 4 block 0 yes 70 switch area yes 4 8.23 bulkhead 9 canopy 0 no 80 switch wall part 9 8.23 bulkhead 2 block 90 no 2x24 switch area no 8.23 flat glass st/lit 2 pole 0 no 70 switch area yes 2 8.24 flat glass st/lit 24 pole 0 no 70 pecu area yes 24 8.24 red beacon 24 pole 180 no pecu marker no 24 8.24 bi-symmetric 14 pole 45 yes 150 pecu washdown no 8.24 red beacon 14 pole 180 no pecu marker no 14 8.24 flat glass st/lit 34 pole 0 no 70 pecu area yes 34 8.24 red beacon 34 pole 180 no pecu marker no 34 8.24 bi-symmetric 12 workshop 70/90 yes 400 switch yard no 8.25 red beacon 2 gatehouse 180 no pecu marker no 2 8.26 eyelid 4 gatehouse 90 no 16 pecu access no 8.26 floodlight 3 pole 45 yes 500 switch approach no 8.26 asymmetric 2 pole 45 yes 150 switch gate no led bi- 8.26 symmetric 3 gatehouse 45 yes 30 switch area no section summary 605 431 71% 18.01 bulkhead 7 house 90 no 60 switch door no 7 18.01 floodlight 1 garge 70 yes 100 pir drive part 1 18.02 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir drive no 18.02 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch path no 1 18.03 bulkhead 4 house 90 no 60 switch path no 4

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 79 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

18.03 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 300 pir drive yes 1 18.03 heritage 1 pole 180 no 60 switch garden no 1 18.03 floodlight 1 garage 70 yes 300 pir garden no 18.04 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 8 switch door no 1 18.04 floodlight 1 pole 45 yes 24 switch garden no 18.04 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 1 18.05 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 18.06 globe 1 house 180 no 60 switch access no 1 18.06 solar 1 ground 180 no 3 sun path no 1 18.06 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 300 pir drive no 18.07 contemporary 4 house 0 no 2x35 pecu front part 4 18.07 contemporary 9 house 180 no 8 pir path part 9 18.08 heritage 3 cottage 180 no 40 switch path no 3 18.09 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 18.09 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch porch no 1 18.09 floodlight 1 house 20 yes 300 pir drive no 18.10 heritage 1 porch 0 no 11 switch door part 1 18.11 bi-symmetric 3 inn 0 yes 70 switch wall wash part 3 18.11 signlight 2 inn 0 no 60 switch sign yes 2 18.11 heritage 2 inn 0 no 8 switch door no 2 18.11 par 38 2 inn 60 yes 150 pir yard no 18.12 Heritage 1 Cottage 90 N 13 SW Porch N 1 18.13 Heritage 1 House 90 N 13 SW Porch N 1 18.14 Flood 1 House 80 Y 300 SW Yard N 18.15 no lights 18.16 Heritage 1 90 N 60 SW Porch N 1 18.16 heritage 2 90 N 60 SW Gateposts N 1 18.17 Bulkhead 1 Shed 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 18.18 Flood 2 Hall 45 / 60 Y 150 PIR Parking N 18.18 Bulkhead 1 90 N 13 SW Door N 1 18.19 Flood 1 Houses 45 Y 300 PIR Yard N 1 18.19 Flood 1 80 Y 300 PIR Yard N 18.19 Flood 1 20 Y 300 SW Front N 0

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 80 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

Garden 18.19 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Door N 18.20 Flood 1 Garage 80 Y 300 SW Yard N 18.21 no lights cottage 18.22 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Porch N 1 18.23 Flood 2 House 0 Y 2xLED PIR Yard Y 2 18.13 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Porch N 1 18.14 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 18.14 Wellglass 1 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 18.15 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Porch N 1 18.15 Wellglass 2 90 N 60 SW Parking N 2 18.16 Flood 1 House 60 Y 300 SW Garden N 18.17 Flood 1 House 30 Y 150 SW Yard N 18.18 no lights 18.19 Bulkhead 1 Church 90 N 60 SW Porch/Path N 1 18.20 no lights 18.21 no lights 18.21 Post 3xDec 1 Garden 90 N 75 SW Path N 18.22 Heritage 2 Cottages 90 N 60 SW Porch N 2 18.23 Flood 1 House 45 N 150 SW Yard N 18.23 Heritage 1 90 N 60 SW Porch 1 section summary 87 66 76% Northumberland Total 1301 987 76%

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 81 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

Table 5.3 Kielder Forest Park - Exterior Lighting Audit

Total Number of lighting units = 1074 Total Compliant = 797 = 74%

Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation Adaptable Wattage Duty Cycle Application Fully Qty. Angle Shielded Compliant No.

8.01 bulkhead 7 hall 90 no 8 switch exit no 7 8.01 floodlight 1 porch 45 no 2 x 11 switch entry yes 1 8.01 bi-symmetric 1 hall 45 yes 80 switch bins no 0 8.02 heritage 1 house 180 no 25 switch door no 1 8.03 heritage 4 house 180 no 8 switch door no 4 8.03 heritage 1 house 0 no 40 switch door no 1 8.04 contemporary 1 house 0 no 60 switch door yes 1 8.04 heritage 3 house 0 no 60 switch door no 3 8.04 heritage 1 house 0 no 8 switch door no 1 8.04 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch garden no 1 8.04 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir garden no 0 8.04 floodlight 1 house 0 no 150 pir garden yes 1 8.05 heritage 2 house 180 no 11 switch door no 2 8.05 heritage 2 house 0 no 60 switch door no 2 8.05 floodlight 1 house 0 no 150 switch garden yes 1 8.05 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch garden no 1 8.06 heritage 2 house 180 no 60 switch door no 2 8.06 floodlight 3 house 90 yes 300 pir garden no 0 8.06 floodlight 1 house 0 no 150 pir garden yes 1 8.06 bulkhead 3 house 90 no 60 switch garden no 3 8.07 bulkhead 4 cabin 90 no 60 switch access no 4 8.09 floodlight 2 workshop 45 yes 300 switch yard no 0

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 82 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

8.09 bi-symmetric 1 workshop 45 yes 250/400 24h7d yard no 0 8.10 bi-symmetric 3 farmhouse 90 yes 400 rare use yard no 0 8.10 floodlight 2 farmhouse 0 yes 300 pir access part 2 8.10 wellglass 2 barn 0 no 60 switch yard no 2 8.10 bulkhead 2 barn 90 no 60 switch access no 2 8.11 bulkhead 2 outhouse 90 no 12 switch access no 2 8.11 floodlight 1 farmhouse 20 yes 100 pir path no 0 8.11 floodlight 1 farmhouse 0 yes 300 switch door yes 0 8.12 wellgass 1 house 0 no 40 switch corner no 1 8.12 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door part 1 8.12 heritage 1 wall 180 no 11 switch garden no 1 8.12 floodligts 4 outhouse disconnected 4 8.13 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 11 switch door no 2 8.13 asymmetric 1 stable 90 yes 150 switch drive no 0 8.13 bi-symmetric 1 house 90 yes 70 switch yard part 0 8.14 wellglass 1 farmhouse 45 no 60 switch yard no 1 8.15 heritage 1 farmhouse 180 no 8 switch door no 1 8.15 wellglass 1 farmhouse 0 no 40 switch acess no 1 8.15 solar-led 2 farmhouse 2 yes 3 pir access no 2 8.16 wellglass 1 outhouse 0 no 8 pir yard yes 1 8.16 spotlight 2 house 45 yes 35 pir yard part 2 section summary 78 79% 62 9.01 heritage 2 post 180/0 no 60/8 switch garden no 2 9.01 bi-symmetric 1 house 0 yes 70 switch drive yes 1 9.02 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch drive no 2 9.02 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 switch stables no 9.03 heritage 1 church 180 no 60 switch path no 1 9.04 bulkhead 1 hall 0 no 60 switch door yes 1 9.04 bulkhead 1 hall 90 no 60 switch door no 1 9.05 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch path no 2 9.05 floodlight 1 garage 0 yes 100 pir path yes 1 9.05 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1 9.06 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir path no

Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 83 - Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299 Exterior Lighting Management Plan Issue 04.2013

9.07 uplight 1 cottage 180 no 60 switch door no 1 9.07 heritage 3 cottage 180 no 40 switch door no 3 9.07 heritage 1 outhouse 180 no 40 switch door no 1 9.08 Bulkhead 5 Shop 90 N 60 PIR Doors N 5 9.08 Uplighter 3 Wall 180 N 5 SW Wall N 3 9.09 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.10 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.11 Wellglass 1 House 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 9.12 Wellglass 2 House 90 N 60 SW Yard N 2 9.13 Flood 1 House 30 Y 150 SW Frontage N 9.14 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.15 Flood PAR 38 2 Church 60 Y 150 SW Door N 9.15 Wellglass 1 90 N 60 SW Churchyard N 1 9.16 Bulkhead 2 House 90 N 60 PIR Yard N 2 9.17 Flood 3 House 10 Y 150 PIR Yard Y 3 9.18 ACCESS DENIED inn 9.19 bulkhead 6 house 90 no 12 switch access no 6 9.19 wellglass 4 house 0 no 8 switch access no 4 9.19 floodlight 3 house 45 yes 300/500 pir garden no 0 9.19 flodlight 2 house 0 no 150 switch access yes 2 9.20 heritage 5 house 180 no 8 switch access no 5 9.20 led pathlight 3 ground 90 no 3 solar path no 3 9.20 floodlight 2 house 0 no 300 pir security yes 2 9.20 par 38 2 house 45 yes 150 pir access no 0 9.20 bulkhead 2 house 0 no 60 switch access yes 2 9.21 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch access no 2 9.21 heritage 4 house 180 no 60 switch access no 4 9.21 wellglass 6 house 0 no 8 switch access no 6 9.21 floodlight 2 house 45/90 yes 300/500 pir access no 0 9.21 twin spot 1 house 0/10 yes 2x35 pir drive yes 1 9.22 heritage 4 cottage 180 no 8 switch path no 4 9.22 floodlight 2 cottage 45 dead 2 9.22 floodlight 1 cottage 45 no 150 pir door part 1

