AQUATICA T H E J O U R NA L O F T H E B R O O K LY N A Q U A R I U M S O C I E TY VO L . X X I I I NO V E M B E R ~ D EC E M B E R 2 0 08 N o . 2

Emperor Tetra Nematobrycon palmeri

Illustration: John Todaro 1

A Q U A T I C A V O L X X I I I • N O V E M B E R / D E C E M B E R R 2 0 0 8 • N O 1 C O N T E N T S 2 Calendar of Events ~ 2008/2009 24 B reeding Dwarf Red Tail Shrimp 3 A Voice From 1919 Speaks A g a i n . . . 26 Listening To Mozart Makes Fish 4 The Benefits To Be Derived Through G row Quicker Membership In An Aquarium Society 2 8 Exchange Editors Report 5 My First Reef A q u a r i u m 29 All Members are Invited to the A n n u a l 18 All Hail the Emperor Tetra Holiday Party Nematobrycon palmeri 30 BAS Membership A p p l i c a t i o n 19 } 31 Pa t ronize Our Sponsors, They Support 20 The Practical Plant: Us! We Must Support Them! H y g rophilia polysperma AQUATICA STAFF Editor: John To d a r o Advertising: Izzy Zwerin Copy Editor: Kay Martin Subscriptions: Lita Goldberg Marine Editor: O p e n Exchange Editor: Izzy Zwerin Plant Editor: Izzy Zwerin C o n t r i b u t i n g Wr i t e r s : George W. Post,Vinny Babino, Illustrations: J. To d a r o , C. Giam, Robert DeBonis, Andrew Blumhagen, John Todaro, Izzy Zwerin Note: The Editor takes full responsibility for misspellings and punctuation errors. Aquatica is published bi-monthly (except July/August) by BAS. Original articles may be re p r i n t e d by other n o n - p rofit organizations, provided proper credit is given to the author and A q u a t i c a, and two copies are sent to the E x c h a n g e E d i t o r. Transcriptions of lectures may not be reprinted without written permission of both Editor and the S p e a k e r. Distribution of articles on any online electronic service is prohibited without written permission f ro m the Editor and A u t h o r. Anotice of where approved articles have been posted should be sent to the BAS Exchange Ed i t o r. Aquatica will exchange publications with all interested societies. If we do not receive your publications for thre e co nsecutive months, we will assume you no longer wish to exchange and your club will be removed from our mailing list. AL L C O R R E S P O N D E N C E C O N C E R N I N GT H I S P U B L I C AT I O N S H O U L D B E S E N T TO: • Editor: John Todaro, 247 Middletown Road, S. Londonderry VT , 05155 Home: 802 824-3743 Fax: Same Please submit all articles to the Editor by mail, fax, or E-mail J T O D D Y B A S @ A O L . C O M. • Advertising Manager: Izzy Zwerin , P. O . Box 290610, Bklyn, NY 11 2 2 9 - 0 111 C e l l Phone: 646 269-5926 • Exchange Editor: Izzy Zwerin , P. O . Box 290610, Bklyn, NY 11 2 2 9 - 0 111 Cell Phone: 646 269-5926 • Membership: Lita Goldberg, P. O . Box 290610, Bklyn, NY 11 2 2 9 - 0 111 Phone: 718 375-0948 OFFICERS BOARD MEMBERS President: Joseph Graffagnino Robert DeBonis 1st Vice President: Steve Matassa Stuart Hershkowitz 2nd Vice President: Marie Licciardello Alfred Licciardello Treasurer: Denise Hershkowitz Charles Stein Corresponding Secretary: Kay Martin Izzy Zwerin Exchange Editor: Izzy Zwerin Membership Chairperson: Lita Goldberg PAST PRESIDENTS Sergeant-at-Arms: Joseph Cingari Al DiSpigna Recording Secretary: Adam Engerow John Todaro Web Master: Bernard Deren Seth Kolker Editor: John Todaro Ingeborg Farrar

The Brooklyn Aquarium Society Inc. is a non-profit organization 501(c) (3) for people i n t e rested in the aquarium hobby and the study of aquatic life. The Society meets the 2nd Friday of each month except July and August at the Education Hall of the New York Aquarium at Coney Island, Surf Av e n u e at West 8th St., at 7:30 PM. Meetings are open to visitors. Refreshments are served. Membership is $25 per year f a m i l y/$20 individual/$15 for students under 14. Send inquiries or membership checks payable to: Brooklyn Aquarium S o c i e t y, c/o Membership Chairperson, P.O. Box 290610, Brooklyn, NY11 2 2 9 - 0 0 11 . On occasion, the Brooklyn Aquarium Society uses its mailing list to send notices of i n t e rest other than society business to our members. If you do not wish to have your name used in this manner call, the Hotline 718 837-4455 and leave a message. All articles in Aquatica are the opinion and experiences of the author or authors, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the editors or staff of Aquatica or the Brooklyn Aquarium Society Inc. 2

BROOKLYN AQUARIUM SOCIETY C A L E N D A R O F E V E N T S 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9

DEC 12 ~ BAS Holiday Party ~ Members, their families & friends • All you can eat dinner •Fish bingo & prizes •BAS Aw a rds presentation. Happy New Year 2009 Jan 9 ~ Joe Yaiullo ~ Breeding Marine Fish In Atlantis Marine World’s 20,000 Gal. Tank. Marine fish & aquacultured corals, freshwater fish & dry goods auction • Discount books & sales. FEB 13 ~ Terry Siegal ~ Marine Reef ~ Marine fish & aquacultured corals, freshwater fish & dry goods auction • Discount books & sales. MAR 13 ~ Bob Larsen ~ The Glorious Guppy ~ F reshwater & marine fish, a q u ac u l t u red corals, plants auction • D i s c o u n t books & sales. APR 10 ~ Tony Vargas ~ Diving On The Philippine Reefs ~ Marine fish & aqua-cu l t u re d c o r a l s,freshwater fish & dry goods auction • Discount books & sales. M A Y 8 Spring Auction ~ Freshwater fish, plants, marine fish, aqua-cultured corals & dry goods auction; including a 55 gal tank & stand • Raffles • Discount aquarium books & sales• Door prizes. JUN 12 M e e t The Expert s Experts will answer your questions at a Freshwater fish table, Plant table, Marine table and a Live/Frozen foods table. Marine fish, aqua-cultured corals, freshwater fish, plants & dry goods auction • Discount books & sales • Door prizes • Raffles • BAS Elections. Summer Break July & August SEPT 11 ~ TBA • Freshwater & marine fish, aq u ac u l t u red corals, plantsauction • D i s c o u n t books & sales. OCT 9 ~ Fall Giant Au c t i o n • F reshwater fish, plants, marine fish, aquacultured corals & dry goods auction • Discount books & sales • R a ffles • Door prizes. NOV 13 ~ TBA •Freshwater & marine fish, aq u ac u l t u red corals & plantsa u c t i o n • D i s c o u n t books & sales DEC 11 ~ BAS Holiday Party ~ Members, their families & friends • All you can eat dinner •Fish bingo & prizes •BAS Aw a rds presentation.

All Events held the 2nd Friday of the Month at 7:30pm at the Education Hall of the New York Aquarium ~ Surf Avenue & West 8th Street ~ Brooklyn, NY (unless stated) We request a $5 Donation for non-members, good towards membership the night of the event only.

FR E E R E F R E S H M E N T S A N D F R E E PA R K I N G AT E V E RY M E E T I N G - U N L E S S S TAT E D NOTICE TO ALL MEMBERS A motion was made, seconded and passed at the March board meeting (3/7/08) that membership cards be made up and handed out the night a person joins the BAS. If you join or renew by mail you must come to the next general meeting to get your card. Publications will still be sent by mail. Web memberships do not get a card, and only get publications that may be on-line. The cost of mailing has gone up and this is a cost-saving measure. 3 John Todaro BAS

A VOICE FROM 1919 SPEAKS AGAIN

s you must all know by now, the Brooklyn Aquarium Society will be 100 years young in 2011. We’re planning a birthday party to celebrate this Amomentous and exciting event. Our president, Joe Graffagnino, has been looking into how and where we will hold the party. Of course, all our members and friends in the hobby are invited to attend. Relevant to our Educating ball Presidents of the BAS. Aquarists for a century, I have been Frank holds the distinction of working on a history of the BAS. I being the longest continuous member thought it would be rather easy...but of the Brooklyn Aquarium Society. nooo, the history has taken on a life of He’s also a member of the North Jersey its own and I’ve discovered many Aquarium Society and its Treasurer, interesting facts both about the Society plus being the Treasurer of the and some its members that served on Northeast Council of Aquarium our Boards throughout two world Societies (NEC) and the husband of wars, depressions, and changes in our Christine Policastro , the present society. President of North Jersey AS. I’ve been fortunate enough to Frank’s memorabilia include have at my disposal almost all of the copies of many of the very first The back issue of the Society’s publications Aquarium Bulletins from 1916 to 1919. from the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s that were They were excellently produced and donated to us by a former member, real treat to read. Marcia Repanes. I thought it would be intere s t i n g I also have Frank Policastro to give voice to the men that ran the to thank for his gracious donation to society in 1916. I know they would be the Society of his vast collection of BAS gratified to see their Society still going historical memorabilia. Frank also spent strong after almost 100 years. many hours with me reminiscing, on On the following page I have tape, about the Society and his time as reprinted an article from George W. a Board member and Treasurer. He Post, BAS President in 1919. Here‘s a helped me fill in many blanks in the short piece he wrote in the June 1919 running of the Society in the 1960’s issue of The Aquarium Bulletin... and stories about some of the odd- 4

