SAND AUDIT IN DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of

SAND AUDIT OF IN

THIRUVATTOOR KADAVE AT PARIYARAMGRAMA PANCHAYAT

RE-COMPUTED SAND AUDIT REPORT

Submitted to

THE SECRETARY, KUTTYERI KADAVU, GRAMA PANCHAYAT

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

By

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

FEBRUARY 2017

Centre for Environment and Development 1 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No

FOREWORD 3

1 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Background 4

1.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand Mining in 4 Streams

1.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline 6

1.4 Sand Audit or Budget 9

1.5 Sand and Gravel Mining Management 9

2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 12

3 STUDY AREA 12

4 METHOD OF STUDY 13

4.1 Study by GIS Applications 16

5 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE 18 STUDY

5.1 Results of GIS Applications 19

6 RE- COMPUTATION 2 1

7 DRAWINGS

Centre for Environment and Development 2 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

FOREWORD Kannur district is located in the northern part of the Kerala State with a geographical area of2966 sq.km. It is bounded by the Western Ghats in the east and Lakshadweep Sea in the west.The major rivers of the district are Perumba, Kuppam, Valapatnam, , Mahi, andAncharakandy originated in the highlands of Western Ghats and drain in to the sea.

In recent years, rapid development has led to an increased demand for river sand as a source of construction material. This has resulted in a mushrooming of illegal river sand mining activities which have given rise to various problems that require urgent action by the authorities. These include river bank erosion, river bed degradation, river buffer zone encroachment and deterioration of river water quality. Very often, over-mining occurs which jeopardises the health of the river and the environment in general.

There is a need for the Revenue Department, Local Administration Department (LAD) and Irrigation Department to be equipped with the necessary planning and management tools to deal with the problems that arise from river sand mining and the preparation of this guideline is an effort in this direction. The District Collector, Kannur has conducted a DLEC meeting in his chamber on 24-02-2014 and taken a decision for carry out River Bank Mapping and Sand Auditing of 4 rivers in Kannur District and requested the Centre for Environment and Development, to carry out the study and submit the report based on it. Based on the above The CED has completed the study and submitted the detailed report to the District Collector, Kannur.

Sand Auditing of the Kuppam River from Chapparapadave Bridge to Kuppam Bridge has been completed and report submitted as per the request of the River Management Cell of Revenue Department.

As requested by the District Collector, Kannur, we carried out the study of the proposed stretch of Kuppam river from Chapparapadave Bridge to Kuppam Bridge and report has been submitted on June 2015. This report was prepared on the basis of the detailed Total Station survey and investigation carried out by our experts.

Now the Secretary, Pariyaram Grama Panchayat requested to prepare the volume of sand in the stretch of Kadave in kuppam river in the area of Pariyaram Panchayat. We sincerely hope that this report will be very useful for planning and management of sand mining in the above stretch of kuppam river of Kannur District.

Dr. Babu Ambat Executive Director Centre for Environment and Development

Centre for Environment and Development 3 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Sand and gravel have long been used as aggregate for construction of roads and buildings. Today, the demand for these materials continues to rise. In Kerala, the main source of sand is from in-stream mining. In-stream sand mining is a common practice in the streams and rivers of Kerala.

In-stream sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a stream channel. By removing sediment from the active channel bed, in-stream mines interrupt the continuity of sediment transport through the river system, disrupting the sediment mass balance in the river downstream and inducing channel adjustments extending considerable distances (commonly 1 km or more) beyond the extraction site itself. The magnitude of the impact basically depends on the magnitudes of the extraction relative to bed load sediment supply and transport through the reach.

1.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand Mining in Streams

Excessive in-stream sand-and-gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. In-stream mining lowers the stream bottom, which may lead to bank erosion. Depletion of sand in the streambed and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and the enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. It may also lead to saline-water intrusion from the nearby sea. The effect of mining is compounded by the effect of sea level rise. Any volume of sand exported from streambeds and coastal areas is a loss to the system. The major impacts in Kerala due to excessive and illegal sand mining are :

 Sand mining from almost all the rivers in Kerala goes on unabated despite the restrictions and controls imposed by the State Government;

 It has not only deepened the river beds to below the sea level but threatens the existence of several road bridges across these rivers;

Centre for Environment and Development 4 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

 As a result of the fall in the riverbed level to below the sea level, the water available in 20-30 km stretch of several rivers from their confluences to upward has become saline;

 Besides, the water level in the wells on the embankments has fallen sharply after the monsoon season ;