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9.22 floodlight 1 cottage 45 yes 150 switch garden no 0 9.23 wellglass 1 cottage 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 9.24 heritage 4 cottage 180 no 8 switch door no 4 9.24 floodlight 2 cottage 45 yes 500 pir garden no 0 9.25 floodlight 2 shop 0 no 150 pecu path yes 2 9.26 bulkhead 1 clubhouse 0 no 8 pecu door part 1 9.26 floodlight 1 clubhouse 1 yes 500 switch slipway no 0 9.27 asymmetric 2 chalet x 2 50 yes 250 switch drive part 0 9.27 bulkhead 6 chalet x 2 0 no 70 switch patio part 6 9.28 bulkhead 18 chalet x 2 90 no 8 switch path part 18 9.29 Modern 2 House 90 N ? ? Door N 9.30 Flood 2 House 60 Y 150 PIR Yard N 9.30 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.30 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.30 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Porch Y 1 9.30 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.30 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.30 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 part summary 143 84% 120 9.31 floodlight 1 pole 45 yes 500 pir bins no 9.31 floodlight 4 inn 45 yes 300 pir car park no 9.31 asymmetric 7 inn 0/90 yes 42 switch tables yes 6 9.31 bulkhead 1 porch 0 no 16 switch door part 1 9.31 heritage 4 rooms 90 no 11 switch access part 4 9.31 bulkhead 2 rooms 90 no 11 switch emerg. part 2 9.32 twin spot 1 house 10 yes 35 pir access part 1 9.32 wellglass 3 house 0 no 60 pir corner no 3 9.33 heritage 2 house 0 no 60 switch door no 2 9.34 bulkhead 3 cottage 90 no 60 switch access no 3 9.35 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 150 pir drive no 1 9.37 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.37 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.38 Flood 1 House 45 Y 300 SW Garden N

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9.38 Heritage 1 90 N 13 SW Door N 1 9.39 Heritage 1 Cottage 90 N 13 SW Door N 1 9.40 Bulkhead 1 Cottage 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.41 Flood LED 2 House 20 Y 25 PIR Garden N 2 9.41 Wellglass 2 90 N 60 SW Garden N 2 9.42 Wellglass 1 House 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 9.42 Heritage 1 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 9.43 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Porch Y 1 9.44 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.44 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 9.45 Bulkhead 1 Cottage 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 9.45 Flood 1 45 Y 60 SW Garden N 9.46 Heritage 1 Cottage 90 N 60 SW Gate N 1 9.47 Heritage 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 9.47 Post Dec 3x 1 90 N 75 SW Path N 1 part summary 49 82% 40 10.01 bulkhead 8 reception 90 no 60 switch path no 8 10.01 bulkhead 11 reception 45 no 8 switch path part 11 10.01 downlight 31 reception 0 no 11 switch path yes 31 10.01 floodlight 2 reception 45 yes 70 switch goods no 0 10.01 plaza 1 reception 90 no 42 switch goods no 0 10.01 2D bulkhead 7 reception 90 no 18 switch yard no 0 10.01 plaza 10 chalet 90 no 42 switch access no 0 10.01 bulkhead 40 chalet 0 no 8 switch access part 40 10.01 plaza 2 staff 90 no 42 switch access no 0 10.01 bulkhead 4 staff 0 no 40 switch access part 4 10.01 bollard 10 paths 90 no 8 switch path no 10 10.01 bi-symmetric 4 outdoor huts 45 yes 70 switch area no 0 10.01 bulkhead 3 huts 0/90 no 60 switch path part 3 10.02 floodlight 1 admin block 90 yes 300 pir entry no 0 10.02 bulkhead 11 90 no 11 pecu path part 11 10.02 bulkhead 3 90 no 8 switch emergency part 3 10.02 bulkhead 10 inn 90 no 11 pir path part 10

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10.02 bulkhead 6 inn 90 no 8 switch emergency part 6 10.02 floodlight 1 inn 0 yes 70 pecu entry part 1 10.02 floodlight 1 inn 90 yes 70 pecu steps no 0 10.02 bollard 7 inn 90 no 50 pecu path no 0 10.02 street light 4 pole 0 no 70 pecu car park part 4 louvered 10.02 bollard 7 roadway 45 no 70 pecu car park part 7 10.02 asymmetric 2 pole 50 yes 250/400 switch skate no 0 10.02 bi symmetric 2 pole 85 yes 250/400 switch slide no 0 10.02 bollard 6 chalet 0 no 20 pecu balcony yes 6 10.02 eyelid 5 chalet 90 no 20 pecu path part 5 louvered 10.02 bollard 41 roadway 45 no 50 pecu road part 16 10.02 bollard 14 roadway 90 no 50 pecu road no 0 10.02 bulkhead 1 games room 90 no 8 switch door part 1 10.02 heritage 20 chalet x 10 0 no 8 switch door no 20 10.02 bulkhead 44 chalet x 22 90 no 8 pecu access part 44 10.02 floodlight 5 huts 45 yes 300 5.30 off security part 5 10.02 infra red spot 4 huts 80 yes 10 pecu security yes 4 10.02 bulkhead 10 wash shelter 90 no 8 pecu taps part 10 10.02 hook up point 30 post 90 no 4 switch position no 30 10.02 bi-symmetric 4 tree 60 yes 250/400 switch area no 0 10.02 floodlight 7 tree 90 yes 300 switch area no 0 10.02 bulkhead 5 reception 90 no 2D 24 switch path no 0 10.02 bollard 5 post 90 no 24PL pecu road no 0 10.02 bulkhead 5 showers 90 no 2D 24 pecu path no 0 10.02 bi-symmetric 3 huts 45 yes 70 pecu path no 0 section summary 397 290 73% louvered 11.03 bollard 7 post 90 no 20 pecu path yes 7 11.03 bulkhead 3 block 1 90 no 20 switch door no 0 11.03 bulkhead 2 block 1 0 no 60 switch path part 2 11.03 bulkhead 3 toilet 90 no 8 switch access part 3

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11.03 bulkhead 1 lodge 90 no 8 switch door part 1 11.03 floodlight 2 block 2 10 yes 42 pir path part 2 11.03 bulkhead 10 block 2 90 no 8 switch path no 10 11.03 bulkhead 1 private 90 no 18 switch garage no 0 11.03 bulkhead 3 reception 90 no 8 switch path part 3 11.03 floodlight 1 reception 90 yes 150 pir path no 0 11.03 bulkhead 1 bbq area 0 no 8 switch area part 1 11.03 bi-symmetric 1 workshop 90 yes 70 pecu timber yard no 0 11.04 bulkhead 1 toilet 90 no 18 pecu path no 0 11.04 bulkhead 3 toilet 0 no 18 pecu path part 3 11.05 wellglass 2 barn 90 no 60 switch yard part 2 11.05 heritage 1 farmhouse 0 no 60 switch porch yes 1 11.05 floodight 1 cottage 45 yes 300 pir garden no 0 11.05 heritge 1 cottage 0 no 8 switch door no 1 11.05 globe 1 farmhouse 180 no 60 switçh door part 1 11.05 no lights 11.06 bulkhead 1 house 0 no 40 switch door part 1 11.06 heritage 1 house 180 no 8 switch door no 1 11.07 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 11.08 dsf floodlight 4 house 0 yes 150 switch parth yes 4 11.08 dsf floodlight 1 generator 0 yes 150 switch access yes 1 11.08 heritage 2 fence 180 no 8 limited use garden part 2 11.09 no lights demolished limited 11.10 bulkhead weekend use limited 11.11 bulkhead weekend use 11.12 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 150 pir yard part 0 11.12 solar-led 10 ground 90 no 3 solar path no 10 part summary 66 57 86%

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12.02 bulkhead 1 farmhouse 90 no 40 switch door part 1 12.02 no lights bothy closed 12.03 bulkhead 1 barn 90 no 60 switch access no 1 12.03 floodlight 1 farmhouse 90 yes 300 pir drive no 0 12.03 wellglass 1 barn 0 no 60 switch yard no 1 12.03 path light 10 ground 90 no 3 solar path part 10 12.04 bi-symmetric 3 barn 45 yes 70 switch yard part 0 12.04 floodlight 2 farmhouse 45 yes 300 pir drive part 0 12.05 no letter 12.06 no letter 12.07 no letter 12.08 no lights 12.09 bulkhead 1 church 90 no 11 switch door no 1 12.10 wellglass 3 toilet 90 no 60 switch access part 3 12.10 bulkhead 1 12.10 bi-symmetric 1 pole 45 yes 70 switch pump no 0 12.11 no lights 12.12 heritage 3 house 180 no 8 switch door no 3 12.12 heritage 1 house 0 no 60 switch door no 1 12.12 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 switch garden no 0 12.12 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir garden no 0 12.13 bulkhead 2 hall 0/90 no 60 switch door no 2 12.14 heritage 5 house 180 no 8/60 switch door no 5 12.14 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir steps no 0 12.15 heritage 3 house 180 no 8 switch door no 3 12.15 heritage 3 house 0 no 8 switch door no 3 12.15 bulkhead 4 house 90 no 60 switch garden no 4 12.15 floodlight 1 house 20 yes 150 pir garden part 0 section summary 51 38 75%

