Olive Fruit Fly Olive and Psyllid Update

Olive Fruit Fly and Olive Psyllid Update

Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside

UC Kearney Agricultural Center Parlier, California GWSS Focus on these species

Olive Fly

Olive Psyllid Presentation Topics

• Olive psyllid: a potential threat • Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly • Olive leaf scorch: new worries? Olive pysllid Euphyllura olivina Costa

Adult with caste skins Adult from small nymphs Olive Psyllid: Potential Threat to California Olives • Olive psyllid: Euphyllura olivina Costa • Discovered in San Diego and Orange Counties in July 2007. • Nymphs and adults feed by rupturing cells and ingesting sap, reducing nutrients essential for tree development and fruit production • Plant parts attacked include buds, tender shoots, floral axes, inflorescences, and young fruits • Nymphs secrete sticky wax that accumulates on the foliage and stimulates premature flower drop** • The wax can actually protect individuals from some insecticides so it is best to control the first generation when buds and flowers are not present • Nymphs and adults produce honeydew (similar to aphids) • When colonies are on inflorescences, the level of sap loss is directly proportional to psyllid numbers • Yield reductions in some areas outside the USA have been as much as 40 to 60%. Populations > 20 nymphs per inflorescences can cause such losses. The presence of psyllid produced wax is a good indicator of the presence of nymphs. Adults do not produce wax. Wax accumulation on buds and flowers reduce fruit yield Biology of the Olive Psyllid

• Stages include an egg, 5 nymphal instars, and adults (both sexes) • They have incomplete metamorphosis (i.e., immatures look like adults, but wings are non-functional) • It has 3 host plants: Olive, Russian olive (oleaster), Elaeagnus angustifolia, and mock privet, Phillyrea latifolia • The life cycle is about 3 months long depending on temperature • Females may lay more than 1,000 eggs • Initiation of egg laying is correlated with the beginning of new shoots on the olive tree • Optimal growth conditions are between 68 to 77 F • There are typically 3 generations. The first in early spring. The second generation becomes inactive when temperatures exceed 81 F, and active again when temperatures drop. The 3rd generation should overwinter. Eggs Adult

Nymphs

1st instar

Nymph with wax Adults RUSSIAN OLIVE Progress to Date • Surveys to detect populations of olive psyllid in Southern California were conducted: July & October 2008; March, April, June, August, October & December 2009; and March & April 2010. • Olive trees in residential (around apartment complexes, homes), business areas (malls, shopping centers, parking lots, etc.), and parks in Orange, San Diego, Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties were randomly selected and inspected for psyllid colonies and the wax they produce. • To date, more than 50 sites (i.e., locations with 3 or more olive trees) have been checked in Southern California and more than 40 sites have been checked on a periodic basis to establish seasonal trends of the psyllid. • Currently, the distribution appears to include areas from Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, and Irvine (Orange County) in the north to the city of San Diego in the south. To the east, the psyllid has been found in and near Escondido, Fallbrook, and Temecula. • No psyllids have been found in the areas of Palos Verdes, Anaheim, Santa Clarita, Burbank, Sylmar, Riverside, Sun City, Perris, and Hemet. Sylmar Southern California Based on survey in mid-April 2010

Hemet Huntington Beach

Fallbrook Rincon Springs Valley Center

Absent Olive Psyllid Present Distribution El Cajon Progress to Date • Initially, sites were categorized relative to psyllid presence or absence, but are now rated on a 0 to 4 scale. • 0 = no psyllids; 1 = 1 to 3 clusters; 2 = 3 to 10 clusters; 3 = up to 10% of the branches infested; and 4 = > 10% infested branches • The numbers of clusters at sites peaked in June 2009. Those sites in Newport Beach and Irvine and to the south had an infestation rate of 61% (246 infested out of 403 trees checked). In Carlsbad and San Diego the infestations were considered damaging. • In October 2009, 42 sites were checked. Again, no infested trees were found north of Huntington Beach, Newport Beach and Irvine. • In Huntington Beach, Newport Beach and Irvine and to the south, 29 of 232 trees at 24 sites were infested (12.5%). In this survey, most trees had very few psyllids and the population densities were not considered damaging. However, this was at the end of the hot summer when psyllid populations typically decline to low numbers. Populations had increased at some sites in April 2010. Sylmar Southern California Based on survey in June 2009

Hemet Huntington Beach

Fallbrook

No psyllid RatingAbsent 0.1 to 1.9 Olive Psyllid PresentRating 2 to 2.9 Distribution Rating 3 to 3.9 Rating = 4 4.00

