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Home , Benefit of clergy, Bloody Code, Newgate Prison

Medieval Crime and Punishment circa 1000 to 1500

Key dates and events in Key dates in crime and Law enforcement Drivers / causes of change English History punishment history   Community under the Anglo- 1066 – Norman invasion of 1086 – Domesday Book  Hundreds Saxons. England. William of Normandy records taxes.  Tithings  Power of the monarchy under becomes king. 1164 – Constitutions of  Parish Constables William I (Conqueror / Duke of Clarendon (cut power of the  Coroners introduced (1194) Normandy). 1215 – The is church).  Church. signed. 1165 – Assize of Clarendon (centralised power with the 1215 – Pope bans Trial by king). Ordeal (ends in England in 1195 – appointed 1219). constables. 1351 – Statute of Labourers 1348 – The first Black Death. banned peasants from looking for anew jobs. Punishments 1381 – The peasants Revolt. 1361 – Justices of the Peace  Anglo-Saxon - Wergild / Act allowed to hear minor botgeld / maiming or cases. mutilation / flogging / fines /

/ beheading.

 Normans – Capital and corporal

punishment became more Crimes common as a form of control /  Crimes against person (e.g. ) deterrent.  Crimes against property (e.g. )  Murdrum fine introduced by  Moral crimes Normans (collective fine for

Anglo-Saxons if Norman Lord  Forest Laws (1072 - 30% - Royal Forests) was killed).

Trial  Anglo-Saxons use local courts and trial by ordeal.  Normans introduce Trial by combat.  Benefit of the ( / Neck verse).  Royal Courts – v- church Courts  Trial by ordeal ends by order of the Pope (1215).

Early Modern 1500 to 1700

Key dates and events in Key dates in crime and Law enforcement Drivers / causes of change English History punishment history  Watchmen introduced – male volunteers.  Centralisation of power and 1485 – Battle of Bosworth 1494 – Vagabonds and  Town constables – respected, employed. control was made under the Field (start of the Tudors). Beggars Act.  Hue and cry still used in rural areas. Tudors to ensure rebellion 1517 – Martin Luther starts 1542 – Witchcraft Act.  1645- Matthew Hopkins becomes Witch-Finder didn’t happen. Protestantism. 1547 – Vagrancy Act. General.  Church became less important 1536 – Dissolution of the 1559 – Act of Uniformity –  1690 – Mounted customs officers introduced. and Benefit of the Clergy ended Monasteries under Henry VIII. Creates . 1576 and Sanctuary in 1623. 1559 – Settlement of Religion 1597 – Act for Relief of the  Economy becomes a factor. under . Poor (deserving and 1605 – Gunpowder Plot. undeserving poor). 1642-49 – English Civil War. 1601 – Poor Law – Parish relief 1660 – Royal Society for deserving poor. established in London leading 1671 – Game Act. to improvements in science More moral laws passed Punishments and technology. banning drinking, playing  Fines, pillories and stock still games used. 1690 – Excise duty extended  1603 – Transportation to America to salt. begins (50 to 80 thousand transported).  1606 – Guy Fawkes hung, drawn Crimes and quartered.  Crimes against person (e.g. murder).  1688, there were 50 capital offences – the starts of the  Crimes against property (e.g. theft). .  Moral crimes.

 Treason.

 Heresy.  Witchcraft  Vagrancy and vagabondage. Trial  1576 – Churches could no longer try criminal cases under .  1623 – Sanctuary abolished.

Industrial Revolution 1700 to 1900

Key dates and Key dates in crime and punishment Law enforcement Drivers / causes of change events in English history 1718 – Jonathan Wilde known as the Thief-  Science and technology. History 1723 – Waltham Black Act makes Taker General.  Urbanisation of Britain’s population 1776 – American war poaching illegal. 1748 – Bow Street Runners introduced. of Independence. 1735 – Witchcraft Act. 1789 – French 1739-45 – control Revolution. along the South East coast of Punishments 1834-35 – Sir Robert England  1778-1868 – Transportation of criminals to Peel becomes Prime 1827 – Black Act repealed. (Over 160,000). Minister. 1834 – Tolpuddle Martyrs charged under  1810 - Bloody Code reaches 222 Capital crimes.