 Another concern is that the indiscriminate mining has bared the bases of the pillars of the

bridges to the extent that the well Fig 1 : Indiscriminate sand mining has exposed the foundation that are supposed to foundations of the bridge remain under the riverbed are now exposed by several metres;

 When the extraction rate exceeds the replenishment rate, significant and potentially irreversible changes occur in the hydraulic conditions and channel stability;

 Slumping of river banks, marked changes in riverbed configuration, mining of sand from prohibited areas close to engineering structures and over- deepening of river channels are Fig 2: Bared well-foundations of a bridge facing threat of collapse some of the problems that need immediate attention;

 Apart from in-stream mining, mining of sand from land areas such as paddy fields and floodplains is also practised in many panchayats;

 The layers of sand inter-bedded within floodplain areas have been exploited as an alternative to river sand;

 The floodplain mining also damages the environmental setting of the area;

 The removal of sediments and creation of deep pits by way of mining sand will result in lowering of water table to deeper levels.

Centre for Environment and Development 5 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Many bridges across rivers are facing threat of collapsing owing indiscriminate sand-mining. Though sand-mining from the 500-metre limits of bridges is strictly prohibited as per the River Bank Protection and Regulation of Sand Mining Act- 2001, sand is being mined illegally even from the close vicinity of the bridge piers, Figure 3: Exposed bank of a river due to unrestricted mining activities leaving the concrete structures in a precarious condition.

1.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline

The following policies should be taken into consideration before approving sand and gravel mining permits.

a) Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment

b) Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures such as jetties, water Figure 4: Exposed bridge foundation due to intakes etc. unrestricted mining activities c) Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

d) Avoid interfering the river maintenance work by Department of Irrigation and Revenue Department or other agencies.

e) No obstruction should be done to the river flow and water transport.

f) Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

g) Outline the process required in determining the locations, periods and quantity for sand and gravel mining.

Centre for Environment and Development 6 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

The general guidelines for sand and gravel mining are as follows:

a) Parts of the river reaches that experience deposition or aggradations shall be identified first. Operators may be allowed to extract the sand and gravel deposit in these locations to lessen aggradation problem.

b) The distance between sites for sand and gravel mining shall depend on the replenishment rate of the river. Sediment rating curve for the potential sites shall be developed and checked against the extracted volumes of sand and gravel.

c) Sand and gravel may be extracted across the entire active channel during the dry season (January to May and August to November).

d) Layers of sand and gravel which could be removed from the river bed shall depend on the width of the river and replenishment rate of the river.

e) Sand and gravel shall not be allowed to be extracted where erosion may occur, such as at the concave bank.

f) Sand and gravel shall not be extracted within 500 meter from any crucial hydraulic structure such as pumping station, water intakes, bridges, buildings and such structures.

g) Sand and gravel mining could be extracted from the downstream of the sand bar at

River bends.

g) Flood discharge capacity of the river could be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazard to existing structures or infrastructure. Sand and gravel mining may be allowed to maintain the natural flow capacity based on surveyed cross- section history.

Centre for Environment and Development 7 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Details of the criteria needed to ensure that sand and gravel extraction is carried out in a sustainable way are given in Chapter 6 of this guidelines

Start

The Cross – section survey should cover the entire length of the river except the CRZ zone at River Survey downstream. Minimum intervals of the cross section is twice the width of the river subject to the minimum of 500 M. Sediment Sampling The sediment sampling should be verified on the each cross-sections including the depth of the sand deposit by penetration of iron rod. Preparation of Cross Sections Cross section should be prepared with highlighting the cross section area of sand deposit and area of sand up to the depth of 2.00 M from the water level to be marked. Quantity Calculation Calculate the quality of the sand deposit for mining by Panchayat wise. Submission of the Proposal Submit the proposal with all cross sections longitudinal section of the river with quantity calculation and necessary instructions. Management Plan Concerned Local Body and Revenue Department should manage the sand mining as per the prepared management plan.

End

Centre for Environment and Development 8 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

1.4 Sand Audit or Budget

Determining the sand budget for a particular stream reach requires site-specific topographic, hydrologic, and hydraulic information. This information is used to determine the amount of sand that can be removed from the area without causing undue erosion or degradation, either at the site or at a nearby location, upstream or downstream

1.5 Sand and Gravel Mining Management

A summary of recommendations for the management of sand and gravel mining is given herein. a) Permit mining volume based on measured annual replenishment

A volume equal to the estimated annual replenishment could be extracted from the reach of the channel. Replenishment (up to the elevation of the selected channel configuration) would need to occur before subsequent extraction could take place.