JUNE THE AQUARIUM BULLETIN 1919 THE BENEFITS TO BE DERIVED THROUGH MEMBERSHIP IN AN AQUARIUM SOCIETY By Geo. W. Post I have been a member of th e and of the building in which they B rooklyn Aquarium Society, Inc. ever were held. Other departments of the since its first feeble efforts to make City, too, have contributed toward itself known as a Society, in fact I was making them the success that they were . one of its charter members. After vari- Among the members of The ous ups and downs, we incorporated B rooklyn Aquarium Society are many and felt that we were on the right of the recognized leading fish ro a d to build up and maintain an fanciers of the country, men who active and successful Society with an have devoted years of time and enthusiastic working membership study to the p ropagation and bre e d i n g and, when I compare conditions as of plants and animal life that may be they exist at present with the ones of kept in home aquaria. These men a few years ago, I am convinced that have developed the goldfish to the we made no mistake in incorporating most advanced stage and placed the and expanding and placing the So c i e t y most beautiful specimens within on a scientific basis. reach of all. Others are continually at Occasionally, I hear someone work crossing and re - c rossing tro p i c a l ask what benefits are derived fish and in this way developing new through being a member of The species. To the amateur, the help and Brooklyn Aquarium Society. Now advice of these leaders of the fancy this sort of question irritates me and I are worth many times the dues they am sorry that the one asking it does pay to obtain them and to the more not consider the question a little more advanced fancier the association with carefully before putting it. My usual men who are doing things is a most response to such an inquiry is to the pleasant one. Summed up then, the e ffect that the benefits are many and d i rect benefits to be derived are the well worth the small amount we pay help, advice and association of l e a d i n g each year for them. Let me state a few men in the hobby that interests you of the important ones and see if I am most and from these, from the last not right. mentioned particularly, many indire c t Our Society is now re c o g n i z e d benefits will result as a matter of as a scientific body devoted to the study course. of ichthyology and botany as the latter Now with a statement of just applies to aquatic and semi-aquatic a few of the very many advantages plant life. We have been able to hold that are offered to members of our annual exhibitions in the Brooklyn Society, I hope the ones who have not Museum and the kind of treatment fully given the matter of membership we have received there, together with a careful scrutiny will do so and I am the assistance given us in making the confident that it will be a long time exhibitions a success, have been gre a t l y before I hear “What does it amount appreciated and have served as an to, being a member of The Brooklyn incentive for our own efforts in making Aquarium Society, and what do I get the exhibition worthy of the Society out of it?” 5 Andrew Blumhagen F rom Delta Tale, Vols. 31 &32, Potomac Valley Aquarium Society

MY FIRST R E E F AQUARIUM

hat do you think of when you imagine a captive coral reef? Certainly the beautiful colors, variety Wof shapes and alien textures of living corals come to mind, as do flashes of the gaudy hues of s m a l l fish darting in and out of their hiding places. A closer look might re v e a l comical hermit crabs picking tiny delicacies f rom the rock and snails grazing on an invisible layer of algae. Perhaps a feather duster worm suddenly retracts its delicate tentacles as it senses your shadow, or a shrimp dances in the current as its antennae sweep the environs looking for its next meal. 6

But as soon as you are Eclipse System Six retails for approxi- e n t renched in this underwater re v e r i e, mately $60. you realize that the equipment alone for As small and simple as the this wonderful creation costs more Eclipse System Six is, it performs all of than half a year's rent and that the the functions necessary to sustain a invertebrates are more sensitive than simple coral reef aquarium. The fluo- wild-caught discus - ready to crash rescent bulb is bright enough for spectacularly the moment your visit- hardy corals and other sessile inverte- ing mother-in-law sneezes in the brates that will be described l a t e r. The wrong direction. The plumbing looks bulb included with the Eclipse is a like the inner workings of a steam broad-spectrum daylight bulb that is engine, the fish never seem to last for perfect for the reef, however, a bulb more than two weeks and the water with a stronger blue spectrum, such as chemistry would baffle a Nobel laure- a Power-Glo bulb, which will set off ate. Who needs the tro u b l e when you the inflorescence of certain corals, may can go to a public aquarium and see be substituted. The purpose of the floss the same magic without the hassle? and carbon cartridge is fairly obvious, Heck, even a SCUBA tour of the though it's important to maintain fre s h Solomon Islands would be c h e a p e r ! carbon in a small system such as this to Well, believe it or not, you're now going absorb accumulations of dissolved to learn how to re-create this delicate organic material. The Biowheel pro- but beautiful enviro n m e n t for about two vides efficient wet/dry filtration for hundred dollars and one hour of main- the system and keeps the water well tenance each month. aerated. Due to the inherently high Equipment: amounts of dissolved solids in saltwa- The micro-reef aquarium described ter, it holds much less dissolved oxy- here is centered around the Eclipse gen than freshwater does, therefore, the System Six. The Eclipse incorporates Biowheel becomes an essential compo- the tank, hood, filter and light into a nent of the system. compact unit that sits on any flat sur- If the system is placed in a ro o m face capable of supporting 75 pounds. where the ambient temperature drops It measures 16" long by 8" deep by below 70°, a small, submersible heater 14.5" tall and holds (you guessed it!) will be needed. A 25 watt VisiTherm six gallons of water. The front curves heater, which retails for about $15, is outward to create a magnifying eff e c t ideal. The optimum temperature is and the sides taper slightly towards the 75°, but keep in mind that the light rear. The tank's construction of high- and pump will add about four degrees quality acrylic also enhances the to the system. A timer for the light is a p p e a r a n c e of the system. The hood essential, as a consistent photo period contains an 8-watt fluorescent light of 11 to 12 hours per day is necessary completely covered by a plastic shield, to maintain healthy corals. The timer a small pump that feeds the filter, a can be purchased at any hard w a re store floss and carbon cartridge, and a for about $5. This is all the equipment Biowheel. The hood is comp l e t e l y re q u i red for the reef aquarium, except for sealed so that the reef critters stay in the certain maintenance items that will be tank and everything else stays out. The discussed later. So far, we've only spent $80. 7

Furnishings: five pounds of live rock is a good starting What makes a reef tank a reef point. To select live rock, use your eyes tank? Primarily, it's the presence of live and your nose. Look first for rock rock. Live rock, as its name implies, is encrusted with coralline alga. coral skeletons that have become inhabited Coralline alga is an extremely by bacteria; micro and macroalgae; important component of the reef system. It worms; sessile invertebrates, like corals, is distinctively pink, red or purple and anemones, sponges, crustaceans and feels like wet chalk. In addition to other marine organisms. It serves as the removing organic wastes, it prevents building blocks for your reef, as well as unwanted algae from taking charge of fulfilling a number of other important the tank, as other algae are not able to functions. Most important is the biological grow on top of it. Next, look for other function it performs. Live rock actually organisms attached to the rock. reduces organic wastes from the fish and Macroalgae (seaweed) is good other animals living in the aquarium. for the tank and aesthetically pleasing. The coralline algae (pink, purple or re d Live corals, sponges, tubeworms, m i c roalgae with calcareous or calcium- snails and other animals are generally containing cell walls) absorb nitro g e n desirable as well. Basically, the best live and phosphorous just as live plants do rock is the live rock with as much "stuff " in a freshwater aquarium. In addition, g rowing on it as possible. Look also for live rock is full of holes, tunnels and interesting shapes that will be used to crevices. These p rovide perfect habitats c o n s t ruct the reef. After looking at the for denitrifying bacteria. In the outside live rock, give it a good sniff. If it smells of the hole, aerobic bacteria perform the foul, don't buy it. It should smell like a familiar nitrification process (which is the clear ocean breeze, not a rotting pile of same in saltwater as it is in fresh, though seaweed or a bait bucket that's been left in with diff e rent bacteria species) of the sun. Premium live rock tends to converting ammonia into nitrites, then cost between $5 and $7 per pound. nitrites into nitrates. Toward the back No furnishings other than live of the hole where oxygen has become rock are needed for the system, however it scarce, denitrifying anaerobic bacteria may be more aesthetically pleasing to c o m p l e t e the cycle, converting nitrates cover the bottom of the aquarium with into nitrogen gas. In addition to pro- gravel instead of keeping a bare tank viding habitats for your animals, p l a n t s floor. Use a small amount of crushed and bacteria, live rock also intro d u c e s a wide coral or aragonite gravel, at most 1/2" variety of organisms into your t a n k . thick, preferably 1/4" or less. The size of These provide a diversity of org a n i s m s that the gravel does not particularly matter for can serve as food to other reef in h a b i- the thin layer that will be used here. So tants, but mostly delight the aquarist as far the total cost of the system is about $130. they are observed popping out of nowhere Setting Up: and growing into re c o g n i z a b l e forms. The obvious first step is to select In this system, six to eight a location for your micro - reef. It should be pounds of live rock will be needed. It's placed where it is easily viewed and important to remember that the corals readily accessible for feeding a n d to be added to the system will come maintenance. Direct sunlight should be attached to live rock as well. Four or avoided; it may cause undesirable algae 8

