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Efficacy of Four Systemic Insecticides

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Efficacy of four systemic insecticides against the green pit scale insect (Palmapsis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao) (Homoptera: Asterolecaniidae) infesting date palm in Northern Sudan By MAHDI ABDELRHMAN AHMED MOHAMED B.Sc. (Agric.), University of Zagazig, Egypt, 1988 M. Sc. (Agric.), University of Khartoum, Sudan, 1998 A thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) MainSupervisor: Dr. Azhari Omer Abdelbagi Co-Supervisor: Dr. Hamadttu Abd Elfarag ELshafie Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum December 2008 ﻭﺟﻌﻠﹾﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟ ﻨ ﺎ ﺕ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﺨ ﻴ ﻞﹴ ﻭ ﺃﹶ ﻋ ﻨ ﺎ ﺏﹴ ﻭﻓﹶﺠﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍ ﻟﹾ ﻌ ﻴ ﻮ ﻥ ﻟ ﻴ ﺄﹾ ﻛﹸ ﻠﹸ ﻮ ﺍ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛﹶ ﻤ ﺮﹺ ﻩ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠﹶ ﺘ ﻪ ﺃﹶ ﻳ ﺪ ﻳ ﻬﹺ ﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﹶﻼ ﻳ ﺸ ﻜﹸ ﺮ ﻭ ﻥﹶ ﺳﻮرة ﻳﺲ اﻵﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ ٣٤-٣٥ Efficacy of four systemic insecticides against the green pit scale insect (Palmapsis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao) (Homoptera: Asterolecaniidae) infesting date palm in Northern Sudan By MAHDI ABDELRHMAN AHMED MOHAMED ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺨﺺ اﻻﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺟﺮاء ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻐﺮة ﺑﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﺪ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻲ 2003/2004-2004 /2005 ﺑﻬﺪف ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﺪات ﺟﻬﺎزﻳﺔ ،اﻣﻴﺪاآﻠﻮﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ (Rinfidor 20%SL, Confidor 200SL وComodor 20%SL) وﺛﻴﺎﻣﻴﺜﻮآﺜﺎم ﻓﻲ هﻴﺌﺔ (Actara 25WG) ﺿﺪ ﺣﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺮة (Palmapsis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao) ﺑﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﺪ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ( ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و ﺣﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎق اﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ ).أﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ وﻓﺘﺮة ﺛﺒﺎت هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات (Persistence) وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ. أﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت ﺻﻔﺮ، 20، 25 و35 ﻣﻞ\ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ و 10 ,15 و20 ﻣﻞ /ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﺪات ( Rinfidor 20%SL و Comodor 20%SL ) ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ . اﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ Actara 25WG ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺮﻋﺎﺗﻪ هﻲ9, 12, 15 و18 ﺟﺮام /ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ و 6 ,8 و10 ﺟﺮام /ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺤﻘﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ آﻮﻧﻔﻴﺪور Confidor 200 SL اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ 35 ﻣﻞ /ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ آﻤﺒﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻪ و ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت 10 ,15 و20 ﻣﻞ /ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻦ. ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺟﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات (ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ) ﻓﻲ (8) ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﺎء ووزﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﺣﻮل ﺟﺬع اﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺾ (ﺑﻘﻄﺮ 3م) واﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻢ ﺛﻢ اﻟﺮى ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم آﻞ (10) أﻳﺎم. اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ آﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻌﺪد ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﺮرات (ﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺨﻼت ﺗﻤﺜﻞ آﻞ ﻣﻜﺮر). ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺪاد آﻞ اﻻﻃﻮار اﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ( ﺳﻢ2 /ورﻳﻘﺔ) ﻓﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ورﻳﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ آﻞ ﻧﺨﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ آﻞ اﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ. آﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﺖ دراﺳﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ .ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺻﻨﺎف ﻟﻼﺻﺎﺑﺔ آﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻼﻋﺪاء اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ. أﻇﻬﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة آﻞ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ، أن أﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ (إﻧﺎث ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ + أﻃﻮار ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ) ﻟﻜﻞ( ﺳﻢ)2/ ﻟﻠﻮرﻳﻘﺔ زاد زﻳﺎدﻩ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻮت ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎهﺪ وﻗﺪ وﺻﻠﺖ أﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺂ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوت ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻲ (12) أﺳﺒﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ . وﻗﺪ اﻋﻄﺖ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات ﺗﺤﺖ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﺪ أﺳﺘﻌﺎد ﻧﻤﻮﻩ وﺗﺤﻮل ﺳﻌﻔﻪ (ﺟﺮﻳﺪﻩ) إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﻗﺪ ازداد اﻻﺧﻀﺮار آﻠﻤﺎ أﺗﺠﻬﻨﺎ اﻟﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ آﻤﺎ ان اﻟﺘﻤﻮر ﻧﻀﺠﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻋﻄﺖ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ وﺻﻠﺖ ﻻآﺜﺮ 70% ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎهﺪ . آﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻮد أي أﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻲ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ واﻟﺘﻤﺮ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎط ﺁﻓﺔ اﻷرﺿﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ. اﻇﻬﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي رﺑﺤﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﻪ هﺬﻩ ﺣﻴﺚ آﺎن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺤﺪي اﻟﺤﺮج (M.R.R) 364 % ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺑﻤﺒﻴﺪات اﻣﻴﺪاآﻠﻮﺑﺮﻳﺪ. أﻇﻬﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻻﻋﺪاء اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻻﻓﺔ . اوﺿﺤﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ارﺑﻌﺔ اﺻﻨﺎف ﻟﻠﻼﺻﺎﺑﺔ ان اﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ اﻇﻬﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ آﺒﺮى ﻟﻼﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ ودﻟﻘﺎي آﺎن اﻗﻞ اﻻﺻﻨﺎف ﺗﺎﺛﺮا ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ . Efficacy of four systemic insecticides against the green pit scale insect (Palmapsis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao) (Homoptera: Asterolecaniidae) infesting date palm in Northern Sudan By MAHDI ABDELRHMAN AHMED MOHAMED ABSTRACT A series of small scale field experiments were carried out in Elgaba scheme, and El Golid area during seasons, (2003/2004- 2004/2005) to evaluate the efficacy of four systemic insecticides; imidacloprid as Confidor 200SL, Rinfidor 20%SL and Comodor 20% SL and thiamethoxam as Actara 25WG, against the green pit scale insect (Palmapsis phoenicis Ramachandra Rao). Two methods of application, soil application and trunk injection were used. The insecticide thiamethoxam as Actara 25WG was tested at 9, 12, 15 and 18g /palm and 6, 8 and 10g/palm for soil application and trunk injection, respectively. While imidacloprid as Rinfidor 20% SL and Comodor 20% SL was tested at 20, 25 and 35 ml/palm and 10, 15 and 20 ml/palm for soil application and trunk injection, respectively. Confidor 200SL (imidacloprid) was used as standard (35ml/palm) for soil application and 10, 15 and 20 ml /palm for trunk injection The specific dose was diluted with eight liter of water in a container and drenched around the date palm tree (3m id) and then irrigation scheduled every 10 days . The Completely Randomized Design with six replicates (one palm = replicate) was used. The insects (all developing stages) were counted (cm2/leaflet). Eight leaflets from each palm were inspected at biweekly intervals. Dates yield and quality were determined at harvest. Residue analysis was carried out on dates, soil and intercropped plants twice (at rutab stage and harvesting). The economics of control using this method were studied .Varietal susceptibility and expected natural enemies were also investigated. Results indicated that the % mortality (adult and immature stages) were significantly higher in insecticides treatments than the untreated control by the two application methods. Results of residue analysis indicated that, no residues of both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were detected in dates, soil and intercropped plants when treated with the high doses. The higher doses remained effective throughout the experimental period. Date palm treated with the higher doses of tested insecticides, developed normally and the dates reached maturity (ripening) and the yield was increased by more than 70% compared with the untreated control. All insecticides checked termites and many other pests, but did not affect mites. The two methods of application were found highly economical and safe for the users with minimal environmental impacts. Partial budget analysis indicated the profitability of the two packages as indicated by the marginal rate of returns of 364 % for imidacloprid. Survey of the natural enemies recorded two beetles associated with the pest. Among the four varieties tested Gondiella was the most susceptible variety while the least susceptible variety was Wad laggi. To the soul of my parents, To my lovely Children Mohammed and Alaa To my Brothers, Sisters, and Haj Elagib Family To my Wife, with love i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My full praise to Allah for enabling me to complete my study. This is a real blessing from Him and thanks to Him