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Final Remarks Final Remarks The uniqueness of living organisms lies in their ability to operate as an open thermo­ dynamic system, through which energy is obtained from the environment and used to maintain life. The evolution of specific animals, however, required an ability to maintain a constancy in their organization and functioning (internal environment), more or less independent of the external environment. In previous chapters we have shown that many questions relating to operation and evolution of insect metabolism cannot be answered without consideration of animals' ecology. We have also presen­ ted a number of homoeostatic mechanisms designed to keep the internal environment of insects constant, even when insects' external environment is highly variable. It is important to recognize that the diverse reactions in insects to environmental changes do not occur in isolation; rather they are components in a complex ofinte­ grated biochemical pathways which respond to various parameters in environmental and physiological conditions so as to promote the biological success of the individual and the species (Downer and Kallapur 1981). Each of the mechanisms shown may be part of a mosaic for optimization of insects' efficiency in the fluctuating environ­ ment. The idea that the neuro-endocrine system is a mediator between environmental factors and (sub )cellular responses together with the existence of neurohormonal multiregulation systems in insects may explain the complexity in their answer to en­ vironmental stimuli. Details in this highly complex neuro-endocrine integration must be studied in further detailed experiments. 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