g rowth on the acrylic and sudden s p i k e s be mentioned that specific gravity a n d in water temperature. A s m e n t i o n e d salinity are two completely different above, any flat, sturdy surface that will attributes of water. Salinity is the support 75 pounds is perfect. This can measurement of dissolved ions in t h e be a dresser in the bedroom, a desk at w a t e r. Specific gravity is the density of the work, the kitchen counter, or the top of water (weight/volume). For the purposes a toilet tank. The easiest way to test of keeping a relatively simple microreef whether the surface will hold the aquarium the distinction is not particularly important. is to sit on it first. If it breaks, find another Now, we’re ready to fill the surface. If it doesn't, it's plenty strong. Eclipse. Start by mixing five gallons of The quality of the water used in saltwater in a five-gallon bucket. This the micro-reef is extremely important. may not be quite as easy as it seems. The presence of organic chemicals, The first time you mix saltwater, use a pesticides, chlorine, and fertilizers will set of measuring cups. For five gallons a s s u redly ruin your hopes for a healthy of water at least a cup of salt mix will reef in spectacular fashion. Similarly, be needed. Mix the salt into the water traces of metals in the water like copper, with clean hands (free of soap, hair iron, lead or mercury will destroy your products, nicotine, grease or anything invertebrates and likely your fish a s else). A long-handled spoon or other well. While it might be assumed that mixing device could theoretically be the water is safe simply because it comes used but it’s not likely that the hands f rom the tap, a review of a printout fro m will stay dry anyway during setup or the local water company will probably regular maintenance. The water will be enough to warrant another source initially be white and cloudy. Let it sit of water. It is probably wisest to use a until it clears, then measure the specific de-ionization or re v e r s e osmosis filter gravity with the hydro m e t e r. The targ e t on the water to be used in the reef. If spg will be 1.022 to 1.023. This is these are not available, distilled water slightly higher than might be used in a can be purchased at the drug or grocery fish-only aquarium but slightly lower store. It's only a six - gallon tank, after all. than the average spg of the tropical The salt mix must also be of the oceans. If needed, add additional salt highest quality. Tropic Marine and mix in small increments, each time Reef Crystals are premium salt mixes allowing the salt to completely dissolve which contain all of the necessary trace before measuring. Keep track of how elements and buffers for a healthy much salt is put in each increment and micro-reef. A bag of premium salt mix when the target is reached, add up the that makes fifty gallons of saltwater increments so that the amount of salt costs less than $20. A hydrometer will mix needed for five gallons of water be needed for mixing the salt with the can be recorded or memorized. water to the appropriate salinity. This Pour about half the water into is a device that measures the specific the Eclipse and set aside the rest for t h e gravity (spg) of the water, thereby moment. If any gravel is to be used it indicating how much salt is dissolved should be added at this point. Make in the water. A S e a Test hydrometer made su re it is very well rinsed or it will cloud by Aquarium Systems is sufficient for our the water and leave nasty-looking purposes and costs about $12. It m u s t deposits on the inside of the acrylic. 9

Now the tank is ready for live rock. will not support any of the animals Remove any wrapping that the live that the reef will eventually maintain. rock may have come with and simply One of the best ways to measure place it in the tank. The live rock should be the curing process is by watching alga stacked to about two thirds the height growth on the tank walls and on the of the aquarium. Be creative in this rocks. Initially, algae will grow very process; all too often reef tanks look quickly. As the live rock cures, it will like they were assembled like brick slow down to a manageable level with walls, unnatural and regular like they regular maintenance. While the live were, well, man-made. Use a good rock is curing, water changes of about amount of time turning the rocks all two gallons every week may be needed d i ff e rent directions, making caves, coves, to reduce nutrient levels in the tank. spires, shelves and other features that Once alga growth slows down, it’s time the inhabitants will eventually weave to start adding animals to the tank. in and out of, or perhaps claim as their There are two problem algae exclusive territory. Pieces of live rock to watch out for during this period often have a “good side” with noticeably and during regular maintenance. more organisms growing on it. Put Cyanobacteria is readily recognizable. It that side facing out and up so that the coats the substrate and furnishings in organisms can be viewed, and will an ugly layer in a variety of colors receive the light that feeds them. The from blue-green to red to black, hence reef should not actually touch any of its more common name, slime algae. the walls of the tank as this will likely Fortunately it is easily removed. create dead spots devoid of essential Simply start a siphon with a water circulation. Take care that the narrow, flexible tube and suck it right rocks are stable since a freak landslide off the substrate. Replace the waste may kill prized corals or shrimp. To water with newly mixed saltwater. check, give the stack a gentle push Slime algae are not only ugly, but they from several different directions to can smother other beneficial org a n i s m s , make sure they’re securely in place. It blocking light and nutrients. The other will be very difficult to rearrange the problem algae are filamentous or hair rocks once the reef is established, so algae. This looks like green fuzz grow- make sure that reef the looks good, ing on the rocks and is very difficult to even without animals. Once the reef is remove once it has a foothold. At the built, add the remainder of the water first sign, initiate weekly water changes and place the hood on the tank. Turn of two gallons. Start adding a l g a v o re s on the filter and let it run for a few (see livestock selection below) to attack days before turning on the light. the hair algae already in place. In the Now comes the hard part, the worst-case scenario, the rocks may have waiting game. Live rock often needs a to be removed and scrubbed with a good amount of time to “cure” once it’s stiff-bristle brush dedicated to this in the aquarium. Some of the org a n i s m s purpose. Hair algae are not particularly on the rock die from the stress of dangerous to the reef organisms, but it transportation and changes in water. looks bad and prevents other beneficial The rotting corpses cause nutrient organisms like coralline algae from spikes, creating an environment that growing. 10

Livestock: w h y. Hermits are sufficiently entertaining This is the fun part. Finally, to merit their own tank and look the animals that inspired this project in especially good featured in a small the first place can be added. Don’t g e t system. They scramble over the reef, too carried away, though… the first daintily picking morsels from the rock rule of successfully starting a micro while dragging their dispro p o r t i o n a t e l y reef is to go slowly. There is a natural large homes on their backs. You may p ro g ression in which the animals should periodically find “corpses.” Before you be added to the tank. First start with despair an untimely death in the tank, algavores. These serve an important realize that these are probably molts purpose in the reef, but don’t need to left behind by the growing Hermits. The be boring or unnoticed. There are addition of a few snail shells (usually essentially three choices for the cleanup available from the retailer that sold c rew: hermit crabs, snails, and algavoro u s you the Hermits) may be a good idea fish. Most fish, like tangs and lawn- to keep the little clowns from trying to mower blennies, grow too large and evict a compatriot from its own s h e l l are too aggressive for the six-gallon as they grow out of their old ones. Eclipse, so they can be ruled out entire l y. Hermits are excellent algavores and will Once the problem algae are under contro l also consume any uneaten food in the and the live rock appears to be gro w i n g aquarium. In a six-gallon reef, as many coralline algae and other “good” as a dozen Hermits may be main- organisms like feather-duster worms, tained, perhaps more, and the t w o sessile (non-moving, like corals) inver- species may be combined. Start by tebrates may be added. If all goes well, adding six or eight total. If a hair algae a fish or decorative shrimp may be added p roblem is evident, add more. Hermits to complete the system. Of course, it’s usually cost two or three dollars each. not necessary or even advisable to keep Another useful and popular all of the various decorative organisms algavore for the microreef aquarium is discussed here. Space and nutrient the Astraea (Lithopoma tectum) snail. management are the key to a successful These small snails, which look like micro-reef aquarium. rounded, spiral turbans with small Two species of hermit crabs are lines of knobs following the spiral, a p p ropriate for this system, Blue-Legged readily eat diatoms (brown algae) and (Clibanarius tricolor) and Scarlet-Legged filamentous algae. I recently added (C. digueti, also known as Red-Legged five of these snails to a 45 gallon or Mexican Red-Legged) Hermit Crabs. marine aquarium and they ate a Blue-Legged Hermits are easily identified substantial layer of algae on the front by (no surprise here!) their blue legs glass in less than a week. Astraea snails with white and red bands at the joints. should not be confused with their larg- They are also somewhat smaller than er cousins, Turbo sp. snails. Turbo their red cousins. Scarlet-Legged snails, while also excellent algavores, Hermits are easily identified by their grow too large for a small system. astonishingly bright red legs. Their bodies Check with your retailer to make sure are a pale orange or pink color. Hermit you buy the right species. Astraea crabs are ubiquitous to all reef aquariums, snails eat substantially more than her- barring only those that contain pre d a t o r s . mit crabs, so fewer are needed. Start A few moments watching them reveals with two or three, but only if there is a 11