in the way that suits His supreme greatness, will and power. Blessings and peace from Allah to be upon our prophet Mohammed and all his Family and companions. My sincere appreciations go to my supervisor, Associate professor Dr. Azhari Omer Abdelbagi, who was a great source of inspiration and encouragement throughout the period of my study. Also I would like to express my deepest gratitude to him for his systematic guidance, advice, patience, constructive criticisms and continuous supervision until the completion of the study. Iam also indebted to my co-supervisor, Associate professor Dr . Hamadttu Abd Elfarag ELshafie, for his valuable contributions and suggestions that added interesting new knowledge and validity to this study. All his contributions are truly appreciated. I would like to express my deepest thanks to the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), especially its chairman and the staff of the Crop Protection Research Center, especially professor Dr. Gaafar Elzorgani,Dr. Alamin M. Alamin, Dr.Hassan O.Kanan, Dr. Ehissan Abbas And Ms. Rawda Elhabieb for the extensive assistance offered throughout the duration of my study and for residues analysis. Thanks also go to Date Palm Research Center of King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A), especially Professor Salah Bin Alied ,Professor Jameel Al khairi and Dr. Abdelgadir Assalam ii and Professor Nabil Hammid Basher of Gazira University for their kind cooperation and advice during the study. Also I would like to express my deepest thanks to my colleagues Rasheed Fagerri,Abdelrheem Hussien, Dr. Eltaeb M. Abdel Gadir, Dr. Errneo Blassio, Mr. Solom S. Kumodan, Levi Yassin , Mohamed Elshiek, Nazar Khaliel, Nagmeldeen A. Nouri, and the staff of Dongola Research Station and to the Departments of Technology Transefer and Extension and Plant Protection Directorate (PPD) of Ministriy of Agriculture , Animal Wealth and Irrigation , Northern State and to the people of Elgaba ,El Golid and Old Dongola for their appreciated contributions when conducting my study. Special thanks to Abdelrheem Benawi, Shiek Makkawi Habeeb, Abderhaman Mergani and Shiek Elkair Mohamed, Shiek Mahdi Mohi Eldin, Shiek Abbdalla Mohi Eldin and Mahdi Salah,Mohamed Essa and Osman Elkhabier. I would like to express my special thanks, deepest appreciation and gratitude to my dear wife Siham Mohamed Yosif for her whole hearted assistance and sacrifice throughout this study. Her patience and encouragement always remained as my inspiration to complete this degree. Finally, I owe thanks to my brothers, sisters, Haj Alagib Family and all Gissmalab for their spiritual and moral support. Financial support by National Training Center and chemicals provided by chemical companies (Bayer, Syngenta, Green Deel and Riham) is appreciated. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No DEDICATION………………………..…………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………..……………………………….. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….. iv LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………….…………… vii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………….……………………. ix ARABIC ABSTRACT……………………………………………………. x ENGLISH ABSTRACT……………………………………..…………… xi 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………... 1 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………..…………………………………… 4 2.1 The date palm tree ………………………………………………….
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    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11607-8 — A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles M. E. N. Majerus , Executive Editor H. E. Roy , P. M. J. Brown Index More Information Index 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine, 238 281, 283, 285, 287–9, 291–5, 297–8, 2-phenylethylamine, 237 301–3, 311, 314, 316, 319, 325, 327, 329, 335 abdomen, 17, 20, 22, 24, 28–9, 32, 38, 42, 110, Adalia 4-spilota,80 114, 125, 128, 172, 186, 189, 209–10, Adalia conglomerata, 255 218 adaline, 108, 237, 241 Acacia, 197, 199 adalinine, 237 acaricides, 316 adelgids, 29, 49, 62, 65, 86, 91, 176, 199, 308, Acaridae, 217 310, 322 Acarina, 205, 217 Adonia, 44, 71 Acer pseudoplatanus, 50, 68, 121 aggregations, 163, 165, 168, 170, 178, 184, Acraea, 228, 297, 302 221, 312, 324 Acraea encedana, 302 Aiolocaria, 78, 93, 133, 276 Acraea encedon, 297, 302 Aiolocaria hexaspilota,78 Acyrthosiphon nipponicum, 101 Aiolocaria mirabilis, 133, 276 Acyrthosiphon pisum, 75, 77, 90, 92, 97–101, albino, 273 116, 239 Alces alces,94 Adalia, 5–6, 10, 22, 34, 44, 64, 70, 78, 80, 86, Aleyrodidae, 91, 310 123, 125, 128, 130, 132, 140, 143, 147, alfalfa, 119, 308, 316, 319, 325 159–60, 166–7, 171, 180–1, 218, 222, alimentary canal, 29, 35, 221 234, 237, 239, 241, 255, 259–60, 262, alkaloids, x, 99–100, 195–7, 202, 236–9, 241–2, 269, 279, 281, 284, 286, 298, 311, 325, 245–6 327, 335 Allantonematidae, 220 Adalia 10-punctata, 22, 70, 80, 86, 98–100, anal cremaster, 38, 40 104, 108, 116, 132, 146–7, 149, Anatis, 4, 17, 23, 41, 44, 66, 76, 89, 102, 131, 154, 156, 160, 174, 181–3, 188, 148, 165, 186, 191, 193,
  • Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) © 2013 Akinik Publications Received: 28-06-2013 Shaaban Abd-Rabou*, Hassan Ghahari, Svetlana N

    Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) © 2013 Akinik Publications Received: 28-06-2013 Shaaban Abd-Rabou*, Hassan Ghahari, Svetlana N

    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2013;1 (4): 116-140 ISSN 2320-7078 Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) JEZS 2013;1 (4): 116-140 © 2013 AkiNik Publications Received: 28-06-2013 Shaaban Abd-Rabou*, Hassan Ghahari, Svetlana N. Myartseva & Enrique Ruíz- Cancino Accepted: 23-07-2013 ABSTRACT Aphelinidae is one of the most important families in biological control of insect pests at a worldwide level. The following catalogue of the Iranian fauna of Aphelinidae includes a list of all genera and species recorded for the country, their distribution in and outside Iran, and known hosts in Iran. In total 138 species from 11 genera (Ablerus, Aphelinus, Aphytis, Coccobius, Coccophagoides, Coccophagus, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Marietta, Myiocnema, Pteroptrix) are listed as the fauna of Iran. Aphelinus semiflavus Howard, 1908 and Coccophagoides similis (Masi, 1908) are new records for Iran. Key words: Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae, Catalogue. Shaaban Abd-Rabou Plant Protection Research 1. Introduction Institute, Agricultural Research Aphelinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) are important in nature, Center, Dokki-Giza, Egypt. especially in the population regulation of hemipterans on many different plants.These [E-mail: [email protected]] parasitoid wasps are also relevant in the biological control of whiteflies, soft scales and aphids [44] Hassan Ghahari . Studies on this family have been done mainly in relation with pests of fruit crops as citrus Department of Plant Protection, and others. John S. Noyes has published an Interactive On-line Catalogue [78] which includes Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad up-to-date published information on the taxonomy, distribution and hosts records for the University, Tehran, Iran. Chalcidoidea known throughout the world, including more than 1300 described species in 34 [E-mail: [email protected]] genera at world level.
  • A New Pupillarial Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in Coastal New South Wales, Australia

    A New Pupillarial Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in Coastal New South Wales, Australia

    Zootaxa 4117 (1): 085–100 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C240849-6842-44B0-AD9F-DFB25038B675 A new pupillarial scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in coastal New South Wales, Australia PENNY J. GULLAN1,3 & DOUGLAS J. WILLIAMS2 1Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 2The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences (Entomology), London SW7 5BD, UK 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new scale insect, Aolacoccus angophorae gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Eriococcidae), is described from the bark of Ango- phora (Myrtaceae) growing in the Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia. These insects do not produce honeydew, are not ant-tended and probably feed on cortical parenchyma. The adult female is pupillarial as it is retained within the cuticle of the penultimate (second) instar. The crawlers (mobile first-instar nymphs) emerge via a flap or operculum at the posterior end of the abdomen of the second-instar exuviae. The adult and second-instar females, second-instar male and first-instar nymph, as well as salient features of the apterous adult male, are described and illustrated. The adult female of this new taxon has some morphological similarities to females of the non-pupillarial palm scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell (Phoenicococcidae), the pupillarial palm scales (Halimococcidae) and some pupillarial genera of armoured scales (Diaspididae), but is related to other Australian Myrtaceae-feeding eriococcids.
  • COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS and ESTABLISHMENTS in HAWAII: 1885 to 2015

    COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS and ESTABLISHMENTS in HAWAII: 1885 to 2015

    AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE COCCINELLID (COLEOPTERA COCCINELLIDAE) INTRODUCTIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN HAWAII: 1885 to 2015 JOHN R. LEEPER PO Box 13086 Las Cruces, NM USA, 88013 [email protected] [1] Abstract. Blackburn & Sharp (1885: 146 & 147) described the first coccinellids found in Hawaii. The first documented introduction and successful establishment was of Rodolia cardinalis from Australia in 1890 (Swezey, 1923b: 300). This paper documents 167 coccinellid species as having been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands with forty-six (46) species considered established based on unpublished Hawaii State Department of Agriculture records and literature published in Hawaii. The paper also provides nomenclatural and taxonomic changes that have occurred in the Hawaiian records through time. INTRODUCTION The Coccinellidae comprise a large family in the Coleoptera with about 490 genera and 4200 species (Sasaji, 1971). The majority of coccinellid species introduced into Hawaii are predacious on insects and/or mites. Exceptions to this are two mycophagous coccinellids, Calvia decimguttata (Linnaeus) and Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say). Of these, only P. vigintimaculata (Say) appears to be established, see discussion associated with that species’ listing. The members of the phytophagous subfamily Epilachninae are pests themselves and, to date, are not known to be established in Hawaii. None of the Coccinellidae in Hawaii are thought to be either endemic or indigenous. All have been either accidentally or purposely introduced. Three species, Scymnus discendens (= Diomus debilis LeConte), Scymnus ocellatus (=Scymnobius galapagoensis (Waterhouse)) and Scymnus vividus (= Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant) were described by Sharp (Blackburn & Sharp, 1885: 146 & 147) from specimens collected in the islands. There are, however, no records of introduction for these species prior to Sharp’s descriptions.
  • Indian Meal Moth Plodia Interpunctella

    Indian Meal Moth Plodia Interpunctella

    Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella Description QUICK SCAN Adults: Up to 13 mm (0.5 inches) long with wings that have copper brown tips. The part of the wings closest to the head is off white. SIZE / LENGTH Eggs: Oval, ivory in color and 2 mm (0.08 inches) long Adult 0.5 inch (13 mm) Larvae: Creamy white, brown head capsule. Coloration varies from Eggs 0.08 inch (2 mm) cream to light pink color, sometimes pale green. Pupae: Pupal cases are whitish with a yellow to brownish colored pupa COLOR RANGE inside. Adult Long wings with copper tips Larvae Creamy white, brown head Life Cycle Adult moths live for 10-14 days. Mated females can lay 200-400 eggs LIFE CYCLE singly or in groups. Eggs hatch in 3-5 days in warmer months and up to 7 days in cooler months. Larvae feed and become mature in 21 days Adults Live 10-14 days or as long as 30 days depending on food quality, temperature and Eggs Hatch 3-7 days humidity. Larvae will wander and pupation will occur away from infested materials. Adults emerge from the pupae in 7 to 10 days depending on temperature. FEEDING HABITS Damage and Detection Larvae Prefer: woolens, furs, and materials made with hair and Granular frass the size of ground pepper can be found in, on food feathers. materials such as nuts, dried fruits, cereals and processed foods containing nuts or seeds and made from wheat, rice or corn. The use of pheromone traps and inspections can determine location and degree of INFESTATION SIGNS infestation.
  • HOST PLANTS of SOME STERNORRHYNCHA (Phytophthires) in NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA (Homoptera)

    HOST PLANTS of SOME STERNORRHYNCHA (Phytophthires) in NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA (Homoptera)

