DOCSLIB.ORG

The Future Relationship Between Small States and the United Nations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Future Relationship Between Small States and the United Nations The Future Relationship Between Small States and the United Nations Report of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Structures, Committee on United Nations Affairs, ABA SECTION ON INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW * Introduction i The Secretary-General of the United Nations recently suggested that the competent organs of the Organization undertake a thorough and comprehensive study of the criteria for membership in the U.N. with a view to laying down limitations on full membership while also defining other forms of association which would benefit both the Or- ganization and those states "which have been referred to as 'micro-states', entities which are especially small in area, population, and human and economic resources, and which are now emerging as independent states." 1 Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg, United States Representative to the United Nations, in a letter to the President of the Security Council dated December 13, 1967, joined in the suggestion made by the Secre- tary-General and expressed the belief that examination of the consider- ations presented by the Secretary-General is most likely to be fruitful if it is made in terms of general principles and procedures.' Although no formal action has been taken by the United Nations, the matter is understood to be under consideration. The purpose of this report is to review the principal considerations involved in the suggestion made by the Secretary-General. ii The structure of the world community continues to be characterized chiefly by the existence of territorially organized units, states, equal in * This is an abridged version of the report submitted to the Council of the Section on August 3, 1968. 1 Introduction to the Annual Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, 16 June 1966-15 June 1967, 22 U.N. G.A.O.R., Supp. No. IA, paras 163-167 (U.N. Doc. A/6701/Add.1) (1967). 2 Department of State Press Release USUN-236 (December 13, 1967), at p. 1. R International Lawyer, Vol. 3, No. 1 The Future RelationshipBetween Small States and the U.N. 59 sovereign attributes but markedly unequal in effective power, prestige and influence upon internationally significant events. It is appropriate to recall the words of J. B. Scott who, writing in 1907 about the Hague Peace Conferences, stated: While all states are legally equal, still in this practical world of ours we must not, or at least we cannot, ignore the historic fact that nations exercise an influence upon the world's affairs com- mensurate with their traditions, their industry, their commerce, and their present ability to safeguard their interests. It follows from this that though equal in theory, their influence is often unequal in practice.8 The difference between legal equality and practical inequality is reflected in the United Nations which, although it is "based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its Members,"' is a deliberately imperfect democratic model. It is also reflected, more subtly, in the omission of any mention of universality of membership in the Charter. The drafters at San Francisco recognized that universality was an ideal towards which it was proper to aim.' However, in drafting the Charter they followed the League of Nations model 6 and deliberately included a set of specific, if ambiguous, criteria for membership.' The initial membership of the Organization consisted of only fifty-one countries. 8 From 1946 to 1959 this number was increased by thirty-two, all but a few of which were already well established states and active participants in world affairs. However, the trend has since changed. All seventeen states admitted in 1960 had just recently at- tained independence, and the same is true of twenty-three of the twenty- four admitted since 1960. The membership now numbers 124, nearly two and one-half times the number of original members, and the practice of admitting states 3 The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and 1907 (1907), at 176, cited in Anand, Sovereign equality of states in the U.N. 7 INDIAN J. INT'L L. 185, 198 (1967). 4 U.N. Charter, Article 2, para. 1. 5 Doc. 1178, 1/2/76(2), 7 U.N. C.I.O. Docs. 326 (1945). 6 See Article 1 of the Covenant of the League. 7The attitudes toward universality at San Francisco are discussed in Green, Membership in the United Nations, 2 CURRENT LEGAL PROBS. 