Volume 26 No 3 • Fall 2017

The from Russia Settlement Locations Project

Sandy Schilling Payne

Dennis Bender at work on his pool table, measuring the locations of German settlements in Russia on maps and calculating their latitude and longitude. Forget not the place where your cradle But for many Americans descend-

INSIDE stood, for you will never have another ed from Germans from Russia, our • Upcoming Events homeland. story isn’t a direct line from a place • Geographic Finding Aids for – German proverb in to a place in Ameri- ca. There may be a century or more Genealogists inding your German village of family history and movement from • The 1918 Solar Eclipse of origin is a goal most of place to place within the Russian Em- • Book Review: Mapping the us have. Knowing the loca- pire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germans Ftion of where our German ancestors and the , all areas lived opens up research possibilities where German people settled and through parish records that could resettled between 1763 and the years take us back generations to where leading up to World War II. By some our cradles stood. Continued on page 4 DIRECTOR’S CORNER

Greetings, Friends and Readers!

arm greetings from the Antje gave a number of outreach Helmut Schmahl in Alzey, Mainz, Max Kade Institute! The presentations, including at the an- and Ober-Flörsheim, where there is fall semester is quickly nual symposium of the American a statue dedicated in 1901 by city son Wmoving to a close, and as usual, Historical Society of Germans from Sebastian Walter (who had emigrated MKI has been a hub of activity. One Russia in Milwaukee, and at libraries to Milwaukee and become a wealthy special highlight was our Oktober and historical societies in Wisconsin enamel manufacturer) that celebrates Fest fundraiser, which was organized towns such as Merrill, Viroqua, and the victory of the North German by the Friends Board of Directors. Oshkosh. Confederation in the Franco-Prus- As in the past two years, it was an Kevin continues to work with our sian War. Finally, Kevin is pleased to enjoyable and profitable event. Many Library and Archives in both a de- announce the impending comple- thanks to the Zamzow family and tailed and overarching way. Among tion of a project undertaken by Bull Falls Brewery, Clasen’s European his projects, he has begun work with Memorial Library staff to ensure that Bakery, Freiburg Gastropub, and all Professor Charles James, now retired our unique collection of German- our Friends for their generous sup- from the German Department, on a language books published in North port! project to digitize and post issues of America is included in the campus Another highlight was the visit of Die Abendschule to the MKI website, Library Catalog. Jürg Fleischer, a professor of Ger- focusing first on those published dur- For my own part, I kicked off our man linguistics at the University of ing the World War I years. He applied fall programming with the all-day Marburg who is currently a guest for and received a $1,000 grant from workshop on deciphering the old professor at Indiana University. Our the Friends of Memorial Library to German script at Marquette men- Friends may recall that Jürg, who is repair fragile 19th-century books in tioned above, which was hosted by a native Swiss, presented on Western MKI’s library collection and contin- John Pustejovsky. In Madison I en- Yiddish at our spring symposium ues to process the large donation of joyed delivering a new presentation on heritage languages of Christians German-language materials sent to on Germanic dialect humor, which and Jews. His talk this fall was on the us by the Joseph P. Horner Memo- I plan to add to my regular suite of monumental project to document rial Library of the German Society outreach offerings. And throughout German dialects that began in 1877 of Pennsylvania, which includes the fall I was busy with a number of in Marburg, the Deutscher Sprachat- photocopies of ephemeral materials Amish-related projects that took me las. We are grateful to the Center for produced by early German-American across the state and to Michigan. German and European Studies for societies and clubs. This summer This year we marked an important their support in helping bring Jürg Kevin showcased MKI Library and milestone in the history of the Insti- back to Madison. Archive holdings and met with re- tute, namely the conclusion of our Antje has been busy organizing searchers who attended the National six-year Library Project Campaign the above events as well as planning Genealogical Society’s Research in conjunction with a Challenge additional guest lectures and the Trip to Madison and in October he Grant we received from the National hosting of an exhibit created by the traveled to Frankfurt, Germany, to Endowment for the Humanities. The University of Iowa for spring 2018 attend that city’s enormous Book Fair goal of the campaign was twofold: (see page 3). She also organized and and a Center for Research Libraries to renovate the fourth floor of the contributed to our “Deciphering symposium on “New Directions for University Club as a new home Old German Script Workshop” at Libraries.” After Frankfurt, Kevin Marquette University. In addition, spent time with MKI Lifetime Friend Continued on page 14