naval mutiny law for forming a union.  1813 – visits female prisoners in 1805 – Horse patrols set up by the fielding Newgate . Brothers.  now start to change and become about 1829 – Metropolitan Police Act (police set rehabilitation. up in London).  1835 – Municipal Corporations Act (Other 1815 – Gaolers paid out of local taxes. towns could set up Police forces only 50%  1823 –Gaols Act (prisoners held in categories). did).  1825 – Peel reduced Capital crimes by 100. 1839 – Rural Constabulary Act (counties  1834 – Tolpuddle Martyrs transported to

could set up police 67% did). Australia. 1842- Detective Department set up in  1839 Prisons Act. London.  1842 – Pentonville Prison built. 1856 – Police Act (forced all towns and  1850 – National prison Department takes charge counties to set up). 1878 – CID set up in London. of all prisons. 1884 – Special Branch set up to infiltrate  1865 – Prisons Act emphasises retribution and all terrorist organisations. prisons had to follow rules. 1894 – Mugshots introduced to identify  1868 – Amendment Act ends suspects. public execution. 1895 – Recruits had to be between 21 and 25, able to read and write and taller than 5”9’.

Crimes  Sedition. Trial  Highway robbery.  1823 – Judgement of Death Act gives judges power to reduce death penalty to transportation.  Smuggling.  Poaching.

Modern

Key dates and events Key dates in Law enforcement Drivers / causes of change in English History crime and 1930s – Police cars and radios introduced. War /pacifism. 1914-18 - First World punishment 1946 – Fraud Squad set up. Science and technology War. history 1946 – Police dog unit set up in London. The death penalty ended due to miscarriages of justice 1928 – Women gain the 1916 – Defence of The use of radios and cars has allowed the police to e.g. Derek Bentley had severe learning difficulties. In vote. the Realm Act respond more quickly to events. Specialist units November 1952, Bentley, and his sixteen-year-old 1939-45 – Second World introduced within the police force concentrate on different types companion, Chris Craig, were caught burgling a War. (conscription). of crime. At a local community level, Neighbourhood warehouse in London. Police officers climbed onto the 1945 onwards - Collapse 1939 – Emergency Watch developed to encourage communities to work roof to arrest them. PC Sidney Miles was immediately of Empire. Powers Defence together to help deter crime and anti-social shot and killed by Craig who was then caught. Bentley Act (Conscription introduced). behaviour. and Craig were both charged with murder. Craig was 1967 – Sexual 1960s – Police start using computerised systems. under eighteen so too young to hang, but Bentley Offences Act. 1971 – Police Bomb Squad set up. faced the death penalty. Bentley’s lawyer argued, “Let 1968 – Abortion 1980s – The Police National Computer system set up him have it” meant ‘hand over the gun’. There was Act. is capable of holding details on 25million people. also controversy over whether Bentley was fit to stand 1968 – Race 1982 – Neighbourhood Watch set up. trial given his low intelligence. Relations Act. 1988 – First convictions based on DNA. Despite not firing the fatal shot, Bentley was found 1971 – Misuse of 1995 – National Automatic Fingerprint Identification guilty and sentenced to death, although the asked Drugs Act. system set up. for mercy for him. On 28th January 1953, Bentley was 1976 – Domestic hanged. Violence Act. 1991 – Law Punishments recognises Punishment is now mainly about rehabilitation and within a marriage deterrence is only used in extreme cases. as a crime. 1902 – Holloway Prison for women opens. 1907 – Probation introduced. 1908 – Children’s Act ends hanging of under-16s. 1914 – Longer to pay fines before being sent to prison. Crimes 1916 - Conscientious Objectors given hard labour, Changing definitions of crime caused by unarmed front-line jobs etc. social changes E.g. drink driving, drug 1922 – Infanticide Act – mothers who kill newborns will not be executed. misuse, Sexual offences Act etc. 1933 – Hanging of under-18s ends. 1933 – Open prisons introduced. 1939 – Conscientious objectors given reserved occupations. 1965 – End of capital punishment (repealed in 1990). Trial Very little change in the trial system.