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Schizophrenia and Metacognition Jean-Remy Martin Schizophrenia and metacognition Jean-Remy Martin To cite this version: Jean-Remy Martin. Schizophrenia and metacognition. Agricultural sciences. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. English. NNT : 2014PA066037. tel-01020826 HAL Id: tel-01020826 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020826 Submitted on 8 Jul 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE A L’UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE : École Doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement Jean-Rémy MARTIN POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ : Sciences Cognitives Schizophrenia and Metacognition Directeur de recherche : Elisabeth PACHERIE Soutenue le : 24 Février 2014 Devant la commission d’examen formée de : M. Tim BAYNE The University of Manchester Rapporteur M. Zoltan DIENES The University of Sussex Rapporteur Mme. Chlöé FARRER CERCO, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier Examinateur M. Jean LORENCEAU CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Examinateur Mme. Elisabeth PACHERIE Institut Jean Nicod, ENS, EHESS, CNRS Directeur M. Daniel PRESSNITZER LPP, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes Examinateur Institut Jean-Nicod, École Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d’Ulm, 75005, France Abstract Over the course of my PhD I have investigated issues related to two main areas of research in cognitive science, Schizophrenia and Metacognition. My dissertation is divided in two parts: the first part includes three experimental studies (two studies in healthy subjects and one study in people with schizophrenia) and two theoretical studies addressing specific aspects of schizophrenia; the second part includes four theoretical studies addressing the role of metacognition in specific debates in the philosophy and the cognitive science of perception. I have explored two symptomatic expressions of schizophrenia, thought insertion and experiences of activity, as well as a potential cognitive bias, namely the potential presence of perceptual persistence biases. With respect to metacognition, I have investigated ways in which consideration of the role of metacognitive feelings (the experiential output of metacognitive processes) could shed new light on important current debates in analytic philosophy and cognitive science. The issues I have focused on are: the problem of hallucinations, the debate about cognitive penetrability (i.e., whether or not higher-order cognitive states may influence perceptual processes/states), the perception of absences, and sensory substitution. Key-words: Thought insertion; experiences of activity; persistence biases in schizophrenia, metacognitive feelings; hallucinations; cognitive penetrability; absence perception; sensory substitution 1 Résumé Au cours de mon programme doctoral j’ai mené plusieurs recherches, à la fois conceptuelles et empiriques, se rapportant à deux champs d’investigation importants des sciences cognitives : la schizophrénie et la métacognition. Ma dissertation se divise en deux grandes parties. La première partie inclue trois études expérimentales (deux études menées sur des échantillons de sujets sains et une étude menée sur des individus atteints de schizophrénie) ainsi que deux études théoriques adressant des aspects spécifiques de la schizophrénie. La seconde partie présente quatre études théoriques portant sur l’apport de la métacognition dans certains débats vigoureux présents au sein de la philosophie analytique et des sciences cognitives. En particulier, j’ai exploré deux symptômes de la schizophrénie –l’insertion de la pensée et les expériences d’activité– ainsi qu’un potentiel biais cognitif, à savoir, la présence de phénomènes aberrants de persistance perceptive. En ce qui concerne le thème de la métacognition, j’ai examiné la manière dont les sentiments métacognitifs (l’output phénoménologique des processus métacognitifs) pouvaient éclairer d’une nouvelle lumière certains débats importants de la philosophie et des sciences cognitives. Je me suis ainsi concentré tour à tour sur le problème des hallucinations ; sur le débat concernant la pénétrabilité cognitive (l’hypothèse que nos croyances peuvent influencer profondément nos expériences perceptives) ; sur la perception des absences et sur le cas de la substitution sensorielle. Mots-clefs : Insertion de pensée ; expériences d’activité ; biais de persistance dans la schizophrénie ; sentiments métacognitifs ; hallucinations ; pénétrabilité cognitive ; perception des absences ; substitution sensorielle 2 Acknowledgments Firstly, I am extremely grateful to Elisabeth Pacherie. I was very glad when Elisabeth accepted to supervise my PhD and the pleasure has not declined over the three years and four month of my training. Elisabeth gave me the freedom to develop my research in my own way (although she was able to stop me when necessary!) and supervised my work with great attention. It was very exciting to work with Elisabeth and she pushed me to give the best of myself each time. I am also extremely grateful to Jérôme Dokic. Jérôme supervised some of my undergraduate work and initiated me to academic research; I could not have hoped for a better mentor than Jérôme. I had the honour and the extreme pleasure to collaborate with him on many occasions. Jérôme also took a great part in my PhD training and believed in me when I started in analytic philosophy. In addition, Jérôme gave me the opportunity to present talks with him at international conferences. I thank him for that and for the very good post-conference moments we had. I am very grateful to Daniel Pressnitzer with whom I had the occasion to collaborate. Daniel gave me excellent advice for my psychophysics experiments and did not judge my naivety when I started conducting experiments. I would like to thank Nicolas Franck for welcoming me in his structure in order to conduct the clinical study reported in the present dissertation. I am also grateful to Nicolas Bruno and Philippe Nuss who helped me in the recruitment of patients with schizophrenia. I am grateful to the other researchers with whom I had the honour to collaborate; in particular, Julie Grèzes and Virginie van Wassenhove. I would like also to thank François Le Corre, a PhD student and a workmate from the Institut Jean-Nicod, with whom I wrote a paper and spent most of my time in the lab. I am also grateful to Anne Kosem and Guillaume Dezecache, PhD students like me with whom I have collaborated and spent very good moments. I thank also Hadrien Orvoën and 3 Victor Benichoux, two others PhD students and friends who helped me with technical matters over the course of my PhD. Thanks to the Ecole Doctorale 3C and the Université Pierre & Marie Curie for funding my PhD. Finally, a very special thanks to Ariadna Fernandez; thanks for her patience, love and support during my PhD years and, most importantly, for being who she is! Last but not least, I am grateful to my family for their constant support. 4 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 1 RÉSUMÉ .......................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................... 3 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 11 SCHIZOPHRENIA: TWO RECENT NEUROCOGNITIVES APPROACHES ........................... 11 THOUGHT INSERTION (CHAPTER ONE) ................................................................................................ 16 EXPERIENCES OF ACTIVITY (CHAPTER TWO) ...................................................................................... 17 THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC VOCAL EMOTIONS ON AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL PERSISTENCE MECHANISMS (CHAPTER THREE) ......................................................................................................... 18 PERCEPTUAL PERSISTENCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (CHAPTER FOUR) ................................................... 19 SCHIZOPHRENIA, TIME PERCEPTION AND HYSTERESIS IN AUDIOVISUAL SIMULTANEITY (CHAPTER FIVE) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 METACOGNITION: METACOGNITIVE FEELINGS ................................................................. 22 THE PROBLEM OF HALLUCINATIONS (CHAPTER SIX) ........................................................................... 25 COGNITIVE PENETRABILITY (CHAPTER SEVEN) .................................................................................. 27 PERCEPTION OF ABSENCES (CHAPTER EIGHT) .................................................................................. 28 SENSORY SUBSTITUTION (CHAPTER NINE) ......................................................................................... 28 PART ONE: SCHIZOPHRENIA ....................................................................................................
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