A Guide to the Dome Sticated Animals Other Than

A GUIDE

T O T H E DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

(OTH ER T H AN H O RS ES )

E" HIBITED IN T H E C ENTRAL AN D NORTH H AL L S

O F T H E

BRIT IS H M US EUM (N AT URAL HIS T O RY)

C D S W M WELL AD L N N . . RO RO , O O ,

IL L US T RAT ED BY 24 FIGURES .

L O NDO N IN T ED BY ORDER O F THE TRUSTEES O F E I IS M SE M TH BR T H U U . 1 908 .

P RIC E S I" P EN C E.

A GUIDE

T O T H E DOMESTIOATED ANIMALS

(OTH ER THAN HORSES)

E " HIBITE D IN TH E C EN TRAL AN D NORTH H A LLS

O F T H E

BRIT IS H M US EUM (N AT URAL HIS T O RY)

WELL D L ND N W C M A . RO RO , O O ,

IL L US T RAT ED BY 24 F IGURES .

L O NDO N P RINTED BY ORDER O F THE TRUSTEES O F M THE BRITISH M USEU .

1 908 .

(All r ights reserved. )

P REFA E C .

AL T H OUGH there are a few Specimens which have been in the

us u f or n a s o f st Animals M e m ma y ye r , the collection Dome icated

of ui T he m u O f is mainly q te recent origin . i portance of the st dy Domesticated Animals to the scientiﬁc naturalist is i ndicated in the followi ng extract from the works of Professor Ernst H aeckel

a m s a f o Wild ni als and plant , one ye r a ter an ther , appear

o f and us s appr ximately in the same orm , th give ri e to the mi staken doctri ne of the constancy of species ; domesticated

s o n the s s animals and plant , other hand , di play great change

s within a few years . The perfection attained by breeder and gardeners in the art of selection enables them to produce

' n e tirely ne w forms in a sho rt time . For this purpose it is only necessary to keep and propagate the a nimal or plant

u s s i s ne w nder pecial condition , when , after a few generat on ,

s s n the pecie may be obtained , differi g from original form

in u i t n l s or n a m ch h gher degree han do ma y wi d pecies , eve

one f s n . t n o genera , from another The impor a ce thi fact ca not

" o - s in nn n f s s be ver e timated co ectio with the origin o pecie .

T he s of n s and u intere t the collectio to breeder , fanciers , the p blic

n is s - ge erally elf apparent .

s u - has L d kk r . e e The pre ent G ide book, which been written by Mr y ,

n s of of s n s t i clude the whole the collection Dome ticated A imal , o her than Horses and Asses these latter forming the subject of a s eparate work . D R H P . W LE S AR E R BO ,

Assistant Kee er De a r tm ent o f Ve r te bra te Z o p , p ool gy .

R IT IS H M US EUM NAT URAL H IS T ORY B ( ) ,

C R O M WEL L R O AD L O N DO N W , , S . . M a 1 90 8 y ,

C O N T EN T S .

D om e stica te d Cattle Chillingh am Park Cattle Pe m b ro ke Ca ttl e Cha rtle y Park Cattle Highl and Cattle Ke rry Cattle Sh ort-ho rns Long-ho rns De vons and He re fo rds Po lle d Cattle Je rse y Cattle Co ntine nta l Bree ds Spanish Cattle Niatu Cattle An k o li Cattle Hum pe d Cattle Gray al Ban ting Dom e sticate d Bu ffalo Do m e sticate d Sh e e p B ritish B re e ds o f She e p Me rino s Biin dn e r Shee p Co rsican She e p Hai ry Shee p Hausa She ep Hunia She e p S o uth African Pie b ald She e p U n ico rn Shee p Wallachian Shee p F at -taile d Sh e e p F at - rum ped She e p Dom e sticate d G o ats D om e sticate d Pigs Llam a an d Alpaca Do m e stic ate d D ogs Pariahs and Di ngo Eski m o Do g Cho w - Cho w l Con ents.

She e p -Dog Collie G re yhounds S lughi Afghan G re yhou nd Bo rzo is Irish Wo lfh oun d and De e rhound T oy Spani e ls Ne w fo undl and and L ab rado r Blo odho und o r Sleu thhoun d Houn d s Po inte r Griffon Hou n d G re at Dane s and M astiﬁs Bull-dogs P ug-dogs S t e n ar s . B r d and Tibe t D og B ull-Te rri e r Te rrie rs Poo dle s Do m e sticated Cats Fe rre ts Gu ine a-Pigs Rab b its Rats and Mice Pige o ns Po ultry Duck s and G e e se Canarie s U RA O N L IS T O F IL L S T T I S .