    Pacific Insects 4 (1) : 119-120 January 31, 1962 HOST PLANTS OF SOME STERNORRHYNCHA (Phytophthires) IN NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA (Homoptera) By R. T. Simon Thomas DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, HOLLANDIA In this paper, I list 15 hostplants of some Phytophthires of Netherlands New Guinea. Families, genera within the families and species within the genera are mentioned in alpha­ betical order. The genera and the specific names of the insects are printed in bold-face type, those of the plants are in italics. The locality, where the insects were found, is printed after the host plants. Then follows the date of collection and finally the name of the collector1 in parentheses. I want to acknowledge my great appreciation for the identification of the Aphididae to Mr. D. Hille Ris Lambers and of the Coccoidea to Dr. A. Reyne. Aphididae Cerataphis variabilis Hrl. Cocos nucifera Linn.: Koor, near Sorong, 26-VII-1961 (S. Th.). Longiunguis sacchari Zehntner. Andropogon sorghum Brot.: Kota Nica2 13-V-1959 (S. Th.). Toxoptera aurantii Fonsc. Citrus sp.: Kota Nica, 16-VI-1961 (S. Th.). Theobroma cacao Linn.: Kota Nica, 19-VIII-1959 (S. Th.), Amban-South, near Manokwari, 1-XII- 1960 (J. Schreurs). Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy. Citrus sp.: Kota Nica, 16-VI-1961 (S. Th.). Schizaphis cyperi v. d. Goot, subsp, hollandiae Hille Ris Lambers (in litt.). Polytrias amaura O. K.: Hollandia, 22-V-1958 (van Leeuwen). COCCOIDEA Aleurodidae Aleurocanthus sp. Citrus sp.: Kota Nica, 16-VI-1961 (S. Th.). Asterolecaniidae Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell). Leucaena glauca Bth.: Kota Nica, 8-X-1960 (S. Th.). 1. My name, as collector, is mentioned thus: "S.
  • Crop Profile for Apples in California General Production

    Crop Profile for Apples in California General Production

    Crop Profile for Apples in California General Production Information ● Apple production in California represents 8.5% of the national production (1). ● California has over 38,500 bearing acres of apples (1). ● Yield per acre varies from 2 to 18 tons per acre throughout California’s growing regions, primarily due to irrigation and varietal differences (13). ● From 1995 to 1997, California apple growers average production was 920,000,000 pounds. In 1997, 962,000,000 pounds of apples were produced (1). ● The average value of apples produced in the state between 1995 and 1997 was $158,918,000. The value of apples produced in 1997 was $162,655,000 (1). ● The average cost to produce an acre of apples in California amounts to $4,523 per acre for irrigated orchards and $3,947 per acre for non-irrigated orchards (11, 12). Production Regions There are five major regions in which apples are grown in California. Historically, apple production was limited to the coastal mountains north and south of San Francisco Bay, in the Sierra foothills east of Sacramento, and in the Southern California mountains. Recently apple production has expanded into the Central Valley, with new plantings of Granny Smith, Fuji, Gala, and other varieties. Important coastal apple producing counties are Sonoma in the North Coast, and Santa Cruz and San Luis Obispo in the Central Coast region. However the major apple production areas are now in the San Joaquin Valley with Kern, Fresno, San Joaquin, and Madera counties being the leading producers (3). Southern California mountain regions still have a few orchards.
  • Survey of the Insect Pests from Some Orchards in the Middle of Iraq

    Survey of the Insect Pests from Some Orchards in the Middle of Iraq

    1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 4119-4125 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 SURVEY OF THE INSECT PESTS FROM SOME ORCHARDS IN THE MIDDLE OF IRAQ Hanaa H. Al-Saffar and Razzaq Shalan Augul Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mails : [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This study designed at identifying insect pests that attack some trees and shrubs grown in the orchards in different regions, middle of Iraq. The investigation included date palm, citrus, pomegranate trees and grape shrubs. During the survey, 10 species were recorded on date palms (the most infested was Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin, 1930, followed by Oryctes elegans Prell, 1914), four species on citrus (the most infested was Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead, 1894) followed by whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), one species only on pomegranate ( Aphis punicae Passerini, 1863), and one species Arboridia hussaini (Ghauri, 1963) on Grapes. Given the importance of date palm trees in Iraq, the most important insect pests present and recorded in previous studies have been summarized. Also, the synonyms of the species and their geographical distribution are provided. Keywords : Iraq, Orchards, Pests, Shrubs, Survey, Trees. Introduction pomegranates, figs and grapes randomly during the period from 1 st .March to 1 st .November.2019. There are many tools The orchards in the middle of Iraq are one of the most important by farmers due to the important crops they offer in used to collect the specimens that including: nets, aspirators, the local market, such as dates, citrus fruits, pomegranate, light traps, and also by direct method using the forceps.
  • Coccinellidae)