discernible layer of algae for them to tom, a mouth at the top and a column eat. They may starve otherwise. If these in between. There may be tentacles are not controlling alga growth after a around the mouth that can grab food couple of weeks, add one or two more. and stuff it into the mouth. Five or six Astraea snails are probably Rudimentary digestive organs, called the limit for this reef system. They mesenteries, are found inside the body should cost about the same as hermit column. Polyps usually only have one crabs. or two layers of cells and so are very Now that the live rock has delicate. The bulk of the polyp’s mass cured and problem algae are under is actually seawater; polyps can con- control, the system is ready for corals trol the amount of water between cell and their close relatives. There are layers and thus extend or contract thousands of species of corals in the depending on the situation. Many world’s oceans and probably hundre d s marine cnidarians have a symbiotic available in the aquarium trade. A f e w relationship with z o o x a n t h e l l a e, which of the easiest to keep will be discussed a re photosynthetic algae that live inside here. First, however, there are a few the cnidarian’s cells. Zooxanthellae feed important general concepts to on the waste chemicals that are pro- understand about corals and other duced by the cnidarian and in turn pro- cnidarians. Cnidarians (formerly duce sugars and other compounds, Coelenterates, for those folks that may which the cnidarian uses as an energy have taken high school biology b e f o re source. These photosynthetic algae are the the reclassification) are animals, ev e n reason that a powerful light source of though they may look quite v e g e t a t i v e the a p p ropriate spectrum and photope- or even alien. The phylum C n i d a r i a r i o d is so important to the success of encompasses corals, anemones, j e l l y f i s h many corals and their relatives in cap- and hydras. The distinguishing feature tivity. C n i d a r i a n s a re also able to of a cnidarian is its stinging cells. The absorb minerals and organic com- cells contain a small harpoon, which is pounds directly from the ambient triggered by physical, electromagnetic water. Ammonia, in small or chemical stimuli. These harpoons amounts, is actually an important come in many shapes, and may contain nutrient for many c n i d a r i a n s; calcium, varying levels of toxins which may be magnesium, carbon and other minerals injected into a pre d a t o r, intruder, or ill- are also important. Only healthy placed neighbor. P r a c t i c a l l y, this means cnidarian specimens should be pur- that any cnidarian must not touch any chased from a retailer. They should be other animal in the aquarium. Damage well extended with uniform colors and or death to one or both of the animals without rips in the tissue. Bleached in question will certainly ensue. Most or patchy specimens are unhealthy cnidarians kept in aquaria are struc- and should not be purc h a s e d . tured as polyps. Large, single speci- Damaged specimens will not recover. mens, like anemones, can be up to Generally speaking, if the specimen three feet across. Others, like small looks good, it is probably healthy. polyp stony corals, are large colonies Corallimorpharians, commonly of tiny polyps attached to each other’s known as mushroom anemones or tissue. A polyp has a foot at the bot- mushroom corals, are one of the most 12

popular cnidarians found in aquaria. Frankly, this is a rather odd process. A These are individual polyps that look glob of slimy-looking tissue is extended like disks with a small mouth in the from the parent mushroom. A mouth c e n t e r. They attach themselves to a hard will appear on the glob and the substrate by a foot on their undersides. mushroom will start to take shape. Mushrooms come in an astonishing Once the clone can support itself, the variety of colors from red to blue to co n n e c t i o n to the parent will be severe d. green to many shades of brown. They Mushrooms have a couple can have stripes, spots, rough textures other “behavioral” idiosyncrasies. or smooth. They come from pristine Some species actually feed by catching reef waters and muddy harbors. There prey or debris on their discs. Once din- is truly a mushroom for everyone. ner is secured, the mushroom will turn Mushrooms utilize photosynthetic itself inside out to consume it. In this zooxanthellae but don’t necessarily need state they look like rotting figs. When as much light as their stony c o u s i n s . mushrooms are disturbed, they may F o r t u n a t e l y, they let you know what they expel their mesenteries (digestive think of their habitat. If they are getting organs). These twisted, white strings too much light, they will not fully will be reclaimed in a few hours. extend or will shrivel before the light Another hardy choice of goes out. You can solve this by placing c n i d a r i a n s for the micro reef is zo a n t h i d s, the mushrooms farther down in the or zoanthid polyps. These are s m a l l , tank or in the shade, or by tilting the individual polyps that live in dense rock so that the light does not hit t h e colonies but, with a few exceptions, them dire c t l y. If they are not getting a re not actually attached to one another enough light they will extend them- at the base of each polyp. Zoanthids selves upward toward the light in a also utilize zooxanthellae and should b e trumpet shape. This is also easily placed where they will re c e i v e solved by moving the mushrooms up maximum light levels. They are particularly in the aquarium or by tilting them so vulnerable to the stinging cells of other that they can absorb more direct light. cnidarians so particular care is needed Over time, mushrooms will adjust the in placing them with a buffer z o n e amount of z o o x a n t h e l l a e in their tissues to the between them and their neighb o r s . level best suited to their environment Healthy z o a t h n i d s will also re p roduce in and individual needs. They may a l s o this system. A bud will appear at the need a little help from the aquarist to foot of the parent polyp and will grow adjust. If new mushrooms are not faring into a full-sized clone. As with well, the photoperiod can be re d u c e d co r a l l i m o r p h a r i a n s, the clone will se p a r a t e to eight or nine hours per day, then f rom the parent once it is se l f - s u ff i c i e n t . gradually increased. Too much light Zoanthids can reproduce rapidly in and can be a problem as mushrooms will may cover large areas of live rock in actually “overeat” leading to high l e v e l s the tank. If your colony is “too” of dangerous hydrogen peroxide in successful, it may be necessary to their tissue. Iodine supplements can remove covered live rock and return ease this problem (see the “Maintenance” them to the dealer or trade them with section below). Healthy mushrooms a friend. Perhaps the most popular a re likely to re p roduce in the aquarium. zo a n t h i d s a re Yellow Polyps (P a r a z o a n t h u s 13

s p . ) . As their name suggests, they are creating a very attractive b a c k d ro p . yellow in color, ranging from d a r k C a re of Star Polyps is similar to that of m u s t a rd to bright sunshine shades. zoanthid polyps, except that they don’t They look essentially like hydras with need quite as much light. Pulsing or tall columns and long tentacles extending Pumping Xenia (Xenia spp.) is another f rom the crown. Their mouth is a bright popular soft coral but is more yellow knob in the center of the tentacles. demanding than z o a n t h i d s o r Most other zoanthid varieties have a corallimorpharians. It has stalks from wide disk on top of a stalk, with a ring which branches of polyps extend. of tentacles around the rim of the disk. When healthy, the feathery tentacles They are usually brown and may have make a grabbing motion, opening and green iridescence and/or a brightly- closing while swaying in the current, colored center and mouth. but Xenia’s movement can pose a risk Identification of these species to other organisms in the tank. Make is tricky but care for all of them is the sure that branches do not touch other same. In fact, many zoanthid colonies cnidarians as they sway in the current. for sale actually contain more than one Xenia is an active coral that provides species. Common varieties are sold as fascinating movement in the tank. Button Polyps, Sand Polyps, Colony Xenia needs a lot of light, so it should Polyps, Sea Mats (these are the polyps be placed directly in the middle and that attach to one another at the base) top of the aquarium where the light is or simply Zoanthid Polyps. Take note brightest. Varieties that are darker in color that not every c n i d a r i a n sold as a “Polyp” will be more successful as they have is a zoanthid. Certain true corals, like g reater concentrations of z o o x a n t h e ll a e. Clove Polyps and Star Polyps, may So what’s a fish tank without have different requirements and any fish? In this system, it’s perfectly should not be confused with zoanthids. reasonable to decide against keeping C o r a l l i m o r p h a r i a n s and z o a n th i d s any fish. Most fish offered for sale in a re not true corals. There are subtle the trade will simply grow too big. If morphological diff e r ences that you decide to keep a fish, it should be distinguish them from corals, like the added only after the population of number of tentacles and the size and cnidarians has been established for a shape of the mesenteries relative to the few weeks. In my micro reef, I kept a polyp size. Few true corals that are single Pacific Yellowtail Blue appropriate for this system. A few that Damselfish (Chrysiptera parasema, not are often mistaken for zoanthids are exceptions: Green Star Polyps and to be confused with the Atlantic Brown Star Polyps (Briareum spp.) Yellowtail a/k/a Jewel Damselfish) could make a nice addition to this system. very successfully. Yellowtail Damsels These look like z o a n t h i d s except that they a re striking royal blue with (no surprise form an encrusting brown or reddish here) a sunshine-yellow tail. They are mat from which the polyps grow. In a playful and will spend much of their healthy colony, the mat will s p re a d time in view. Their close relatives, Blue over the live rock and new polyps will Devils, (Chrysiptera cyanea) also will pop up from the growth. Star Polyps not outgrow a six-gallon aquarium. Of may coat the inside wall of an aquarium, course, the most popular family of 14 marine fish for aquaria is the clownfish. Common Cleaner shrimp (Lysmata The most popular species of the family, amboinensis) are beautiful crustaceans the Percula Clownfish (Amphiprion perc u l a) that add quite a bit of character to the will stay small enough to keep in the tank. They are golden-yellow with a system. Perculas a re bright orange with narrow white stripe down their back t h ree white bars and varying degrees and a wider red stripe on either side of of black around the bars and fin mar- the white stripe. They have long white gins. Their comical swimming motion antennae that sweep around looking and bright color makes them extreme- for food and potential predators. The ly endearing. A P e rc u l a should be kept as Cleaner shrimp’s close relative, the a single specimen to avoid overloading Fire shrimp (Lysmata debenius), is the tank with nutrients. Neon Gobies another good choice. They also have (Gobiosoma oceanops and G. evelynae) long white antennae, but are colored are another possible choice and are deep scarlet with a few small white perhaps the only fish that could be spots. Both species are cleaners in the kept in a small group of two or three. wild, where they climb fearlessly onto They are black with a neon blue or large fish to pick parasites and bits of gold stripe from nose to tail. They are dead skin. They’ll even venture inside long and narrow and typically only the mouth of ferocious predators, such grow to two inches long. as groupers. In captivity, they may learn Unfortunately, their natural life span is to hop onto their aquarist’s hand to only about one year, so they would perform the same service. This is a trick have to be replaced periodically. that should be reserved for regular Another goby commonly offered in maintenance, when the water level in the trade, the Citron Goby (Gobiodon citri - the tank is lowered and the aquarist’s n u s) , might also be considered but o n l y hands are free of any contaminants. as a single specimen. Finally, several mem- Either shrimp can be kept as single bers of the Genus Pseudochromis, com- specimen unless there are no fish in monly called Dottybacks or Basslets, the system, in which case two or three may be considered. The Orchid may be kept and the species may be Dottyback (Pseudochromis fridmani), mixed. Two species of commonly Strawberry or Magenta Dottyback (P. available crabs make good reef resi- pophyreus) and Fairy Basslet or Bicolor dents as well. Emerald crabs (Mithrax Pseudochromis (P. paccagnellae) each stay sculptus) are uniformly gray-green in small enough to live comfortably in color and make excellent algae grazers this system. While selecting a fish at a as well as adding interest to the micro dealer, make su re that there are no obvi- reef. Sally Lightfoot crabs (Percnon ous pro b l e m s such as torn fins or exter- gibbesi), which have narrow purple, nal parasites or infection. Ask the orange, brown and yellow stripes, are dealer to feed the fish before you also good algae grazers and move p u rchase it to ensure that it has adapted around quite a bit more than the to life in an aquarium. Feeding fish Emerald crabs. Both of these are also a n d the other reef denizens will be dis- best kept as single specimens in a micro c u s s e d in the “Maintenance” section reef. Finally, there is a family of segmented below. worms that make beautiful additions Besides fish and cnidarians, to reef aquaria. Feather Duster worms t h e re are a few other decorative construct a tube or burrow to protect animals that fare well in a micro reef. their body. They then stick a plume of 15