P AGE An cie n t Egyp tian O x (bac k of titlep age) He ad o f An k oli C o w Banting Ste e r Nue r Hu m ped O x Blu e Nile H um pe d O x Head of Un ico rn R am Ab yssini an M ane d Sh e e p Wallachi an She e p Hausa Ram Four-ho rn e d He b ridean R am Four-ho rne d S ou th Af rican R am — S ou th Af rican F at tailed She e p He djaz F at-ram p e d She e p Tu rkish Pariah Dog

n e s Do o r ow - o w Chi e g, Ch Ch English Gre yh oun d Full e rton

An e nt t an re oun or Ze lu h i ci Egyp i G yh d , g S lugh i and Afgh an Gre yho u nd Mo lossian Dog Sk ull o f Pe ki ne se Spanie l French Bull -dog Tib e t Dog Skull o f Old English Bul l -do g or B ull -Te rr ie r Colo ur-Patte rn o f Tab b y C at

A GU IDE

D O M E S T I C A T E D A N I M AL S

(OTH ER THAN HORSE S) .

The Domesticated Cattle of E urope are in m ost Do me S ticate d cases descended from the extinct black Wild

’ attle . C O x or s Bos taurus rimi em us Auroch ( p g ) , which ol of l 6th n u survived in P and till the middle the ce t ry . The earliest domesticated breed in Great Britain is the Cel tic Shorthorn (com B lon i rons mouly called . gf ) , of which the remains occur in Pre hi f st . o n hi oric and Roman deposits The W te Cattle Chilli gham ,

Chartley , and certain other British parks have been regarded as truly wild animals ; but their colour is alone sufﬁcient to indicate a - th t they are the semi albino descendants of domesticated breeds . m In addition to these , the ore important native breeds met with S in the British Islands are the hetland , Highland , Pembroke or r n s l u o Welsh , Ker y, Polled A gu , Ayrshire , Ga loway , Polled S ff lk ,

- - n H n S . s Devo , ereford , Long hor , and hort horn The Jer ey , Guernsey , m s and Alderney breeds have been introduced fro the Channel I lands .

n n s - and - Amo g Conti ental breed , the long horned fawn coloured un u H garian Cattle , which range thro gh Turkey into Western Asia , t s - of n and the whi i h , long horned Podolian Cattle Pola d and North s of - S Italy , characteri ed by the height their fore quarters , how " " evident signs o f afﬁnity with the Aurochs in the black points o n o of the adult bulls . The cows and calves , the ther hand , are l who ly white . d a s European Cattle have been intro uced into Americ , Au tralia , n e tc - New Zeala d , . , where they have become half wild . In South the N iatu -n s tt America , or Snub o ed Ca le , form a very remarkable breed . ' m s 2 Dom estica ted A m a l .

o i n The White Cattle f Ch lli gham Park , North C h llh ng h am umb e rland (like those of certai n other British

ark attle . P C s as nt - os park ) , are , already me ioned , semi albin , descended (as indicated by their red or black ears) from dark

" o to l is col ured Cattle , allied the We sh , or Pembroke , breed , which

one s n . of the olde t in Britain , and early related to the Aurochs is t u There a white strain of Pembroke Cat le , with the ears , m zzle , and o h t v . fetl cks black , to w ich the Chillingham Cat le come e close In shape the black -tipped horns of the Pembroke and Chill ingham n S w n breeds are ide tical . Pembroke Cattle ho , however, a tende cy n the - is u t t to develop i to long horned type , and there little do b hat

- the under mentioned White Cattle formerly kept at Chartley Park ,

ff ds o n n . n Sta or hire , are a breed sh wi g this tende cy In the Chilli g

rs o . s ham Cattle the ea were f rmerly red , but are now black Red ear could easily be developed from black ones by a kind of degenerate

o . m diﬁcation The Aurochs appears to have been generally black , t s ll n c at leas in the ca e of the bu s , but there may have bee a red ra e , s or po sibly the cows may have been of that colour . n o n The Chilli gham breed is represented in the collecti by a bull , the gift of the Earl of T anke rvillc ( 1 890) the heads of a bull and T ankerville 1 885 a cow , also presented by Lord in and the skeleton in 1 u 890 . of a b ll , presented by the Duke Of Hamilton

The white breed of Pembroke Cattle is re fe rred to r k Pe mb o e ’ ‘ on page 241 of Low s Do mesticated Animals of the le C att . ’ British I slands as havi ng been formerly c ommo n h i t s o f s . . in that county , and a erd still kept by Mr C Mat hia , Rh s w llt s AS n Lamphey Court and y g y , Pembroke hire . mentio ed by l t Low, these cattle are who ly white , wi h the exception of the ns s and i ide and part of the out ide of the ears , the muzzle , the f - s In eet as far up as the fetlock joint , which are black . these s s as of - h s re pect , as well in the form their black tipped orn , they s l as ll t are e sential y the same the Chi ingham Park breed , al hough the is s and n coat horter more sleek . They prove beyo d doubt that C hillin hams n o t as the g are albi o Pembr kes , while the lat er are n u the c n s u do btedly dire t desce dant of the Aurochs . ’ It is noteworthy that o n page 30 7 of Low s book reference is t s its made to the fact hat , when tran ferred from native mo untains to o n s s s the l wla d , the Pembroke breed di play a tendency towards ’ - n s the Long horn type , and it seems , indeed , to have bee Low n n the - m o opi io that Long horn breed is a derivative of the Pe br ke . s n n is n n s s n Thi opi io exceedi gly importa t, for it erve to bri g the C a /[e C t 3 /z r y a f /e .