2 Max Kade Institute Upcoming Events

Join us for these upcoming Max Kade Institute programs—all free and open to the public. For details check http://mki.wisc.edu/events/all-events

FEBRUARY 22, 2018, 6pm UW–Madison, Memorial LIBRARY, room 126 Lecture: “The Great Suiciding People Among Us”: and Suicide in the Nineteenth Century Alison Efford, Marquette University

When the superintendent of the census called German immigrants “the great suiciding people among us” in 1899, he simply confirmed the common wisdom of his time. Official statistics, proliferating social scientific studies, German-American literature, newspaper coverage, the testimony of family and friends, and even suicide notes, all supported the idea that German immigrants were unusually suicidal. This presentation explores whether high suicide rates reflected the dislocation of migration or a set of cultural characteristics, considering the extent to which German Americans constituted an “emotional community.”

MARCH 21, 2018, 6pm UW–Madison, Memorial LIBRARY, room 126 Lecture: Periodicals and Panoramas: Media Production and Commemorating the American Civil War Vance Byrd, Grinnell College

This presentation investigates how the development of panoramas, a medium usually associated with staging spectacular na- tional historical narratives, should be reframed in terms of media production networks involving immigration, capital, and material flows from around the world. In particular, this talk examines how coverage of the American Civil War and the Battle of Sedan in German-language illustrated periodicals was crucial for Friedrich Wilhelm Heine’s panorama revival in the United States.

APRIL 5, 2018, time TBD UW–Madison, University Club Lecture: “It’s a Lot Harder in Wisconsin Than Here:” The Contours of German-American Immigration to Iowa Glenn Ehrstine, University of Iowa

This lecture is the keynote address at the opening of the exhibit “German Iowa and the Global Midwest” (see below). It is fol- lowed by a reception. For more detailed information, including time of day, please consult mki.wisc.edu/events/all-events in the spring.

APRIL 5–APRIL 27, 2018, Monday–Friday, 9am–4pm UW–Madison, 4th floor, Max Kade Institute exhibit room Exhibit: German Iowa and the Global Midwest

This exhibit, created by the University of Iowa, visualizes the story of German immigration to Iowa in the context of global mi- gration to the American Midwest, and examines pro- and anti-immigration sentiment, the value and challenges of bilingual- ism, and questions of belonging and exclusion in times of international and domestic conflict. It will be supplemented with artifacts from the Max Kade Institute Library.

3 Continued from page 1 death, her grandson, Tsar Alexander and my paternal grandfather said his I, reissued the invitation in 1804, parents came from Glückstal, Sü- counts, anywhere between 4,000 and offering up for settlement to expe- drussland. At the time, I didn’t know 5,000 ethnic German colonies were rienced German farmers the newly if those places still existed, much established in the acquired Russian territory around less if they remained part of Russia, alone. And the area where these the . They would come to be which was then called the Soviet villages were located was vast. It in- known as Schwarzmeerdeutsche, the Union. Many years later I did find cludes modern-day , Russia, Black Sea Germans. them in Ukraine and . , Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, The first time I heard the names of Dennis Bender of Medicine Hat, Azerbaijan, , Uzbekistan, the villages of my German ances- Alberta, Canada, had the same ques- Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan. tors was in 1986 while doing an oral tions in 2010 and compiled his own In 1763, people from the Germanic history project for a folklore class at list of ancestral villages in Russia. He states, then still a part of the Holy New Mexico State University. Grow- wanted to put his family history into Roman Empire, were weary from ing up in New Mexico, there weren’t the website Find a Grave (https:// five generations of wars beginning many Germans from Russia around. www.findagrave.com/), but he with the Thirty Years War in 1618. I had a handful of village names— quickly found it only supported place They began settling areas in Russia Glückstal, Kassel, Straßburg, Selz—to names of today, not from a hundred on the River near Saratov at which I added more as my research or more years ago, and certainly not the invitation of , progressed beyond the classroom the names of places as our ancestors the German princess who became in the years to come. My maternal knew them. So he began identify- the Empress of Russia. They would grandmother from Straßburg said ing the current names of the places come to be known as Wolgadeutsche, she was from Ukraine, not Russia, his ancestors lived and kept a list. the . After Catherine’s

Street view of Paris, Akkerman, Bessarabia. Today the village is called Veselyi Kut, Odes’ka, Ukraine. Paris was founded in 1816 by German families who had lived near and Kalisch, Poland. This type of village street-layout was very common in the Black Sea area. The church is in the background to the left. In front are a few colonist farmsteads. The date of the photo is unknown, but it is from one of theNeuer Haus- und Landwirtschaftskalender für deutsche Ansiedler im südlichen Russland almanacs published between 1893 and 1915.