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14.01 asymmetric 6 admin block 10 yes 150 pecu yard part 6 14.01 asymmetric 1 admin block 90 yes 70 pecu yard no 0 14.01 bulkhead 1 admin block 90 no 60 pecu access no 1 14.01 bi-symmetric 1 admin block 10 yes 70 pecu yard no 0 14.01 bi-symmetric 3 pole 45 yes 70 pecu yard no 0 14.01 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir access part 0 14.01 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch path no 2 14.01 bi-symmetric 2 admin block 0 no 70 pecu path no 0 14.02 bi-symmertic 13 pole 45 yes 70/150 emergency outflow no 0 14.02 floodlight 1 gate 45 yes 300 pir access no 0 14.02 plaza 9 power block 90 no 70 pecu security no 0 14.02 bi-symmetric 2 power block 45 yes 400 switch emergency part 2 14.02 asymmetric 4 wall recess 80 no 400 switch access part 0 14.03 downlight 9 tower 0 no 150 switch event yes 9 14.03 uplight 12 tower 135 no 150 switch event no 0 14.04 floodlight 6 pole 45 yes 150 events car park part 0 14.04 no lights 14.05 floodlight 3 clubhouse 45 yes 150 pir security no 0 bulkhead 2 clubhouse 90 no 60 switch access no 2 section summary 79 26 33% 15.01 plaza 5 shop 90 no 24 switch area part 5 15.01 flodlight 1 post 0 yes 150 switch wash area yes 1 15.01 bulkhead 2 hut 90 no 60 switch door no 2 15.01 led bulkhead 2 toilet 10 no 7 pecu door yes 2 15.02 heritage 3 house 180 no 60 switch door no 3 15.02 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 15.03 floodlight 1 castle 45 yes 300 pir tables no 15.03 bulkhead 2 castle 90 no 60 pecu door no 2 15.03 floodlight 2 castle 45 yes 300 pir car park part 2 15.03 bulkhead 5 courtyard 90 no 24 switch area part 5 15.03 floodlight 1 courtyard 0 yes 70 pecu entry yes 1 15.04 wellglass 2 pub 0 no 60 switch corner no 2 15.04 led spotlight 2 pub 0 no 10 switch sign yes 2

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15.05 bulkhead 6 house 0 no 16 switch porch part 6 15.05 bulkhead 6 house 90 no 12 switch door no 6 15.06 floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 300 pir access no 15.06 bulkhead 3 house / shed 90 no 60 switch door no 1 15.06 floodlight 1 pole 0 yes 300 switch tank yes 1 15.06 bi-symmetric 1 shed 45 yes 250 switch tank no 15.07 bi-symmetric 5 pole 90/0 yes 250 switch field no 1 15.08 plaza 10 centre 90 no 70 switch path part 15.08 bulkhead 10 centre 90 no 12 pecu path part 10 15.09 plaza 1 centre 90 no 70 switch access no 15.09 asymmetric 1 centre 45 yes 70 switch access no 15.09 conical st/light 1 centre 90 no 70 switch steps no 15.10 bulkhead 6 hostel 45 no 12 pecu access part 6 15.11 heritage 1 house 0 no 40 switch door no 1 15.11 bulkhead 1 shed 90 no 60 switch garden no 1 15.11 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir garden part 1 15.12 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch door part 1 15.12 floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 300 pir drive no 15.12 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1 15.13 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 100 pir garden no 15.14 led spot 8 shed 45 no 2x4 pir access no 8 15.14 floodlight 9 shed 0 yes 300 switch loading yes 9 15.14 bulkhead 2 shed 90 no 8 switch door no 2 15.14 floodlight 1 shed 45 yes 120 pir yard no 15.14 bulkhead 4 shed 90 no 60 switch access no 4 section summary 112 87 77% 16.01 wellglass 3 shop 0 no 60 switch corner no 3 16.01 floodlight 1 house 80 yes 150 pir garden no 16.01 bulkhead 2 exchange 90 no 60 pir access no 2 16.01 floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 300 pir drive no 16.02 wellglass 4 house 0 no 11 switch corner no 4 16.02 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 90 switch path no 2 16.02 wellglass 1 house 0 no 40 switch corner no 1

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16.02 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir rear no 1 16.02 wellglass 2 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 2 16.02 bulkhead 2 bungalow 90 no 60 switch door no 2 16.03 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 16.03 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir drive no 16.03 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 100 pir door yes 1 16.03 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch door no 1 16.03 floodlight 1 house 5 yes 100 pir door part 16.03 heritage 1 pole 180 no 60 switch yard no 1 16.04 floodlight 1 workshop 0 yes 250 switch yard yes 1 16.04 floodlight 2 workshop 20 yes 300 pir yard no 16.04 floodlight 1 pole 90 yes 5x11 pir pump no 16.05 Flood 1 House 45 N 150 PIR Garden N 16.06 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 16.07 Flood 1 House 45 Y 300 SW Garden N 16.07 Heritage 2 90 N 13 SW Porch N 2 16.08 Flood 1 House 60 Y 300 PIR Garden N 16.08 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 16.09 no units House 16.10 3x25 Heritage 1 90 N 3x25 SW Garden N 1 16.11 no units House 16.12 bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Garden N 1 16.12 bulkhead 1 Shed 90 N 60 switch Garden N 1 16.13 Flood 1 House 45 Y 150 PIR Garden Y 1 16.13 Flood 1 45 Y 150 PIR Door Y 1 16.13 Flood 1 45 Y 150 PIR Garden Y 1 16.13 Heritage 2 90 N 15 SW Parking N 2 16.14 no units House 16.14 Flood 1 House 45 Y 150 PIR Door N 16.15 floodlight 3 house 45 yes 300 pir security no 16.15 heritage 2 house 0 no 40 switch door no 2 16.15 wellglass 1 house 0 no 60 switch corner no 1 16.15 bulkhead 1 garage 90 no 60 switch access no 1

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16.16 wellglass 1 House 90 N 60 SW Security N 1 16.17 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 16.18 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 16.19 Bulkhead 1 House 90 N 60 SW Door N 1 16.20 Heritage 2 Garage 90 N 13 PIR Parking N 2 16.20 wellglass 1 House 90 N 13 PIR Door N 1 16.21 Flood 1 Church 30 N 60 PIR Door N 16.21 Bulkhead 1 90 N 300 PIR Churchyard N 1 16.22 Flood 1 House 90 Y 300 SW Yard N 16.22 Bulkhead 1 90 N 60 SW Yard N 1 16.23 par 38 2 hous 20 yes 150 pir access part 16.24 eyelid 1 office 90 no 16 switch door part 1 16.24 eyelid 5 toilet 90 no 16 switch access part 5 16.25 heritage 12 lodge 90 no 40 switch door no 12 16.25 bulkhead 3 lodge 0 no 16 switch balcony yes 3 16.26 floodlight 4 house 50 yes 300 switch drive no 16.26 heritage 1 post 180 no 60 switch drive no 1 16.26 bulkhead 2 house 0 no 60 switch path no 2 16.26 heritage 1 house 180 no 60 switch door no 1 16.26 solar 5 ground 90 no 3 sun path no 5 section summary 99 77 78% Kielder Total 1074 797 74% Kielder Park 1074 797 74% Northumberland Park 1301 989 76% 2375 1786 75% Project Compliance

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5.4 Public Lighting Audit

Table 5.4 Listing of towns and villages

District Authority Total Flat Glass

Village / Town Miles Within Application boundary Population Kirknewton Northumberland 0 Akeld Northumberland 0 Ingram Northumberland 0 Linhope Northumberland 0 Alwinton Northumberland 0 Harbottle Northumberland 4 Holystone Northumberland 0 Elsdon Northumberland 18 15 250 Otterburn Army Camp MOD 90 60 Lanehead Northumberland 1 Greenhaugh Northumberland 1 Falstone Northumberland 21 Stannersburn Northumberland 0 Stonehaugh Northumberland 8 Kielder Northumberland 18 1 200 Rochester Northumberland 15 Byrness Northumberland 21

compliant Application Totals (includes MOD Roads) 197 76 38% compliant Public Highway Roads within application boundary 107 16 15%

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Table 5.5 Listing of all towns less than 15 miles from Application boundary

Town within 5 miles Miles Authority of Application boundary Total Flat Glass Population Coldstream 4 Scottish Borders 1,813 Town & Kirk Yetholm 2 Scottish Borders 133 JP estimate 500 Morebattle 5 Scottish Borders 41 JP estimate Wooler 0.5 Northumberland 244 JP estimate 1,857 Rothbury 1 Northumberland 1,740 Otterburn 1 Northumberland 500 Bellingham 0.5 Northumberland 94 JP estimate 1200 Haydon Bridge 3 Northumberland 2,000 Haltwhistle 1 Northumberland 3,811 Gilsland 1 Northumberland 400 RAF Spadeadam 1 MOD 30 approx 10 approx Newcastleton 3 Scottish Borders 138 JP estimate 772

Town between 5 - 10 miles of Application boundary

Kelso 8 Scottish Borders 7,375 Alnwick 10 Northumberland 7,767 Morpeth 10 Northumberland 13,833 Corbridge 8 Northumberland 3,500 Hexham 5 Northumberland 11,446 Brampton 9 Cumbria 4,000 Bonchester Bridge 7 Scottish Borders 51 JP estimate Jedburgh 10 Scottish Borders 4,090

Town between 10 - 15 miles of Application boundary Rowanburn 11 Dumfries & Galloway Canonbie 13 Dumfries & Galloway Langholm 13 Dumfries & Galloway 2,311 Hawick 15 Scottish Borders 14,800 Carlisle 11 Cumbria

