Entomology and Applied Science Letters Volume 4, Issue 3, Page No: 23-26 Copyright CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Available Online at: www.easletters.com

ISSN No: 2349-2864

Contemporary Arahnofauuna of Stavropol Urban Agglomeration

Pushkin S.V., Kharchenko L.N.

North Caucasus Federal University, Institute of Living Systems, Department of General Biology and Biodiversity

ABSTRACT

A complex study of of the Stavropol urban agglomeration. For the first time the list of identified during the study is presented.

Keywords: , residential area, Stavropol city, arachnids HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Pushkin S.V., Kharchenko L.N. , Contemporary Arahnofauuna of Stavropol Urban Agglomeration, Entomol Appl Sci Lett, 2017, 4 (3): , pp:23-26. Corresponding author: Pushkin S.V The presence of new, hardly existing in the e-mail nature ecological niches (especially in terms of Received: 14/04/2017 Accepted: 26/08/2017 nutrition and structure of occupied space), INTRODUCTION together with climatic features led to unusual Until the sixties of the twentieth century, the city combinations of factors and the formation of a of Stavropol was considered one of the most special fauna (specialists, ubiquitous, many environmentally friendly cities in Russia. adventive species), as well as specific Situated on a hill and away from the main traffic communities of , connected with new arteries, surrounded by magnificent woodlands, relationships. This applies both to the city as a Stavropol was distinguished by clean air, an whole, and perhaps even to a greater extent to abundance of green plantations, fairly stable its individual habitats. natural conditions. Therefore, the practice of using the nature of the In subsequent years, the situation changed city requires genetic, biochemical, dramatically. The development of industry in embryological, morphological and physiological the city, the solicit zone, highways especially in information about the city's animals, their recent decades, occurred without taking into species composition, behavior, role in the account the environmental consequences. functioning of urban biocenoses. At present, the city's natural conditions are From this point of view, great interest is characterized by a complex complex of actively provided by information on the current state of occurring diverse processes, which significantly the fauna of the urban agglomeration reduces the stability of the territory to for further monitoring studies, as well as studies anthropogenic load. related to the study of the sanitary-hygienic and The city, as part of the man-made landscape, is a sanitary-epidemiological state of the city. In relatively new habitat for animals, whose life in addition, given that the vast majority of the city depends on many circumstances - this is arachnids react very sensitively to changes in the impact of increased pollution of the habitat conditions, there is a real possibility of environment and intensive recreational load, the using this group of animals for bioindication of attitude of man to animals (the level of environmental contamination. ecological culture), etc. However, animals The basis of the published material on the penetrate into the urban landscapes and form species composition of the arachnofauna of the urban complexes. city of Stavropol was the research carried out in The city represents in the historical plan an 1992-1994. in the framework of contractual unstable final stage of development of a research on the preparation of an settlement, therefore it cannot be considered as environmental passport of the city of Stavropol a single ecosystem; in most cases it is a mosaic and 1995-1998. in the framework of research of various biotypes (quasi-homogeneous work at the Department of Zoology of the elementary systems). Stavropol State University on the fundamental problem: "Natural resources of the Stavropol

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Territory and their change under the influence 12. X. ulmi of anthropogenic impact." The study of the 13. Synaema arnatum arachnid fauna was carried out in 11 stations in 14. S. globosum* different parts of the city and in the suburbs: 15. Pistius truncatus Mamayska forest dacha, Taman forest dacha, 16. Heriaeus ablongus Russian forest, Chlin forest, Biberto dacha, 17. Clubiona lutescens Biofactory area, former municipal garbage 18. Micaria rossica dump, Central Park, Victory Park, Pavlova dacha, 19. M. Pulicaria a (urbanized) zone. 20. Athypus affinis The analysis of the collected materials and 21. Ero aphans observationsселетбной show that, in general, the entire 22. Segestria senoculata land fauna of the city is represented by four 23. Dysdera crocata ecological groups of animals associated with a 24. Micrommeta roceum certain type of landscapes: 25. Steatoda bipunctata 1) Animals of natural forests (characterized by 26. Asagena phalcrata the greatest diversity and abundance of 27. Teutana grossa  species); 28. T. costanea 2) parks and squares (it is possible to 29. Theridium ovatum form zoocenoses according to the type of forest 30. Th. bimaculatum massifs, but the fauna is much poorer); 31. Th. lunatum 3) Animals of open spaces (differ in the richness 32. Th. denticulatum of flying and the absence of large forms); 33. Agelena labirintica 4) synanthropic animals (all animal population 34. Tegenaria domestica* settling in, inside the dwelling or in the 35. Alopecosa schmidti economic buildings of a person, as well as in 36. Al. trabilis production, commercial, warehouse, 37. Al. accentuata administrative, public buildings). 38. Al. aculeata The fauna of arachnids was formed from steppe, 39. Alopecosa cuneata forest-steppe and forest species - 40. Lycosa singoriensis representatives of the European, Mediterranean 41. Pardosa protivaga and Ponto-Caspian genetic and geographical 42. P. amentata groups. In total for the whole period of research 43. P. agricola more than 120 species, related to three orders 44. P. agrestis (Pseudoscorpiones, Phalangioides, Aranei) of 45. Xerolycosa miniata arachnids were collected and determined 46. Pirata piraticus [1.2.3.4]. 47. Argiopa bruennichi All the aforementioned species of arachnids 48. acalypha were divided into two groups: the first includes 49. C. conica those species that live outside the human 50. Mangora acalypha dwelling and the second groups are typical 51. Araneus grossus∗ species inhabiting the human dwelling. 52. A. ceropegius 53. A. acellatus -shaped, inhabiting outside living 54. A. diadematus∗ quarters 55. A. marmoreus (The sign* means that this species can penetrate 56. A. guadratus into the living quarters) 57. Pachygnatha segestria 1. Chernes species ( Pseudoscorpiones) 58. Tetragnata extensa 2. Phalangium opilio (Phalangioides)∗ 59. T. obtusa∗ 60. Linyphia triangularis∗ Aranei: 61. L. montana 3. Pholcus phalangoides* 62. L. chathrota∗ 4. Ph. Opilionoides* 63. L. peltata∗ 5. Marpissa radiata 6. Myrmarachne joblotii Spider-shaped typical inhabitants of living 7. Aelurillus v-insignitus quarters 8. Philaeus chrysops 1.Chelifer concroides ( . Pseudoscorpiones) 9. Misumena vatia* 10. Xisticus lustuosus отр 11. X. bifasciatus