4 On his list were village names as village had multiple names given to read about on today’s map? He said his family knew them, the latitude it over the years—a German name, a yes, and his list of 103 villages along and longitude of the villages (GPS Russian name, sometimes a Ukrai- with the link to the Google map was coordinates), the current village nian name or a Polish name, Soviet published in the March 2016 issue names, and the countries in which names, and now there are some “de- (Vol. 46, No. 1) of the Germans from they were found. Dennis circulated communized” names beginning to Russia Historical Society’s journal, his list freely to anyone interested, replace those Soviet names. Country Heritage Review. The response was and the list grew as he began helping names and boundaries changed with overwhelmingly positive and encour- others find their German ancestral military actions and foreign occu- aging. homes in Russia. Our research paths pations. But the coordinates—they Dennis told me that he would keep had crossed several times, and I was would never change. finding villages on two conditions: one of the early recipients of his list At one point in early 2016, I asked 1) that I promised to keep the work of villages. Dennis if I could make an online alive after he was no longer able to I recognized the significant value map out of his list using Google’s My do so, and 2) that it must always be of what Dennis was doing. Having Maps tool. I was very curious what freely available online, searchable, the coordinates for a location meant that map would look like and what and not sitting on a shelf collecting you could always find it, even if it stories it would tell us about our dust. To our knowledge, no one had faded from existence, as many Ger- Germans from Russia history. Where ever taken on the task of finding all man villages in these areas did. Every exactly were all these villages I’ve the coordinates and mapping the villages online, but we both felt it needed to be done. We had already, with great effort, found our villages in Russia and researched our way back to our German origins; every- thing we did going forward would be to help others find their villages in Russia and hopefully make their way back to their villages in Germany, to where their cradles stood. We wanted it to be easier for others than it had been for us, so we decided to build the tool we wished we had had earlier in our own family research. And so began the Germans from Russia Settlement Locations project. Paper maps of the locations of the colonies were made at various times. The earliest map of the Volga area was by a French cartographer in 1788, but the largest and most complete map collection was drawn by Dr. , a German from Russia himself who is considered one of the founding fathers of German-

The Evangelical church in Paris, date unknown Russian genealogical and ethno- graphic research. Using Stumpp’s

5 Continued from page 5 entire collection of maps in addition to military survey maps and the early French map, Dennis began one map at a time, one colony at a time, mea-

suring the coordinates and recording 2017 May Dennis Bender, by Photo the data so that I could pin them on Google maps. As we progressed, more informa- tion about each colony has been added. Because so many villages had the same names, we added more information to make sure you can find the right place based on what- ever you might have gotten from a grandparent or great-grandparent. The church in Paris as it is today. Beginning in 1950, it was used as a Russian Orthodox church. The additional information includes: • Alternate names and spell- ings for the village of structures that remain today from a small part of the very large story • General area in which the when our ancestors lived there. of where our cradles stood, but we village was located At this point, we are still in the hope that our project will illuminate • District, parish, oblast, or process of locating villages, and as of and help tell the part of the story governorate this writing, the number has grown that took place in Russia before our • Country at the time a village to over 3,800. The project covers the ancestors immigrated to America. was founded well-known and researched areas of • Religious confessions of the Website and blog: https://germans- the Volga and Black Sea, but it also colonists from-russia-settlements.blogspot. includes lesser-known areas, such as • Year the village was founded com/ the colonies of , Dobrud- • Current name of the village scha, those near St. Petersburg, the Maps page: https://germans-from- (if it still exists) and country Ural Mountains, , and the russia-settlements.blogspot.com/p/ • Coordinates (latitude and rarely mentioned colonies in Central maps.html longitude) Asia. The online map of pinned vil- • Links to known village plat lages stretches from Poland in the Sandy Schilling Payne is a former IT maps and cemeteries west to far east Russia and from St. systems and network manager. She • Notes about the place, Petersburg in the north to the south- currently serves on the editorial review where early settlers came ernmost colonies in Turkmenistan. board of the Germans from Russia from, distance to other loca- We consider this a “living” project in Heritage Society’s quarterly journal, tions, etc. that the current names and countries Heritage Review. • Sources used to confirm will be perpetually updated as names the locations and other data and borders will no doubt continue presented to change. In a future phase of the project, As descendants of Germans from we will be adding photos of the vil- Russia, we realize that finding the lages, past and present, particularly place where our ancestors lived is