Maintain a record of annual replenishment accounts for the episodic nature of sediment transport. For example, during wet periods with high stream flows, and a high contribution of sediment from hillslopes and tributaries, the data through monitoring would show that sand and gravel bars are replenished quickly. During drought periods with low stream flow, and little sediment supply or transport, the data would likely show that bars were replenished at a slower rate. The use of monitoring data is essential in measuring when actual replenishment occurs. The use of the concept of annual replenishment protects long-term channel stability as well as aquatic and riparian habitat by extracting a volume sustainable by watershed processes.

It is important to develop a system to allocate the total estimated annual replenishment between all of the operators. b) Establish an absolute elevation below which no extraction may occur

(Minimum Enveloped Level or Redline)

The absolute elevation below which no mining could occur or “redline” would be surveyed on a site-specific basis in order to avoid impacts to structures such as bridges and to avoid impacts on vegetation associated with down cutting due to excessive removal of sediment. An extraction site can be determined after setting the deposition level at 2 m below the summer water level. c) Review cumulative effects of sand and gravel extraction

Centre for Environment and Development 9 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

The cumulative impact of all mining proposals should be reviewed on an annual basis to determine if cumulative revering effects are likely and to ensure that permits are distributed in a manner that minimizes long-term impacts and inequities in permits between adjacent mining operations. d) Maintain flood capacity

Flood capacity in the river should be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazards to existing structures or infrastructure. e) Establish a long-term monitoring program

Monitoring of changes in bed elevation and channel morphology, and aquatic and riparian habitat upstream and downstream of the extraction would identify any impacts of sand and gravel extraction to biologic resources. i) Retain vegetation buffer at edge of water and against river bank

Riparian vegetation performs several functions essential to the proper maintenance of geomorphic and biological processes in rivers. It shields river banks and bars from erosion. Additionally, riparian vegetation, including roots and downed trees, serves as cover for fish, provides food source, works as a filter against sediment inputs, and aids in nutrient cycling. More broadly, the riparian zone is necessary to the integrity of the ecosystem providing habitat for invertebrates, birds and other wildlife. So removal of the vegetation from the river bank while mining should be strictly restricted. j) Limit in-stream operations to the period between January to May and September to November.

The in-stream mining should only be allowed during the dry season. k) An annual Status and Trends Report

This report should review permitted extraction quantities in the light of results of the monitoring program, or as improved estimates of replenishment become available. The report should document changes in bed elevation, channel morphology and aquatic and riparian habitat. The report should also include a record of extraction volumes permitted and excavation location. Finally, recommendations for reclamation, if needed should be documented.

Centre for Environment and Development 10 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Setbacks and Mining Envelope Levels for In-Stream Mining

. The excavation must be carried out giving a setback of minimum of 5 m from the main channel bank toward the flow channel (Figure 5).

. The stockpile must be located beyond 20 m to the left or right of the main

channel bank (Figure 5). Figure 5: Setback, “dead line” and Maximum Allowable Mining Depth for In-Stream Mining . The maximum allowable mining depth is 2 m from the water level as shown in Figure 5.

Centre for Environment and Development 11 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The District Administration is responsible to ensure that sand and gravel extraction is carried out in a sustainable way in the rivers, to maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted and also to identify the suitable locations, period and quantity that can be extracted. Generation of necessary information is essential to plan the above mentioned activities.

The basic objectives of the present study and re-computing of sand volume are

(i) Re-compute the volume of sand deposit and the amount of possible extraction in the area of Thiruvattoor Kadavu in Kuppam river 500m from Panchayat boundary. in Pariyaram Panchayat, Kannur District.

(ii) To set up guidelines for controlling and management of sand mining by the authorities and to formulate policies for sand and gravel mining.

(iii) To ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment.

3.0 STUDY AREA

Kannur district is located in the northern part of the Kerala State with a geographical area of 2966 sq.km within the latitudes 110 40‟ to 120 48‟ North and longitudes 750 52‟ to 760 07‟ East. The boundary of the district are Kasargod district in the north, Western Ghats in the east (Karnataka) Kozhikode and Wayanad districts in the south and Lakshadweep Sea in the west. More than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. The district has good biodiversity including wetlands, Rivers, Mangroves and evergreen forests.

The district has two distinct monsoon seasons- South West Monsoon starts in June and continues till the end of September and the North East monsoon season is from October to end of February.

The study area is Thiruvattoor Kadavu, Pariyaram Grama Panchayat in Kuppam river starts from Chapparapadavu Bridge to Kuppam Bridge.

