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Water Resources Management in Asia : a Selective Bibliography With Water Resources Management in Asia A Selective Bibliography with Introductory Essays by Ma. Concepcion Cruz Nicomedes D. Briones Maynard M. Hufschmidt East-West Environment and Policy Institute East-West Center Honolulu, Hawaii July 1984 THE EAST-WEST CENTER is an educational institution established in Hawaii in 1960 by the United States Congress. The Center's mandate is "to promote better relations and understanding among the nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States through cooperative study, training, and research." Each year nearly 2,000 graduate students, scholars, professionals in business and government, and visiting specialists engage in research with the Center's interna• tional staff on major issues and problems facing the Asian and Pacific region. Since 1960, more than 30,000 men and women from the region have participated in the Center's cooperative programs. The Center's research and educational activities are conducted in four institutes- Culture and Communication, Environment and Policy, Population, and Resource Systems—and in its Pacific Islands Development Program, Open Grants, and Cen- terwjde programs. Although principal funding continues to come from the U.S. Congress, more than 20 Asian and Pacific governments, as well as private agencies and corporations, have provided contributions for program support. The East-West Center is a public, nonprofit corporation with an international board of governors. THE EAST-WEST ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY INSTITUTE was established in October 1977 to increase understanding of the interrelationships among policies designed to meet a broad range of human and societal needs over time and the nat• ural systems and resources on which these policies depend or impact. Through interdisciplinary and multinational programs of research, study, and training, the Institute seeks to develop and apply concepts and approaches useful in identifying alternatives available to decision makers and in assessing the implications of such choices. Progress and results of Institute programs are disseminated in the East-West Center region through research reports, books, workshop reports, working papers, newsletters, and other educational and informational materials. William H. Matthews, Director East-West Environment and Policy Institute East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 MATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IK ASIA: A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS by Ma* Concepcion Cms Nicoaedes D. Brtones Haynard M. Hufschmldt July 1984 East-West Environment and Policy Institute East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 ii Ha. Concepcion Cruz is research associate, College of Development Economics and Management (CDEM), University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB), and former professional associate at the East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. Nicomedes D. Briones is a research intern at the East-West Environment and Policy InstituteHonolulu, Hawaii, and a Ph.D. candidate, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Hawaii. Haynard M. Hufschmidt is a research fellow at the East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii. © 1984 East-West Center, East-West Environment and Policy Institute. ill CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE V FOREWORD vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 The Historical Importance of Water in Asia t External Influence on the Management of Asian Water Resources 3 Evolution of River Basin Planning 4 United Nations' Initiatives 6 Water Resources Management: An Analytical Framework 6 References 9 II. GUIDE TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY 11 Objectives and Scope 11 Organization of Materials 12 Bibliography and Reference Index 12 III. GENERAL SURVEYS OF WATER RESOURCES SUPPLY AND DEMAND, PLANNING, AND IMPLEMENTATION 15 A. General 29 B. South Asia 31 C. Southeast Asia 38 D. Northeast Asia 44 E. General Planning and Implementation Problems and Issues 46 F. River Basin Planning and Implementation 50 G. Studies on Planning and Implementation of Alternative Water Uses 56 IV. SPECIFIC STUDIES OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES 61 A. General 65 B. South Asia 68 C. Southeast Asia 85 D. Northeast Asia 102 V. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND NATURAL SYSTEMS ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 109 A. General 115 B. South Asia 119 C. Southeast Asia 134 D. Northeast Asia 153 iv Contents VI. SURVEY, PLANNING, AND IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGIES 163 A. General Systems Analysis 171 B. Benefit-Cost Analysis 174 C. Optimization Models 1B2 D. Simulation Models 185 E. Technical Feasibility Studies 188 F. Multiobjective and Multiattribute Models 197 G. Evaluation (Ex-Post) Approaches 201 1. Social and Economic Impact 201 2. Performance or Efficiency 205 3. Effectiveness of Government Projects and Programs 214 4. Action Research 217 VII. ORGANIZATIONAL, LEGAL, AND POLICY ASPECTS OF HATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 223 A. Institutional and Organizational Factors 229 1. General 229 2. South Asia 234 3. Southeast Asia 243 4. Northeast Asia 252 B. Legal Aspects of Water Resources Management 257 C. Government Policies and Programs 261 VIII. ALPHABETICAL AUTHOR LISTING OF REFERENCE MATERIALS 275 SUBJECT INDEX 369 COUNTRY INDEX 469 AUTHOR INDEX 473 V TABLES Page 1. Global Distribution of Water Resources 16 2. Average Annual Water Balance of the World 16 3. Regional Distribution of Irrigated Harvested Area and Gross Water Demand, 1974 17 4. Information on Planning and Implementation of Asian Water Resources by Major Water Use and Region 22 5. Basic Planning and Design Data for Ten Major River Systems in Asia 24 6. Environmental and Natural Systems Effects of Water Resources Projects in Asia by Human Activities and Natural Systems MO 7. Classification of Bibliographic Entries by Governmental Level and Region 224 8. Classification of Bibliographic Entries by Organizational Components and Water Resources Management Activities and Tasks 225 FIGURE Water Resources Management Activities and Tasks for a Surface Water Irrigation System 8 FOREWORD This bibliography is a product of the Asian Water Resources Management Project of the Environment and Policy Institute (EAPI) Natural Systems Assessment for Development program area. The Asian Water Resources Management Project was started in May 1982 with a reconnaissance study that culminated in a planning workshop held in September 1982. Following the workshop, activity has been concentrated on developing a long-term program of sustained and in-depth studies of selected water resources management problems in Asia by means of (1) case studies of past and ongoing experiences in water resources planning and implementation and (2) comparative cross-country analyses of important water resources problems and management experiences. We view this bibliography as an important beginning to systematic documentation of the published literature on Asian water resources management, which should be helpful in conducting case studies, cross-country analyses, and other types of research on water resources management problems of Asia. Frank Bollman, Fellow Maynard M. Hufschmidt, Fellow ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Research work for the bibliography began in May 1982 as part of the reconnaissance phase of the Asian Water Resources Management Project. An initial draft was reviewed by participants at the September 1982 water resources management workshop, and the bibliography was revised substantially and extended in late 1982 and early 1983. It subsequently was published as an EAPI Working Paper in February 1984. Several associates in the East-West Environment and Policy Institute (EAPI), and elsewhere, provided stimulating feedback on the initial draft of the bibliography—among them were Somluckrat Wattanavltukul, John Dixon, Terry Rambo, Bruce Koppel, Alan Early, and Gilbert Levine. We especially appreciate the detailed and perceptive comments and suggestions of Anthony Bottrall. We also wish to acknowledge the support of Richard Carpenter, program area coordinator of the EAPI Natural Systems Assessment for Development program area, and William Matthews, director of EAPI; the devoted work of the staff that helped in the preparation of this document: with special thanks to Betty Figel and Karen Ashitomi for their efforts in typing the drafts; Joan NaKamura and Carol Uyemura-Wong; the assistance of the Resources Materials Collection staff at the East-West Center, especially Terese Leber for doing the computer search and Phyllis Kagehiro, in providing access to water resources documents and abstracts, and finally to Helen Takeuchi, assistant editor of the Publications Office, for her work in final editing of the manuscript. Ma. Concepcion Cruz Nicomedes D. Briones Maynard M. Hufschmidt I. INTRODUCTION On an outer wall of a major canal in the ancient capital of Polonnaruwa (Padaviya), Sri Lanka, this inscription of the edict of the twelfth century, A.D., Sinhalese King Parakramabu the Great can be found: . not even a little water that comes from the rain must flow into the ocean without being made useful to Man. A builder of large reservoirs and dams, Parakramabu the Great constructed the largest known ancient water system in the South Asian region. Called the Sea of Parakrama, it serviced an area of over 10,000 acres in Sri Lanka. This system is symbolic of the region's ancient heritage of elaborate public works for water resources management. These include, among others, the Cauvery delta canals of India built in the second century, A.D.; the large-scale dam projects of the Kingdom of Funan along the eastern
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