258 (1949), at 262 ff.; and Cohen, The Concent of Statehood in United Nations Practice, 109 U. PA. L. REV. 1127 (1961), at 1170ff. g These were the states which had participated in the United Nations Confer- ence on International Organization, held in San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945, or which had previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942, and which had signed and ratified the U.N. Charter. International Lawyer, Vol. 3, No. I 60 INTERNATIONAL LAWYER soon after they become independent and without strict scrutiny of their eligibility for membership in accordance with the Charter con- tinues. Moreover, the process of decolonization has proceeded to the point where, with a few notable exceptions, the remaining candidates for self-government, independence and, ultimately, U.N. membership are extremely small in size, population and/or financial resources. The number of these "micro-states" or "mini-states" or "Lilliputian states," as they have variously been called, is estimated to be over sixty, if one limits the counting to units with a population of under 300,000, as has been suggested.' The magnitude of the potential problem becomes clearer, however, when one contemplates the vast number of island territories and other small entities which could conceivably seek inde- pendence, statehood and U.N. membership in the future. Adding to the problem and making its resolution somewhat more difficult is the sensitivity of existing states to challenges to their territorial integrity such as are posed by secessionist, irredentist, and "liberation" movements of one kind or another. Membership in the U.N. may be sought as a stamp of legitimacy by any group claiming to represent an independent "state". This could throw into question the sacrosanctity of territorial boundaries and lead to fragmentation of existing states. Hence, the likelihood of a cautious attitude by many U.N. members, in- cluding the United States. On the other hand, it is only fair to say that the fear of proliferation may be exaggerated. Membership in the U.N. is not logically the most pressing need and may not even be a priority objective for really small territories. Conceivably, the mini-state problem described by the Secre- tary-General could work itself out by the simple expedient of encouraging a lack of interest in membership by small states and potential states. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to examine, first, why small states are attracted to U.N. membership and, second, whether all or most of these attractions could be provided in some other way acceptable to all concerned. Attractions of U.N. Membership Statehood characteristically is accompanied by an intensified awareness of national interests and a desire to influence events which have a bearing on those interests. The U.N., as the largest, the most 9 See Blair, The Ministate Dilemma, Occasional Paper No. 6, Carnegie En- dowment for International Peace (1967), at 3. Mrs. Blair's paper has been a source of considerable value to the Subcommittee in the preparation of this Report. International Lawyer, Vol. 3, No. I The FutureRelationship Between Small States and the U.N. 61 nearly universal, and the broadest based international institution is perhaps the obvious point of reference for obtaining such influence. As a diplomatic center, it offers unparalleled opportunities for contact with representatives of other countries and of international organizations. As a public forum, it affords the means for instant communication of one's message to a wide audience. As the leading international political institution, its recognition of a state confirms that state's legitimacy and standing in the world community. All these factors have contributed to the rush to membership by newly independent states in the fifties and sixties. Whether they will have the same impact on mini-states in the seventies and beyond can only be guessed. Preliminary indications are that to the mini-states of the future the chief attractions of the U.N. may be its acceptability as a source of technical and economic assistance and as a countervailing force for small states whose security is threatened by former metropoles, neighboring states or other external antagonists. Full membership is not without its cost. Small member states may find onerous the drain on their funds (minimum annual dues of members alone are currently around $50,000) and available trained manpower. There are also drawbacks to having to meet the demands of membership and record voting positions on an imposing number and variety of issues, especially for a small delegation and its home office which may not be equipped to do so effectively. One can expect these difficulties to increase and their burden upon future mini-states to be even heavier than it has been upon small member states to date. For the U.N., weighing against the desirability of making the Organization more nearly universal in membership is the prospect of dis- proportionately increased demands upon the Organization's already strained physical and economic resources. Even now, it may be pro- jected that U.N. Headquarters in New York, opened in 1950, will have to be substantially enlarged to accommodate the increasing size and workload of the Organization. Moreover, a stream of membership applications from mini-states could expose the status of full membership to the risk of debasement, a hazard already discernible to some.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Common Heritage Ofmankind from the Law Ofthe Sea to the Human Genome and Cyberspace