n of - Chartley Cattle , which are evide tly the Long horn type , into line

s n . with the Pembroke , and thu with the Chilli gham breed They in o f h o f m h as are , fact , albinos t at section Pe brokes which given - us C hillin ham s o rise to the Long horns , j t as the g are derived fr m o n albin s of the typical mountainous Pembroke breed . The te dency to black b r indling in strawberry -roa n L ong -horns is doubtless a w- s n m thro back to the ance tral colour, the or al roan or red being as m ﬁ r e ily derived fro the black Pembroke , as is exempli ed by seve al

‘ a s s loc l trains of that breed , and likewise by the red ear , which , as the m s of s n n . re ult electio , formerly characterised the Chilli gha breed The normal black Pembroke breed is at present represe nted in th un e collectio n by the mo ted head of an ox.

Most of the s mall remnant o f the herd of White Ch artley Cattle which had been maintained since the year

ark attle . ’ P C 1 248 S taﬁordshire at Chartley Park , , was acquired a f e w years ago by the D uke of Bedford and transported to Woburn S o its m 1 9 0 6 two Park . on after the arrival O f the herd at new ho e in n u l of the cows died from tubercle , whe their sk l s were presented by uk u now on of the D e to the Muse m , where they are exhibited the top one s As m a w s of the Cattle ca es . y be seen by comparison ith tho e

’ s of other breed exhibited on and in the same case , the Chartley skulls diff er widely from the type characteristic of the Chillingham and tt - on s of the Pembroke breeds in the se ing and hape horns , and o n c me much nearer in this respect to the Hereford , Devo , and n - s m or Lo g horn breed , all of which are probably ore less nearly

. s se t u m related The horn , for instance , are not pon the very top ost of b ut s ridge the skull , somewhat below this ; and in tead Of being directed upward s in the pitchfork style characteristic of the Chilli ng ms P m s w s and w L - ha and e broke , bend down ard in ards in the ong horn

o s . m and Heref rd fa hion Moreover , although the horns are so e what m n S darker at their ter inatio s than elsewhere , they do not how the well -deﬁned black tips characteristic of the Chillingham and m b t . S o as t u c Pe roke ype far heir sk lls and horns are con erned , the Chartley Cattle appear to be m ore nearly related to the Long -horn s m and Hereford breed than to the Chillingham , Pe broke , and - n O n Short hor strains . the other hand , the Chartley , like the i n l b m t w Ch lli gham Catt e , exhi it a arked tendency to hro back to a black type and a co w and her calf among the survivors of the herd s W u w N o w not t o ent to ob rn ere wholly black . black is be met all nt the s with (at eve s normally) either among Devon , Herefords , - o ns or Long h r ; red being characteristic of the two former, while B 2 ’ s 2 Dom e stica ted A m m a t .

n The White Cattle of Chilli gham Park , North C h illmg h am umb erland (like those of certain other British

Park attle . C s as t - s park ) , are , already men ioned , semi albino , descended (as indicated by their red or black ears) from dark r a is colou ed Cattle , llied to the Welsh , or Pembroke , breed , which s of in . one the oldest Britain , and nearly related to the Auroch is n t u There a white strai of Pembroke Cat le , with the ears , m zzle ,

o s . and fetl cks black , to which the Chillingham Cattle come very clo e In shape the black -tipped horns of the Pembroke and Chillingham n S w breeds are ide tical . Pembroke Cattle ho , however , a tendency

- to develop into the long horned type , and there is little doubt that

- the under mentioned White Cattle formerly kept at Chartley Park ,

ff s d o . n Sta ord hire , are a bree sh wing this tendency In the Chilli g

rs o ne w . ham Cattle the ea were f rmerly red , but are black Red ears could easily be developed from black ones by a kind of degenerate o n n m diﬁcatio . The Aurochs appears to have been ge erally black , at least in the case of the bulls , but there may have been a red race , or possibly the cows may have been of that colour . n h is s o u The Chilli g am breed repre ented in the collecti n by a b ll , the gift of the Earl of T ankervillc (1 890) the heads of a bull and T anke rvillc in 1 885 and s n a cow , also presented by Lord the keleto in s u of 1 890 . Of a bull , pre ented by the D ke Hamilton

The white breed o f Pembroke Cattle is refe rr ed to Pe mb rO RQ ’ ‘ on page 241 of Low s Do mesticated Animals of the l C att e . ’ British Islands as having been formerly common in u and s t t i of that co nty, a herd is till kep by Mr . C . Mat h as , Rh s w llt s n n Lamphey Court and y g y , Pembroke hire . As me tio ed by L ow t the the , these cattle are wholly white , wi h exception of s s of s the u in ide and part of the out ide the ear , m zzle , and the as - n s feet far up as the fetlock joi ts , which are black . In the e s as as - s t re pects , well in the form of their black tipped horn , hey s n l a as i are e se tia ly the s me the Chill ngham Park breed , although th e is s t s t coat hor er and more leek . They prove beyo nd doub that the C hillin hams are i t as g alb no Pembrokes , while the lat er are n u the i s n s u do btedly d rect de ce dant of the Auroch s. ’ It is noteworthy that on page 30 7 of Low s book reference is s i s made to the fact that , when tran ferred from t native mo untai ns s m s to the lowland , the Pe broke breed display a tendency towards ’ - n s the Long horn type , and it seems , i deed , to have been Low o n o n - o pinio that the L g horn breed is a derivative of the Pembr ke . s o n n is e s n Thi pi io exce dingly important, for it erves to bri g the C /za r t/e C tt/e 3 y a .