    Coccinellidae)

    ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE LADYBIRD BEETLES (COCCINELLIDAE) Edited by I. Hodek, H.E van Emden and A. Honek ©WILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication CONTENTS Detailed contents, ix 8. NATURAL ENEMIES OF LADYBIRD BEETLES, 375 Contributors, xvii Piotr Ccryngier. Helen E. Roy and Remy L. Poland Preface, xviii 9. COCCINELLIDS AND [ntroduction, xix SEMIOCHEMICALS, 444 ]an Pettcrsson Taxonomic glossary, xx 10. QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF 1. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION, 1 COCCINELLIDS ON THEIR PREY, 465 Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf /. P. Mid'laud and James D. Harwood 2. GENETIC STUDIES, 13 11. COCCINELLIDS IN BIOLOGICAL John J. Sloggett and Alois Honek CONTROL, 488 /. P. Midland 3. LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT, 54 12. RECENT PROGRESS AND POSSIBLE Oldrkli Nedved and Alois Honek FUTURE TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF COCCINELLIDAE, 520 4. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS, 110 Helmut /; van Emden and Ivo Hodek Alois Honek Appendix: List of Genera in Tribes and Subfamilies, 526 5. FOOD RELATIONSHIPS, 141 Ivo Hodek and Edward W. Evans Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf Subject index. 532 6. DIAPAUSE/DORMANCY, 275 Ivo Hodek Colour plate pages fall between pp. 250 and pp. 251 7. INTRAGUILD INTERACTIONS, 343 Eric Lucas VII DETAILED CONTENTS Contributors, xvii 1.4.9 Coccidulinae. 8 1.4.10 Scymninae. 9 Preface, xviii 1.5 Future Perspectives, 10 References. 10 Introduction, xix Taxonomic glossary, xx 2. GENETIC STUDIES, 13 John J. Sloggett and Alois Honek 1. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION, 1 2.1 Introduction, 14 Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf 2.2 Genome Size. 14 1.1 Position of the Family. 2 2.3 Chromosomes and Cytology.
  • Of the HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY for 1969

    Of the HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY for 1969

    Proceedings of the HAWAIIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY for 1969 VOL. XX, No. 3 August, 197 0 Suggestions for Manuscripts Manuscripts should be typewritten on one side of 8-1/2 X 11 white bond paper. Double space all text including tables. Margin should be a minimum of 1 inch. One original and 1 copy should be sent to the editor. Pages should be numbered consecutively as well as footnotes, figures and tables. Place footnotes at the bottom of the manuscript page on which they appear with a dividing line. Place tables appearing in the manuscript separately at the back of the manuscript with a circled notation in the margin of the manuscript as to approximately where you wish them to appear. Illustrations should be planned to fit the type page of 4-1/2 X 7 inches. The originals should be drawn to allow at least 1/2 reduction. It is preferred that original art work be reduced for reshooting by a line drawing velox process as supplied by a graphic arts plant to a size approximating 9 inches X 14 inches for submission to the editor. Photographs and graphs should be at teast 8 X 10 inches. Original art work, however, is acceptable. Graphs and figures should be drawn in India ink on white paper, tracing cloth or light blue cross- hatched paper. Submit a 2nd copy of all art work. Proofs should be corrected as soon as received and returned to the editor with the abs tract on the forms provided. Additional costs to the Society for correction of authors' changes in proofs may be charged to the authors.
  • An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside

    An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside

    An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside An Annotated Catalog of the Type Material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside Serguei V. Triapitsyn and Jung-Wook Kim UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Publications in Entomology, Volume 129 Editorial Board: Rosemary Gillespie, Penny Gullan, Bradford A. Hawkins, John Heraty, Lynn S. Kimsey, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, Philip S. Ward, Kipling Will University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Triapitsyn, Serguei V., 1963–. An annotated catalog of the type material of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Entomology Research Museum, University of California at Riverside / Serguei V. Triapitsyn and Jung-Wook Kim. p. cm. — (University of California publications in entomology ; v. 129) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-520-09867-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. University of California, Riverside. Entomology Research Museum—Catalogs. 2. Aphytis—Type specimens.{ems}3. Aphytis—Catalogs and collections. I. Kim, Jung- Wook, 1968–. II.