Series1Site 5, Newport Beach 1 3.50 Series2Site 15, San Diego 1 Series3Site 17, Irvine Series4Site 29, Newport Beach 2 Series5Site 30, San Diego 2 3.00

2.50

2.00 Less than 10 clusters per tree

1.50

1.00

0.50 Rating Value for Psyllid Clusters

0.00 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10

Survey Dates 2009 - 2010 Olive psyllid infestations San Diego images in June 2009 Southern California Based on survey in mid-October 2009

Month of August Temperatures over 90 F

Percent Time Over 90 F Absent Olive Psyllid Present Distribution Southern California Based on survey in mid-April 2010

Month of August Temperatures over 90 F

Percent Time Over 90 F Absent Olive Psyllid Present Distribution Olive Psyllid halts Olive Psyllid egg laying dies Presentation Topics

• Olive psyllid: a potential threat • Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly • Olive leaf scorch: new worries? Olive Fruit Fly Management Guidelines for 2006 http://www.uckac.edu/ ppq/PDF/jul2006-v16_03_.pdf Application of Bait Spray

GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait Approved for organic use Oviposting adult Egg on fly larva

Discovered in California Pteromalus nr. myopitae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Larva on host Larva on host Potential for control using exotic biocontrol agents

Working in Quarantine

Non-target effects?

Nadel Pickett Messing UCB CDFA U Hawaii

Daane Johnson Hoelmer Beneficial on Star Thistle UCB UCR USDA ARS Biocontrol Agents Under Consideration for Release

Utetes africanus Africa Bracon celer Africa

KM Daane KM Daane

Psyttalia humulis KM Daane Fopius arisanus Africa

Psyttalia lounsburyi KM Daane Southern Africa SE Asia MW Johnson Exotic Biocontrol Agents Undergoing Colonization

Psyttalia lounsburyi KM Daane Psytallia humulis Tree Cage Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the two larval parasitoids

Parasitoid (or Location Set-up Ratio of host Parasitism Temp. strain) date to parasitoid (%) range (°C) P. lounsburyi KAC 02/09/07 4.2 ± 0.7a 26.3 ± 3.5a 5.5-19.2 Lindcove 03/19/07 13.2 ± 1.7b 8.7 ± 1.1b 8.7-21.7 Lindcove 05/04/07 5.0 ± 0.9a 19.2 ± 1.8a 10.2-28.9 Lindcove 06/15/07 6.7 ± 0.4a 24.0 ± 2.0a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.5 ± 0.9a 27.4 ± 4.5a 8.5-22.5 KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.7a 7.9 ± 2.9b 8.7-25.2 SLO 10/22/08 4.2 ± 0.9a 6.2 ± 1.8b 10.0-25.1

PP.. humuliscf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8

PP.. humulisnr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0

Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the two larval parasitoids

PP.. humuliscf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8

Psytallia humulis

1st instar Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the three larval parasitoids

PP.. humuliscf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8

Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the three larval parasitoids

PP.. humuliscf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8

P.P. humulisnr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0

Large olive fruit Small olive fruit b 50 b 40 a 30 20 a 10 Parasitism % Parasitism 0 P. humulis P. lounsbury

Parasitism levels by P. humulis and P. lounsburyi on olive fruit fly larvae in small (Mission) and large (Sevillano) olive fruit. Values (means ± SE) followed by different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.05). b b 60 b 40 a 20 a a

Parasitism % 0 06/15/07, Lindcove 10/01/08, KAC 10/22/08, SLO

Comparison of parasitism between P. lounsburyi and P. humulis on olive fruit fly larvae. Values (means ± SE) followed by different letters are significantly different for each pair comparison (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Presentation Topics

• Olive psyllid: a potential threat • Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly • Olive leaf scorch: new worries? Olive leaf scorch? Xylella fastidiosa? Olive leaf scorch? Xylella fastidiosa? Summary

• The olive psyllid, a new olive pest, was discovered in San Diego and Orange Counties in 2007 • Surveys indicate that the psyllid has expanded into warmer areas in Riverside County around Temecula • GF-120 is the only insecticide that is registered to control olive fruit fly adults, but data collected by Frank Zalom, UC Davis suggests possibilities for pesticide resistance • Biological control of olive fruit fly is poor at this time, but new exotic natural enemies are being released to improve levels of biological control • Keep on the alert for “olive leaf scorch” infected olive trees QUESTIONS ANYONE?