6 Where in Europe Is My Ancestor’s Hometown? Finding Aids for Genealogists

Antje Petty

ne of the challenges facing German settlements. inhabitants. genealogists is finding their Not only does Rudolph’s Gazetteer Brüch (alternate name: Bruche), German-speaking ances- cover a larger geographic area than village, Prussia, Rhenish Prussia, ad- Otors’ place of origin in Europe. Even most gazetteers, it is also more de- ministrative area of Coblenz, district when they know the name of a town, tailed. Unlike Meyer’s Ortslexikon for of Altenkirchen, parish of Freusburg; it can be difficult to pinpoint the -ex example, Rudolph includes not only 100 inhabitants. act location. The following are three proper towns but any place of habita- Brüchau [1], mill, Hannover, helpful resources, all available at the tion, even the smallest settlement, district of Lüneburg, local adminis- Max Kade Institute/UW–Madison: rural estate, isolated farmhouse, or a tration of Lüchow, 2 [German] miles Rudolph’s Gazetteer (1860-1880s), sawmill at the edge of a forest. Orga- south-west-west of Lüchow, near Reymann’s Special Topographical nized strictly alphabetically, names Bergen. Map (1836 - 1906), and Ravenstein’s are given primarily in German but [2], church village, Prussia, Saxony, Atlas of the German Reich (1883). also in other local languages, such as administrative area of Magdeburg, Rudolph’s Gazetteer Polish, Czech, or Hungarian. A typi- district of Gardelegen, 2¾ [German] Created in the 1860s and published cal entry includes the name of the miles of Gardelegen, 165 inhabitants. in several editions until the end of place, type of place (estate, village, [3], shepherd’s cabin, in the same the century, this gazetteer is the most etc.), administrative jurisdiction, administrative area [as place 2], comprehensive source of place names population size, and other informa- district of Salzwedel, 3 1/8 [German] in German-speaking Europe in the tion. Geographic coordinates are miles south-south-west of Salzwedel, nineteenth century. Its full title says it given using a 32-point compass and near Darnebeck. all: “Vollständigstes geographisch-to- German miles (1 German mile = 4.6 Brüche, 2 houses, Prussia, Rhen- pographisch-statistisches Orts-Lexikon American miles). This makes it pos- ish Prussia, administrative area of 1 ¼ von Deutschland, sowie der unter sible to locate an entry on a current Cologne, district of Neuwied, Österreichs und Preussens Botmässig- map. The image below serves as an [German] miles south-south-west of keit stehenden nichtdeutschen Länder. example, translated here: Gummersbach; 17 inhabitants. Von H. Rudolph.” (The most complete Brudzyn, village, Prussia, Posen, If you would like to locate a place geographical, topographical and sta- administrative area and district of in Rudolph’s Gazatteer, contact Antje tistical gazetteer of Germany, as well Bromberg, 2 3/8 [German] miles Petty ([email protected]) or Kevin as non-German lands governed by east-south-east of Wongrowiec; 240 Kurdylo ([email protected]). Austria and Prussia. By H. Rudolph.). In about 300,000 entries, almost all of German-speaking Europe was covered, including regions that are now in Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Italy, and many other countries. Not included are German settlements that at the time were located in non- German nations, such as the Duchy of Schleswig (Denmark) or Russian- Rudolph’s Gazeteer, p. 506, Brudzyn to Brüche

7 Reymann Map 72 (Salzwedel): http://www.landkartenarchiv.de/vollbild_reymann200b.php?q=reymann_0072 Can you find Brüchau 2 and 3 as described in Rudolph’s Gazetteer?

