Adaptive Optics for Directly Imaging Planetary Systems Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Bailey, Vanessa Perry Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 02:38:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577514 ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR DIRECTLY IMAGING PLANETARY SYSTEMS by Vanessa Perry Bailey A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the disserta- tion prepared by Vanessa Perry Bailey entitled Adaptive Optics for Directly Imaging Planetary Systems and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: 26 May 2015 Philip Hinz Date: 26 May 2015 Daniel Apai Date: 26 May 2015 Laird Close Date: 26 May 2015 George Rieke Date: 26 May 2015 Kate Su Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 26 May 2015 Dissertation Director: Philip Hinz 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, pro- vided that an accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. Requests for per- mission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Vanessa Perry Bailey 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was drawn to this department with the promise of hands-on experience on some of the world’s largest telescopes, and I’ve not been disappointed. First and fore- most, I want to thank my advisor, Phil Hinz for giving me the opportunity to be a contributing member of an instrument commissioning team and for giving me the freedom and guidance to try, to fail in useful ways, and to learn from the experience. I owe thanks to many people for helping me reach this point, most especially to the following: Tiffany Meshkat for being an indispensable co-investigator on the Hole-y Debris Disks project. Matt Kenworthy, Kate Su, Laird Close, George Rieke, and Daniel Apai, who have each been instrumental in shaping me into the researcher I am today. You prodded me to dig a little deeper and push a little harder, and you gave me the resources to facilitate that journey. My work is better for it. Vidhya Vaitheeswaran for patience and mentorship as I learned to code for a live instrument. Alfio Puglisi for his tutelage, troubleshooting, and patience as I learned the AO software ropes. Jared Males for being a constant resource and for getting me out of more than one sticky situation at the telescope. Katie Morzinski, whose mentorship gave me the capability and confidence (and the connections) to move on to the next stage. My office neighbors Kate Follette and Jordan Stone for countless hours brainstorming and sanity checking. My officemate Brandon Swift for moral support and an endless supply of fantastic uses for everyday items. And, of course, to Don McCarthy and Astronomy Camp for reminding me why I got into this business in the first place. Thanks to all of the instrument teams and telescope crews who have made my thesis possible. I gratefully acknowledge the hard work and dedication of past and present members of the LBTI team including: Phil Hinz, Paul Arbo, Hop Bailey, Teresa Bippert-Plymate, Denis Defrere, Elwood Downey, Oli Durney, Paul Grenz, William Hoffmann, Jarron Leisenring, Tom McMahon, Manny Montoya, Mitch Nash, T. J. Rodigas, Andy Skemer, Elliot Solheid, Eckhart Spalding, Vidhya Vaitheeswaran, and Amali Vaz. It’s been a pleasure working with you all. The LBTO staff and the Arcetri AO team built a lovely system and lent us their expertise on many occasions. Thanks in particular to John Hill, Doug Miller, Julian Christou, Juan Carlos Guerra, Guido Brusa, Simone Esposito, Enrico Pinna, and Marco Xom- pero. The MagAO team and Magellan Observatory staff carved out a niche in the AO world and let me jump in; thanks to Laird Close, Kate Follette, Jared Males, Katie Morzinski, Povilas Polunas and Dave Osip. Observations reported here were made at numerous observatories, including: MMT: a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution; LBT Observatory: an international collaboration among institutions in the United 5 States, Italy and Germany. LBT Corporation partners are: The University of Ari- zona on behalf of the Arizona university system; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Italy; LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft, Germany, representing the Max-Planck Society, the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, and Heidelberg University; The Ohio State University, and The Research Corporation, on behalf of The University of Notre Dame, University of Minnesota and University of Virginia; Magellan: located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile; Gemini South: operated by the Association of Uni- versities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the Australian Research Council (Australia), Minist´erio da Ciˆencia, Tecnologia e Inova¸c˜ao (Brazil) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog´ıa e Innovaci´on Productiva (Argentina); This work has made use of various archive services and surveys including: HST: data archive maintained by the Space Telescope Science Institute. STScI is oper- ated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Spitzer Space Telescope: operated by the Jet Propulsion Lab- oratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA; Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer: a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Two Micron All Sky Survey: a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation; NASA’s Astrophysics Data System; Simbad & Visier: database and catalogue access tools, administered by CDS, Strasbourg, France. The original description of the VizieR service was published in A&AS 143, 23. LBTI is funded by a NASA grant in support of the Exoplanet Exploration Pro- gram (NSF 0705296). My work was partially funded by: the University of Ari- zona’s College of Science Fellowship, the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Pro- gram (DGE-1143953), and the aforementioned LBTI NASA grant. 6 DEDICATION To Peter: For being my partner in the true sense of the word. To Mom: For showing me that women have a place in science. To Dad: For tireless support. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTOFFIGURES ................................ 10 LISTOFTABLES ................................. 12 ABSTRACT .................................... 13 CHAPTER1 Introduction ............................ 15 1.1 ExoplanetsandTheirEnvironments. 17 1.1.1 Formation and Evolution of Giant Exoplanets . 17 1.1.2 Hole-y Debris Disks: A Potential Signpost for Giant Planets . 22 1.2 High-contrast Instrumentation & Techniques . .... 27 1.2.1 Science-Driven Performance Requirements for LBTIAO .... 27 1.2.2 Image Quality and Atmospheric Turbulence . 29 1.2.3 ComponentsofanAOSystem . 31 1.2.4 LBTIAO.............................. 34 CHAPTER 2 A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study of Very Low-Mass, Wide Sep- aration Brown Dwarf Companions to Upper Scorpius Stars: Constraining CircumstellarEnvironments . 39 2.1 Introduction................................ 40 2.2 Sample,ObservationsandDataReduction . 43 2.2.1 Sample............................... 43 2.2.2 Observations ........................... 46 2.2.3 ImageProcessing . 49 2.3 ResultsandAnalysis ........................... 51 2.3.1 GSC06214 ............................ 51 2.3.2 1RXS1609 ............................ 59 2.3.3 HIP78530............................. 62 2.4 Discussion................................. 66 2.4.1 GSC06214BDiskProperties . 66 2.4.2 HIP 78530B Spectral Type and Membership . 67 2.5 DisksasConstraintsonScatteringEvents . ... 68 2.6 SummaryandFutureWork . 70 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued CHAPTER 3 HD 106906 b: A Planetary-mass Companion outside a Massive DebrisDisk ................................... 74 3.1 Introduction................................ 75 3.2 ObservationsandDataReduction