    The Common Heritage ofMankind From the Law ofthe Sea to the Human Genome and Cyberspace Jean Buttigieg Abstract Since Arvid Pardo addressed the UN General Assembly in 1967 and proposed to declare the deep seabed and ocean floor the common heritage of mankind, the need has been felt to adapt the concept of common heritage to the human genome and the internet. This paper is intended to demonstrate that the concept ofa common heritage ofmankind is the ideal jacket to fit the hu­ man genome and cyberspace as a mode ofinternational govern­ ance in the interests ofall humankind. The last part ofthe paper discusses Father Peter Serracino Inglott's vision for Malta as a promotional centre for Open Source systems. KEYWOKDS: adaptation, Arvid Pardo, common heritage ofmankind, cyberspace, Father Peter Serracino lnglott, human genome Arvid Pardo and the Race to Grab the Bounties ofthe Deep Seabed The concept ofthe common heritage of mankind has been the subject ofin­ tense debate in international circles since November 1967, when Arvid Pardo first proposed that the bounties of the deep seabed should be protected and regulated by a new kind ofregime that was as much innovative in character as it was revolutionary in its legal implications. ' Pardo's proposal was different from the traditional schemes ofsovereignty and freedom that applied to ter­ ritorial sea and the high seas, respectively. The common heritage of mankind was to be a new form ofcommon ownership - in a word, an alternative to the classical Roman Law concept of res communis, rather than a contemporary Tullio Scovazzi, The Concept of Common Heritage ofMankind and the Resources of the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, 1-21.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Items-In-Secretary-General's Statements - X, 29 September 1965 29 December 1965
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 18 Date 22/05/2006 Time 4:29:40 PM S-0886-0004-01-00001 Expanded Number S-0886-0004-01 -00001 Title items-in-Secretary-General's statements - X, 29 September 1965 29 December 1965 Date Created 29/09/1965 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0886-fl004: United Nations Documents of the Secretary-General: U Thanf. Secretary-General's Statements Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit 29 September 1965 - 29 December 1965 VOLUME X - SECRETARY-GENERAL STATEMENTS No. DATE SYMBOL 790. SG message to President of the Philippines 29 September 1965 SG/SM/371 791- SG letter to Permanent Representative of Zambia 30 September 1965 SG/SM/372 792. UK note to SG on costs of peace-keeping force in Cyprus 1 October 1965 SG/SM/373 793. SG statement of welcome on 4 October to His Holiness Pope Paul VI k October 1965 SG/SM/374 794. Malaysian letter to SG on costs of peace-keeping force in Cyprus 5 October 1965 SG/SM/375 795. Text of cables between Pope Paul VI and the SG 5 October 1965 SG/SM/376 796. Greece and Uganda make voluntary contribu- tions to United Nations 5 October 1965 SG/1666 797. Liberia makes voluntary contribution to help UN solve its financial difficulties 7 October 1965 SG/1667 798. SG statement at General Assembly on 11 Oct. 11 October 1965 SG/SM/377 799- SG statement on budget estimates for 1965, 1966 12 October 1965 SG/SM/378 800.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Ecology of Elisabeth Mann Borgese
    NARRATIVES OF NATURE AND CULTURE: THE CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF ELISABETH MANN BORGESE by Julia Poertner Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia March 2020 © Copyright by Julia Poertner, 2020 TO MY PARENTS. MEINEN ELTERN. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ………………………………………………………….. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………….. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Thesis ………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 Methodology and Outline ………………………………………….. 27 1.3 State of Research ……....…………………………………………... 32 1.4 Background ……………………………………………………….... 36 CHAPTER 2: NARRATIVES OF NATURE AND CULTURE …………………………………... 54 2.1 Between a Mythological Past and a Scientific Future ……………………. 54 2.1.1 Biographical Background ………………………………………... 54 2.1.2 “Culture is Part of Nature in Any Case”: Cultural Evolution ……. 63 2.1.3 Ascent of Woman ………………………………….……………… 81 2.1.4 The Language Barrier: Beasts and Men …….…………………… 97 2.2 Dark Fiction: Futuristic Pessimism …………………………………….. 111 2.2.1 “To Whom It May Concern” ………………….………………… 121 2.2.2 “The Immortal Fish” ………………………………………….…. 123 2.2.3 “Delphi Revisited” ……………………………………….……… 127 2.2.4 “Birdpeople” …………………………………………….………. 130 CHAPTER 3: UTOPIAN OPTIMISM: THE OCEAN AS A LABORATORY FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER ……………………………………………….…………….……… 135 3.1 Historical Background …………………………………………………. 135 3.1.1 Competing Narratives: The Common Heritage of Mankind and Sustainable Development ……………………………………….. 135 3.1.2 Ocean Frontiers and Chairworm & Supershark ………………... 175 3.1.3 Arvid Pardo’s Tale of the Deep Sea …………………………….. 184 3.2 Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Cultural Ecology ………………………….. 207 iii 3.2.1 Law: From the Deep Seabed via Ocean Space towards World Communities ……………………………………………………. 207 3.2.2 Economics ………………………………………………………. 244 3.2.3 Science and Education: The Need for Interdisciplinarity ……….