tentacles out of the tube to trap plank- mobile or sessile (non-moving), ton and floating debris. Small Feather remove it immediately. Otherwise, the Dusters are likely to appear in healthy byproducts of decay will completely live rock, but larger specimens are sold disrupt the balance in the reef and in d i v i d u a l l y. They come in a wide variety cause harm to the other animals. Take of colors. Most of them have brown, note of extraordinary algae growth and gold and/or black striped tentacles, take appropriate measures (described while others have pink and white below) if it continues unabated. Water stripes. When Feather Dusters sense loss from evaporation should be movement, either by vibrations in the replenished periodically with fresh water or by sudden changes in light water (evaporation removes only patterns, they rapidly suck themselves water, not salt!). The water level back into their protective tubes. After a should not be allowed to drop more few moments, they cautiously extend than a half inch below the top frame of their tentacles again. the aquarium. Otherwise, the salt level This list of animals should will rise and the splashing will l e a v e give a nearly limitless number of salt deposits on the insides of the t a n k livestock combinations for a micro and hood. If there are fish, shrimp, reef. The animals highlighted here are crabs and other larger decorative by no means the only ones appro p r i a t e , animals in the aquarium, they will but are some of the most common and need to be fed. Feed a small pinch of popular selections. There are many, general marine flake food three or four many animals that are certainly not times a week. If there are Feather appropriate for this system. Duster worms in the tank, crush a Anemones, Giant Clams flake or two into fine powder and add (Tridacna spp.), and stony corals (with it to the reef. There should not be any a few possible exceptions) will almost noticeable amount of uneaten food certainly not survive in this system. about one half hour after feeding. Any fish or crustacean that grows to Hermit crabs and shrimp will clean up more than two or three inches is not most leftovers. Most reef inhabitants appropriate and many others may will appreciate periodic feedings of li v e damage other animals in the aquarium. or frozen brine shrimp, brine shrimp Additional research is a good idea; a nauplii and Daphnia, if available. few resources are listed below. Most Daphnia and newly hatched brine importantly, never purchase an animal shrimp are particularly good for without knowing what its needs and cnidarians and Feather Duster Worms. behavioral traits are. Perform a one-gallon water change every two weeks. Make sure Maintenance: that your hands are clean before starti n g Maintenance of a micro reef maintenance. It may be wise to rinse should not be onerous and will become them very well in warm water to easy once a regular routine is established. ensure that no soap, shampoo, grease Examine the aquarium’s inhabitants or anything else is left on them. DO on a daily basis. Note any differences NOT wash your hands in soap just in behavior, appearance and health of before maintenance. The traces left on the animals. If an animal dies, whether your hands will be enough to kill 16

many organisms in the tank. Before water very carefully with the stream of removing the hood to change water, water directed away from any remove any salt deposits (salt creep) c n i d a r i a n s. Once the aquarium is that may have formed from splashing refilled, replace the top and wipe the water around the filter. Remove the outside with a clean, dry, soft cloth. hood very slowly so that salt creep Acrylic can scratch! Test the cloth to be does not accidentally fall into the tank. used on your cheek or inner arms to Cnidarians can be burned by small see whether there are any sharp parti- pieces of salt that land on their tissue. cles or rough spots on the cloth that If there’s a gravel substrate, a small might scratch the tank. Every month vacuum and siphon should be used to the carbon and floss cartridge should remove detritus from the gravel. If there be replaced. The light bulb should be is no gravel, a siphon tube should be replaced every nine to twelve months. d i rected under and between rocks where detritus buildups are noticeable. Trouble Shooting: Certain kinds of algae, such as The biggest challenge in keep- cyanobacteria (slime algae) and filamen- i n g a micro reef is controlling algae. If tous algae, can and should be removed algavores are not keeping algae under by siphon. Once a gallon of water or control, it may be necessary to start a so is removed, wipe the inside of more aggressive regimen of water t h e aquarium even if there is little or changes. One gallon every week or no noticeable algae. Use an acrylic-safe two gallons every two weeks should sponge or pad, which is dedicated help reduce algae. A phosphate only to this reef system, to clean algae. remover designed for reef aquariums It’s probably a good idea to mix salt- may be necessary for particularly bad water 24 hours before adding it to the outbreaks. The photoperiod may also tank to ensure that it is completely be reduced to discourage algae growth dissolved and stable. As mentioned in but this must be balanced with the part one, high quality salt mixes needs of the animals containing contain all trace minerals necessary to photosynthetic zooxanthellae. There are maintain healthy animals in the reef. a few “bad” organisms that may grow Iodine is a possible exception. Iodine in a reef aquarium. One is Green Pearl can reduce stress in corallimorpharians algae (Valonia) which looks like green and encourage rapid growth of bubbles that grow directly on the live coralline algae. If your mushrooms rock. Valonia will stress and possibly and coralline algae are healthy, don’t damage any cnidarians with which it bother with it. Iodine is quite toxic so comes into contact. In small numbers great care must be exercised with it. it is not harmful, but if the p o p u l a t i o n Iodine reef supplements are available of Valonia starts to incre a s e, removal in liquid and powder form. Use half may be necessary. They can be the suggested dosage for five gallons removed from the rock with a pair of of water once a month. Liquid drops tweezers or deft fingers. Aiptasia may be put into a small container of anemones are another pest that can water and divided if need be (it’s hard quickly grow out of control. They look to measure half a drop!), then added to like yellow polyps, but are an ugly the mixed saltwater. Add the new b rown color and can g row much larg e r. 17

Like their decorative cousins, A i p t a s i a in the photoperiod. Poor water quality uses powerful stinging cells to ward will also cause stress in cnidarians. You o f f neighbors and predators. In small may wish to periodically take a water numbers, they will not pose a pro b l e m sample in to an aquarium store for a to the other animals in the tank, but if broad-spectrum water test, especially their rapid re p ro d u c t i o n is unchecked, if any of the animals appear to be they can overcome a small aquarium struggling. If the results indicate a quickly. The best way to avoid Aiptasia problem, initiate an aggressive water is to not purchase live rock that has change regimen as described above. them growing on it. Even so, a couple Finally, if nothing seems to work for a of hitchhikers are likely to reveal stressed cnidarian and it eventually themselves after the reef is established. dies, consider it a lesson learned and Unfortunately, they are rather difficult don’t try that particular animal again. to remove. One strategy for removal is to grab them with a pair of pliers and Conclusion: pull as much off the rock as possible. I hope this article inspires a This prevents them from reproducing few folks to venture into the wonderful for a while, but they are likely to grow world of marine reef keeping. Buyers back. Peppermint shrimp b e w a re, however; small reefs are known to (R h y n c h o c i n e t e s uritai) are reported to be habit-forming and often turn into eat Aiptasia, but they will also eat deco- much larger ones! Since I started this rative z o a n t h i d s. Other methods, like article, Marineland has introduced a injecting them with vinegar or boiling twelve-gallon Eclipse system that would b e water with a syringe, have also been equally well suited to a simple micro suggested. A full-blown outbreak will reef, but will obviously cost more to probably require outside research and set up and stock. Read as much as pos- a little experimentation. sible and don’t be afraid to ask ques- Outside of controlling pro b l e m tions, but keep in mind that there are algae and Aiptasia, stress in cnidarians as many opinions on the art of reef is probably the most likely challenge keeping as there are fish in the sea. in keeping a micro reef. Other animals Experience is the key and keeping a living in the tank may stress c n i d a r i a n s. reef is the only way to gain it. Enjoy While the fish and crustaceans mentioned the micro reef; it will treat you to in this article are not likely to attack hours of fascination. c n i d a r i a n s , it’s always an outside p o s- s i b i l i t y. If another animal is observed ir r i- tating or attacking a Cnidarian re g u l a r l y, References: you must make a decision whether to • The Conscientious Marine Aquarist by keep the stressed Cnidarian or the Robert Fenner guilty party. A photoperiod that is too • The Reef Aquarium, volumes 1 and 2, long or too short may also cause stre s s . by Charles Delbeek and Julian Sprung Shriveled Cnidarians may appreciate a • Dr. Burgess’ Mini-Atlas of Marine little less light for a period of time, fol- Aquarium Fishes by Wa r ren Burgess et al. lowed by a gradual increase, so that they may adjust. Pale or weak-looking cnidarians may appreciate an increase 18 John Todaro BAS ALL HAIL THE EMPEROR TETRA

