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Final Remarks The uniqueness of living organisms lies in their ability to operate as an open thermo­ dynamic system, through which energy is obtained from the environment and used to maintain life. The evolution of specific animals, however, required an ability to maintain a constancy in their organization and functioning (internal environment), more or less independent of the external environment. In previous chapters we have shown that many questions relating to operation and evolution of insect metabolism cannot be answered without consideration of animals' ecology. We have also presen­ ted a number of homoeostatic mechanisms designed to keep the internal environment of insects constant, even when insects' external environment is highly variable. It is important to recognize that the diverse reactions in insects to environmental changes do not occur in isolation; rather they are components in a complex ofinte­ grated biochemical pathways which respond to various parameters in environmental and physiological conditions so as to promote the biological success of the individual and the species (Downer and Kallapur 1981). Each of the mechanisms shown may be part of a mosaic for optimization of insects' efficiency in the fluctuating environ­ ment. The idea that the neuro-endocrine system is a mediator between environmental factors and (sub )cellular responses together with the existence of neurohormonal multiregulation systems in insects may explain the complexity in their answer to en­ vironmental stimuli. Details in this highly complex neuro-endocrine integration must be studied in further detailed experiments. 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Can EntomoI112:665-673 248 References Asahina E (1966) Freezing and frost resistance in insects. In: Meryman HT (ed) Cryobiologie. Academic, New York Aston RJ (1975) The role of adenosine 3', 5' - cyclic monophosphate in relation to the diuretic hormone of Rhodnius prolixus. J Insect Physiol 21: 1873 -1877 Aston RJ, Hughes L (1980) Diuretic hormone extraction and chemical properties. In: Miller TA (ed) Neurohormonal techniques in insects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 91-115 Atzler M (1931) Untersuchungen tiber den morphologischen und physiologischen Farbwechsel von Dixippus (Carausius) morosus. Z Vgl Physiol13 :505-533 Audit-Lamour C, Busson D (1981) Oogenesis defects in the ecd-l mutant of Drosophila melano­ gaster, deficient in ecdysteroid at high temperature. J Insect PhysioI27:829-837 Awiti LRS, Hidaka T (1982) Neuroendocrine mechanism involved in pupal colour dimorphism in swallowtailPapilio xuthus L. Insect Sci Application 3:181-191 Bagnoli P, Brunelli M, Magni F, Musumeci D (1976) Neural mechanisms underlying spontaneous flashing and its modulation in the firefly Luciola lusitanica. J Comp Physiol A 108:133-156 Bailey E (1975) Biochemistry of insect flight. Part 2- Fuel supply. In: Candy DJ, Kilby BA (eds) Insect biochemistry and function. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 89-117 Baker JE (1983) Temperature regulation of larval size and development in Attagenus megatoma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 76: 752-756 Barbier M (1981) The status of blue-green bile pigments of butterflies, and their phototransfor­ mations. Experientia (Basel) 37:1060-1062 Barker JF, Herman WS (1976) Effect of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus. J Insect Physiol 22: 1565 -1568 Barnes HF (1952) Studies of fluctuations of insect popUlations. XII. Further evidence of pro­ longed larval life in the wheat blossom midges. 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    Science, Technology and Innovation Original Research Notes on occurrence of moths (Lepidoptera, Heterocera) in Ksany village in the commune of Opatowiec of the Świętokrzyskie Province Klaudia Konopa and Janusz Fydaa,b* a University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów, Mickiewicza 8, Tarnów, 33-100, Poland b Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract On selected days from July to September 2017, the butterfly species with twilight and nocturnal activity in the village of Ksany in agriculturally and little anthropogenically transferred land were studied. Catching was done in the evening and night hours, using a method of the vividly attracting to the light. Flying moths were photographed on-site for later determination. A total of 13 catches were carried out with an average at intervals of 1-2 weeks. Over 60 moths species were determined, mostly belonging to the families Geometridae and Erebidae. When analyzing the results of catches, basic weather parameters such as temperature, air pressure and moon phase were taken into account. KEYWORDS: moths, nocturnal butterflies, Heterocera, Geometridae, Erebidae, rapid inventory Introduction The butterflies (lepidopterans and moths) are one of the best known among all groups of insects. Among more than 160 thousands species occurring worldwide, there are 3258 butterfly species described only in Poland and belonging to 69 families. Butterflies with the night activity called usually the moths belong to 164 families, while those with daily activity count only 6 families. However, despite this facts night butterflies are much less known than Science, Technology and Innovation Original Research those which are active during the day [1].
  • The Physiology of Cold Hardiness in Terrestrial Arthropods*

    The Physiology of Cold Hardiness in Terrestrial Arthropods*

    REVIEW Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 1-10, 1999 ISSN 1210-5759 The physiology of cold hardiness in terrestrial arthropods* L auritz S0MME University of Oslo, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Terrestrial arthropods, cold hardiness, ice nucleating agents, cryoprotectant substances, thermal hysteresis proteins, desiccation, anaerobiosis Abstract. Insects and other terrestrial arthropods are widely distributed in temperate and polar regions and overwinter in a variety of habitats. Some species are exposed to very low ambient temperatures, while others are protected by plant litter and snow. As may be expected from the enormous diversity of terrestrial arthropods, many different overwintering strategies have evolved. Time is an im­ portant factor. Temperate and polar species are able to survive extended periods at freezing temperatures, while summer adapted species and tropical species may be killed by short periods even above the freezing point. Some insects survive extracellular ice formation, while most species, as well as all spiders, mites and springtails are freeze intoler­ ant and depend on supercooling to survive. Both the degree of freeze tolerance and supercooling increase by the accumulation of low molecular weight cryoprotectant substances, e.g. glycerol. Thermal hysteresis proteins (antifreeze proteins) stabilise the supercooled state of insects and may prevent the inoculation of ice from outside through the cuticle. Recently, the amino acid sequences of these proteins have been revealed. Due to potent ice nucleating agents in the haemolymph most freeze tolerant insects freeze at relatively high temperatures, thus preventing harmful effects of intracellular freezing.