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Presentation.Pdf 1 IBM Corporation Computing, Business and Operations Research William Pulleyblank VP, Center for Business Optimization IBM April 23, 2008 © 2002 IBM Corporation IBM High Performance Computing SupercomputerSupercomputer PeakPeak SpeedSpeed 1E+16 Blue Gene / P Blue Gene / L 1E+14 NEC Earth Simulator ASCI White ASCI Red Blue Pacific 1E+12 ASCI Red NWT CP-PACS CM-5 Paragon 1E+10 Delta CRAY-2 i860 (MPPs) Doubling time = 1.5 yr. Y-MP8 X-MP4 Cyber 205 X-MP2 (parallel vectors) 1E+8 CRAY-1 CDC STAR-100 (vectors) CDC 7600 CDC 6600 (ICs) Peak Speed (flops) 1E+6 IBM Stretch 1E+4 IBM 7090 (transistors) IBM 701 IBM 704 UNIVAC 1E+2 ENIAC (vacuum tubes) 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Introduced Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 2 ASCI White (1999) 7.3 Teraflop/s on LINPACK 12.3 Teraflop/s Source: http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/sc2001_fliers/ASCI_White/ASCI_White01.html Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 3 NEC Earth Simulator Facility (2002) Source: http://archive.niees.ac.uk/talks/esm/Lois.ppt Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 4 NEC Earth Simulator (2002) 35.9 Teraflop/s on LINPACK Source: http://callysto.hpcc.unical.it/hpc2004/talks/stadler.ppt 35.86 Tflop/s Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 5 BlueGene/L System 6 64 Racks, 64x32x32 Rack Cabled 8x8x16 IBM Corporation 32 Node Cards Node Card 180/360 TF/s 32 TB (32 chips 4x4x2) 16 compute, 0-2 IO cards 2.8/5.6 TF/s 512 GB Compute Card 2 chips, 1x2x1 90/180 GF/s Chip 16 GB 2 processors 5.6/11.2 GF/s 2.8/5.6 GF/s 1.0 GB 4 MB April 23, 2008 © 2002 IBM Corporation BlueGene/L Compute ASIC PLB (4:1) 32k/32k L1 256 128 L2 440 CPU 4MB EDRAM Shared “Double FPU” L3 directory L3 Cache Multiported 1024+ for EDRAM or 256 144 ECC snoop Shared Memory SRAM 32k/32k L1 128 Buffer L2 440 CPU 256 Includes ECC I/O proc 256 “Double FPU” 128 DDR Ethernet JTAG Control • IBM CU-11, 0.13 µm Gbit Access Torus Tree Global with ECC • 11 x 11 mm die size Interrupt • 25 x 32 mm CBGA Gbit JTAG 6 out and 3 out and 144 bit wide • 474 pins, 328 signal Ethernet 6 in, each at 3 in, each at 4 global DDR 1.4 Gbit/s link 2.8 Gbit/s link barriers or 256/512MB • 1.5/2.5 Volt interrupts Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 7 IBM: Blue Gene breaks speed record Wednesday, September 29, 2004 Posted: 12:47 PM EDT (1647 GMT) NEW YORK (AP) -- IBM Corp. claimed unofficial bragging rights Tuesday as owner of the world's fastest supercomputer. Earth BlueGene/L BlueGene/L For three years running, the fastest supercomputerSimulator has8 beenracks NEC's Earth64 Simulator racks in Japan. 2002 2004 2005 … Earth Simulator can sustain speeds of 35.86 teraflops. LINPACK 35.86 TF/s 36.01 TF/s 280.6 TF/s IBM said itsperformance still-unfinished Blue Gene/L System, named for its ability to model the folding of human proteins, can sustain speeds of 36 teraflops. A teraflop is 1 trillion Footprint 3250 sq. m. 32 sq. m. 250 sq. m. calculations per second. Lawrence LivermoreElectrical National Power Laboratory 6000 Kwattsplans to install216 theKwatts Blue Gene/L1700 system Kwatts next year withRequirement 130,000 processors and 64 racks, half a tennis court in size. The labs will use it for modeling the behavior and aging of high explosives, astrophysics, cosmology and basic science, lab spokesman Bob Hirschfeld said. Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 8 16 Rack BG/L system (2004) 70.7 Teraflop/s on LINPACK Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 9 64 Rack Blue Gene/L (2005) 280 Teraflop/s on LINPACK (128K processors) Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 10 TMC-CM5 CP-PACS SR220 Numeric ASCI ASCI Earth BlueGene/L Wind Tnl Red White Simulator Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 11 Faster than a speeding bullet, ASCI’s partnership with IBM is creating BlueGene/L – a new supercomputer with nearly 10x the peak speed, in 1/5th the area, using a fraction of the electrical power of comparable supercomputers Generating a theoretical peak computing speed of 360 trillion operations per second, occupying 2,500 ft2 of floor space, and consuming 1.5 MW of electrical power–a fraction of the space and power needed by other supercomputers at this scale–BlueGene/L will likely be the fastest supercomputer on the planet when it is deployed in early 2005. In the time that a speeding bullet could fly across BlueGene/L, this system can perform 10,000 global sums over a value stored in each of its 65,536 nodes. More powerful than a locomotive, BlueGene/L will use the electrical power equivalent of a 2000-horsepower diesel engine, in the space of a moderately sized suburban home. To match BlueGene/L’s prodigious peak compute capability, every man, woman and child on Earth would need to perform 60,000 calculations per second without transposing digits or forgetting to “carry the one”. The enormous bandwidth of its internal communications networks will support 150 simultaneous telephone conversations for every person in the US. To match its tremendous input rate, an individual would need to speed-read the complete works of Shakespeare in 1/1000-th of a second. Without getting writers cramp, in less than 10 minutes BlueGene/L can write the entire 20TB book collection of the Library of Congress. In the time it takes for an individual to say “Mississippi one”, BlueGene/L can send and receive 100,000 round-trip MPI messages between its 216 dual-processor nodes. Unfortunately at a weight of 30 metric tons, BlueGene/L is not able to leap tall buildings in a single bound. Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 12 IBM High Performance Computing WhatWhat isis aa protein?protein? Examples of Protein Function Structural: keratin (skin, hair, nail), collagen (tendon), fibrin (clot) Motive: actomyosin (muscle) Transport: Hemoglobin (blood) Signaling: Growth factors, insulin, hormones (blood) Regulation: Transcription factor (gene expression) Catalysis: Enzymes H R H RRH There are 20 natural amino acids N CCNCCNCC with different physicochemical properties, such as: shape, volume, H O H O H O flexibility, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, charge Protein is a linear polymer. 30 to several hundred residues long. Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 13 Protein structure and function Sequence >3FIB:_ FIBRINOGEN GAMMA CHAIN QIHDITGKDCQDIANKGAKQSGLYFIKPLKANQQFLVYCEIDGSGNGWTVFQKRLDGSVD FKKNWIQYKEGFGHLSPTGTTEFWLGNEKIHLISTQSAIPYALRVELEDWNGRTSTADYA MFKVGPEADKYRLTYAYFAGGDAGDAFDGFDFGDDPSDKFFTSHNGMQFSTWDNDNDKFE GNCAEQDGSGWWMNKCHAGHLNGVYYQGGTYSKASTPNGYDNGIIWATWKTRWYSMKKTT MKIIPFNRL Structure Function Precursor of fibrin. Fibrin polymerizes to form blood clots. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is regulated via a cascade of factors to control blood clotting. Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 14 Lipid Bilayer Video Unavailable Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 15 Rhodopsin Video Unavailable Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 16 Example of science using BG/L: ddcMD: Rapid resolidification in tantalum Scalable, general purpose code for performing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using highly accurate MGPT potentials MGPT semi-empirical potentials, based on a rigorous expansion of many body terms in the total energy, are needed in to quantitatively investigate dynamic behavior of transitions metals and actinides under extreme conditions 64K and 256K atom simulations on 2K nodes are order of magnitude larger than previously 2,048,000 Tantalum atoms attempted; based on 2M atom simulation on Visualization of important new 16K nodes, close to perfect scaling expected scientific findings already achieved for full machine (“very impressive machine” on BG/L: Molten Ta at 5000K says PI…) demonstrates solidification during isothermal compression to 250 GPa Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 17 Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 18 LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) A radio antennae array covering 350 km in Northern Europe, sending 320 Gbits/s to a central computer for processing LOFAR will observe galaxies at the edge of the visible universe, revealing how they formed, 13 billion years ago. LOFAR array in Netherlands Data streaming: a new application for BG/L, also useful for surveillance, weather, and geological sensing. Investigate multi-petaop processing for the Square Kilometer Array, the next generation telescope under current discussion. Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 19 Blue Brain – An unprecedented technical challenge Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 20 Phase-I results and achievements suggest that the project’s ultimate goal is indeed achievable within the next decade Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 21 The Rise of the Service Economy 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% Japan 10% United States 0% 0% 1810 1835 1860 1885 1910 1935 1960 1985 2010 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% Germany 10% China 0% 0% 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1810 1835 1860 1885 1910 1935 1960 1985 2010 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% Russia 10% India 10% 0% 0% 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 1810 1835 1860 1885 1910 1935 1960 1985 2010 Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 22 Projected US Service Employment Growth, 2004 - 2014 US Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2005/winter/art03.pdf Center for Business Optimization © 2008 IBM Corporation 23 The Problem of Service Innovation “… modern economies are both service economies and economies of innovation.
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