FAMILY: Characins SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nematobrycon palmeri COMMON NAME: Emperor Tetra REGION: Rivers and streams of Colombia. SIZE: 1 3/4 to 2 inches. TEMPERATURE: Between 79˚F-82˚F. WATER QUALITY: pH 5.0 to 7.8 and dGH 25˚ HA B I T S: Peaceful Good community fish, it should be kept with other peaceful s p e c i e s . FOOD REQUIREMENTS: Not fussy. Live, frozen & flake foods. SEX: Male is more colorful and has a longer hook-shaped dorsal. Female is general smaller without a hook-shaped dorsal. BREEDING: Not a prolific species. 19 ALL HAIL THE EMPEROR TETRA

n active and colorful fish, the Emperor tetra makes a good community fish if kept with other peaceful species. Like most tetras it does best if Akept in schools. They look best in a tank with dark gravel and dense vegetation. Keep the light subdued. This can be achieved by having some floating plants in the tank; duck weed would be a good choice. The male has an elongated dorsal and a well developed caudal fin. The anal fin is very long with a narrow dark band along the outer e d g e s . The female lacks the elongated dorsal and anal fin. Both males and f e m a l e s have an iridescent grass-green or blue green band that runs from the gill cover to the caudal peduncle. E m p e ror Tetras are not very prolific species, but it is possible to b reed them in a 10 gallon tank. Set up the tank with well aged soft, slightly acidic water, and a temperature of 81˚ - 82˚F. Keep the light low and have the tank well planted or use a couple of large spawning mops. To get the largest spawn, pick a pair and move them to the spawn- ing tank. If you have more than a pair in the spawning tank, they will eat the eggs as the pair spawn. Introduce the breeding pair and feed live foods to get them into condition. The male will drive the female very actively. The female will lay eggs one at a time among the plants, like Myriopyllum, or the spawning mops. This will go on for several hours. Once finished, the parent should be removed, since they will eat their eggs. The fry will hatch out in one or two days’, once hatched, they should be feed very small live foods. After a day or so, they will be able to take newly hatched brine shrimp. The fry are hardy and not difficult to raise to maturity.

References: • Aquarium Atlas, Vol. 1 H. Baensch, R. Riehl, Pub. H.A. Baensch, 1987 • The Encyopedia of Freshwater Tropical Fishes, Axelrod, Pub TFH, 1996 • The Encyopedia of Tropical Aquarium Fish, D. Mills, G. Vevers, Pub. Crescent Books, 1968 • Aquarium Digest International Vol. I, No. 3, 1972, Pub. Tetra, 1972 20 Izzy Zwerin - BAS

The Practical Plant

HYGROPHILIA POLYSPERMA 21

PHOTO ERIK OLSON

HYGROPHILIA POLYSPERMA:

his is a great plant, period. All right, I’ll elaborate. I have a specimen of this plant currently in my guppy tank. Although at one time or another it Thas probably visited most of my tanks, or at least some cuttings from it. My specimen is a cultivar known as “Sunset Hygro.” This plant used to be re a d i l y available at your local pet shop. Unfortunately, some fool (either intentionally or accidentally) released some into the wild, where it became a problem. To make a long story short, the plant is now on the Federal Noxious Weed list and can no longer be shipped across state lines. What was once a popular plant is now completely unavailable. The only way you will ever find this plant is if some club member brings cuttings in to auction. 22

My Guppy set up about 3” long. Two is in a 25 gallon tank. I leaves, opposed to keep all the males in this each other, emerge at aquarium. The pH is each node. The about 6.8, temperature is leaves of the follow- kept at 78˚ and the GH ing node are rotated runs about 60. This 90˚ around the stem aquarium has 130 watt axis. The “Sunset Compact Fluorescent Hygro,” when grown lighting (Coralife in proper lighting, is “Aqualight” double strip) a bright light green and CO2 enrichment. A color. Each leaf is Fluval canister filter etched in deep veins (model #204) with the which are almost output being directed white in color. As the through a submerged plant grows taller spray bar is doing my fil- (and even closer to tration. I use t h e the light) the leaves Estimated Index system of start to take on a fertilizer dosing. This pinkish coloring. At means that once a week I the top of the plant perform a large water the vegetative tip can change (50-75%). This is become almost usually done on magenta. It has Saturday. Don’t worry grown well for me about the large volume of under a variety of water being replaced; lighting and water your fish will love it. This conditions. B e c a u s e large water change is nec- of its branching and essary to reset the system. Then on s p re a d i n g nature it takes on a rather Saturday, Monday and Wednesday, I bushy and wild appearance. This is dose the macronutrients, and on one of those plants that will help S u n d a y, Tuesday and Thursday, I dose maintain good water quality because it the micronutrients. Friday I take the day is such a fast grower and an aggressive off. The lighting is timer controlled feeder. These fast growth and heavy and on for 12 hours a day. feeding habits make it a great plant for It is a shame that this plant c o m b a t i n g algae. One of the really has become so difficult to find. This interesting things about this plant is plant has a lot going for it. It is easily the coloring. It is my understanding cultivated, hardy and attractive. It’s a that the coloring of this plant is due to stem plant that is tolerant of a wide the activity of a virus which it harbors. range of aquarium condition. It can get You heard all the good. Now rather large, but can handle the we have to cover the bad and the ugly. aggressive pruning needed to keep This plant, as discussed, is very fast this plant under control. The plant has growing and highly aggressive. When I leaves that are lanceolate shaped and say fast gro w i n g , I mean that at the end 23

of the day you can see that the plant has et! That is the big problem with this g ro w n since you turned the lights on in plant, and how it landed on the the morning. Sunset Hygro will b r a n c h Federal Noxious Weed List. It will need p ro f u s e l y ; virtually every node it f requent, and, at times, quite aggre s s i v e has will branch unprovoked. Any pruning. branching stem which comes in co n t a c t Overall, it is a highly decora- with the substrate will take root and tive plant that can be a real eye catcher sprout more plants. It will also send in the aquarium. I highly recommend out side shoots to root new plants, and it, especially to those of you who enjoy of course taking cuttings will work as lots of pruning. well. To p ropagate this plant all you really need to do is turn it loose in your a q u a r i u m . This plant behaves like it is on a mission to take over the plan-

EDITORS NOTE: Members with q u e s t i o n s about aquatic plants or s e t t i n g up a planted tank can contact Isidore (Izzy) Z w e r i n ,our plant e d i t o r. You can call him at (718) 449-0031 between 7pm to 10pm, Monday to Friday. 24 Izzy Zwerin BAS