n of the - n Chartley Cattle , which are evide tly Long hor type , into line

the us n . with Pembroke , and th with the Chilli gham breed They n o f o f n are , in fact , albi os that section Pembrokes which has give - C hillin ham s o rise to the Long horns , just as the g are derived fr m o u u albin s of the typical mo ntaino s Pembroke breed . The tendency to black br indling in strawberry-roa n L ong - horns is doubtless a

w- s u thro back to the ance tral colo r , the normal roan or red being as m ﬁ e ily derived fro the black Pembroke, as is exempli ed by several

' s s k s local train of that breed , and li ewise by the red car , which , as the

su m i m . re lt of selection , for erly character sed the Chillingha breed The normal black Pembroke breed is at present represe nted in m u ox the collec tion by the o nted head of an .

Most of the s mall remnant of the herd of White Ch artley Cattle which had been maintained since the year P rk a attle . C 1 248 S s u at Chartley Park , tafford hire , was acq ired a f e w years ago by the D uke of Bedford and transported to Woburn t its e 1 9 0 6 two Park . Soon after he arrival of the herd at n w home in o f f n the cows died rom tubercle , whe their skulls were presented by uk m now on the D e to the Museu , where they are exhibited the top of one of the m a m i Cattle cases . As y be seen by co parison w th those

‘ o s m t of ther breed exhibited on and in the sa e case , the Char ley skulls diff er widely f rom the type characteristic of the Chillingham and -ou of the Pembroke breeds in the setting and shape horns , and o s c me much nearer in this re pect to the Hereford , Devon , and - s of or Long horn breed , all which are probably more less nearly

. s m related The horn , for instance , are not set upon the very top ost n ridge of the skull , but somewhat below this ; and i stead of being directed upwards in the pitchfork style characteristic of the Chilli ng m P m w s L - ha s and e brokes , bend downwards and in ard in the ong horn

o . u m w and Heref rd fashion Moreover, altho gh the horns are so e hat n S w darker at their terminatio s than elsewhere , they do not ho the well -de ﬁned black tips characteristic of the Chillingham and

. S o as s l Pembroke type far their kul s and horns are concerned , t he Chartley Cattle appear to be more nearly related to the Long -horn the and Hereford breeds than to Chillingham , Pembroke , and - O n Short horn strains . the other hand , the Chartley, like the i b t w Ch llingham Cattle , exhi it a marked tendency to hro back to a black type and a cow and her calf among the survivors of the herd s W N o w ent to oburn were wholly black . black is not to be m et w n s ith (at all events normally) either among the Devo s , Hereford , or - n Long hor s ; red being characteristic of the two former, while B 2 t m a s 4 Dom estica ed A ni l .

- is n T he strawberry roan , or bay , prevale t in the latter . probable origi n o f the Chartley Cattle from a special branch of the Pembro ke In t n is alluded to in the paragraph devoted to that breed . addi io u l n the s n in the to the two sk l s me tioned above , breed is repre e ted t n th e o nt s t collec io by m u ed head of a cow , al o presen ed by the in 1 9 0 6 Duke of Bedford .

n is n The Highla d breed , which early related to the Hig hland u n n ou Pembroke , altho gh ge erally bay or faw in col r attle . C ns n the i tead Of black , is represented in the collectio by ‘ ’ f h S c onach Ruadh t e . o . . head bull , presented by Mr J H Leigh

in 1 9 0 3.

of t t s The Cattle Kerry , toge her wi h other Iri h Ke rry Catt e . l oun n- t to and m tai breeds , are rela ed the Pembroke n the s Highla d Cattle and to white Park breed , with which they the m and o u of ns s t u s agree in for c lo r their hor , and their of , unct ou ,

n S ns. s n n ora ge ki They are generally black, with a whiti h li e alo g th e S s s on pine , thi light dor al streak being a feature comm to the n s n e Spa i h Fighting Bull and the exti ct Aurochs. The Dext r is n Kerry , which may be red , an improved breed , taki g its name from an agent to a former Lord Hawarden the light dorsal streak is s lo t . The latter breed is represe nted in the collection by the mou nted s 1 9 00 and s the kin of a black ox , purchased in , al o by head of a

- cow nn s . t 1 9 03 red (a prize wi er) , pre ented by Mrs Lea ham in .