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5.6 Luminaire Profiles

Typical Luminaire Profiles with typical intensity distribution of light emerging near the horizontal axis

Typical 35 or 55w SOX Refractor bowl Refractor Bowl 35w luminaire elevated 50 55w luminaire elevated 50 I max Cd/klm I max Cd/klm Above 95 43 Above 95 30 Above 90 62 Above 90 70 900 62 900 70 800 115 800 294 700 163 700 304

Typical 70w SON – Polycarbonate Bowl luminaire elevated 100 luminaire elevated 150 I max Cd/klm I max Cd/klm 700 251 700 242 800 204 800 236 900 66 900 96 Above 90 66 Above 90 96 Above 95 18 Above 95 25

Typical 50 - 70w SON – luminaire elevated 50 Refractor Bowl I max Cd/kl m Above 95 27 Above 90 38 900 38 800 195 700 493

Typical Post Top luminaire elevated 00 70w SON I max Cd/klm Above 95 40 Above 90 64 900 64 800 278 700 284

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5.7 “Public” Lighting Inventory - Detail Synopsis

Town / Village Name : Wooler Location :North East Distance from boundary : 0.5 miles Population : Local Authority Street Lighting Lamp Type Watts Quantity Duty Cycle Bowl Type I90 SOX 35/55 99 Dusk/Dawn refractor SON 70 99 Dusk/Dawn refractor SON 70 17 Dusk/Dawn conical SON 100/150 6 Dusk/Dawn deep bowl SON 70/100 23 Dusk/Dawn low profile

Google Street View estimate by JP

Other Exterior Lighting (eg sports, school, community)

Location : Health Centre Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance Shoe Box 0 100 ?? Car park Fully

Location : Football Field Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance Bi-symmetric 60 150/250 ?? Playing field none

Town / Village Name : Bellingham Location :South East Distance from boundary : 0.5 miles Population : Local Authority Street Lighting Lamp Type Watts Quantity Duty Cycle Bowl Type I90 SOX 35/55 8 Dusk/Dawn refractor SON 70 68 Dusk/Dawn refractor SON 70 18 Dusk/Dawn conical

Google Street View estimate by JP

Other Exterior Lighting (eg sports, school, community)

Location : County Middle School Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance Tennis Court Playing field

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Duty Cycle Options:- Dusk/Dawn Half Night = Midnight or 1am Off Part Night = On for Evening and Morning, Off between Dimmed = On for Evening and Morning, Dimmed between Presence Detection

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Planning Application Guidance Note

Dark Sky Park / Reserve / Community for all New or Refurbished Exterior Lighting Installations

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Planning Application Guidance Note

Dark Sky Park / Reserve / Community for all New or Refurbished Exterior Lighting Installations

This Appendix is designed to provide a common rationale when submitting planning applications containing external lighting within a Dark Sky Reserve, Dark Sky Park or Dark Sky Community designated area. It contains a dual methodology for both the appraisal of any lighting impact caused any new development proposal and the way the external lighting design should be approached. The Appendix also brings together a summary of the lighting design related tables, contained in various sections of the External Lighting Management Plan. These tables have been collected from various guidance documents and assembled to provide a selection of design target illumination values for different infrastructure networks or work task situations, luminaire intensity distribution, to limit upward light, limitation values of stray light which could overspill from the development and limitation values of intensity which could be observed from property overlooking the new development.

There is a national problem from the effects of stray light creating, in some situations, a form of nuisance or obtrusion. Part of the problem emanates from the random standards of some planning applications containing external lighting proposals. Regardless of the light control recommendations made in support of any Dark Sky Status application it is now vitally important to show that the right amount of light is provided in the right place at the right time and in the right direction. Over-lighting an area destroys the natural setting of the environment and impact assessments are now forming an essential element of the “design” process. Lighting which has been poorly designed or poorly installed can now be classified as a Statutory Nuisance under the Environmental Health Act.

The aim of this Appendix is to outline good practice in lighting design in addition to providing practical guidance on producing an impact assessment of the lighting associated with a new development. The External Lighting Management Plan contains the background of the light control requirements to achieve Dark Sky Status against which the tabled data has been assembled and this Appendix contains links to the associated professionally published source data.

Since light can stray over geographical or administrative boundaries this Appendix relies on planners and engineers working in partnership, both within the Dark Sky designated area and externally in the surrounding local authorities, to help maintain or improve the existing dark sky conditions.

For many years describing and characterising both rural and urban environments has been a function of Landscape Architecture. Originally, there was little consistency in style or scope of coverage. With the recognition that all types of development have a variety of impacts on the environment which should be identified and assessed, finding a format or methodology which provides a consistent approach to such work became essential within the UK, the EU and beyond following the introduction of EU directive 85/337/EEC, amended in 1997 by directive 97/11/EC.

The scope of assessment for planning purposes now includes ecological and other elements and has moved beyond that of landscape alone. Within that area however, there is a specific requirement for assessing existing and future lighting effects. This should now form an essential element for planning applications within a designated Dark Sky award area.

The following pages are intended to create a global methodology for planning applications containing the proposal to install external lighting within a Dark Sky designated area.

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Lighting Impact Assessment Methodology

In order to assist in consistency of a Lighting Impact Assessment report a new publication is now available from the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP). Professional Lighting Guide 04 : Guidance on Undertaking Environmental Lighting Impact Assessments : 2013 ( www.theilp.org.uk ) focuses on the external lighting aspects of new development applications and includes design and assessment methodology. Whilst most of these are effects on people and their perception of the surroundings, which also includes upward sky glow effect, assessments must also include effects on flora and fauna.

All parts of an Environmental Impact Assessment are reported in a particular order which is outlined as follows:-

Site description Brief summary of Visual Impact Assessment with description adapted for lighting context and with discussion on Environmental Zone(s). (E0 and E1limit for Dark Sky Designated Awards)

Method of assessment Outline of the methodology for site visits, evaluation, design etc. (more detail in PLG04 Section 8)

Baseline assessment What lighting is in and around the area prior to any development. (more detail in PLG04 Section 9)

Proposed development The lighting design(s) and proposals, including the work task or network infrastructure lighting requirements and limits set by factors such as Environmental Zone etc. (more detail in PLG04 Section 10)

Residual effects Assessment of the changes which may be caused by the lighting, including both the

Construction & Operational Phase (more detail in PLG04 Section 11)

Potential Mitigation Again this should cover the Construction & Operational Phase (more detail in PLG04 Section 12)

Conclusions (including identification of any aspects / areas where there is a lack of information at the time of the report.) (more detail in PLG04 Section 11)

Appendices

Reference to the complete contents of the ILP document is essential but some indexed parts are included here to show the scope and methodology which should be followed for all new or refurbishment work which includes the proposed installation of external lighting units.

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Lighting Impact Assessment – Checklist

Baseline Descriptions

Baseline Assessment Procedures Day time visit Night time visit Viewpoint Scheduling Baseline Assessment Layout Location Plan Brief Description Viewpoint Pages Baseline Summary

Proposed Development – Lighting Design Design – General Preliminary Assessment Provisional Design Final Design Maintenance Factors

Lighting Design Methodology

In addition to the ILP rationale covering the process of carrying out Lighting Impact Assessments the Scottish Executive have published a complementary Planning Guidance Note (Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Lighting Energy Consumption)as a free download (www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/170172/0047520.pdf - (851kB) which provides a rationale to all lighting design proposals.

Again reference to the full document will provide energy saving advantages in providing a robust design methodology, however, this LMP should encourage Development Control Committees, both within the Authority and adjacent Local Authorities, to insist on this thorough design process by the developer’s lighting engineer before submitting proposals. Although only 12 points are included in the LMP these should be treated as an absolute minimum requirement for small projects and there are no reasons why the full 20 point plan is not set as a standard requirement. The 20 point plan and the reasoning, with lighting performance indicators expected in a Dark Sky area, are included here for the completeness of this Appendix.

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Good Design Practice – 20 Point Checklist

1 Statement of client needs and interested parties’ comments 2 Survey of surrounding area night environment 3 Identification of critical viewpoints 4 Establishment and calculation of existing lighting conditions 5 Establishment of environmental light control limits 6 Summary of baseline measurements and/or calculations 7 Analysis of task lighting level recommendations 8 Statement of new lighting design quality objectives 9 Outline of iterative lighting design methodology 10 Horizontal Calculation of Task working area(s) Overspill area(s) 11 Obtrusive light calculation of Viewed source intensities Direct upward light ratio Nominal glare assessment Building luminance Combined upward illuminance grid 12 Compare design achievement with baseline values 13 Designer’s critique of final design constraints 14 Viewpoint Visualisation 15 Virtual walkthrough of illuminated site 16 Schedule of model reflection factors 17 Schedule of luminaire types, mounting height and aiming angles 18 Schedule of energy usage and distribution 19 Schedule of luminaire profiles 20 Layout plan with beam orientation indication

The last page of this Appendix is detachable and can be included with the planning application for the developer / designer to show all the sections which have been calculated or prepared in the Lighting Impact Assessment and the following is the methodology of the design process.

1. Statement of Interested Parties’ Comments

Not all clients of lighting designers have a clear outline of lighting requirements and sometimes the original objectives of a scheme are explained in very open terms. A short formal statement should not include technical details but could include possible alternatives, described in non-technical terms. Likewise external parties may raise concern or early objections to a new development created by a perceived vision, based on pictures or personal knowledge of examples of poor lighting control in adjacent developments. Special interest groups may also require to be included.

The collection of interested parties’ comments is a way of providing background material, which acts as an early approach to carrying out a lighting risk assessment. The outcome of this risk assessment can be explained in the lighting design methodology as each objection, or restriction, is technically assessed.