Reymann’s Special Topographical expanded by other cartographers and landscape are also depicted in Map in Reymann’s studio to eventually great detail, including vegetation When it comes to maps, Rey- include all German states, as well as zones, agricultural land use, and mann’s Special Topographical Map is bordering regions in Belgium, the infrastructure. the graphical equivalent of Rudolph’s Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, The Max Kade Institute owns a Gazetteer. In 1806, Prussia commis- France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, copy of Reymann’s maps (undated). sioned the director of its planning Czechoslovakia, and the Baltic states. A very user-friendly version, with commission and military cartog- The maps were also frequently color, of several editions of the maps rapher Gottlob Daniel Reymann updated. In 1846, the project was is available on the website of the Ger- (1759-1837) to create a detailed map transferred to the publishing house man Landkartenarchiv: http://www. of central Europe. It took 30 years for of Carl Fleming where work on the landkartenarchiv.de/deutschland_ the first edition of Reymann’s Map maps continued until 1908. topographischespecialkarte.php to be completed and published. The The attention given to detail in the Go to the index map and find the map book included 142 separate 34 Reymann maps is striking. Maps dif- “Einzelkarte” (individual map) that x 23cm sheets, drawn on a scale of ferentiate between types of housing, includes the place you are looking 1:200,000 (1 centimeter = 2 kilome- such as individual dwellings, farms, for. Zoom in, and you can see the ters). G. D. Reymann died in 1837, churches, castles, and administrative neighborhood and maybe even the only a year after the first publication. buildings, as well as mills, brickyards, building your ancestor lived in. There In subsequent years, the atlas was and other businesses. Topography is no name index.

8 This close-up of Reymann Map 72 (Salzwedel) shows the shepherd’s cabin Brüchau, near Darnebeck, as well as the intriguingly named colony of “Neu England.”

Ravenstein’s Atlas of the German A unique feature of the Ravenstein Reich Atlas are special population maps The Atlas des Deutschen Reichs by and statistics that are based on the Ludwig Ravenstein in 1883, is rela- German Empire’s 1880 census. They tively rare in libraries of the United include population density, busi- States. Geographically, it covers the ness distribution, economic output, German Empire in its 1880 boundar- religion, and other socio economic ies, which includes regions that today markers. The Ravenstein Atlas is are located in Austria, Belgium, the available online at UW–Madison Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Libraries Digital Collections: http:// Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Ger- the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, man.RavenAtlas Slovakia, and Switzerland. Drawn on a scale of 1:850,000, the Atlas is very detailed, but not quite as detailed as Reymann’s Special Topographi- cal Maps. Places can be searched by clicking on an overview map or using the detailed index.

9 Two Total Solar Eclipses

Charles James

t was a sunny afternoon and the Eine Sonnenfinsternis ist, At the beginning one sees the sky was clear. Then it gradu- wie wir von der Schulbank moon gradually sliding in ally started to turn dark. At first her wissen, nur zur Zeit des front of the solar disk from Iit was barely noticeable but then it Neumondes möglich, also wenn the east, so that it appears as if became apparent that something was der Mond zwischen Sonne und someone has bitten off a piece happening to the sun. Those who had Erde steht. of the sun. The moon advanc- proper eye protection could watch as es farther and farther, the sun’s A solar eclipse, as we know the sun started to look like a Pac- disk growing ever smaller, un- from school, is possible only Man character, continuing until the til just before full totality only at the time of the new moon, sun was just a sliver. Then the sun a narrow crescent is visible, that is, when the moon is disappeared completely, replaced by a less than a semicircle, because between the sun and the earth. black disc with a halo around it. The the moon appears larger than landscape looked as though the clock It continues with a detailed the sun. The moon itself is a had sped up and it was now twilight. description of the geographic course deep black. Two minutes later the sun started to of an eclipse shadow, followed by a The article includes three drawings: reappear from behind the black disc. list of recent eclipses (1916 in Central the first shows a sketch of the moon Then the sun became fully visible America, 1917 in North America), crossing North America; the second again. as well as future eclipses that would shows a large generic telescope; and The date is June 8, 1918. The be visible in North America (1919, the third shows the telescope at the location was a path starting in the 1922, 1923, 1925). Then the article Lick Observatory in Mt. Hamilton, western states of the United States describes how a total solar eclipse California. There are also two photos of America, specifically Washington unfolds, written in such a way as to of sun spots (Sonnenflecken) taken at State, moving quickly from west give the impression that this was how the Naval Observatory in Washing- to east, ending on the east coast in the eclipse of June 8, 1918, appeared: ton on October 12, 1903. Florida. The total eclipse of the sun in Apparently, Denver, Colorado, was 1918 traveled roughly the same “path Zu Beginn sieht man, wie sich the ideal spot to observe the 1918 of totality” as the one on August 21, von Osten her kommend der eclipse. It was only four miles from 2017, which ranged from Oregon to Mond ganz allmählich vor die the center (Mittellinie) of the zone South Carolina. Sonnenscheibe schiebt, so dass of totality (Zone der Totalität), and Although people in 1918 knew es aussieht, als als hätte jemand it had an observatory with a 20-inch that the total eclipse was coming, ein Stück der Sonne abgebis- telescope and other astronomical the event apparently was not hyped sen. Immer weiter schiebt sich instruments. It was also at an ideal in the press to the extent it was in der Mond vor, immer kleiner elevation: 2017. There was, however, consider- wird die Sonnenscheibe, bis able press coverage after the fact. unmittelbar vor Eintritt der Die Stadt liegt nämlich One publication that reported on the Totalität von ihr nur mehr eine 5,272 Fuss über dem Meeres- eclipse was Die Abendschule, which schmale Sichel sichtbar ist, die spiegel, die Luft ist also klarer ran a two-page article about it in its aber weniger als den Halbkreis und weniger bewegt als die June 20, 1918, issue. It starts with a umfasst, weil der Mond größer der wasserstoffgeschwängerten general description of what a solar erscheint als die Sonne. Der niedrigeren Regionen. Mond selbst ist tiefschwarz. eclipse is: Thecity is 5,272 feet above sea