    [Show full text]
  • Don't Resurrect the Law of the Sea Treaty
    No. 552 October 13, 2005 Routing Don’t Resurrect the Law of the Sea Treaty by Doug Bandow Executive Summary For more than 20 years, the United States has the treaty governing seabed mining. The provi- refused to become a party to the Law of the Sea sions of Section XI may have the effect of forever Treaty. Advocates of the treaty, a comprehensive discouraging such operations, even where there measure governing navigational rights on the sea might be huge benefits. Regulations are to be and mineral rights on the seabed, claimed that U.S. administered through a complicated system of failure to join the convention would result in chaos committees and agencies within the International on the high seas. It has not. Very few Americans Seabed Authority, a creation of the United know anything about the treaty, and even advo- Nations that has ultimate jurisdiction over the cates are hard-pressed to explain how the United agreement. States would benefit from its adoption. Funding for the ISA, and for enforcement of A round of changes to the document won the the LOST, would flow disproportionately from support of the Clinton administration, which the United States. The ISA’s current budget is signed the treaty in 1994, but those changes modest, but the revised agreement changed none failed to attract sufficient support from the of the underlying institutional incentives that bias Senate. The LOST has languished unratified for virtually every international organization, most more than 10 years. obviously the UN itself, toward extravagance. The logjam appears to have broken, with Some supporters of the treaty insist that the prominent Republicans, and the president him- LOST is essential to establishing the rule of law self, signaling support for ratification.
    [Show full text]
  • The Common Heri ... Vironmental Governance.Pdf
    WORKSHOP IN POLITICAL TOEOF. AND POLICY ANALYSIS 513 NORTH PARK INDIANA UNIVERSITY Fourth Annual Common Property Conf ererteh=Ha'^GCMWSTONMr'x Jl_ '.. INDIAN, _ -„., A-, 47406-3, ,,..r1 IASCP rV^-!'- V-^ - Common Property in Ecosystems Under Stress THE COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE Peter B. Payoyo With the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)1 now in place2 to recommend measures for the implementation of Agenda 21,3 the global project of "sustainable development" will enter a new phase of consolidation. Considering the poor performance and unsatisfactory follow-up action of governments one year after the 1992 Earth Summit4 the CSD embarks on its tasks with expected high hopes but amidst widespread pessimism about the possibilities of a truly global partnership in overcoming serious environmental problems facing humanity. It is of course reasonable not to expect too much from the CSD in terms of effecting desired changes in the global political and natural environment for sustainable development. Notwithstanding its broad substantive mandate, the CSD is ill-equipped to implement its decisions, and the move to locate it in the UN Economic and 1 Chapter 38 of AGENDA 21 adopted by UNCED, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/4. 14 June 1992. 2 The CSD, a high-level 53-member group of state representatives elected by the UN ECOSOC, had its first meeting on June 14, 1993. 3 UN Doc. A/C.2/47/L.61 on Institutional Arrangements to follow up the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, esp. par. 3. 4 A year since Rio, and little sign of Earth's gain THE GLOBE AND MAIL, June 7, 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • Asdfgeneral Assembly
    United Nations A/67/PV.49 General Assembly Offi cial Records asdfSixty-seventh session 49 th plenary meeting Monday, 10 December 2012, 10 a.m. New York President : Mr. Jeremić . (Serbia) In the absence of the President, Mr. Charles needed. In that respect, the General Assembly was (Trinidad and Tobago), Vice-President, took the able to perform one of its main functions, under Chair. Article 13 of the Charter, in ‘encouraging the progressive development of international law and The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m. its codification’. “It was the Permanent Representative of Malta, Agenda item 75 (continued ) the late Ambassador Arvid Pardo, who is considered Oceans and the law of the sea the founding father of UNCLOS and who proposed, in this very Hall in 1967, a comprehensive treaty Commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary to ensure the peaceful use and exploitation of of the opening for signature of the the world’s oceans. His impassioned and lyrical United Nations Convention on the Law of speech lasted from morning well into the afternoon the Sea on a day in November, 45 years ago. It included The Acting President : Members are reminded these memorable words describing man’s close that, in accordance with resolution 67/5, the debate on relationship to the sea: agenda item 75 and its sub-items (a) and (b) is scheduled ‘The dark oceans were the womb of life: to take place tomorrow, 11 December 2012. I should from the protecting oceans life emerged. We also like to remind participants that statements in the still bear in our bodies — in our blood, in the commemoration should be limited to 10 minutes, as salty bitterness of our tears — the marks of stipulated in the same resolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideological Rigidity Vs. Political Reality: a Critique of Reagan's Policy on the Law of the Sea