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2. Site Survey (essential)

Lighting design proposals are often incorrectly, for various reasons, carried out without visiting the development site. Even with a site survey it is not always possible, the first time round, to identify all the potential lighting problems, however, to ignore the surrounds, by not visiting the site, does not provide good and thorough design methodology. More importantly failure to carry out a site survey can create a serious deficiency in risk management terms. The site survey should be the starting point for a Baseline Study from which various visual and technical elements can be identified.

Where there are any existing lighting units close to the new development the magnitude of the existing lighting effect requires to be measured, or calculated, especially with respect to obtrusive light control, or lack of it. Light is additive and any overspill from the new development will amplify existing levels. (see later in point 4)

3. Critical Viewpoints (essential)

Most new developments today are overlooked to some extent by residential property, and some may be assessed as containing a more sensitive receptor than others. From each critical viewpoint a Landscape Architect will produce an assessment of the new development impact using a non-technical language to quantify the visual day-time magnitude. This planning guidance methodology plan will assist the lighting designer to use a similar approach but substituting a replicable calculation, or measurement, of physical magnitudes of light, to complement the non-technical, subjective, approach provided by others. However, luminaire orientation considerations can sometimes provide different night-time visual priority to those produced by day-time visual aesthetic techniques and it is important to identify alternative viewpoints and installation options at this early stage.

Whenever the lighting statement is required to be carried out in conjunction with a landscape impact assessment it is important to maintain the same critical landscape viewpoints but additional points may require to be included, depending on the final design orientation of luminaires, where found to be night-time sensitive.

Residential property close to the new development always forms the most important viewpoint since there are recommended illuminance limits on windows. However, distant viewpoints, with a clear view of the development often require the need for glare limiting assessments. It is often the magnitude of this viewed light intensity, which provides the source of complaint. If there is only one critical viewing direction the lighting designer can use this to direct light away from the observer but not at the expense of other, less critical, viewpoints.

From each critical viewpoint the importance of each of 5 light limitation objectives, described later in point 11, but namely overspill, sky glow, light into bedroom windows, line of sight source intensity and building brightness will vary, relative to different viewpoints and human interest. The inclusion of a table of importance, exampled below, in the lighting design report will show the designer’s first approach to visual risk analysis with respect to the critical sensitive receptors.

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Typical Table of Importance to sensitive receptor

Receptor Overspill Skyglow Light into Source Building Location Windows Intensity Luminance Adjacent to site High Nil High High High

Close to site Medium Low Medium High Medium

Near to site Low Medium Low High Low

Distant to site Nil High Nil High Nil

4. Existing Lighting

The calculation or measurement of existing lighting conditions has a twofold implication.

A. Some light limitation values are based on maximum permissible limits. Lighting effects are accumulative and if an adjacent residential window illuminance has already reached its maximum recommended limiting objective, the new development should show that it has been designed to provide for a zero increase in illumination on the adjacent property. If the site has not been visited this important element will be missed.

It is therefore sometimes inappropriate in a planning application to merely state that the limit will not be exceeded without stating the existing baseline criteria. Each planning application should therefore assume that there is no record kept of existing illuminance values and make submissions relative to site measured, or calculated, magnitudes.

B. Unless the local planning authority has produced a night time environmental zone boundary plan (see following point 5) it is necessary for the lighting designer to assess the existing ambient luminance condition of the area so that the new design can be shown to be better than or commensurate with and not exceeding existing conditions.

5. Establish Environmental Setting (essential)

All Dark Sky designated award schemes (see page 16 for site specific map) have well defined environmental zone boundaries as follows

E0's: No Light Source perception - eg Dark Sky Core

E1's: Intrinsically dark Areas - eg Dark Sky Buffer Zone, Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and National Parks

E2's: Low district brightness - eg Dark Sky External Zone - or Community locations

E3 and E4 (in CIE150:2005) do not relate to conditions expected in or close to a Dark Sky designated award area

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Where there is not a Dark Sky designated award scheme the lighting designer should consult the local planning authority to establish the existence of any local policy or strategy plan relating to the night-time environmental setting of the area in which the new development is proposed. In the absence of such a plan the designer will require to provide a self-assessment of the night-time setting from the information obtained during the visit to the area. This assessment may differ from the planning opinion and this disparity could result in rejecting the planning application and result in abortive design work. It is therefore essential that the planning authority, as recommended in PPG23 for England and Wales and PAN51 for Scotland, produce a night-time environmental protection strategy plan, in the form of four, or more, zone settings to mitigate the developer appealing against rejection of the scheme.

This section is equivalent, in landscape design terms, to the landscape character assessment and the Scottish Natural Heritage provides zone maps of day-time value of importance to society.

6. Baseline Condition Summary

A summary table showing calculated or measured values at defined locations are easiest to understand and monitor, however, if there is no existing lighting in the area prior to the new development being implemented there is no need to undertake this measurement.

When measurements are undertaken values of illuminance should show whether they have been measured horizontally or vertically, providing the height from ground level at which they were taken.

7. Task Analysis (essential)

Most exterior work tasks have a particular lighting quality objective published[5] as a recommended value but it is sometimes necessary to compare new tasks with similar existing published operations. The essential point at this stage is to show that the lighting design quality objectives are not excessively high by comparing the design objectives with other similar task lighting recommendations.

A regular planning example of this is found in lighting for sports where there are recommendations[6 et al] for different playing levels of individual games. Planning applications often show the average illuminance the design has achieved without declaring the playing requirement and thereby possibly using more energy than is needed.

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8. Lighting Design Objectives (essential)

See page 18 for typical work task related illumination target values See page 19 for typical road network / infrastructure illumination target values

This should take the form of a short section where the designer creates a technical picture of the predicted “light technical parameters” which the development will be designed to achieve. The lighting quality will be described in terms of illuminance (volume) and sometimes luminance (brightness) together with other quality parameters and should be compared with a professionally published recommended lighting quality objective.

The lighting designer has access to many sources of published data and should state the source document(s) from which the data has been extracted. A good design will compare lighting quality recommendations with other publications and other equivalent task related recommendations when an exact task fit has not been found in published data.

9. Lighting Design Iterative Methodology

There is often more than one method of achieving the same lighting quality objectives and the lighting designer will often consider different methods as a mental assessment at pre-design stage. The various options are often not considered worthy of documenting and only one option is usually presented in the planning application to assist in simplifying the planning approval stage. It is now very important to show alternative considerations especially where there are electrical energy implications and this point is reinforced in a later point (see 13 - Designer’s Critique).

In large projects small areas are sometimes used for trial calculations to show typical lighting levels for different options and for each option the designer should be assessing the likely implications of creating potentially obtrusive situations for adjacent residencies. CIE Report 150:2003 has a generalised flowchart showing a matrix of known pitfalls and benefits of different design options and luminaire mounting height features strongly in the matrix.

As the design develops this process of part design and part appraise can identify the need to modify the design at an early stage and mitigate abortive design work which is often required if the obtrusive light process is carried out at the end of the design. Again the process of change as the design progresses is not often documented to avoid presenting a perceived weakness in the design methodology but if this is documented correctly it can show planners that external concerns have been allowed for and how the design has been constrained to accommodate the concerns.

10. Horizintal Illuminance Predictions (essential)

No design should be considered worthy of starting a planning application assessment if light level calculations have not been carried out. It is one of the simplest tasks in the lighting design process and should show a horizontal grid of predicted values on not only the task area but also the overspill beyond the site limits. Although there are no nationally published limitation values of horizontal illuminance at the site boundary many local authorities prescribe a locally determined value in development restrictions. Although the boundary limitation value is simple to monitor and measure, post development stage, it should not take precedence to the nationally defined limitation

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techniques because it may, if used in isolation, hide other more important obtrusive light issues described in point 11 (following).

There are many computer programmes available today which can perform simple horizontal illuminance predictions, however, some have successfully integrated all the processes necessary to calculate and display potential obtrusive light impact values as outlined in point 11. Additionally, in order to assist in visual recognition of the task area relative to adjacent residential properties, the computer software should be able to import suitable mapping of the area and display the external critical observer locations from which predictions have been assessed.

Calculated assessments are normally based on laboratory measured intensity values radiating at various angles from the luminaire. Each luminaire has a unique photometric fingerprint of light distribution and calculated predictions are only correct for the particular luminaire make and type selected for the calculation. Care should therefore be taken at planning approval stage to ensure that the same make and type of luminaire is installed as that proposed in the design. Substitute luminaires cannot be assumed to produce the same effect and planning consent should always be conditional on the luminaire type, mounting height, quantity, lamp type /wattage and luminaire orientation as calculated in the prediction. (Importance repeated in point 17 - Luminaire Schedule)

11. Obtrusive Light Calculations (essential)

The CIE:150:2003[3] and ILP guidance notes[4] provide lighting designers, planners and environmental health officers with national and internationally recognised technical limitations on stray light. These limitations can be considered as the technical equivalent to visual magnitude. Values in excess of the recommendations could be assessed as causing a “nuisance”. The design should therefore be carried out in conjunction with monitoring these calculated limits as an iterative test and try process as the design progresses. Sometimes the obtrusive light calculations are carried out at the end of the design process, however, regardless of the point in time these checks are made no planning application should be accepted which does not outline calculated values for all, or at least the first three, of the following.

A Direct line of sight light intensity from luminaires is probably the principal source of potential complaint since it often produces offensive glare. This is light radiated from a luminaire in a particular direction and the limits quoted[3&4] relate to intensity values viewed externally into the site. It is normal practice to calculate that the design mitigates the recommended limiting values from the prime viewpoints identified in the EIA and any additional viewpoints selected by the lighting designer. The table below shows the intensity limit for the Dark Sky Critical night time environmental zones, locations being pre determined in previous point 5.