10 level, so the air is clearer and less turbulent than that of the hydrogen-rich lower regions.

The eclipse started in the afternoon of June 8 at “3 Uhr 12 Minuten 15 Sekunden” and ended at “5 Uhr 27 Minuten 36.5 Sekunden.” The actual total eclipse started at “4 Uhr 22 Minuten 55 Sekunden” and lasted “1 Minute und 28.7 Sekunden.” In addition to many scientific observations made of the sun’s co- rona during this total solar eclipse, the article whimsically notes it was an opportunity “finally to ascertain whether a planet called Vulkan, which allegedly orbits so close to the sun that it has not yet been seen by human eyes, truly exists or is only a fantasy of some astronomers.” In 2017 we did not expect to see any new planets, just a spectacular light show that occurs regularly somewhere on earth but very rarely where most of us live. The next one to cross parts of the Midwest will be in 2024. Let’s hope many of us will be able to experience this unique phenomenon once again.

Charles James is Professor Emeritus of German at UW–Madison.

The path of a solar eclipse. How the moon, passing between the sun and the earth, casts a path of shadow.

11 BOOK REVIEW

Mapping the Germans

Antje Petty

Mapping the Germans: Statistical In the first chapter, Hansen lays out spoken in the community? Eventu- Science, Cartography, and the the challenges faced when applying ally, Muttersprache was regarded as Visualization of the German Nation, statistics to social sciences, particu- the most reliable marker of national- 1848–1914. By Jason. D. Hansen larly if notions like nationality and ity. But what if a person spoke more Oxford University Press, 2015. 232 pp. ethnicity are the object of inquiry. than one language? And how did the He shows that every such endeavor is statistician deal with contradictory or ne map is worth a thou- subject to interpretation and there- multiple responses? sand words.” With this fore bias. Counting and visualizing In the end, (subjective) answers, statement, supposedly basic demographic information such given to a limited set of questions, “Owidely used among delegates at the as date of birth or marriage status were interpretatively counted and 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Jason D. is straightforward, but if the goal is presented as objective results. Hansen Hansen, Assistant Professor of His- mapping a nationality, who do you uses the example of Jews: In earlier tory at Furman University, begins his count, and how do you go about the Prussian maps that were based on study of the visualization of national- counting? Beginning in 1853, a new Muttersprache, Jews were counted as ity, using “the Germans” in the years organization for professional statisti- part of the German population, while 1848–1914 as his subject. cians, the International Statistical Austrian maps, that were based on What is German? Where is Ger- Congress, tried to find solutions to religion, showed Jews as a separate many? These are questions asked by these questions and set standards. By nationality. Toward the end of the many Americans who have researched then, state-run censuses had become century, it became common practice their family history and found “Ger- the go-to data collection tool, but to identify Jews as a distinct group, in many” entered as nation of origin for census methods still varied widely this case ranking religion over Mut- an ancestor on a U.S. census. In Map- and changed from year to year. For tersprache. Accordingly, a German- ping the Germans, Hansen explores example, some European censuses speaking Catholic or Protestant was how, beginning in the mid-nineteenth questioned only the head-of-house- counted as German, while a German- century, the emerging sciences of hold and extrapolated the answer to speaking Jew was counted as Jew- statistics, demographics, and cartog- all household members, while other ish; a Polish-speaking Catholic was raphy were instrumental in attempts censuses collected data about every marked as Polish, a Polish-speaking to identify, categorize, quantify, and individual. Jew as Jewish, etc. No matter the ultimately visualize nationality and And what criteria should be used to approach, however, the combined ethnicity. Hansen makes the case that identify nationality? Demographers authority of the state as data collector the process itself contributed to the explored several options, includ- and the “scholarly methods” deployed building of nation states, especially of ing birthplace, customs, educational by demographers gave the resulting the new German Empire. He further and economical markers, vernacular product the feel of objectivity. asserts that by the last decades of the architecture, race, family names, reli- Hansen devotes chapter two to the century, maps created by “radical gion, self-identification, and language. efforts of “making the cultural na- nationalist” demographers (Hansen’s Eventually, “language” won out. But tion visible.” While earlier maps had phrase) were used by nationalistic which language should be counted? been strictly topographical and were movements to identify “Germans” Muttersprache, the first language mainly used for travel planning and outside of the borders of Germany learned as a child? Familiensprache, military logistics (see Reymann map, and Austria and connect them with the language spoken in the house- page 8), now symbols and visualiza- their ethnic homelands. hold? Umgangssprache, the language tion standards had to be created that