Breeding Dwarf Red Tail Shrimp ith the growing popularity of planted aquaria, the freshwater inverte- brates are enjoying an increased demand as well. It’s understandable Wsince many of them are ideal for these setups. A few months back, I ran across some of these shrimp in Animals and Things. This is a pet shop over in Woodbridge NJ, one of the few local places I can think of which carry freshwater shrimp with any re g u l a r i t y. I purchased all they had and put them in my 25 gallon guppy tank. They are very happy in there they are deeper bodied. Viewed from and have been breeding. These shrimp the side, their bodies are translucent. belong to the genera Caridina. There When viewed from above they are are over 120 different species of basically a dark brown with a row of Caridina shrimp. It is almost impossi- triangles running down their back. ble to identify these shrimp to the These triangles are tan in color and species level. The freshwater shrimp a re oriented pointing forward (I hobby is going thru much the same would have named them the arrow identity crisis as South American cat- shrimp). The females, when c a r r y i n g fish, many of which are being identi- eggs, will become more intensely c o l o re d . fied by a number. Caridina shrimp are C a r i d i n a shrimp have tiny claws and are (for now) being identified by their c o m p l e t e l y harmless. common names or simply as a C a r i d i n a Their pre f e r red water conditions species or something else equally make them compatible with fish like inaccurate. Guppies. And like Guppies, they can Identification issues aside, this b e delicate at first, but when fully accli- shrimp is fairly distinctive. They are mated and settled in are quite hard y. very small. Adults will max out at They will do fine at room temperature. about 3/4”, females being slightly They can tolerate temperatures up to larger than males. Since the females 28˚C but in the long run they will do carry their eggs under their abdomen, best a little cooler (23˚-25˚C). The pH 25 should be slightly acidic; 6.5-6.8 is fine. very tiny, but they are fully formed. GH is important to these guys. Water They hatch in 28-33 days. Since the adults which is too soft will not provide them will not bother the hatchlings they do with enough minerals to properly not need to be removed. The hatchlings form their shells. I keep my GH in the a re quite self sufficient. They will forage range of 6˚-7˚, but do not allow it to for food on their own, so no special exceed 10˚. Many fish keepers raise feeding regime is required. The newly their GH with Epsom salt. Epsom salt hatched shrimp will be almost impossible is composed of Magnesium Sulfate. to find due to their small size and a While this may be fine for fish, I cannot habit of hiding among the plant endorse it for raising shrimp. The shells leaves. When they get up to about of shrimp are composed primarily of 1/4” long they become less inhibited calcium, so magnesium is not really and you will start to see them a d d ressing their needs. I use Seachem’s everywhere. They do grow quickly Equilibrium and or Seachem’s Live when young. Bearer Salt which contain a broader I know this all sounds incre d i b l y spectrum of minerals. e a s y, but they do have a couple of You can keep them in a small special re q u i rements that you will need nano tank, but a mature planted to address. As any reef keeper can tell aquarium is best. In the wild, these you, invertebrates are extremely sensitive shrimp congregate in dense populations, to Copper. Even trace amounts can so don’t just get a few; get as many as wipe them out. you can. The Caridina shrimp are true Freshwater invertebrates have om n i v o res. They will eat virtually that same sensitivity. Obviously any anything organic. Food pellets, frozen medication that contains copper is out foods like bloodworms and brine shrimp, of the question, but Copper can get algae, decaying plant leaves, dead fish into your system by unanticipated and even the bio-film covering means. If you have Copper water everything in your fish tank a re all on pipes in your home, you need to let the menu. For the most part I let them the water run for a while prior to use eat the algae, or the occasional tidbit because water standing in your pipes that my Guppies might miss. H i k a r i can absorb some Copper. You should p roduces a specialty food called C r a b also draw cold water and bring it up Cuisine. It is developed for crus- to temperature, since less Copper will taceans and is high in minerals. I feed dissolve in cold water than hot. them some of this product at least Another way that Copper once a week. sneaks into your system is by food. They will reproduce on their Some commercially prepared fish own, requiring nothing more than foods will contain Copper salts and normal maintenance. The eggs are are not suitable, so read that ingredi- relatively large for such a small animal. ent label. Their other special require- They will range in number from about ment is Iodine. The shrimp need this 20-40. The female will attach the eggs to molt properly. Make sure you use to her abdomen until they hatch. These Iodine and not Iodide. I use Kent Marine eggs can range in color from a kind of Iodine and dose at a rate of 1/4 tea- dirty amber to a greenish color. The spoon per 25 gallons with my weekly term for a female carrying eggs is “in 50-75% water change. That’s all that’s Berry.” The newly hatched shrimp are required, so have fun. 26

The following article was found by Robert DeBonis a BAS board member. He thought it would be of interest to our members and went ahead and contacted Practical Fish Keeping in the UK and received permission from Matt Clarke, Website Editor of Practical Fish Keeping magazine. Thank you, Bob, for finding this article and thank you, Matt, for letting us reprint it. Listening To Mozart Makes Fish G r ow Quicker

quarium fish that listen to classical music grow more quickly, according to the results of an unusual study by scientists from Greece. A Experts from the Department of Applied Hydrobiology at the Agricultural University of Athens played Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, piped-Mozart to see how they responded. The experiment, which looked at the aerators. e ffects of music under diff e rent lighting The fish listened to Mozart intensities, saw the scientists playing every day, from Monday to Friday, but the bream Wolfgang Amadeus had the weekends off. Mozart's'Romanze-Andante' from "Mozart's music was chosen K525, or Eine Kleine Nacht Musik, via because it is characterised by pure and an underwater speaker. single sounds, rhythms and melodies The young fish that were of relatively high frequencies and played the music during the first 89 exerts a calming and almost clear anti- days of rearing grew better than those stress effect on humans," the authors that only got to listen to the ambient wrote in the Journal of Fish Biology. noise of their aquarium's pumps and 27

performance, at least at specific fish s i z e s . "Moreover, the observed music e ffects on several aspects of fish physiolo- g y (e.g. digestive enzymes, fatty acid composition and brain neurotransmit- ters) imply that music could possibly p ro v i d e even further enhancement in growth, quality, welfare and produc- tion." Previous studies have demon- strated that several different non-natu- ral sounds transmitted to fishes have Gilthead bream are a popular food had "negative or no effects." fish. Picture by Luis Miguel Bugallo Sanchez. Creative Commons. Hearing or Listening? The scientists added that what Enhanced Growth the fishes actually perceived when the The study showed that the music was played to them remains g rowth of the fish was enhanced in sev- unknown: eral ways. "Sound transmitted in the "During the first 89 days of p r esent study could have been just rearing, music resulted in p e rceived as an increase in ambient enhanced g r owth. Nevertheless, at n o i s e (by 19db), a variation in ambient the end of the experiment (on day 117), noise (as music piece chosen had its no significant di ff e rences were found ups and downs), a novel previously for body mass, but music treatment non-existent sound within the tank, resulted in more homogeneous fish shock or enrichment and maybe as populations than controls." music per se." The study claims that brain The same classical piece has been used neurotransmitter levels were reduced in several other studies, including one when the exposure to Mozart coincid- on carp. ed with brighter lighting, and feed utili- s a t i o n was better when the music was For more information see the paper: played in four-hour sessions. Papoutsoglou SE, Karakatsouli N, Batzina A, Papoutsoglou ES and A Ts o p e l a k o s Applications ( 2 0 0 8 ) - Effect of music stimulus on The scientists believe that fish gilthead s e a b ream Sparus aurata p h y s i o l o- farmers could use the findings to impro v e gy under different light intensity in a the quality of farmed Gilthead bream: recirculating water system. Journal of "The present results provide the initial Fish Biology (2008) 73, 980-1004. evidence that music transmission under Used with permission of specific rearing conditions could have www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk enhancing effects on S. aurata growth 28 Izzy Zwerin BAS Exchange Editor’s Report

i, everybody. This is not Vinny Babino bringing you this report. It’s Izzy Zwerin trying to fill his witty shoes. Until further notice, I will be filling Hin for him. Now that I’ve tried out the position of Exchange Editor, I can see why this is the job that everyone wants. It’s great to get to read all the publications from aquarium societies around the country. The hardest part of this job is remaining objective, since we all have our own favorite fish. I’ll give it a try. Let’s start with the Aug ’08 Tom went through trying to breed this issue of Modern Aquarium, which is fish. The article is both informative published by the Greater City A q u a r i u m and entertaining. Thanks, Tom, this is Society. A great article appears by one I might just try myself. In the same Alexander Priest on growing Micro w o r m s issue, there is also a nice article on titled “My Microworm Recipe.” breeding another catfish, Aspidoras Everything you ever wanted to know goia. This article is by Michael Pham. about growing this tasty and nutritious Thanks, Mike. What happened, guys? fish favorite is all laid out. I highly I thought you were a Cichlid club! recommend you try this; your fish will One of the most outstanding love you. [See our BAS publication, articles I have come across is in the “Scrumptious Meals & Live Food Treats,” September ‘08 issue of The Granite – for more information on the process.] Fisher. This publication comes to us In the July ’08 issue of Modern f rom our friends at the New Hampshire Aquarium, Alex appears to still be on a Aquarium Society, written by Grant roll. In this issue, there is a great article Gussie and called “Hitching a Ride: on The Pearl Gourami (Trichogaster leeri) . Continental Drift and Aquarium Fish.” The article supplies general information It’s a fairly long but well written on topics like feeding, natural enviro n m e n t article which explains the relationship and behavior. What really makes this between various fish and their location article a hit is the in depth information on the planet in the context of the about breeding and raising fry. I really theory of Continental Drift. This article enjoyed this article; nice job, Alex. is very interesting and informative. Thanks. Thanks for this one, Grant; it’s definitely The September ‘08 issue of the a keeper. Buckeye Bulletin, put out by the Ohio Cichlid Association, contains a If you’re interested in reading any of these noteworthy article on breeding C o r y d o r a s articles, contact Izzy at a meeting or call hin at 718-449-0031. There is a small copying fee of barbatus. The article is written by Tom 25¢ per plus postage if articles are mailed. No Wo j t e c h and it details the repeated trials postage if you pick up the article at a meeting. 29 John Todaro BAS

A LL MEMBERS A RE INVITED TO THE BAS ANNUAL HOLIDAY PARTY

t’s that time again...time to party! Come on down and have a blast! If you are new to the BAS, let me explain what it’s all about The BAS supplies a t u r k e y, all Ithe dressings, a baked ham, desserts, c o ff e e and soda. Our our fantastic members...that’s you... bring favorite dishes, desserts, mouth watering home baked pies, cakes, delicious hot dishes ranging from pasta, baked chicken, sausage and peppers, salads, plus an array of ethic foods, too many to mention. You can enjoy all this at a sit-down dinner with your friends. Members are encouraged to bring their families, close friends and significant others. The doors open at 7:30pm. The dinner starts at 8pm. Please wait until we set up arriving dishes on the serving tables. If you start too soon, you may miss some fantastic dishes. You don’t want to do that! All dishes will be listed and the donor acknowledged in the January 2009 BAS Bulletin. So remember to check in with Denise or Stu. Give them your name and the dish you’ve brought. We play Fish Bingo for aquarium-related prizes. At the party, we also honor members with awards who have served the society for the past year, and members who have written articles for Aquatica and award them with aquarium books. If you have written for Aquatica, or the BAS Bulletin or have helped the society in the past year, you might be one of the people we honor that evening. So come on and join us for a fun evening and great food. One of our esteemed members is Kenny Kohn, head chef at K a t z s’ Deli in New York. He donates trays of their fabulous corned beef, p a s t r a m i , knishes and pickles. N a t u r a l l y, it’s always been a great hit. I have been asked to remind you all to take only what you can eat, so all the other members can enjoy Katz’s Deli fab food! My mouth is watering just thinking about it. So come on down; bring a dish. If you don’t cook or don’t have the time to cook, bring something from your local deli. We’d love to have all our members and friends come and celebrate the holidays with us. Remember, it’s your society, and we want you to enjoy the benefits of membership.