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number decreases with the beginning of the Aranei: heating season, when the air becomes drier. It seems that in connection with the data given 2. Scytodes thoracica above, studies of arachnofauna (and, in general, 3. Steatoda castanea zoocomplexes) of urban landscapes should be, 4. S. grossa to a greater extent, applied nature. 5. S. triangulosa It is also necessary to point out the fact that 6. S. bipunctata arachnids (especially spiders), being predators, 7. Sosticus loricatus perform regulatory functions in nature. 8. Amaurobius ferox Significant their role in the regulation of other 9. Physocyclus simoni invertebrate animals (in particular insects) in 10. Tegenaria ferruginea the city, so it is necessary to create conditions 11. Meta menardi for the successful settlement of spiders in the 12. M. merianae city. 13. Lepthyphantes leprosus and L. The following measures for the protection of nebulosus spiders in the city are recommended: as much 14. Neriene montana structure of the space as possible, partial 15. Nesticus cellulanus preservation of leaf litter, planting of greenery 16. Liocranum rupicola that gives not only an aesthetic effect, but also 17. Oonops domesticus significantly improves the balance of radiation and energy, refraining from mowing certain Naturally, the above lists of arachnids of the areas of lawns, ponds with flat banks and Stavropol city agglomeration are not final and natural plant communities. Pay special attention will be specified. But at one point I would like to to the greening of buildings in the areas of new focus attention. In this article, we talked about buildings. And, perhaps most important, it is representatives of only three orders of necessary to exert maximum efforts to weaken arachnids: spodnoscorpions, haymores, spiders, the island effect. To achieve this goal, it is but due to the constantly growing number of necessary to prevent further fragmentation and urban residents suffering from allergic diseases, fragmentation of island habitats, preserve near a prompt study of the biology of a huge group of the city the central zones of natural habitats mites, especially mites of house dust, is required (green belt), create networks from separate [1.2.3.4]. "islands" and connect them to central zones of Today it is considered proven that various large areas by means of continuous "ecological species of ticks, especially pyroglyphids (the corridors" (for example, alleys, hedges) and Pyroglyphidae family), are an integral part of "transshipment points", which will ensure the household dust inhalation allergens. Among gradual distribution of animals from large them, species are the cosmopolites Euroglyphus biosystems into small ones. maynei, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Achieving harmony in the relations of a city Dermatophagoides farinae. In the study of dust dweller with his "zoological environment" is a samples in various European cities, pyroglyphs complex process. This requires the daily accounted for up to 85% of charges. Ticks concrete work of the environmental service of accumulate mainly in beds, in soft furniture, each city, a scientifically based system of where they eat fragments of skin and hair, which biotechnical measures, but most importantly, it every adult loses about 5 grams per week. The is necessary for everyone to understand that number of some species can be very high - up to urban fauna is a very important component of 10-15 or more thousands of individuals of the human's sanitary and emotional different stages of development on 1 gram of environment, that is why elements of dus. spontaneity in its formation should be The mites of this family are closely connected minimized with bird nests and indoor birds. They spread, actively moving or passively using primarily ACKNOWLEDGEMENT slabs and air streams, as well as by the person The work was carried out by the authors jointly himself (for example, they are systematically in 1993-2016 due to money resources of found on cut hair in hairdressing salons). Strong Kharchenko L.N. The authors are grateful to all dependence of ticks on relatively high those who contributed to this study. Humidity of air causes their maximum Authors contribution occurrence in late summer and early autumn (5- The paper was carried out by the author on the 10 times more than in winter and spring). Their basis of data collected during the identification of spiders. Contributed to the theoretical

25 Pushkin S.V. etal Entomol. Appl. Sci. Lett., 2017, 4 (3):23-26 substantiation of faunistic research. The work was carried out at the expense of Kharchenko L.N. Conflict of interest In the article, there is no information capable of provoking conflicts of interest, with the exception of information contained in previously published articles by the Pushkin S.V., Kharchenko L.N.

REFERENCES

[1] Klausnitzer B. Ecology of urban fauna: Per. with him. - M., 1990. [2] Mikhailov K.G. Catalog of spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of the territories of the former Soviet Union. - M., 1997. [3] Kharchenko L.N. Arachnids of the Stavropol Urban Complex / Fauna of Stavropol: Interuniversity collection of scientific papers. - . 6. - Stavropol, 1995. p. 3 - 8. [4] Kharchenko L.N. EcologicalВып passport of the city of Stavropol. Landscape. Section 9: Animal Kingdom. - Stavropol, SKF PNIIS, 1995. p. 49 - 58.

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