Expected performance indicators E2- E2- E2- Source Intensity E0 E1inE0 E1 0% 1% 2.5% Maximum Pre 10pm ( cd ) 0 1,000 2500 2500 2500 7500 Maximum Post 10pm ( cd ) 0 0 0 0 500 500

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B Light intruding into property windows can be predicted by calculating values on a vertical grid representing a window, or series of windows. The recommended limits are additive to what is already being experienced, pre development. If the pre development limits are already exceeded the new design will require to show, by calculations, that zero additional light intrusion will be provided by the new development.

Expected performance indicators

E2- E2- E2- Intrusion Control E0 E1inE0 E1 0% 1% 2.5% Maximum Pre 10pm (lux) 0.25* 0.5 2 2.5 5 5 Maximum Post 10pm (lux) 0.1* 0.25* 0.5* 1 1 1

* light from street lighting if installed - otherwise 0

Both A and B above are essential elements in proving that the new development proposal will mitigate the majority of residents’ concerns. In the case where the development requires the use of all night lighting the more onerous “post curfew” limiting values should be chosen as the maximum limit.

C The upward light ratio can vary between individual luminaires depending on their respective tilt angles and light distribution in their intended installed arrangement. Although the evaluation covers the direct upward component of light from the complete installation it does not include the light reflected upwards from the ground. Neither the ILP nor the CIE have defined or quantified this reflective element since no two developments have the same ground cover. As a general rule the darker the building or ground cover surfaces are, the lower the upward reflected component.

E2- E2- E2- Sky Glow Control E0's E1's 0% 1% 2.5%

Upward Light Ratio 0% 0% 0% 1% 2.5%

The direct upward light ratio calculation is for the complete installation the proposal application should state the individual luminaire elevations against which the calculation is based. Many good quality luminaires produce a 0% upward light ratio at zero degrees tilt but it only requires a vertical tilt of 100 to produce an evaluation of 2.5% upward light ratio.

Most luminaires in a Dark Sky designated area are expected to be installed with a zero tilt and the following table shows the installed glare and intensity distribution limitations.

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Typical Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Non technical Dark Sky Class cd/klm description of luminaire Requirements at at at above light control in installed 700 az 800 az 900 az 950 az condition Between Core Zone and nearest G6* 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off installation population cluster > in environmental zone 1000 E1 Residential buffer between town G5- 350 100 5 0 Cut-off installation centre and rural derivative remainder (or centre of town with < 1000) Town Centre with population > 1000 G4 500 100 10 0 Part Cut-off installation (excluding heritage style streets) Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0 Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0 External for 5 miles beyond Park G3 . 100 20 2.5% Semi-Cut-off boundary (lamps < installation in 20,000 lumens) environmental zone E2 All luminaires with lamps greater than G6** 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off installation 20,000 lumens regardless of night time between Core Zone environmental zone boundary and 5 miles distant

D The effect of glare, as viewed by an external observer, is controlled by limiting the viewed intensity as described in A, however, sometimes it is necessary to carry out a second glare assessment in sports lighting to protect the interests of spectators and players. This calculation process is additional to that carried out in A and not a substitute evaluation.

Another additional glare evaluation may also be required to protect the interest of vehicle drivers. The term Threshold Increment has been limited to street lighting quality assessment calculations for at least 15 years but its use is now being expanded to ensure that vehicle drivers do not exceed a threshold increment limit of 15% from off-road installations situated adjacent to the public highway. Again this is an additional assessment and not a substitute for the requirements described in A and should be carried out as a cumulative process with the existing street lighting provision included in the calculation.

E Building luminance is normally only carried out for structures, which are architecturally transformed at night by the application of illuminating techniques. Different surface textures and colours reflect light in different proportions and a luminance calculation should include a schedule of surface colours and reflection factor characteristics assumed in the calculation process.

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F The calculation of the combined effect of direct and upward reflected light is generally un-necessary since there are no national or international recommended limits on which to judge success or failure in the proposed lighting design. There are also very few software algorithms which provide this calculation facility. It can, however, be used with good effect to show a visual comparison between old and new lighting installation technique. It can also be used to show the difference in upward reflections when the new lighting has been designed in conjunction with landscaping techniques to soften the effect of upward reflected light by reducing the area allocation of hard landscaping.

Some all weather sports fields can reflect more upward light than that from natural grass due to the high proportion of sand fill in the mesh. In cases like this the increase in upward light should not be wholly associated with poor lighting design. If the direct upward component has been shown to be less than the recommended percentage limit for the particular environmental zone then the increase in upward aura can be assessed as a consequence of the development surface treatment.

12. Comparing Design with Baseline (essential)

A robust design methodology will carry out those assessments previously described in point 11 as part of an iterative process during the formulation of the design. This iterative process involves providing trial assessments of the likely outcome of different lighting arrangements in small trial pockets in very large projects. In this way the impact assessment, in technically calculated magnitudes, can be formulated as the design progresses.

Since some of the spill light control values are based on cumulative lighting results it is important to carry out calculations or take varied measurement assessments of the existing lighting arrangement to show that the new design overspill does not impinge or provide excess values when added to the existing arrangement.

If the existing lighting arrangement has been calculated or measured to be providing excessive obtrusive light values and does not form part of the new development it may be judged unfair to over-constrain and penalize the new development for a previous generations’ over lighting technique. However, it may be possible to encourage the new development to enlarge the scope of the lighting assessment to provide alternative arrangements for the existing lighting to reduce the impact where the combined lighting values are found to be over the obtrusive limit recommendations.

13. Designer’s Critique

A robust design will often consider different elements and applications during the formulation stage but the planning application may only have one final version to approve or reject. In providing a critique, in the form of an appendix, the designer can outline some or all of the lighting options, which have been considered together with lighting technique reasons for not progressing with some of the options. This can sometimes help the planning officer come to a decision without referring the proposal back to the designer to try something different.

14. Viewpoint Visualisation

In addition to the calculations necessary to prove that the design does not produce obtrusive light towards the critical viewpoints the production of a lit environmental model can add visual simplicity to what can be, for many, a very complicated technical presentation.

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There are several visualisation software packages now available, however, the construction of an electronic model is a labour intensive process and not all projects warrant this overhead cost.

15. Virtual Walkthrough

The production of a walkthrough is only the “icing on a cake” and can only be provided as a result of producing an electronic model as described in 14. However, its main advantage is that different viewpoints, other than the critical ones, can be considered and “visualised”.

16. Surface Colour Schedule

All electronic virtual artwork relies on the construction of electronic model surfaces and some software produces very lifelike images. Lighting calculation software, which uses the light distribution fingerprint particular to an individual luminaire manufacturer’s production model, does not have as wide a range of surface textures to visualisation software which has no lighting calculation facilities. Lighting calculation software relies on the designer creating a natural daytime colour match and a night-time reflection factor to create the model.

A general analysis of the electronic model surfaces should be provided in the form of a schedule containing all the surface colours, in terms of the general colour description, the red / yellow / blue co-ordinate reference and the light reflection factor characteristics.

At planning application stage this information not necessary to analyse compliance with most common light control analysis but it does become important when building luminance requires to be analysed. It also becomes important in showing which version of the colour scheme has been used in the calculation, especially if there has been several building material changes been made during the structure design stage.

17. Luminaire Schedule (essential)

This schedule forms an essential element in both the planning and the subsequent construction stage of the development. The schedule should contain a minimum of 5 items which indicate each individual luminaire’s light beam potential in terms of the following:- A Luminaire light distribution type (often included in a manufacturer’s catalogue number) B Lamp type and wattage C Mounting height D Orientation direction (between 0 and 3590 with 00 relative to a declared point in the development plan. Some software calculation algorithms use North and others use East as 00 but all use an anti-clockwise direction as the angle increases.) E Luminaire tilt (between 0 and 900 and the greater this angle the greater the potential for producing obtrusive light)

In some calculation software the orientation and tilt is given as a composite x,y,z co-ordinate relative to the main calculation grid, eg on a sports field, and this sometimes makes it difficult to make a quick visual assessment of the luminaire orientation and elevation relative to distant property outside the site boundary. Most software calculation processes have an automatic conversion process and although the designer may have used an x,y,z co- ordinate to accurately aim each floodlight, relative to the playing surface, the software can automatically convert this 3 dimensional number into a 2 angle notational representation of the same positional aim without additional design work. The 2 angle system is easier to visualise at planning application appraisal stage.

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This 5 way matrix (items A to E) is the minimum amount of information necessary to analyse the lighting design. Even the simplest of analysis could not proceed if any one of these items was missing from the schedule.

Column and luminaire schedules are often constructed separately from information contained in the calculation process to assist in the presentation of contract drawings. These schedules often contain information relating to the electrical distribution circuits but should contain the same 5 way matrix information described above as an absolute minimum for contract construction.

18. Energy Usage

There is currently no government legislation covering the limitations on the electrical load for external lighting, equivalent to that which exists in Building Regulations for new interior lighting projects. Regardless of the lack in recommended limits there are two values, which a good design methodology could show the efficiency of the proposed lighting, especially when the installation is planned to replace an old existing arrangement. Both values are relative to the square area of the development with the first and foremost showing the electrical load distributed over the area of the site in watts per square metre. This value is likely to become the key measurement of the installation efficiency in the same way that the current Building Regulations attempt to limit the use of less efficient light sources.

The second method may be to show the total lamp lumens per square metre of development in an attempt to prove that the use of less distribution efficient luminaires has been mitigated in the design.

Neither of these two methods can show direct obtrusive light mitigation and should not be used in isolation to the direct methods previously described as a controlling light factor since their main function is only to show an energy control factor and an example of recent landmark projects results, using luminaires with high quality light control, are shown below. Budget priced luminaires will return higher watts per square metre.

