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Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 About Island Press Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the Support for Island Press is provided by the Agua Fund, United States whose principal purpose is the publication The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Chari- of books on environmental issues and natural resource table Foundation, Ford Foundation, The George Gund management. We provide solutions-oriented information Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, to professionals, public officials, business and community Kendeda Sustainability Fund of the Tides Foundation, The leaders, and concerned citizens who are shaping responses Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. to environmental problems. MacArthur Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Founda- In 2005, Island Press celebrates its twenty-first anniver- tion, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, The sary as the leading provider of timely and practical books New-Land Foundation, The New York Community that take a multidisciplinary approach to critical environ- Trust, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The mental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Winslow commitment to bringing the best of an expanding body Foundation, and other generous donors. of literature to the environmental community throughout The opinions expressed in this book are those of the North America and the world. authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these foundations. ................. 11432$ $$FM 10-11-05 14:48:08 PS PAGE ii Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 ................. 11432$ $$FM 10-11-05 14:48:08 PS PAGE iii Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board The MA Board represents the users of the findings of the MA process. Co-chairs Robert T. Watson, The World Bank A.H. Zakri, United Nations University Institutional Representatives Salvatore Arico, Programme Officer, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, Alfred Oteng-Yeboah, Chair, Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Technological Advice, Convention on Biological Diversity Peter Bridgewater, Secretary General, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Christian Prip, Chair, Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Hama Arba Diallo, Executive Secretary, United Nations Convention to Combat Advice, Convention on Biological Diversity Desertification Mario A. Ramos, Biodiversity Program Manager, Global Environment Facility Adel El-Beltagy, Director General, International Center for Agricultural Research in Thomas Rosswall, Executive Director, International Council for Science – ICSU Dry Areas, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Achim Steiner, Director General, IUCN – World Conservation Union Max Finlayson, Chair, Scientific and Technical Review Panel, Ramsar Convention Halldor Thorgeirsson, Coordinator, United Nations Framework Convention on on Wetlands Climate Change Colin Galbraith, Chair, Scientific Council, Convention on Migratory Species Klaus To¨pfer, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Erica Harms, Senior Program Officer for Biodiversity, United Nations Foundation Jeff Tschirley, Chief, Environmental and Natural Resources Service, Research, Robert Hepworth, Acting Executive Secretary, Convention on Migratory Species Extension and Training Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the Olav Kjørven, Director, Energy and Environment Group, United Nations United Nations Development Programme Riccardo Valentini, Chair, Committee on Science and Technology, United Nations Kerstin Leitner, Assistant Director-General, Sustainable Development and Healthy Convention to Combat Desertification Environments, World Health Organization Hamdallah Zedan, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity At-large Members Fernando Almeida, Executive President, Business Council for Sustainable Wangari Maathai, Vice Minister for Environment, Kenya Development-Brazil Paul Maro, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam Phoebe Barnard, Global Invasive Species Programme Harold A. Mooney, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University Gordana Beltram, Undersecretary, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, (ex officio) Slovenia Marina Motovilova, Faculty of Geography, Laboratory of Moscow Region Delmar Blasco, Former Secretary General, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands M.K. Prasad, Environment Centre of the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad Antony Burgmans, Chairman, Unilever N.V. Walter V. Reid, Director, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Esther Camac-Ramirez, Asociacio´n Ixa¨ Ca Vaa´ de Desarrollo e Informacio´n Indigena Henry Schacht, Past Chairman of the Board, Lucent Technologies Angela Cropper, President, The Cropper Foundation (ex officio) Peter Johan Schei, Director, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute Partha Dasgupta, Professor, Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Ismail Serageldin, President, Bibliotheca Alexandrina Cambridge David Suzuki, Chair, Suzuki Foundation Jose´ Marı´a Figueres, Fundacio´n Costa Rica para el Desarrollo Sostenible M.S. Swaminathan, Chairman, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation Fred Fortier, Indigenous Peoples’ Biodiversity Information Network Jose´ Galı´zia Tundisi, President, International Institute of Ecology Mohammed H.A. Hassan, Executive Director, Third World Academy of Sciences for Axel Wenblad, Vice President Environmental Affairs, Skanska AB the Developing World Xu Guanhua, Minister, Ministry of Science and Technology, China Jonathan Lash, President, World Resources Institute Muhammad Yunus, Managing Director, Grameen Bank Assessment Panel Co-chairs Angela Cropper, The Cropper Foundation Harold A. Mooney, Stanford University Members Doris Capistrano, Center for International Forestry Research Prabhu Pingali, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Stephen R. Carpenter, University of Wisconsin-Madison Cristia´n Samper, National Museum of Natural History, United States Kanchan Chopra, Institute of Economic Growth Robert Scholes, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Partha Dasgupta, University of Cambridge Robert T. Watson, The World Bank (ex officio) Rashid Hassan, University of Pretoria A.H. Zakri, United Nations University (ex officio) Rik Leemans, Wageningen University Zhao Shidong, Chinese Academy of Sciences Robert M. May, University of Oxford Editorial Board Chairs Jose´ Sarukha´n, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico Anne Whyte, Mestor Associates Ltd. Director Walter V. Reid, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Secretariat Support Organizations The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the Millennium • Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), France Ecosystem Assessment Secretariat, which is based at the following partner institutions: • UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Kingdom • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy • University of Pretoria, South Africa • Institute of Economic Growth, India • University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States • International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico (until • World Resources Institute (WRI), United States 2002) • WorldFish Center, Malaysia • Meridian Institute, United States • National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Netherlands (until mid-2004) ................. 11432$ $$FM 10-11-05 14:48:09 PS PAGE iv Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Edited by: Rashid Hassan Robert Scholes Neville Ash University of Pretoria Council for Science and Industrial Research UNEP World Conservation South Africa South Africa Monitoring Centre United Kingdom Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Washington • Covelo • London ................. 11432$ $$FM 10-11-05 14:48:28 PS PAGE v The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Scenarios, Volume 2 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Policy Responses, Volume 3 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Multiscale Assessments, Volume 4 Our Human Planet: Summary for Decision-makers Synthesis Reports (available at MAweb.org) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Human Health Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry No copyright claim is made in the work by: N.V. Aladin, Rob Alkemade, Vyacheslav Aparin, Andrew Balmford, Andrew J. Beattie, Victor Brovkin, Elena Bykova, John Dixon, Nikolay Gorelkin, Terry Griswold, Ward Hagemeijer, Jack Ives, Jacques Lemoalle, Christian Leveque, Hassane Mahamat, Anthony David McGuire, Eduardo Mestre Rodriguez, Mwelecele-Malecela-Lazaro, Oladele Osibanjo, Joachim Otte, Reidar Persson, Igor Plotnikov, Alison Power, Juan Pulhin, Inbal Reshef, Ulf Riebesell, Alan Rodgers, Agnes Rola, Raisa Toryannikova, employees of the Australian government (C. Max Finlayson), employees of the Canadian government (Randy G. Miltion, Ian D. Thompson), employees of WHO (Robert Bos), employees of the U.K. government (Richard Betts, John Chilton), and employees of the U.S. government (Jill Baron, Kenneth R. Hinga, William Perrin, Joshua Rosenthal, Keith
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