Centre for Environment and Development 12 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Table 1

Details of the Study Area No Name of River District Panchayat Kadave Starting point End point

1 Kuppam River Kannur Pariyaram Thiruvattoor Chapparapada Kuppam Bridge vu Bridge

4.0 METHOD OF STUDY

The following methodology was adopted for the assessment of volume of sand

 Volume of the sand is assessed by re-computing the volume of sand submitted along with the previous report of 2014 and GIS studies. The methodology of the previous study is as follows.

 Divided the river channel in to segments, based on the reaches panchayat-wise;

 Calculated the thickness of the sand resource in the river channel using methods such as pitting, coring and spiking (measure the depth of sand deposit by penetrating an iron rod);

 Took profiles across the river at an interval of two times the width of the river or 500 m, whichever is less using leveling equipment;

Centre for Environment and Development 13 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

 The profile should have a reading at the middle and two edges and in between every 20 m distance;

 Took the water level during the time of survey and connected it to a permanent identified bench mark.

 Noted the thickness of the sand bed up to 2 m depth from the summer water level for computation purposes; Prohibited areas  Computed the volume  Notified biological hot spots and sensitive areas of sand in each reaches  Reaches with placers and other economic minerals panchayat- wise;  River reaches critically affected by bank sliding/slumping/bank erosion  Deducted the volume of  Constructed areas such as bridges, water intake, sand deposit available in tanks etc. prohibited areas.  Any other reach that need protection as decided by experts  A map (longitudinal  Areas mentioned in the Act (Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of section) of the river has Sand Act, 2001) been prepared marking the locations of all bench marks, profiles, permanent structures like bridges, water intake point, waste water/drainage discharge points, ferry gat/ boat landing centre, road very near to river, dam, check dam, kadave etc.

 Compute the volume of sand in Kadave wise.

Centre for Environment and Development 14 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Field Program

The field operations have been suitably designed to conform to the activities suggested in the TOR. These are:

1. In this study a Total station is used for measuring distances and leveling for survey work.

2. Identified and established sites/locations of the cross profile (CP) in the field within the selected channel reach, i.e. from ChapparapadavuBridge (Kuppam River Basin) and Kuppam Bridge.

3. The permanent bench mark marked on the deck of the Kuppam River Basin transferred to several points on either side of the channel reach.

4. Along each CP, as prescribed in the TOR, channel mid-point and end-points on both shores, and one observation point one each in every 20.0 m along CP were identified.

5. Along CP, after establishing markers as in step 3, the distances to identified observation points (OP) are rechecked. At each OP, by driving a calibrated mild-steel rod, depth to sediment-water interface is measured and recorded.

6. Once the depth from water surface to sediment water interface is assessed and recorded at each OP, the MS rod is pushed hard and down vertically to the “critical” depth of 2.0 m or 200 cm from water surface to measure and record the thickness of the sand layer.

7. In certain OPs, thickness of sand layer between two meter limiting depth and water surface is very little or the sediment water interface lay beyond stipulated 2.0m.

8. Both shores of river, along a swath or strip of 50.0 m, all cultural and manmade features were mapped (e.g., monuments, manmade features, ghats, ferry landing sites, temples, place of interest etc) in scale of 1:4000 and 1:5000.

9. All the deskwork like data reduction, data entry, creation of database etc and design of cross profiles, labeling and plotting have been carried out in the AutoCAD platform on a desktop.

10. Each CP, is identified by a profile tag or ID linking it to the site in surveyed channel reach between VRB and downstream of PD. Labels of shore side panchayats, 5.0 setbacks, from both shores, the elevation of water surface along the X-section, elevation of sediment water interface, the 2.0 m datum line from water surface below which sand mining is banned. Also labelled the basic cartographic map elements.

Centre for Environment and Development 15 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

4.1 STUDY BY GIS APPLICATIONS Instream Minable Sand Supply to the River Channel between ChapparapadavuBridge and Kuppam Bridge

MINABLE SEDIMENT VOLUME ESTIMATION Sediment storage sites Bed load of the rivers is the class of natural fine aggregates. Obviously, flood plains or alluvial plains are customarily the largest sites of bed load sediment in respect of rivers. However, these deposits are not available for active downstream transport as the stream or water surface gradient is so low that the channel swings laterally forming a meandering channel.

Critical shear stress This parameter is what determines the efficacy of sediment transport in channels and is related to shield‟s criterion. The critical shear stress is a function of flow depth, flow gradient and constant of gravitation. In stream segments with higher gradients the critical shear stress is larger (e.g., in stream channels of highland and midland of Kerala) and the opposite is true in channel segments with low gradient (e.g., alluvial plains). Obviously, flood and bankfull flows (with higher depths of flow) are the events with higher critical shear stress.