12 would clearly depict ethnographic distribution on a local level as detailed were generously supplemented with information. New map production as possible to identifying Auslands- beautifully colored maps, photos, and printing techniques that began deutsche, Germans who lived outside and Kunstblätter (inserts of colorful to emerge in the mid-nineteenth the German Empire’s borders. Again drawings that could be displayed and century greatly helped to advance the Paul Langhans’ Alldeutscher Atlas collected separately). process, especially when it came to serves as an example: Not only did In chapter five, Hansen tries to the production of fine shadings and Germans dominate his maps visually, make the case that maps created by color. Which color or shade to use for he also created tables that drew on “radical demographers’” furthered the which presentation, however, was left various data sources and deliberately cause of nationalistic and imperialistic to the artistic skills of the cartogra- did not distinguish between citizens organizations. Organizations such as pher and, as Hansen proposes, to of the Empire and Auslandsdeutsche, the Pan-German League and the Ger- the cartographer’s own national bias. as in his list of “major German cities man School Society used these maps Hansen points to Paul Langhans’ on Earth,” which places New York as to identify Germans in other nations Justus Perthes Alldeutscher Atlas (Go- number four (after Berlin, Vienna, and connect them to those living in tha, 1900) as a prime example, where and Hamburg) and Chicago as num- Germany, publishing nostalgic articles Germans were depicted in bright ber eight (after Amsterdam, Brussels, about forgotten Germans abroad and reds, while all other people showed and Munich). promoting ethnic tourism and charity, up in muted background colors. It is also important to note that school exchanges, and other activities. For Hansen, the “triumph of the earlier demographers like Böckh and Hansen neglects, however, to evaluate ethnographic map” came in 1870/71, Kiepert were employed by the state, “radical” ethnographic maps in the at the end of the Franco-Prussian while those like Langhans worked in- context of the late nineteenth-century War, when a language-based eth- dependently with the support of pri- explosion of publications of all kinds nographic-administrative map of vate empirical research societies that of maps, statistics, and scientific infor- -Lorraine (Die Sprachgrenze started to pop up in the 1880s, such as mation, as well as a general height- in Elsaß-Lothringen) was specifically the Verein for Sozialpolitik and Ger- ened interest in travel, exotic cultures, created by Prussian geographers man imperial groups and nationalistic nature, history, etc., at the time. Heinrich Kiepert and Richard Böckh organizations such as the Alldeutscher Mapping the Germans ends with the and used as an “objective source” for Verband (Pan-German League). 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the redrawing of national borders. In chapter four, Hansen focuses Woodrow Wilson’s ideal of self-deter- Hansen marks this as another on map production and the growing mination clashed with efforts by all watershed: the beginning of what he audiences for ethnographic maps. countries to come out ahead in terms calls “radical German demography,” While earlier maps were intended of territory and power. Eastern Euro- which is the focus of chapter three. mostly for government agencies or pean countries now also sought to use Here he distinguishes between older academics, towards the end of the the “ideological and practical flex- “liberal” demographers like Böckh century—as mass printing became ibility of ethnographic maps” to their and Kiepert who had advanced the cheaper and of higher quality—maps own advantage. Hansen contends depiction of the German nation from became accessible to a broader that this time German government the Staatsgebiet (territory) to Sprach- spectrum of the population. This was cartographers were slow to plot their gebiet (geographic language distribu- part of a new phenomenon of a more maps and thus are partly to “blame” tion), and a new breed of geogra- educated general public being able for some predominantly German- phers who saw the German nation as to afford their own books, encyclo- language regions in linguistic border- a Kulturnation, looking at the whole pedias, and subscriptions to maga- lands being allotted to a country that globe to identify people who are eth- zines and specialty journals. Among was quicker to count the population nically and culturally German. Now geography-oriented journals of the as their “national”; for example, when cartographers’ goals shifted from time was Paul Langhans’ Die deutsche trying to portray ethnic/language Erde, founded in 1902. Its articles Continued on page 15