SEASONS GREETINGS & HAPPY NEW YEAR FROM THE PRESIDENT, OFFICERS & BOARD 30

Membership Application Brooklyn Aquarium Society 2008/2009 Meetings are held at the NY Aquarium Education Hall on the 2nd Friday of the month at 7:30pm. Knowledgeable speakers on fish care and culture, door prizes, raffles, and fish auctions. All meetings are free to members. Visit us on line: B R O O K LY N A Q U A R I U M S O C I E T Y. O R G Educating Aquarists Since 1911 NAME______OCCUPATION______

ADDRESS______CITY______STATE____ZIP______

PHONE (DAY) ______(EVE)______(FAX)______E-mail Address______TYPE & LENGTH of MEMBERSHIP: (CHECK ONE) INDIVIDUAL FAMILY [ ] $15 STUDENT 1YEAR 1yr. 2yr. 3yr. 4yr. 1yr. 2yr. 3yr. 4yr. (UNDER 18 YEARS) $20 $36 $51 $68 $25 $45 $63 $85 * If family membership, please list all family members. Only first two listed will have voting rights.

1______2______3______

4______5______6______Number of tanks [ ] marine [ ] freshwater [ ] Do you breed fish? [yes] [no]

If yes, what types do you breed:______

______

Special interest (if any)______

______How did you hear about BAS?______[friend] [dealer] [flyer] [Aquatica] [mag ad] [online] other______

To volunteer check [yes] [no] A board member will get in touch with you if you check yes. On occasion the Brooklyn Aquarium Society uses its mailing list to send notices of interest to our members. If you DO NOT wish to receive these mailings please check here [ ] Official use Member number:______Type of membership [ F ] [ I ] [ S ] Date paid:______Board approved date______Amount paid:______Renewal/member since______

Mail This Form Or A Copy And Your Check Payable to Brooklyn Aquarium Society to B R O O K LYN AQUARIUM SOCIETY, AT T: Ms. LITA GOLDBERG, MEMBERSHIP CHAI RP E R S O N P.O. BOX 290610, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK 11229-0011 31

PLEASE PATRONIZE OUR SPONSORS. THEY SUPPORT US. WE MUST SUPPORT THEM!

ABSOLUTELY FISH

Absolutely Fish’s staff is knowledgeable and can help you solve your aquatic problems. They AQUARIUM ADVENTURE offer a 15% discount on select fish, marine life SUPERSTORE & supplies when you present your current BAS membership card. A really great aquatic shop Aquarium Adventure Superstore has 500 tanks of and well worth the trip. Make a day of it! f re s hw a t e r, marine fish & corals and a great selection Absolutely Fish of equipment. S c o t th a s a special 50% off all fish with 1080 Route 46 West Clifton, NJ 07013 a 5 fish limit, and 30% off any one item, except tanks Ph: 1 (973) 365-0200 and tank kits. Not to be combined with any other off e r. Open 7 days a week: Mon-Fri 12-9 Sat 12-8 Sun 12-5 Discounts to BAS members with current card . Aquarium Adventure Superstore 177 Glen Cove Road, Carle Place, NY 1 1 5 1 4 Ph: 1 (516) 294-9699 w w w. a q u a r i u m a d v e n t u re . c o m Mon-Sat 10-9 • Sun 11-6 [email protected]

A l t i ’s R e e f . c o m, Check out Rob’s web site to see what’s in stock. Discounts for current BAS members. Purc h a s e over $125 and get a free frag, and free shipping! Guaranteed overnight deliv- PETLAND DISCOUNTS e r y to most locations in continental U.S. via U.S. Postal Service Express Mail. Petland Discounts the complete pet store carries alti@altisreef .com a full line of pet supplies for fish, dogs, cats, bird s, Alti’s Reef 83 Chariton Dr., East Stro u d s b u rg, PA8 3 0 1 reptiles and small animals. They also carry a variety of fish, birds, small animals and re p t i l e s . Open 7 days a week. Locations in New York, New Jersey & Connecticut with over 15 stores in Brooklyn. You can shop on line at: w w w. p e t l a n d d i s c o u n t s . c o .mSee the white pages, or their ad on page 22 for a store near you. PET SHANTY

Pet Shanty. Family owned & operated; stocks 3 rooms of freshwater fish & 1 of marine fish & corals. They stock a vast list of fish which is p o s t e d on line at h t t p : / / p e t s h a n t y, c o m. They PACIFIC AQUARIUM & PET INC. also c a r r y other pets and pet supplies. You’ve got to check them out; they probably have the fish or Pacific Aquarium & Pet Inc., in Manhattan’s corals you want. Chinatown, carries ornamental goldfish, koi, fre s h w a t e r Pet Shanty fish, & aquatic plants. BAS members get 10% discount 2507 U.S. Hway 22, Scotch Plains, NJ 07076 with current membership card (Discounts not to be Ph: 1 (908) 889-8262 • Fax: 1 (908) 889-0803 combined with other specials). They have a full line of Mon-Fri: 10am-9pm • Sat: 10am-7pm• aquarium supplies, and you can order custom size tanks. Sun 10am-5pm Pacific Aquarium & Pet Inc. 46 Delancy St., NY, NY 10002 • Ph: 1 (212) 995-5895 Open 7 days a week and all holidays 10am to 7:30pm 32

PLEASE PATRONIZE OUR SPONSORS. THEY SUPPORT US. WE MUST SUPPORT THEM!

Aquatic Express Inc.

Aquatic Express Inc., specializing in marine f i s h , corals & aquaria. Tell them you’re a member Wonderful World of of BAS and you will get 10% discount on Fish n’ More corals in stock. Aquatic Express Inc. Wonderful World of Fish n’ More . A full 451 Grandview Ave., Ridgewood, NY line aquarium store w/maintenance & 11385 Ph: (718) 456-3020 i n s t a l l a t i o n se r v i c e s . A beautiful retail store Mon - Fri: 11am - 8 pm, Sat: 11am - 7pm, Sun: 11am -6pm with over 2,500 gallons, dedicated to marine fish & corals. They take pride in o ffering the best customer service, competitive prices & AQUATIC WILDLIFE healthy livestock. Wonderful World of Fish n’ M o r e Aquatic Wi l d l i f e, features 11,000 gallons. of 25-71 Steinway St. (between 28th & 25th Ave.) f re s h w a t e r fish, plants & marine life. Discounts Astoria, NY 11103• Phone: (718) 278-0708 Hrs: Mon-Fri: 12am-9pm • Sat: - 11am-8pm to members with current membership ca rd. We l l worth the trip. Sun 11 a m - 7 p m Aquatic Wildlife, 179D Demming St., Manchester, CT 06040 (In Panera Plaza) “C” The Jungle Pet Store Ph: 1 (860) 648-11 6 6 w w w. a q u a t i c w i l d l i f e c o m p a n y. c o m “C” The Jungle Pet Store located in the heart o f B rooklyn carries a full line of pet supplies, t ropical fish, birds, and small animals. They BROOKLYN ZOO & also offer a 10% discount to BAS members with a current membership card. Stop in and AQUARIUM INC. see what new livestock has arrived. “C” The Jungle Pet Store Brooklyn Zoo & Aquarium Inc. is a classic pet shop. They have a full line of aquarium supplies, 247 New Lots Ave., Bklyn NY11 2 0 7 f re s h w a t e r, marine fish and corals and offer a 10% Ph: 1 (718) 649-2536 discount to BAS members with presention of a cur- Hrs: Tue -Sat 10am-8pm • Sun 10am-6pm rent membership card. Some restrictions apply. Brooklyn Zoo & Aquarium Inc. 2377 Ralph, Ave., Bklyn, NY • Ph: 1 (718) 251-7389 Hrs: Sat-Sun & Mon 10am - 6pm Tue-Fri 10am - 8pm DIVINE WOOD

DIVINE WOOD, “Where Elegance Becomes Affordable.” Aqua wall aquariums, tables and ROYAL AQUA WORLD INC. c redenza’s with built in aquariums. Wa l l a q u a r i u ms are great for displaying Bettas. Functional tables with 18 gallon aquariums Royal Aqua World Inc. has over 100 tanks of built in - just add fish, plants and enjoy. m a r i n e fish, hard & soft corals, freshwater fish, Visit Dennis and see all the Liquid Beauty goldfish & koi imported from Japan, plus plants and C rea tions for yourself. pond supplies. BAS members get a 10% discount Special discounts with current on all purchases with a current membership card . BAS membership card. Open 7 days a week. Dennis Alestra Royal Aqua World Inc., Divine Wood, 128 Port Richmond Ave., Staten 815 65th St., Bklyn, NY 11 2 2 0 Island, NY. 718-981-9222. Ph: 1 (718) 238-0918 www.divinewood.net Hrs: 7 days a week 10:30am-8pm