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UNEARTHING the CIVIL RIGHTS and BLACK POWER MOVEMENTS in DALLAS, TEXAS a Thesis Submitted to the Te

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UNEARTHING the CIVIL RIGHTS and BLACK POWER MOVEMENTS in DALLAS, TEXAS a Thesis Submitted to the Te LEFT IN AN UNMARKED GRAVE: UNEARTHING THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND BLACK POWER MOVEMENTS IN DALLAS, TEXAS A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER’S OF ART by Ava Wilson August, 2010 Thesis Approval(s) Nathaniel Norment, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor, African American Studies Department Sonja Peterson-Lewis, Ph.D., African American Studies Department Maxwell Stanford, Ph.D., African American Studies Department Greg Carr, Ph.D., Howard University, Afro-American Studies Department i © by Ava Wilson 2010 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Left in an Unmarked Grave: Unearthing the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements in Dallas, Texas Ava Wilson Master of Art Temple University, 2010 Dr. Nathaniel Norment This thesis is an ethnographically-informed case study that uncovers the history of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements in the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s in Dallas, Texas and surrounding cities. These movements were said to have been non- existent. This study utilizes the methods of conducting interviews conducted with integral participants of both movements and the researching of archived newspaper articles, court records, and cultural media (flyers, posters, leaflets, etc) to provide a concise, critical view of this period in Dallas. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was a labor of love and devotion. Over the past year, I have become indebted to several individuals whose cooperation, involvement in the struggle, guidance, wisdom, and support have proven to be invaluable sources of inspiration and sanity for me while completing graduate school at Temple University. How can I take ownership or expertise over a struggle that I was not there to witness and that is yet unfolding before our eyes? To all of the heroes of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements in Dallas, Texas thank you for sharing this information not only with me, but with the world. Your legacy and our history has been richly added to because you all decided to breathe new life into over forty decades of memories. Thank you for reliving the joys, triumphs, and even the painful moments. Eva “Mama Mack” McMillan, the matriarch, you are one wondrous woman! I am so glad to have your DNA pumping through my veins. You are my rock. Can I be like you when I grow up? Not only do I acknowledge the knowledge of Donald Lister, the bravely radical spirit whose life is a testament to the love he has for his people, but I thank him for sharing his life with me and this project in general. Edward “Black- Ed” Harris please publish your book! You will provide us with the missing pages of history. Dallas needs it; we need it. Marion Ernest “Ernie” McMillan, Jr., thank you for your time and patience. You are the reason I chose to pick up this mantle. I thank you for sharing not only your story, but your lessons learned. I admire your ability and power to adapt the struggle to contemporary times. As you say, “A luta continua.” Marilyn Clark, my cuz! It is always a joy to be in your presence. Your light shines so bright that you made my dark and iv gloomy experiences fade away with the brilliant rays of your smile. I love you. Reverend Peter Johnson your candor and resolve is unmatched. Sir, I was in awe of you. Thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to allow me to interview you. Reverend Mark Herbener, what a kind and gentle soul! Thank you for opening up your home and donating your archival information to this thesis. It was an absolute joy interviewing you. Reverend B. L. “Smitty” Smith, you are an inspiration and a great motivator. Thank you for the laughs and the quiet moments where your repose and demeanor encouraged me to go forward and be great. The Honorable Diane Ragsdale, I am because you are. When I was a little girl I had the honor of spending time with you and seeing the fruits of your good deeds ripen and go on to nourish a hungry community. Your work is your life and I am so blessed to have witnessed greatness at such a young age. Thank you for sharing. Jacqueline McMillan Hill, my Auntie, “How do I love thee?” I don’t have enough fingers to count! Thank you for sharing your story. Your humility and beauty are two characteristics that go unmatched. You have continued to be my Mama Number Two. Thank you for treading a path less traveled and making a deep enough footprint for others to find their way to truth, justice, and love of self. James “Skip” Shockley, it was a joy to interview you. You added a richness that is unmatched to this study. Thank you also for the treasure that is your book, Mother’s Son. This text has definitely left an indelible mark on the history of the Dallas Black Power Movement. Odinga Kambui, our chief Black Power archivist. It is my prayer that our community in Dallas will be able to view all of the priceless artifacts and history that you have from this time period within the v four walls of your home, which is a national treasure to our community. Thank you for your time. To my mother, Katherine McMillan, my source of nurturing support, I thank you for giving me calm words of wisdom and encouragement through the days and nights filled with tears. Thank you also for putting fire under me when I questioned my reasons for attempting to complete the thesis. This thesis would not have been completed without a mother’s knowing spirit and loving heart. It, like me, came to life because of you. I have surely exhausted the phrase “thank you,” but only the respect and love I have for you can illumine a better instance of gratitude. My love for you knows no end. The committee members who agreed to review this thesis and employ their intellectual prowess and fortitude upon me are a group of scholarly giants and I am so fortunate to have gotten to know you all individually. Thank you, Dr. Gregory Carr, for presenting me with the foundation of a truly invaluable mode of thought. Your brilliance is something so rare and genuine that sometimes it can give a junior scholar like myself unbelievably huge shoes to fill. However, thank you for giving me the confidence to tread my own path in shoes that give me room to grow. Keep inspiring, enlightening, and illuminating minds. Dr. Nathaniel “Pop” Norment, thank you for always being there no matter what the circumstances were. Your thoughtful words, your listening ear, and most of all your presence have not only aided me in the thesis-writing process, but throughout my time as a student here at Temple University. Thank you for bestowing upon me the rite of an honorary family member. You are greatly admired and appreciated. vi Dr. Sonja Peterson-Lewis, you are a jewel and a joy to know. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to get to know you outside of the classroom this past year. You are a wonderful and kind person. I have the utmost gratitude for your patience and keen eye when spending many tedious hours drumming up a perfect IRB Protocol. I pray that more students seek your counsel as you are not only a source of a vast amount of information, but most importantly, an abundant source of inspiration. Dr. Muhammad Ahmad, perhaps our most notable exchange will forever be the time I stood up in your class, banged my hands vehemently upon my desk, and defiantly proclaimed that your assumptions were wrong about any number of things upon which I thought I was an expert. Thank you, first and foremost, for not throwing me out of class. Thank you, secondly, and most importantly, for imparting on me a comprehensive understanding of this time period as well as your prayers over the course of this year. Anyika McMillan-Herod, my inspiration and motivator, thank you for letting me stand in your shadow and walk a few steps behind. I love you so much, Yika. Thank you for being the beautiful person you are. Thank you for teaching me how to talk, perform, and be great. I get it all from your poise, elegance, grace, and humility. Alexandria Brady, my little sister, thank you for the late night Skype calls of encouragement. Thanks for listening to all of my fears, doubts, and worries about this process. We are in this thing together and we’ll finish strong. I love you so much and I am so thankful to call you both sister and friend. You are an invaluable source of positivity and optimism. Remember to have that same outlook when forging ahead to do your own great deeds! vii Gala Goodwin, how can I truly do justice to this heaven-sent friendship? You have been not only a friend, but you have been a teacher, an advisor, a witness, and a voice of reason. There is no way I can repay the way your mere presence has blessed me. I truly appreciate the clarity and sanity your friendship has brought to my life. Thank you. Edward G. Smith, thank you for being you! I am so glad I have gotten to know you, Daddy-O. You are such a joy and treasure. Thank you for being there always. You are loved and respected, sir. Victoria “Mama Vicki” Meek, I have said it once, and I will pen it now, I do not possess words adequate enough to express the thanks that I have for the woman you are, the example your very essence provides, and for your understanding.
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