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Secretory granules have been seen within components of the Golgi bodies of rat pituitary acidophils and mouse pancreatic acinar cells. The fact that secretory granules are much more frequently encountered within Golgi components under conditions of increased secretory activity suggests that granule formation may occur within the Golgi apparatus in these two types of cells.

The nature and content of lytic bodies and the localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity were investigated in mammotrophic hormone-producing cells (MT) from rat anterior pituitary glands. MT were examined from lactating rats in which secretion of MTH1 was high and from postlactating rats in which MTH secretion was suppressed by removing the suckling young. MT from lactating animals contained abundant stacks of rough-surfaced ER, a large Golgi complex with many forming secretory granules, and a few lytic bodies, primarily multivesicular bodies and dense bodies. MT from postlactating animals, sacrificed at selected intervals up to 96 hr after separation from their suckling young, showed (a) progressive involution of the protein synthetic apparatus with sequestration of ER and ribosomes in autophagic vacuoles, and (b) incorporation of secretory granules into multivesicular and dense bodies. The content of mature granules typically was incorporated into dense bodies whereas that of immature granules found its way preferentially into multivesicular bodies. The secretory granules and cytoplasmic constituents segregated within lytic bodies were progressively degraded over a period of 24 to 72 hr to yield a common residual body, the vacuolated dense body. In MT from lactating animals, AcPase reaction product was found in lytic bodies, and in several other sites not usually considered to be lysosomal in nature, i.e., inner Golgi cisterna and associated vesicles, and around most of the immature, and some of the mature secretory granules. In MT from postlactating animals, AcPase was concentrated in lytic bodies; reaction product and incorporated secretory granules were frequently recognizable within the same multivesicular or dense body which could therefore be identified as "autolysosomes" connected with the digestion of endogenous materials. Several possible explanations for the occurrence of AcPase in nonlysosomal sites are discussed. From the findings it is concluded that, in secretory cells, function in the regulation of the secretory process by providing a mechanism which takes care of overproduction of secretory products.

Klionsky DJ, Baehrecke EH, Brumell JH, Chu CT, Codogno P, Cuervo AM, Debnath J, Deretic V, Elazar Z, Eskelinen EL, Finkbeiner S, Fueyo-Margareto J, Gewirtz D, Jäättelä M, Kroemer G, Levine B, Melia TJ, Mizushima N, Rubinsztein DC, Simonsen A, Thorburn A, Thumm M, Tooze SA. . 2011 Nov; 7(11)1273-1294

Electrical activity in the form of action potentials (spikes) was discovered in normal anterior pituitary cells obtained from rats by tissue dissociation and maintained in culture. Passage of outward current through the microsuction electrodes used for recording often increased spike frequency in spontaneously active cells or initiated spikes in cells previously electrically silent. Spiking persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin and in the absence of sodium, but was inhibited by the calcium blockers D600 and lanthanum. Such spikes appear, therefore, to be calcium spikes, but contributions to spiking by other ions are not excluded. The stimulant hypophysiotropic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone elicited spiking in about ten percent of the cells on which it was tested. These cells are possibly thyrotrophs and mammotrophs, the physiological target cells for this hormone. These results, considered along with existing evidence that adenohypophyseal secretion requires calcium and is elicited by calcium ionophores, prompt the conclusion that action potentials involving calcium influx participate in stimulus-secretion coupling in the anterior pituitary. It may be by stimulating or modulating such electrical activity (with hypophysiotropic hormones) that the brain regulates anterior pituitary secretion.

The main interests of our lab are focused on the interplay between cell signaling and protein trafficking. Recently we have discovered a number of new molecules involved in G-protein mediated signaling pathways, including GAIP, RGS-PX1, GIPC and calnuc. These new proteins serve to modulate G protein signaling and to link G protein signaling to growth factor receptor trafficking. To define the molecular mechanisms involved we are using a combination of molecular (yeast two hybrid, phage display), proteomics (mass spec), biochemical (cell fractionation, in vitro assays), bioinformatics, and morphologic (immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, confocal and deconvolution microscopy) approaches to study a variety of mammalian systems including cells in culture, mouse mutants and mammalian tissues.