In the upper reaches, due to the higher channel gradients the critical shear stress is a relatively larger number or has a higher value and hence higher the efficiency to transport of sediment as bed load. At any point of time the sediment that covers the bed is a signature of the competence of the river flow at that site.

In the upper reaches the channel is a vast storage site of sediment in the form of different types channel bars, and sediment fill in the channels. In addition, the debris flow into channel shaped as cones and fans are also examples of accumulated sediment available for transport.

We need to see the channel main stem as the transport zone much similar to a conveyor belt. The tributary net work of various orders in the source zone are „gatherers‟ of sediment load for throughput in the transport zone, and is headed to the sink zone- ultimate or the penultimate sink.

Centre for Environment and Development 16 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Role of Monsoon The Asian Monsoon is a great boon not only to humanity in this part of the world but also to the small medium and large rivers of this region to keep those systems actively discharging their functions. In fact the monsoon triggered flood/bankfull flows of water are the prime movers of sediment in the river systems and the net work of channels in the river basin. The hinterland or upland soil cover is eroded, altered and dismembered sheet rock is eroded and lithomarge exposed down below the soil profile is also eroded, transported and deposited in temporary sinks in the channels where ever there is a drop in the bed shear stress. The hydrograph, a two variable graph, i.e., stage vs. time graph, typically has a rising limb and a falling limb. In most rivers of Kerala the graph would not touch the X axis as there will be a base flow before the onset of monsoon and after peaking of flood flow, the stage falls and so does the curve that translates into falling limb, but would not touch the X axis again as a base flow will continue to exist.

As the river stage rises erosivity of water flow will be on the rise – sediment of all possible sizes eroded for downriver transport. But once the stage begins to drop sedimentation will restart and the eroded channel will be filled with sediment. In other words, in the absence of a less than normal monsoon for several consecutive number of years will certainly jeopardize the sediment transport and consequently replacement of channel sediment removed by in stream mining. Empirical estimates by Richards (1982) suggest that sediment transport increases as a power function of flow i.e., as flow doubles there is more than a doubling of sediment transport and most sediment transport is associated with flood or bankfull flows.

Rate of denudation Rate of denudation or wearing down of earth‟s surface by the running water (or the rate of erosion), differs from one geologic and climatic setting to another. For example 0.01 mm/y is the estimate for the Appalachian region of USA (Leopold and Wolman, 1964), while central Sierra Nevada of California rate is .1 mm (Kandolff and mathews, 1993). The Alpine region of New Zealand the rate is 11.0 mm /y (Griffiths and Mac Saveny, 1983). The rise in rate of denudation is correlated to (a) regional climate (b) gradient of the channel as well as the grand gradient of the bare earth surface in the particular area and (c) soil and /or rock cover.

The monsoon climate (with alternating wet and dry spells) of Kerala is unique to the west coast of India and much suited for deep chemical weathering of the surface or basement Centre for Environment and Development 17 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala rocks. The depth of chemical weathering of is unusually deep reaching depths of 30.0 m or occasionally even more. In general the midland of Kerala is covered with readily erodible lithogenic materials. The KRB (Kuppam River Basin) is no exception.

In the west coast of India where rocks chemically transform to laterite, denudation rate can be as high as 10.00 mm annually. The KRB is no exception. The intersection of short run rivers, steep channel gradients and the very high rain fall jointly promote such denudation rates which prevails in parts of the world like the alpine New Zealand, or Taiwan. The rate of denudation in Himalayas is also high but the dissolved load content in the ganges is only 8% of the total load.

5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE STUDY OF JUNE 2014

Re-computation of the sand volume is assessed based on the study carried out during June 2014 and its report. The volume of sand allowed for mining during the period of 2015 and 2016 are also considered. Details of the study carried out during 2014 is described below.

The result of the study carried out in Kuppam River is described below:  The Kuppam River is flowing from the Western Ghats to the Sea. The survey works started from the 1.00 Km before Chapparapadavu Bridge to Kuppam Bridge, total 18.09 Km. length.  Width of the river is varying from 56.00 m to 212.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 7.41 m at PF-113,Mukkunnu.  The river is passing through 2 panchayats and one municipality (Chapparapadave panchayat and Pariyaram panchayat on left and right banks, the Thalipparambe Municipality is on left bank.)  Total 3 bridges are crossing this river (Shangakiri railway bridge,Thottamkadavu road bridge and Perumpa bridge)  Total 122 profiles (cross sections) has been taken at a distance of maximum 150m according to the width of the river. The profiles are marked on the longitudinal section.  The bench mark from the top of the Kuppam bridge has been transfered to the permanent structures available on the bank of the river for further reference.  All the permanent structures such as bridges, kadaves, temple, Panchayath well,Canals etc are marked on the longitudinal section.