Exterior lighting designers are well equipped to using energy efficient discharge light sources and, unlike interior lighting design, low efficiency light sources, like tungsten halogen, are only used externally, with the exception of domestic installations, on very rare occasions. Discharge lamp wattage should, however, be totalled with the associated power consumed by the discharge control gear. A reference list of lamp wattages and associated circuit watts can be found at www.lcads.com.

Many public highway lighting installations are now installing equipment with energy reduction devices when traffic conditions reduce and off road installations which need to be illuminated throughout darkness for 24 hour access eg hospital car parks should adopt similar energy saving strategies to ensure the lighting meets the needs of that point in time.

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19. Schedule of Luminaire Profiles (essential)

On large projects it is often necessary to utilise different types of luminaires to light an area effectively and efficiently. Most of the material produced so far has been very technical and this schedule is one of the few, which can be presented in a very simple and visual manner.

The schedule should show a pictorial image together with design reference number, manufacturer’s catalogue number, lamp type and watts and the reflector beam width classification.

Luminaire manufacturers usually produce composite data sheets for their range but this can sometimes be too general to be included in a planning application and are not precise enough to itemise exact model and beam distribution proposed for each luminaire type included in the design.

20. Layout Plan (essential)

This is the last item of a 20 point good design methodology plan and it is sometimes the only item considered essential by some developers when submitting a planning application. It is just as essential as all the calculation presentations previously described and it is another form of visualisation as far as the planning application is concerned but a contractual document at construction stage.

The plan should show all the new column and luminaire positions together with a reference number for each location in order to provide a relationship with the column and luminaire schedule described in point 17 and each luminaire orientation should be shown by an extended line from the mounting location.

Layout plans are often only made to cover the site limits but for obtrusive lighting or environmental assessment studies it is important to include surrounding landscape, property and existing lighting arrangements to assist in creating a wider picture to assist in making a measured judgement possible at the planning application stage.

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Summary of Location Specific Environmental Zones for External Lighting Design

Otterburn Camp E1 in E0-250

Byrness E1 in E0-250

Ingram Alwinton Kielder & Harbottle Butterhaugh Ɣ Holystone E1 in E0-250 E0-50 E0-0 Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Kielder Observatory E0-0 + 1 mile Ɣ Ɣ Elsdon Ɣ E1 in E0-250 Ɣ Ɣ Ɣ Rochester E1 in E0-250 Waterside & Calvert Greenhaugh E0-50 E0-50

Stonehaugh Ɣ E1 in E0-250 Felstone E1 in E0-250

Area within red boundary = E0-250 with following exceptions:- Ɣ E0-50 Community in E0-250 area eg Greenhaugh Ɣ E1 Community in E0-250 area eg Kielder & Butterhaugh village Ɣ E2-0% Dark Sky Community beyond E0-250 Boundary

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Summary of Location Specific Target Values for External Lighting Design

This section sets out the requirements for new lighting in the Dark Sky Areas. It is based on extracts from the Dark Sky Community External Lighting Master Plan upon which the design of all new external lighting should be based.

Procedure 1) Confirm Night Time Environmental Zone:-

E0 Designated area within National Nature Reserves 1 mile surrounding Kielder Observatory E0-250 Majority of Park E0-50 Greenhaugh et al within E0-250 E1 All Rural areas beyond the Park E2-0% Dark Sky Community beyond the Park eg Moffat E2 Old Low District Brightness beyond the Park

Some parts may appear to be low or medium district brightness (E2 or E3) through earlier, more relaxed light control requirements.

All new lighting design work should be aimed at reducing ambient brightness at every opportunity.

An upward light ratio of 0% should be the target throughout but with a relaxation to 1% in some community centre locations.

Select lighting equipment and / or develop a lighting design, based on the following:-

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Part 2A For all domestic new build or refurbishment applications

Table A (table 3.3 in main document) - Permitted Total Lumen Limit for each residence Environmental Zone E0-50 / E0-250 E2 E3*** E4*** and E1

750 lm 2250 lm 4500 lm 6000 lm Total Lumens plus plus plus plus for domestic Exterior Lighting 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 4.5 lm / m2 of site structures* of site of site of site structures* structures* structures* Fully cut-off luminaires each lamp lumen maximum 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm 3200 lm Part cut-off luminaires E0-0 E1 each lamp lumen maximum none 750 lm 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm No light control luminaires E0-0 E1 each lamp lumen maximum none 480 lm** 750 lm 750 lm 750 lm © LCADS Ltd 2013

* Site structures is the sum of the land area of residential buildings, habitable structures, garages, recreational buildings and storage structures on each property plot. ** The maximum watts or lumens for each lamp in this section relates to replacing lamps in existing lighting units only.

*** New luminaires with little or no light control or elevated 400 watt floodlights are not permitted in the Core Zone.

This lumen cap per square metre method will assist residents to limit the overspill light at their property boundary to no more than 0.1 lux.

Lamp lumens are now indicated on the packaging of lamps instead of wattage. Some lumen / wattage equivalents and a worked example is indicated in the main document.

Part 2B For all commercial development applications

Use relevant British Standard to select task illuminance. Table B (3.1) following is only included as a general guidance and is not exhaustive of various other tasks which could take place in the park.

The recommended values in BSEN 12464-2:2007 (Light and Lighting. Lighting for Work Places. Outdoor Places) are based on the amount of light required to do the task.

The recommended values in BSEN 12193:2007 (Light and Lighting. Sports Lighting) are based on the amount of light required to do the sport at varying levels of game participation.

The recommended values in PD CEN/TR 13201- parts 1 to 4 (Road Lighting.) are based on the amount of light required to suit varying vehicle and pedestrian conditions on the network infrastructure. These documents are available at http://shop.bsigroup.com.

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Table B (table 1.2 in main document) Illuminance for typical tasks

Ref Type of area, task or activity Eav Uo GRL Ra Remarks No. lux Farms 5.5.1 Farm Yard 20 0.10 55 20 5.5.1 Equipment Shed (Open) 50 0.20 55 20 5.5.3 Animals sorting pen 50 0.20 50 40 Anticipated to be over very small area Farmland Sport Equestrian (outdoor event) 100 0.50 55 20 Time limited Industrial sites and Storage 5.7.1 Short term handling of large units 20 0.25 55 20 and raw material, loading and unloading of solid bulk goods 5.7.2 Continuous handling of large units and 50 0.40 50 20 raw material, loading and unloading of freight, lifting and descending location for cranes

Simple Summary for safety and security for work tasks not specifically listed in BSEN 12462-2 Very low risk 5 0.25 55 20 Low Risk 10 0.40 50 20 Medium Risk 20 0.40 50 20 High Risk 50 0.4 45 20 Key to table abbreviations Eav = Maintained average illuminance, Uo = Overall uniformity, Ra = minimum colour rendering index, GRL = Glare Rating limit (for internal work visibility benefit and not a visibility measure from outside the site)

Illuminance recommendations are based on steps which are generally perceptible as shown in Table C. This table also shows the illuminance step difference in task illuminance between low colour rendering lamps, as in table B, and high colour rendering lamps.

Table C (table 1.4 in main document) Illuminance comparisons based on colour rendering index (Ra)

Colour Rendering Task Maintained Average Illuminance Steps (lux) Index Ra < 60 2 3 5 7.5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 200 300 Ra > 80 2 3 5 7.5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 200

Ra < 60 poor colour rendering, eg. ‘orange’ or ‘pinkish’ SOX & SON sodium street lights etc.

Ra > 60 broader spectrum ‘white’ light e.g. most fluorescent, compact fluorescent, tungsten / tungsten halogen lamps & some mercury discharge (CDM & Cosmopolis) and LED light sources.

The British Standards have reconsidering the simple step values shown in Table C (above) and may shortly be publishing a revised edition of PD CEN/TR 13201- parts 1 to 4. See Section 5 Table 5.6 for Community Specific S/P value reductions.

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Table D (section 3.2 main document) Requirements for Traffic and Residential Area Lighting Selection Matrix Starter Set 8 - illuminance Design Objectives Main User Type Typical Speed Excluded UserType Situation Typical Network:- Footpath, cycle way of Main User Set and non-town centre pedestrian area Pedestrian & Cyclist Walking Speed Motors, Slow Vehicles Remote Path - Set 8 & Motor Cycles "Shops" - Set 7 Pedestrian Flow Normal High Pedestrian Flow Vehicle conftict 10-30 MPH "Streets" - Set 7 Environmental Zone E1/2 E3 E4 E1/2 E3 E4 Measurement from IESNA and shop users Car Parks - Set 6 Normal Crime Eav 235357.5in 1st hour of darkness Residential vehicles, 10-30 MPH Heavy goods vehicles Set 5 Emin 0.6 0.6 1 0.6 1 1.5 Low = 10 or less Cycles & Pedestrians High Crime Eav 7.51015101520Medium = 11 to 100 Motorised traffic & 20-40 MPH Minor / Rural- Set 4 Emin 1.535358High = over 100 Slow vehicles Secondary - Set 3 Where a light source with Ra>60 is used, the lighting level can be reduced by 1 class Motorised Traffic 30-70 MPH None Set 2 except 2 lux should not be reduced further.