    Marilyn Farquhar obtained her Ph.D. degree from UCSF and was Professor at UCSF and and of Cell Biology at before moving to UCSD in 1990 to become Chair of the Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine which eventually became the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (1990-2008).     She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and recipient of numerous awards, including the E.B. Wilson Award of the American Society of Cell Biology, the Homer Smith award of the American Society of Nephrology, two MERIT awards from NIH, and the Chancellor’s award for Research at UCSD, among others. She is also a past President of the American Society for Cell Biology. Her research is funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute, the Susan Komen Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, and the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Marilyn Gist Farquhar received her A.B. degree in Zoology, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in Experimental from the University of California Berkeley and San Francisco. Academic history: Postdoctoral fellow at the , the University of California San Francisco, and Rockefeller University; Professor of Pathology at the UCSF School of Medicine, Professor of Cell Biology at Rockefeller University, and Sterling Professor of Cell Biology at Yale University School of Medicine. Currently she is Professor of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Pathology, and Chair, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine at the UCSD School of Medicine. Her accomplishments include the following: member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; received the Wilson Medal of the American Society of Cell Biologists, the Homer Smith Medal of the American Society of Nephrology, the Distinguished Scientist Medal of the EMSA, the Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Research (UCSD); the Rous-Whipple Award of the American Society for Investigative Pathology; the Carl Gottschalk Prize from University of North Carolina; the A.N. Richards Award for Excellence in Research from the International Society of Nephrology; charter member of the ASCB; twice on the ASCB's Council, and once as President; served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Cell Biology, Molecular Endocrinology, Journal of Clinical Investigation and Molecular Medicine and currently serves on the Editorial Board of Molecular Biology of the Cell and as Associate Editor of the Journal of Histchemistry and Cytochemistry. Her research is supported by grants from the NIH (NIDDK and NCI).

Technical methods for preparation of thin sections suitable for electron microscopy, while exacting, have been developed to a point of useful application. A series of electron micrographs from such sections of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands of normal female rats are presented. It is evident that in many respects the nuclear and cytoplasmic detail revealed surpasses that which can be achieved by light microscopy and offers great promise for research in problems of cytophysiology and pathology. The various cell forms as seen in the normal anterior pituitary are illustrated, and tentative interpretations of functional states are made. Cytologic structures clearly demonstrated include `specific' granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic ground substance and cell membranes. Some acidophiles contain delicate intracellular canaliculi (or lamellae), and cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles are prominent in certain basophiles. These alterations, which are associated with enlargement of the Golgi apparatus, are believed to reflect secretory activity.

The National Academy of Sciences is comprised of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Members and foreign associates are elected in recognition of their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Thirty-three Rockefeller University scientists are members or foreign associates of The National Academy of Sciences.

Michel Nussenzweig, Sherman Fairchild Professor at Rockefeller and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, combines a variety of techniques from biochemistry and molecular biology with gene targeting and transgenic technologies to get an atomic-level look at the workings of the immune system. Dr. Nussenzweig has provided important insights into how autoimmune diseases develop and has developed methods that target specific antigens to dendritic cells, which may lead to both vaccines against pathogens and treatments for autoimmunity. Dr. Nussenzweig, who is head of the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, is a Rockefeller alumnus and joined the Rockefeller faculty in 1990. http://archbd.net/118.pdf http://archbd.net/nf5.pdf http://archbd.net/2kh.pdf http://archbd.net/10ab.pdf http://archbd.net/12kg.pdf http://archbd.net/4dk.pdf http://archbd.net/bkk.pdf http://archbd.net/n6d.pdf http://archbd.net/12cm.pdf