    Ideological Rigidity vs. Political Reality: A Critique of Reagan's Policy on the Law of the Sea D. Brian Hufford* "[T]he deep seas and ocean bottoms are, and remain, the legacy of all human beings." ' These words spoken by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966 foreshadowed an international movement to protect the oceans. Sixteen years later the movement culminated in a comprehensive Con- vention on the Law of the Sea-a treaty grounded upon the principle that oceans beyond the limits of national jurisdiction are the "common '2 heritage of mankind." Despite nearly two decades of United States support for the "common heritage" principle, and the efforts behind the Convention, the Reagan Administration rejected the treaty in 1982.3 The following year the Pres- ident initiated his unilateral ocean policy with a Proclamation and an adjoining statement calling for the establishment of a 200-mile Exclu- sive Economic Zone and reiterating his view that deep seabed mining is a high seas freedom.4 Defending the rejection of the Convention, Rea- gan's ambassador to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) declared: "[T]he political, economic and ideological as- sumptions which underlay the treaty are essentially antithetical to American values [and promote] a thinly disguised world collectivism."'5 * B.A., 1980, M.U.A., 1982, Wichita State University; J.D. Candidate, Yale Law School, 1985. 1. Remarks at the Commissioning of the Research Ship Oceanographer, 2 PUB. PAPERS LYNDON B. JOHNSON 722, at 724 (July 13, 1966). 2. The phrase "the common heritage of mankind" was first applied to the oceans by Ambassador Arvid Pardo of Malta, in his famous speech before the United Nations on Au- gust 17, 1967.
    [Show full text]
  • Arvid Pardo Attended the Collegio Arly Quality Was Needed
    flavor and dynamic to our work to- intense scholarly correspondences, Area and its resources are the com- gether, in which we never disagreed together with a fundamental opti- mon heritage of mankind." on substance, despite our very dif- mism and generosity toward others, The acceptance of this key provi- ferent starting points. We became enabled him to live the life of a sion of the 1982 treaty followed Am- concerned with the original context scholar rather than a "professional," bassador Pardo's continuing and of Weber's own quite radical think- and served as a reminder that the dedicated effort to obtain an over- ing on these topics and with the university could still mean what it whelmingly favorable vote for U.N. puzzle of his own sources and con- meant for Newman. His classes General Assembly Resolution 2749 text, but also with the peculiar his- were a model of Socratic dialogue, (XXV) on December 17, 1970. As tory of its reception, critique, and and he was loved by his students. the Maltese representative during transformation. The reception his- His Aristotelean sense of virtuous the early law of the sea negotiations, tory we treated in our first Weber action led him to seek out occasions where he was able to enlist the sup- book, the contextual study we de- for political action in which, to use a port of developing countries, as well tailed in our second. Studying con- Weberian phrase, compromises with as to still many of the concerns of text and, indeed, getting a feel for the devil were unnecessary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future
    Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 40 Number 1 40th Anniversary Edition Article 24 April 2020 The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future John E. Noyes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation John E. Noyes, The Common Heritage of Mankind: Past, Present, and Future, 40 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 447 (2011). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. THE COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE JOHN E. NOYES* I. INTRODUCTION The international community has developed several different types of legal regimes to govern natural resources. In general terms, these include: * according states exclusive permanent sovereignty over natural resources, a system associated with territoriality; * sharing resources, as in the cases of international rivers and migratory species; * recognizing common property rights, as in the case of the high seas, where no one user has exclusive rights to resources and no one can exclude others from exploiting them, but capturing resources results in exclusive property rights; and * recognizing property as the common heritage of mankind - or, to use a more contemporary phrase, the common heritage of humankind (CH) - whereby all manage resources and share in the rewards of exploiting them, even if they are not able to participate in that exploitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Friends Newsletter No. 47, December 2009