Centre for Environment and Development 18 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

5.1 Results from GIS application:

PROSPECT S FOR INSTREAM MINABLE SAND- KUPPAM R

Table: Summary statistics of Kuppam River, Kannur Dist

Basin River CWRDM Atlas data Google Earth data shape Main Channel Elongate, Channel Length Basin area, channel length in Mid like an in Low land, km2 length, land 7.5-75.0 inverted <7.5 Kuppam km bottle 539 or 82 27.93 km with long 540,000,000 61.45 km neck m2

1. Kuppam River Basin (KRB), an interstate basin, in plan view is roughly shaped like the English letter T (lying in the 1st and and 3rd quadrants of compass) but with two distinct sized segments or parts. The long – narrow- tract of basin falls in the midland and coastal land, while the short –wide-rectangular segment coincides with headwater part of the basin set mostly in the high land.

2. The part of the basin falling in the highland is mostly underlain by crystalline rocks of the Western Ghats. 70 km2 of the basin area is in the state of Karnataka. The remainder (469 km2) is in the midland and coastal land. In spite of the relatively small basin area (comparable with the Neyyar basin in Trivandrum Dist. Area=49.0 km2)) , the sediment yield to the channels of KRB compares with the other rivers of the western ghats only qualitatively.

3. The Kuppam R channel in Pariyaram panchayath ( between PF56 and PF 122) as seen in a Google Earth scene of Jan. 13, 2017 (in the summer season) does not show any side channel or mid channel bar (made of river sand) at all and instead there is water cover from shore to shore or wall to wall of the channel over the entire length, further toward upstream as well as downstream.

4. Such channel appearance in high resolution satellite scene (Google earth ASTRIUM; res. 1.5) does not rule out presence of sub-aqueous sand layer in the channel. For a uniform layer of 1.0 m thick sediment, the channel storage in the 18.0 km segment of Kuppam R in Pariyaram panchayath works out as 1,800,000 m3, or 4, 608, 000 t However, the latter number is modulated by the landuse, supply from upstream, as well as the geometry of channel, material making the channel and floor and gradient. Field data alone will provide conclusively the rate of sediment through put and sediment stored in the channel.

5. Yet, for a uniform denudation rate of 0.1 mm per decade in the KRB, the sediment yield estimate stands at 540,000 m3 or 54,000 m3/y (i.e., 30 % sand and 70% mud), or 16200 m3 of coarse sediment. The upper reaches of the KRB channel floor will not be covered by a ribbon of sand grade sediment due to steeper gradients and higher Centre for Environment and Development 19 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

stream power. But lower reaches in the midland and coastal land are ideally suited for deposition or storage of the coarser sediment due to steady decline of stream gradient.

6. Therefore, for the sediment yield presented in 5 above and notwithstanding the wall to wall water cover, if the field data on channel cross profiles and extent or depth of subaqueous sediment layer recorded along the profile transects support presence of coarse sediment, such segments are most suited for sand mining in the KRB channel passing through the Pariyaram panchayath.

Centre for Environment and Development 20 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

6.0. SAND VOLUME BASED ON THE RESULT OF STUDY CARRIED OUT DURING MAY TO JUNE 2014 :

Kuppam River from Chapparapadavu Bridge to Kuppam Bridge Sand Volume Calculation Sheet Volume of Volume of Zone of sand for sand for Average Average influence Area of RB LB PF distance distance L= L1+L2 cross Volume of Panchayat Panchayat NO before (L1) after (L2) /2 m section (m2) sand (m3) V V/2 m3 V/2 m3 1 0 150 75 0 0 0 0 2 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 3 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 4 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 5 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 6 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 7 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 8 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 9 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 10 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 11 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 12 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 13 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 14 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 15 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 16 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 17 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 18 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 19 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 20 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 21 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 22 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 23 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 24 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 25 150 150 150 3.949 592.35 296.175 296.175 26 150 150 150 0.607 91.05 45.525 45.525 27 150 150 150 0.751 112.65 56.325 56.325 28 150 150 150 0.777 116.55 58.275 58.275 29 150 150 150 1.437 215.55 107.775 107.775 30 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 31 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 32 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 33 150 150 150 1.804 270.6 135.3 135.3 34 150 150 150 2.515 377.25 188.625 188.625 35 150 150 150 2.609 391.35 195.675 195.675 36 150 150 150 3.003 450.45 225.225 225.225 37 150 150 150 1.271 190.65 95.325 95.325 38 150 150 150 2.829 424.35 212.175 212.175 39 150 150 150 3.752 562.8 281.4 281.4