- o n is s nt b the - The Short h r breed repre e ed y replica S h or t h orns. n t of n s o x d of a mi ia ure model a Holder es , ma e by 1 80 0 n f rm of s o G . Garrard , in , showi g the o thi breed m re n is in s u than a ce nt ury ago . The origi al the posses ion of the D ke o f s s o d so n . f Bedfor . There are al three mou ted heads bull The ﬁr t - N i of T re unte r o . s t of these s Duke g (Herd book, pre en ed

- t n 1 9 0 6 . s u by the Shor hor Society in Thi celebrated b ll , which ‘ in 1 6 a . un 8 7 w s son u was bred by Sir R G ter , the of D ke of ’ ‘ ’ d o f harfdale 3rd an s s a . W , a typical example the Bate tr in o ld was f o r 525 s i n nt £ . c n e s Whe ﬁ ve mo hs , it sold The e o d h ad ‘ ’ - oo N f t n o . so n o tha of K ight of the Shire (Herd b k , a ’ ‘ - - n in . . o t 1 8 . 6 Comma der Chief, and bred by Mr T C Bo h in 7. s u h s f or as was m o f Thi b ll , whic old a calf, a ﬁne exa ple ’ s s n was the Booth strai n . Thi pecime likewise presented by th e ‘ - t in 1 90 a i t Short horn Socie y 6 . The third he d s hat of Scotti sh ’ u n n d Archer, a b ll ow ed by Lord Middleto , the onor of the

specimen .

6 D t a r om es ic ted A zim a ls.

A nearly allied breed is represented in the collection by a u of u n was miniat re model an Allga bull , from Hu gary, which purchased in 1 9 0 1 h n no s in the us u Although t ere are at prese t example M e m , reference may be made to the black and whi te or brown and white u s sh and D tch Cattle , which eem to approximate to the Ayr ire breed , f n have spread from Holland over a large part o Germa y . They are as t s n s th s regarded direc de ce dant of e Auroch . In the Volhynian province of Poland occurs a breed resembling in general characters the ordinary black and white or chestnut and t n n n u white cat le of Wester Conti e tal E rope . In a very considerable percentage of these cattle (whether the dark areas are black or chestnu t) a broad and uninterrupted white stripe runs alo ng the whole length of the spinal region ; the rest of the body bei ng pied m n s s in the ordinary anner . This white dorsal li e give to tho e n s and n s n i dividuals in which it occur a unique u mi takable appeara ce , thi s peculi ar type of colouring bei ng apparently less common in the m As ma s . Dutch breed , in which , however, it y ometi es be seen

m n o u o s . in already e ti ned , the A r chs (which urvived to a later date Poland than elsewhere) is known to have had a light dorsal stripe in its s of n s of otherwi e black coat , a trace this being oticeable in ome n l o a o the black Spani sh ﬁghti g bul s . If the d mestic ted cattle f n s n s the s s a Pola d be the de ce dant of wild race , it eem probable th t , w the n O f n sm the h s l n t he ith developme t partial albi i , lig t dor al i e of ancestral form would be the ﬁrst area to turn white ; and that this p o s n n n s in d white stri e w uld have a tro g te de cy to per ist the bree , even whe n a further advance towards albinism is displayed by the n o f the s h u n replaceme t black area by c estnut . In the form , colo ri g , and direction of their h orns the Polish Cattle are essentially Auroclis in n o f the o s a like , and the prevale ce white d r al band ppear to present further evidence of near kinship with the ancestral

Wild Ox . Very different to any of the abo ve are the large pale-coloured - o l n an n n and long h rned Podo ia d H u garia Cattle . The latter are i ‘ ’ n m n m of un u H un adi represe ted by a i iature odel the H garian b ll , y , M esz he es as as m s n u of the bred at gy , well by the odel of a eco d b ll same type . These models (which were acquired by p urchase) sh ow that in the bull s of thi s breed the ge neral drab colouring is relieved by black m n s u s and on the m u and arki g ro nd the eye , zzle , dewlap , other o f the h In the n on t h nd as parts ead and body . oxe , the o her a , represented by a ﬁne head exhibited in the wall -case and purchased ' S a i ns/c Ca tt/e 7 p .

u 1 840 the the o is abo t , and likewise in cow , whole head and b dy ‘ s or n o n s in uniformly whiti h drab . The rete tion of the dark p i t s in o i s n the adult bulls afford , all pr babil ty , deci ive evide ce of the s n Au o h de ce t of the breed from the r c s .

S s of s are s pani h Cattle , which three type recogni ed , S pani sh r n namely , the Northe n Gallego (Arago ) and Navarra Cattle . s or S breed , the Central Castilian breed , and the outhern or n in Andalucian type , are represe ted the collection by a black

n u of . u n o n n as Fighti g B ll , the gift Mr Farq harso J h sto , well as by t wo mounted heads and a skull and horns o f th e fawn-coloured u h n nt M n s H . O . Dra g t xe , which were pre e ed by the Ki g , and pert ained to living specimens presented by the Empress E ugenie