    FRIENDS NEWSLETTER No. 47 December 2009 Contents Page EDITORIAL .................................................................................................................... 1 RECEPTIONS FOR FORMER OFFICIALS .............................................................. 3 TO TALK OF MANY THINGS, by Aamir Ali............................................................. 4 THE 90 th ANNIVERSARY REUNION , by Jack Martin............................................... 7 VISIT TO THE WTO BUILDING , by Fiona Rolian.................................................... 13 REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST ........................................................................ 16-20 Dr. Guido Pardo (1874-1922): first ILO staff member to die in service, by Mary Bagazinski.......................................................................... 16 The ILO’s “Second” Nobel Peace Prize , by Jaci Eisenberg...................................... 19 WILFRED JENKS .......................................................................................................... 21-26 Speeches made at the memorial ceremony, 14 July 2009 ........................................ 21 GALLIMAUFRY ............................................................................................................ 27-35 Corazon Aquino, icon of democracy and ILO principles, by Gert Gust................. 27 International Society for Better Tomorrows (ISBET): a candid retrospection , by Darshan Khanna.......................................................................... 30 ILO
    [Show full text]
  • Why Catholic Universities Should Engage International Law
    Why Catholic Universities Should Engage International Law William P. George, Ph.D. Abstract This article argues that Catholic universities should vigorously engage inter- national law for at least three reasons. First, international law is an indispens- able dialogue partner for Catholic Social Teaching (CST). Since CST belongs in Catholic higher education, so too does international law. Second, in numerous ways and on a global scale, international law raises the very questions of unity and diversity (disciplinary, perspectival, religious, and cultural) that Catholic universities, as universities, can and must address. Third, given its secular character, international law challenges Catholic universities, as Catholic, to engage, without sacrifi ce of faith-informed intellectual commitments, what Charles Taylor calls “a secular age.” There are many compelling reasons why Catholic universities1 should emphasize Catholic Social Teaching (CST)2 and the critical is- sues with which it deals. I will not make that case here. Rather, I wish to advance a correlative educational principle and goal, namely, that Catholic universities should commit themselves to an increasingly vig- orous engagement of international law. It is fi tting that Catholic univer- sities emphasize international law for at least three reasons, each of which provides a major section heading for the pages below. William George is Associate Professor of Theology and the Director of the undergradu- ate core curriculum, Dominican University, River Forest, IL. 1 Here “universities” is meant to include colleges (in the American sense) as well. This matches the inclusive way in which Ex corde Ecclesiae uses the term. 2 This term is to be construed in the widest sense to include “Catholic social thought” and “social Catholicism.” CST thus comprises not only modern Catholic Social Teaching but also the range of thought and movements related to that teaching.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Resources
    Living Resources Whales and lee: Common Themes of Antarctica, Whaling, and the Law of the Sea Sidney J. Holt* International League JOT the Protection oJ Cetaceans, and Third Millennium Foundation, Umbria, Italy Elisabeth Mann Borgese, to whose memory this special volume of the Ocean Yearbook is dedieated, would not, I think, have liked what has happened to the idea of the New International Order she and her elose collaborator, Ambassador Arvid Pardo, so cherished. The current weakening of the United Nations system, on whieh 'We the Peoples," individually and coIlec­ tively, placed such high hopes after 1945-especially through the failures of powerful governments to enter into new binding agreements and uphold old ones, and to support existing and new international institutions, and the blatant buying of votes in decision-making bodies by a few of the most influential and rieher states-does not bode weIl for our collective future. This is a time when those of us who worked with Elisabeth must reflect deeply on where the so-called "international community" is now going. BACKGROUND The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed the beginnings ofvast changes in the regimes governing the use and protection of the resources of Antarctica and the surrounding ocean. Ambassador Arvid Pardo, acting on behalf of the Government of Malta, put forward his proposals for the fundamental revision and extension of the Law of the Sea, and the Government of the United States began to press for a pause in all commercial whaling opera­ tions. For many, perhaps most, people concerned about what Elisabeth and Arvid referred to as "international ocean affairs" and human activities *EDITORS , NOTE.-The author is grateful for the support in the preparation of this paper offered by the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, Ma, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]