Centre for Environment and Development 21 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

40 150 150 150 3.106 465.9 232.95 232.95 41 150 150 150 2.217 332.55 166.275 166.275 42 150 150 150 0.376 56.4 28.2 28.2 43 150 150 150 1.457 218.55 109.275 109.275 44 150 150 150 1.538 230.7 115.35 115.35 45 150 150 150 1.287 193.05 96.525 96.525 46 150 150 150 3.159 473.85 236.925 236.925 47 150 150 150 4.985 747.75 373.875 373.875 48 150 150 150 5.005 750.75 375.375 375.375 49 150 150 150 2.567 385.05 192.525 192.525 50 150 150 150 1.186 177.9 88.95 88.95 51 150 150 150 0.884 132.6 66.3 66.3 52 150 150 150 2.199 329.85 164.925 164.925 53 150 150 150 0.166 24.9 12.45 12.45 54 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 55 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 56 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 57 150 150 150 1.576 236.4 118.2 118.2 58 150 150 150 1.35 202.5 101.25 101.25 59 150 150 150 1.503 225.45 112.725 112.725 60 150 150 150 1.542 231.3 115.65 115.65 61 150 150 150 0.957 143.55 71.775 71.775 62 150 150 150 0.792 118.8 59.4 59.4 63 150 150 150 1.122 168.3 84.15 84.15 64 150 150 150 1.461 219.15 109.575 109.575 65 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 66 150 150 150 1.007 151.05 75.525 75.525 67 150 150 150 0.385 57.75 28.875 28.875 68 150 150 150 0.398 59.7 29.85 29.85 69 150 150 150 0.392 58.8 29.4 29.4 70 150 150 150 1.863 279.45 139.725 139.725 71 150 150 150 0.341 51.15 25.575 25.575 72 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 73 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 74 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 75 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 76 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 77 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 78 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 79 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 80 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 81 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 82 150 150 150 0.315 47.25 23.625 23.625 83 150 150 150 1.149 172.35 86.175 86.175 84 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 85 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 86 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 87 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 88 150 150 150 0 0 0 0

Centre for Environment and Development 22 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

89 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 90 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 91 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 92 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 93 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 94 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 95 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 96 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 97 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 98 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 99 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 100 150 150 150 2.108 316.2 158.1 158.1 101 150 150 150 21.624 3243.6 1621.8 1621.8 102 150 150 150 16.149 2422.35 1211.175 1211.175 103 150 150 150 10.485 1572.75 786.375 786.375 104 150 150 150 5.827 874.05 437.025 437.025 105 150 150 150 9.225 1383.75 691.875 691.875 106 150 150 150 15.047 2257.05 1128.525 1128.525 107 150 150 150 9.397 1409.55 704.775 704.775 108 150 150 150 3.519 527.85 263.925 263.925 109 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 110 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 111 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 112 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 113 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 114 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 115 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 116 150 150 150 0 0 0 0 117 150 150 150 0.511 76.65 38.325 38.325 118 150 150 150 1.21 181.5 90.75 90.75 119 150 150 150 9.875 1481.25 740.625 740.625 120 150 150 150 5.621 843.15 421.575 421.575 121 150 150 150 1.411 211.65 105.825 105.825 122 150 0 75 0.1 7.5 3.75 3.75 Total 27547.2m3

Centre for Environment and Development 23 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Estimated Sand Volume of Pariyaram Panchayat Volume of Volume of PF. No. sand in RB sand in LB Total Volume Remarks