13 Continued from page 2 challenge grant, Cora Lee guided the workload has grown substantially. project with wisdom and a steady I am so grateful to Cora Lee, Antje, for the Institute where our unique hand. Antje, our indefatigable Asso- Kevin, and our many supporters library and archival resources would ciate Director, spent countless hours who helped us sprint over the finish be adequately housed; and to start an working on numerous details related line this year, in particular you, dear endowment to help support our Li- to a complex fundraising process that Friends. From the bottom of all of brarian/Archivist position. I am very involved multiple partners, includ- our hearts at MKI, thank you for pleased to report that we raised over ing at NEH and the University. Quite helping us to ensure our future as we $820,000, $500,000 of which came simply, had Antje not been on the continue to serve our patrons near from the Max Kade Foundation. The front lines of the campaign these and far, in the spirit of the Wisconsin remainder we received through the past six years, we would not have Idea. generosity of numerous individuals, been nearly as successful as we were. A very happy holiday season to most especially you, our Friends. Finally, Kevin must be recognized you all! Adding to these funds a match of for making our library and archival —Mark more than $263,000 from NEH, we materials accessible in ways in which successfully raised over $1,083,000. they had never been before. And The success of this campaign was as Kevin has raised the visibility of the direct result of the hard work of our collections, so have they grown my colleagues, Cora Lee Kluge, Antje through many important donations. Petty, and Kevin Kurdylo. As the The attendant increase in the number principal investigator for the NEH of patrons has meant that Kevin’s

From the base of the statue erected in Ober-Flörsheim to honor those who served in the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-1871, paid for by Sebastian Walter of Milwaukee, Wisconsin

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Continued from page 13 Board of Directors, Friends of the Max Kade Institute areas in Posen became part of Poland. Hans Bernet Vice President, Monroe Hansen’s book shows that mapping Joshua Brown Eau Claire nationality is inherently prone to bias, Karen Fowdy Monroe Steven Geiger Wausau that statistics can be easily tweaked, Kay Gruling Wausau and maps can be manipulated for pro- Mark Louden ex officio, Sun Prairie paganda. However, the author’s final Fran Luebke Brookfield Todd Michalek South Milwaukee sweeping conclusion is less convinc- Antje Petty ex officio, Fitchburg ing. He states that—at least in the case John Pustejovsky President, Whitefish Bay of the Germans—“the true legacy of Pamela Tesch Secretary, Oconomowoc [the academic disciplines of statistics Bill ThielEau Claire Zamzow Schofield and geography] was to facilitate the elevation of ideology over actuality, to make the imaginary into the real,” and that “if the history of the ‘short’ twen- The Newsletter of the Friends of the Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies is tieth century has taught us anything, published three times a year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Submissions are invited and should be sent to: it is the danger inherent in this kind of sleepwalking, which tends to justify Kevin Kurdylo the turn to violence.” As Mapping the Friends of the Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies 432 East Campus Mall, UW–Madison, Madison, WI 53706–1407 Germans focuses on the years 1848 to Phone: (608) 262–7546 1914, these sentences can only be seen [email protected] as an invitation for further discussion and research on the topic of mapping mki.wisc.edu nationality and particularly “map- ping the Germans” as it concerns the remainder of the twentieth century.

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