Motorway 70+ Slow vehicles, cycles Set 1 Regulations & pedestrians Set 7 - illuminance Design Objective Typically:- City & Town Centre Shopping Streets Set 1 - Luminance Design Objectives The values shown in Typical Network:- Motorway&Motorway Link Roads Pedestrian / traffic flow Medium High Set 6,7 and 8 are based on Traffic Flow ADT <40,000 >40,000 Environmental Zone E3 E4 E3 E4 Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR sodium source Ra <60. Pedestrian Only Eav 15 20 20 30 Complex Interchange 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 If source Ra >60 then single Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Junction <= 3Km 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 step reduction as in Table C Mixed on separate Eav 20 30 30 30 Spacing > 3Km 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 can be used until revised surface Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Hard Shoulder 0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 20 30 30 30 PD CEN/TR 13201 Mixed on shared Eav surface Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Set 2 - Luminance Design Objectives is published Typical Network:- Strategic Routes, Trunk and some Principal "A" roads Set 6 - illuminance Design Objectives Main Distributor Routes or Typical Network:- Car Parks & Motorway Rest Area Routes between Strategic routes with peak time parking restrictions

Traffic Flow ADT <15,000 >15,000 >25,000 Zone Eav Uo GRL Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SRLavUo Ul TI SR Major shopping centre, sports & 20 0.25 50 Single Normally 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 major multi purpose building complex Carriage- >10,000 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Above only with on street Small town shops, Department store 10 0.25 50 way & E3 or E4 parking, otherwise as below office building, small sports complex Dual Carriageway 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Village shops, schools, churches, 5 0.25 50 terraced and apartment houses Set 3 - Luminance Design Objectives Typical Network:- Secondary Distributor ("A,B & C" Classified) See BSEN12464-2:2007 for other external work task illuminance Unclassified Urban Bus Routes Set 5 - illuminance Design Objectives Urban Collector Road Typical Network:- Local Access Roads & roads serving limited number of properties Traffic Flow ADTLow District Brightness Medium District (E3) High District Bright. E4 Urban Residential Loop Roads Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Residential Low traffic flow Normal traffic flow Normal traffic flow < 7,000 0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 Traffic with pedestrians with pedestrians with pedestrians 7,000 - 15,000 1.0 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 and cyclists and cyclists and cyclists > 15,000 1.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Env. Zone E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4 > 25,000 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 Crime Ra rate value Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Set 4 - Luminance Design Objectives Low <60 3 0.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 Typical Network:- Local Rural Roads & Rural Bus Routes = 40MPH or less >60 2 0.6 30.6 30.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 Residential or Industrial Interconnecting Roads Med <60 5 1 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 15 5 Minor single carriageway & Link Roads between Secondary Distributors >60 3 0.6 51 51 7.5 1.5 10 3 Traffic Flow ADT Low District Brightness Medium District (E3) High <60 10 3 10 3 10 3 15 5 15 5 Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR >60 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3 10 3 No < 7,000 0.5 0.4 0.4 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 Parking <7,000 + high cycle 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 Parking < 7,000 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 LIGHTING DESIGN ROADMAP - Devised and Designed by LCADS Ltd 7,000 to 9,000 0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 LCADS Ltd, Moffat : Tel 01683 220 299 LCADS©2013 Ltd > 9,000 use Set 3 Values in RED italics are additional CEN values to BSEN 5489 Recommendations (C) 2008

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Table E (part of table 2.2 in main document)

Intensity Distribution Recommendations in E0's and E1's

Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Non technical description Dark Sky Class cd/klm of luminaire light control Requirements at at at above in installed condition 700 az 800 az 900 az 950 az

Core Zone G6* 350 100 0 0 Horizontal flat glass Fully cut-off installation in environmental zone E0

Note * Intensity relaxation may be appropriate at 700 and 800 depending on luminaire availability but the values of zero intensity at 900, 950 and above are crucial.

Intensity distribution recommendations apply to the luminaire’s installed angle of inclination (tilt) which can be tested in UK industry standard design calculation software.

Stray light control recommendations in Core Zone:-

No stray light is permitted within the E0 Zones

Values for Upward light, Light intrusion into windows and source intensity are all zero.

No decorative external lighting (floodlighting etc.), is permitted.

Assessment Note 1 Measurement or calculation of light intrusion should be in the vertical plane and parallel with the window pane in its centre.

Assessment Note 2 Measurement or calculation of the source intensity should be based on a 1.5 metre high visual receptor placed at any location on the property boundary or 50 metres (in E0-50) or 250 meters (in E0-250) beyond the new light source, whichever is closer.

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Table F (part of table 2.7 in main document)

Intensity Distribution Recommendations within E1 sections (ie excluding E0 Zones)

DSC Zone Glare Maximum luminous intensity in Non technical Dark Sky Class cd/klm description of luminaire Requirements at at at above light control in installed 700 up 800 up 900 up 950 up condition Single light source Fully cut-off installation > 5,000 lumens G6* 350 100 0 0 in residential community Single light source >1,000 but < 5,000 G5- 350 100 5 0 Cut-off installation lumens derivative LED light sources >1,000 but < 5,000 G4 500 100 10 0 Part Cut-off installation lumens (Part Shielded) Community Centre with population < G4 500 100 10 0 Tilted up installation 3,000 (excluding using Cut-off conservation style distribution streets) Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0 Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0

© LCADS Ltd 2013

Note az Table 2.3 restrictions apply to the luminaire’s installed angle of inclination (azimuth) which can be tested in UK industry standard design calculation software.

Note * Intensity relaxation may be appropriate at 700 and 800 depending on luminaire availability but the values of zero intensity at 900, 950 and above are crucial.

Note ** Requires discussions with adjacent land owners and local authorities to adopt similar controls in their individual environmental policy plan.

In addition to the intensity controls presented in table 2.3 further light limitation recommendations are contained in Table F (2.4), following, to mitigate any obtrusive light in an E1 Environmental Zone and the two tables should be considered in tandem at the design stage for all new exterior lighting.

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Table G Summary of Obtrusive Light Marker Points

E0 variations Sky Light Intrusion Maximum Assessment Night Time Glow (into windows) Source Intensity Luminance Point 2 Environmental Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Zone Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre & Post Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm -10pm (lux) % No New External Lighting Units Permitted E0-0 (excluding the need for red filtered navigation / marker lights)

E0-50 0 0 0 0* 0* 0 0.25

E0-250 0 0 0 0** 0** 0 0.10

E0-SL*** 0 0.25 0.1 0 0 0 © LCADS Ltd 2013 (IESNA = 0.5 lux)

E1-Dark Sky Community Adaptations Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Property Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance Boundary 2 Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm (lux) %

E1 in E0 area 0 0.5 0.25 1,000 0 0 0.50

E1 0 2 0 2,500 0 0 - (ILP guideline) © LCADS Ltd 2013 ( IESNA = 1.0 lux )

E2- Dark Sky Community Adaptations Environmental Sky Light Intrusion Source Intensity Maximum Property Zone Glow (into windows) Luminance Boundary 2 Upward E vertical (lux) I (cd) L (cd/m ) Illuminance Light Pre- Post- Pre- Post- Pre-10pm Ev or Eh Ratio 10pm 10pm 10pm 10pm (lux) %

E2-0% 0 2.5 1 2,500 0 0 1.0 (Residential)

E2-1% 1 5 1 2,500 500 3 3.0 (Town Centre)

E2-2.5% 2.5 5 1 7,500 500 5 ( IESNA = (ILP guideline) 3.0 lux ) © LCADS Ltd 2013

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Bibliography

Title Publisher [1] Directive 85/337/ EEC Council of the European Communities Directive 97/11/EC 1995 and 1997

[2] Understanding and Dealing with Lighting Consultancy And Design Obtrusive Light Services Ltd 3rd Edition 2006 Rosemount, Well Road, Moffat DG10 9BT

[3] Guide on the limitation of the Society of Light & Lighting effects of obtrusive light from CIE Publications outdoor lighting installations 222 Balham High Road CIE Report 150:2003 London SW12 9BS

[4] Guidance notes for the reduction Free download at www.theilp.org.uk of obtrusive light

[5] Guidelines for Landscape and Landscape Institute and IEMA Visual Impact Assessment Spon Press ISBN 0-415-23185-x

[6] Lighting Guide No6 (1992) CIBSE Society of Light & Lighting The Outdoor Environment 222 Balham High Road London SW12 9BS

[7] Technical Report No 4 CIBSE Society of Light & Lighting Sports Lighting Guide 222 Balham High Road + others eg London SW12 9BS Sports Council Lawn Tennis Association

BS 5489-1:2013 BSI Code of practice for the Design of Road lighting: Lighting of Roads and Amenity Areas (no longer contains design target values)

PD CEN/TR 13201- parts 1 to 4 (Road Lighting.) BSI 1- Selection of Lighting Classes 2- Performance Requirements 3- Calculation of Performance 4- Methods for Measuring lighting performance

Technical Report No 5 ILP Brightness of Illuminated Advertisements (2001)

Technical Report 24 ILP A practical guide to the Development of a public Lighting Policy for Local Authorities

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Lighting Planning Application – Design Requirement Checklist

Methodology Plan Distribution Sports Building Car Road Proposal Warehouse Complex Park Light Provided Statement of interested 33 parties’ comments Survey of surrounding night 33 33 environment Identification of critical 33 3 viewpoints Establishment and calculation 33 of existing lighting conditions Summary of baseline 33 measurements and/or calculations Analysis of task lighting level 33 33 recommendations Establishment of 33 environmental light control limits Statement of new lighting 33 33 design quality objectives Outline of iterative lighting 33 design methodology Calculated measurement 33 33 of Task working area(s) Overspill area(s) 33 33 Obtrusive light calculation of 33 33 Property intrusion Viewed source intensities 33 33 Nominal glare assessment 33 3 Direct upward light ratio 33 33 Building luminance 33 Combined upward 33 illuminance grid Compare design achievement 33 33 with baseline values Designer’s critique of final 333 design constraints Viewpoint Visualisation 333 Virtual walkthrough of 333 illuminated site Schedule of model reflection 333 factors Schedule of luminaire types, 33333 mounting height and aiming angles Schedule of energy usage and 3333 distribution Schedule of luminaire profiles 33333 Layout plan with beam 33333 orientation indication

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