E M . f r . h o to Queen Victoria , by w om they were kept some years at s n s s O borne , Isle of Wight . Mi iature model Of the e royal cattle are likewise exhibited . the s or n Of three type , the Gallego and Navarra , norther form , is s u e n characteri ed by its reg lar pr portions , ge erally light colour s - and s (yellowi h fawn or pale chestnut) , large horn , which are directed n and s T he n or st mai ly upwards backward . ce tral , Ca ilian breed , on is t n u s n the other hand , dis i g ished by great size and tout ess , the i of us n l s straight l ne the back , the d ky colour , which is ofte a mo t l - o n h l black , and the wel proportioned h r s , w ich are directed main y w s n l n u ﬁnd . or for ard Fi al y , in the souther Andal cian type we the il i nu u ou size and bu d med um , the line Of the back si o s , the col r s and or generally dusky , although ometimes black white , even and n m chestnut and white , the hor s of the sa e type as in the i . of preced ng The horns the last two breeds may , indeed , be n z compared to those of the ti es of a pitchfork held hori ontally , with the concavity upwards ; whil e those of the ﬁrst or northern type n i u i may be like ed to the same nstr ment held vertically , w th the t n i ds or s concavity Of the i es backwards . These three ma n bree type sub - or s n a u may be divided into eight races trai s , prob bly ind ced by and n t s crossing local co di ions , the characteri tics of which cannot be n give in this place .

n has- i f o f Gelto- as A cient bronze rel e s the Iberian epoch , well as i n s ns h n st t s certa n ancient Spa i h coi , ex ibit u mi akable representa ion rt n t - n and of the no her type , wi h its large upwardly directed hor s , it would accordingly seem that this was the breed possessed by the nh in n ancient i abitants of the Pen sula . This is co ﬁrmed by the exi stence of a similar type of Cattle over a large part of southern

s and as n t on the n e n Europe , e pecially Italy Greece , i dica ed a ci t t ls 8 Dom estica ed A nim a .

nu n nt s is - n of mo me ts of these cou rie . Th large hor ed breed light u t has n s est is u colo red Ca tle , it bee ugg ed , derived from the Zeb or Humped Cattle by the elimi nation of the hump as the result of n hi s a ma s s s s . s electio Be t it y , the breed eem to be of Ea tern n and n in in st origi , to have been imported i to Spa a dome icated n co dition . Such a breed introduced by the Greeks and Romans cannot but and n n u n and is have modiﬁed absorbed the i d ige o s Spa ish Cattle , it to this Gree ce -Roman importation that the u niform colo ur O f the i no s Cattle of northern Spain is due . It s k wn that fawn or che tnut s eciallv the n n ns in and is was p favoured by a cie t Roma their Cattle , it thi s colour which is most prevalent among the Cattle of Gallego and le . s n u of t C att Navarra Nevertheles , there are a certai n mber whi e h s n n f w ich may be the de ce da ts o the Roman sacriﬁcial breed . The existence of the large -horned and light - coloured breed o f

in the n s n C eltO - n t s n d it Cattle Pe in ula duri g Iberia ime bei g prove , s st s the s n a remain to demon rate the pre ence , at eco d epoch , of C ttle n st resembli g the m odern Castilian and Andal ucian breed s. The mo ‘ ’ of is the sto nc o f un h important piece evidence Cl ia , w ich s s n in i l 1 u u s n wa P e ia va 774 b t s s . in exi te ce in , b eque tly de troyed

O n C e lto- b n n n n u l - fi hte r this I eria mo ume t was represe ted a b l g , in u to c the o f i f ll array, prepared re eive charge a bull , wh le the legend n n u n f o r u - fi h is the a cie t eq ivale t a b ll g t . In this mo nument (unlike those of the same period already referred to) the bull is represented with horizontally -directed horns of the type of those of the Castilian and Andalucian bree ds and also u was h of the A rochs . Whether the animal depicted a wild bull (t e Aurochs doubtless existing at this date in Spain as in the rest of Europe) or a domesticated i ndividual cannot be definitely deter mined ; but it i ndicates the existence in the Ge lto-Iberian epoch of o - s In o t th s is the Cattle with the Aur chs type of horn . acc rd wi h i close resemblance of the modern Spanish Cattle of the Castilian s u s as s u H e rb erstain in breed to the A roch , de cribed and fig red by n n n o ns s the sixtee th ce tury . Not o ly have the h r the ame general n the a e is the form and directio , but bl ck hue of the modern bre ds same as that of their exti nct relative while more important still is the fact that both the Aurochs and the Castilian bulls show a - l n unn n h the fawn coloured i e r i g down t e middle of back . It has accordingly been suggested that the Cattle of central Spain n o are the direct desce dants of the wild Aur chs. The southern or n u s on the n ss A dal cian breed seem , other ha d , to have been cro ed t r s a n wi h Cattle imported by the A ab , which would ccou t for their ' s Ca tt 9 Spa in /c le .