56 0.00 0.00 0.00 57 118.20 118.20 236.40 Thiruvattoor Kadave area 58 101.25 101.25 202.50 Do 59 112.73 112.73 225.45 Do 60 115.65 115.65 231.30 Do 61 71.78 71.78 143.55 62 59.40 59.40 118.80 63 84.15 84.15 168.30 64 109.58 109.58 219.15 65 0.00 0.00 0.00 66 75.53 75.53 151.05 67 28.88 28.88 57.75 68 29.85 29.85 59.70 69 29.40 29.40 58.80 70 139.73 139.73 279.45 71 25.58 25.58 51.15 72 0.00 0.00 0.00 73 0.00 0.00 0.00 74 0.00 0.00 0.00 75 0.00 0.00 0.00 76 0.00 0.00 0.00 Near Temple kadave 77 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 78 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 79 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 80 0.00 0.00 0.00 81 0.00 0.00 0.00 82 23.63 23.63 47.25 83 86.18 86.18 172.35 84 0.00 0.00 0.00 85 0.00 0.00 0.00 86 0.00 0.00 0.00 87 0.00 0.00 0.00 88 0.00 0.00 0.00 89 0.00 0.00 0.00 90 0.00 0.00 0.00 91 0.00 0.00 0.00 Near Bridge under construction 92 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 93 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 94 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 95 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 97 0.00 0.00 0.00 98 0.00 0.00 0.00 99 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 158.10 158.10 316.20 Kadave area 101 1621.80 1621.80 3243.60 Do 102 1211.18 1211.18 2422.35 Do 103 786.38 786.38 1572.75 104 437.03 437.03 874.05 105 691.88 691.88 1383.75 Kuppam Kadave area 106 1128.53 1128.53 2257.05 Do 107 704.78 704.78 1409.55 Do 108 263.93 263.93 527.85 109 0.00 0.00 0.00 110 0.00 0.00 0.00

Centre for Environment and Development 24 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

111 0.00 0.00 0.00 112 0.00 0.00 0.00 113 0.00 0.00 0.00 114 0.00 0.00 0.00 115 0.00 0.00 0.00 116 0.00 0.00 0.00 117 38.33 0.00 38.33 118 90.75 0.00 90.75 119 740.63 0.00 740.63 Near Kuppam bridge 120 421.58 0.00 421.58 Do 121 105.83 0.00 105.83 Do 122 3.75 0.00 3.75 Do Total 17830.95

Deduct the volume of sand in prohibited area 76 0.00 0.00 0.00 Near Temple kadave 77 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 78 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 79 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 91 0.00 0.00 0.00 Near Bridge under construction 92 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 93 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 94 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 95 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Do 119 740.63 0.00 740.63 Near Kuppam bridge 120 421.58 0.00 421.58 Do 121 105.83 0.00 105.83 Do 122 3.75 0.00 3.75 Do

3 Total deduction 1271.78m

Net volume 16559.00m3

Centre for Environment and Development 25 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Dept of Revenue & Disaster Management, Govt.of Kerala

Estimated Volume of Sand in Thiruvattoor kadavu in Pariyaram Panchayat Volume of Volume of Total PF. No. Remarks sand in RB sand in LB Volume 57 118.20 118.20 236.40

58 101.25 101.25 202.50

59 112.73 112.73 225.45 60 115.65 115.65 231.30 3 Net Volume of sand 895.65 m Quantity of sand in kuttyeri Kadavu as 896.00 m3 per the statement Deduct volume of sand mined during 2655.00m3 Considered 1Tn. = 27 Cft. and 2015-2016 as per record is 3540 Tn 35 Cft = 1 m3. 0.00 Expected balance quantity of sand

Expected quantity of sand accumulated 526.00m3 896 x .16200 / 27597...... (C x B/A) during the last monsoon 2016 Expected quantity of sand drained out to 158.00m3 30% of 389 sea during the last monsoon 2016 Net expected quantity of sand allowable Nil for mining during 2016 A = Quantity of sand in the river computed as per June 2014 study report B = Expected quantity of sand accumulated in the river during the monsoon 2016 as per GIS application C = Quantity of sand computed for this kadave as per the June 2014 study report

Re-computed Volume of sand for mining Thiruvattoor kadavu in Pariyaram Panchayat for the period of 2017 based on the study carried out during May to June 2014 and sand mined during 2015-16 and GIS application for sand accumulation in the river for a stretch of Kuppam Bridge to Chapparapadavu Bridge of Kuppam river 18.09 km. length, Kannur District, Kerala Expected Volume of Volume Expected volume of Remarks sand for of sand volume of Sl. sand 75% of mining mined sand for No accumulated the Name of Local Body Kadave computed on during mining during the last volume is 2015 2015 during 2016 restricted monsoon 2016 3 3 M M3 M3 M M3

Thiruvattoor 1 Pariyaram Kadavu 896.00 2655.00 368.00 Nil Nil

No sand for mining in this Kadave Period of 2015 and 2016 2655m3 (3540 T) sand is seen mind against the estimated quantity of 896m3.

Centre for Environment and Development 26