n t o i nferior size a d frequen ly piebald col uring . The diff erence in size between the large Gallego and the small Navarra Cattle o f the northern type m ay be largely due to the mountain habitat of the t a and la ter . The C stilian and Andalucian bulls those of the Navarra e the n breed of the northern typ are employed in ri g , while the large d u Gallego Cattle are those used for raught and agric lture . f th e t n and The af iliation of black Cas ilia , in a less degree the s the n n Andalucian , breeds of Spani h Cattle to wild Aurochs stre gthe s the opinion as to the existence of an intimate relationship between n s and s m a cient Wel h Iri h breeds , like the Pe broke and Kerry , to a the l tter . O f not less interest is a theory that the large -horned and dun o n s o col ured norther Spani h breed of Cattle , t gether with the large , - o of n h o f light c loured Cattle Greece , Italy , and certai ot er parts u u s u s so thern E rope , are de cended from the h mped Zebu . Thi approximatio n to the Zebu type is shown by the horns of the two heads of Spanish Draught Cattle presente d by the King to the us on - s of M eum , which are exhibited in the case the south we t side the N orth Hall . — The ho rns of all Humped Cattle both Indian and African diff er f rom those of the Aurochs and the related types of European s s h m dome ticated cattle by their di tinctly lyrate s ape , the ﬁrst ain i f n curve having the convexity in front nstead o behi d . Their n is s and tende cy al o to grow upwards backwards , rather than in o and l . f rwards , they may be , as the Galla Cattle , very arge O ther characteristics of the Zebu are to be f o und in the large w and t n the de lap, the whi e ri gs round the eyes and the fetlocks ; light fetlock-ri ngs bei ng remarkably constant in all the half-breeds h h n . s u t e so commo in Northern India Now , Spani h Dra g t Cattle of no t the and Gallego breed only exhibit an approximation to Zebu , u and especially to the Galla , type in the direction , curvat re size of n S w S n the hor s , but also ho a imilar large dewlap , and light ri gs s of s round the eyes and the fetlocks . The horn the large whiti h s in the Italian Cattle also approximate , e pecially direction , to same type ; and to a certain extent a similar feature is noticeable in the a - o o t horns of the large p le col ured Pod lian and Hungarian Cat le , and s h breeds which also have a large dewlap , , de pite t eir light h s of t e . colour , trace white rings round the eyes and fetlocks The foregoing f eatures observable in the north Spanish and other light -coloured S o uth European Cattle are those we should n f u expect to ﬁnd retained in breeds desce ded rom the Zeb , which have been so altered by selection and crossing (probably with the ' 1 0 D m als om estica ted A m .

i ndigenous Cattle of Europe) as to have lost the characteristic hump the s of ance tral stock . u n s can as su e s This Zeb a ce try , however , only be regarded a gg n o s s and tio , which acc rd with the available fact , if confirmed would u n d f u clear p ma y if ic lties . the u or s to Whether Zeb theory be true not, there appear be u t t of j s iﬁca ion f or assumi ng a dual ancestry for the Cattle Europe . O n one u hs- s the the hand we have the A roc like breed , such as st n n u n nn s hl Ca ilia , A dal cia , Cha el I land , Pembroke , Kerry, Hig and , and s white Park Cattle , which are evidently the direct de cendants of th e s su s u in wild Auroch , and are u ally uniformly black or che tn t o u is s O n the s are c lo r , except when they d play albini m . other ide the - o an s t n and un n large h rned north Sp i h , I alia , Grecian , H garia s - u n t s breed , which are all light colo red a imals , wi h large dewlap and n s o u n the and os t n white ri g r d eyes and fetlocks , are alm t cer ai ly the s s f s n s de cendant o a econd a ce tral stock . The followi ng are some of the chief herds kept for the ring ’ n n or L ab orda s Of the orther , Navarra, breed , the best are Perez ’ L iz az o s o o t and , b th at Tudela , near the Aragon border ; hers , of a n near on Gui uz c oa s the mou tain type , are kept Tolosa , the y ide of n ra ge . O f n or M as ule the ce tral , Castilian , breed , the herd of p , of ‘ ’ o l n th e S no was n o Vallad lid , to which be o ged famous e rito , i c r at d t h u s Gartiria n or e of t e . p with tha Marq e de , of Gijo The ’ ‘ u u s n 1 780 n as D q e de Veragua herd , dati g from , and know La ’ M unoz a of n u was of U , Ara j ez , incorporated with that lloa , from U l th u and is us m . e trera , Anda cia , th ixed North of Madrid are of m n and u s the herds Go ez , Aleas , Vicente Marti ez , F ente ; two ’ s n as a ow t n and la t k own de la Moral z rzal , and ren ned for s re gth

n D n n n n . bravery . A other Castilian herd is that of o Estaba Her a dez s su as s of a There are al o herds in La Mancha , ch tho e Flores Barber , n u s M cnaSalva near o as as ear Ci dad Real ; E calera at , Toled ; well s i n and Villarub a . O t s in E tremadura at her , agai , are kept near o o f or ns the s d C rd va , i tance herd of Gutierrez at Almo ovar and of

Rivero . o n n u n s Of the s uther , or A dal cia , breed the following herd exist n t s . " u M uru or rece ly exi ted near Seville , viz Mi ra , Camara , ve , n s Ybarress Perez de la Concha , A a tasio Martin , , Marques del t s n u n u o Sal illo , Le aca , Herna dez (Freire) , Barq ero , Be j mea , C ncha and d r . t a e dc n Sierra , A alid O hers Barrero , at Jerez la Fro tera L arraz a ar d H e rre ra u , at San de Barrame a ; and , at P erto de

Santa Maria . FIG . 2.

E H AD OF ANKOLI COW .

F IG . 3 .

A T T R RO A B N ING S EE F M B LI .

T o ace . 1 f p 0.

' D m t ate m m ats 1 2 o es ic d A .

to r is n in fawn d ab, ge erally uniform ; but Africa there are parti

s n . coloured breed . Some of the I dian breeds are dwarf The ordinary Indian breed is represented by a bull received from

the Zoological Society in 1 888 . n f of m as I several of the A rican breeds Hu ped Cattle, such the n s ns s s in Galla Oxe , the horn attain huge dime ion , e pecially the f o s . o m n matter of girth Several ﬁne pairs h rn are exhibited , a o g ss n l which is one presented by the Aby i ian travel er Salt .

— F IG . 4. ER M P E D O n m o a b a ta . 8 . w e o a o t r o r . NU HU x . (Fr ph g ph y C p i S Fl )

uer o f Near akin to the Galla breed are the N Cattle , the Eastern

- u . hi to S dan (fig w ch , in addition a well marked hump, have very s n n n t s s mas ive . i curvi g , lyrate hor s , wi h clo ely approximated tip um f n (fig . H ped Cattle with horns of a somewhat di fere t type o u n th (fig . 5) cc r o e Blue Nile . or a - b ut The Nuer Cattle may be either uniformly p rti coloured , the os and s not in West Africa M hi Hau a Cattle are generally , if - l t In on invariably, parti co oured , and often distinc ly spotted . e s the u - s Mo hi Ox head , middle line of the back , and nder part were neck s In white , and the greater portion of the and side dark . U " BLUE NILE H MPED O .

F o m a h o o a b in S F OW R . r p t gr ph y C apta . S L E

6 . F IG .

' HEAD O F UNICORN RAM . T o face p.

' ’ 1 3 D om estzea tea S keet .

‘ general characters these Cattle agree very closely wi th the ﬁgure o f

’ Illustrzrle Zeitun a Damar aland O x given by Dr . Heck in the g for 1 89 5 in and , although the latter the dark light areas form an irregular marbli ng all over the head and body . Here may be mentioned plaster-casts of two enorm ous e x-horns received at the o f u n n M useum from Madrid . Although their place origin is nk ow , they apparently belong to a breed allied to or identical with Galla 4 in n t m 7 . Ca tle . The largest specimen easures 5 in le gth along the and a of 33 in i n curve , has a bas l girth } wh le the correspondi g dimensions of the smaller one (which contracts very suddenly in l in and 2 . calibre near the middle) are 28} . 7% in In a Gal a Ox s m s C la erton sk ull presented to the Mu eu by Mes rs . Denham and pp 42 2 f 3 . the length of the horns is 5 in . and the circum erence 3 in

Among the hill -tribes of north -eastern India and Ga al ' y n m - - or Te asseri the heavily built, olive black Gayal Mithan B0 3 rontalis as K ( f ) is kept domesticated cattle , the ukis and n f n s Manipuris breedi g large numbers o these a imal . The Gayal is s t of S a n B0 3 probably a dome tica ed breed the wild Gaur , or el da g ( aurus of and u u has g ) , India the Malay co ntries , altho gh it received Bos ron alis f a separate scientiﬁc name ( f t ) . The head o a cow is one cases N and exhibited in of the large in the orth Hall , the mounted s skin of a bull in the aloon at the end of the Lower Mammal Gallery .

In of n to - of the Island Bali , lyi g the south east Java , n Banti g . the domesticated cattle are a tame breed of the wild

’ or Bos sondazcus of to Banting , Bantin ( ) , Java , known the Malays as -Ut nt n Sapi an (Wild Ox) . Large numbers of domesticated Ba i g 3 o . m is t . . (ﬁg ) are exported fro Bali to S ingapore for food . It Mr C s s s of Boden Klo s that the Museum owe a teer this breed , which is n s the l u of s is exhibited alo g ide big Zebu bull . The co o r the kin - and o s s rich maroon brown , the legs are wholly white fr m ome di tance and h u - above the knees hocks to the hoofs . The w ite r mp patch m n is , however, uch smaller than in the typical wild Banti g , being to s of t no t u u conﬁned the hind ide the but ocks , and s rro nding the o f r ot o the tail . m s or - of the A do e ticated , semi domesticated , breed Dom e sti cate d ’ Wild Asiatic Buffalo (Bos bubalzs) is kept by the

Buff alo ’ natives throughout India , Ceylon , and the Malay n m n f . s o cou tries A ong the Hi du tribe , by whom all members the ff f or Ox family are regarded as sacred , Bu aloes are kept only the s of or f or t and u s ake their milk , agricul ural dra ght purpose . From India the domesticated breed was probably introd uced at an early 1 4 Dom est ca te n m a ls i d A i .

s n it has u s a date into Egypt and We tern Asia , whe ce grad ally pre d o u of u s as n t and into vari s parts Southern E rope , uch Hu gary, I aly , n t s uff n Spai . Of la e years Dome ticated B aloes have been i troduced us is s u n o f into A tralia . There , however, a Plei tocene E ropea race the species from which it is possi ble that some of the domesticated s N t n n stock may have been derived . In the or h Hall are show mi ia t o of the s o ure m dels of a male and a female dome ticated breed , m delled

m n n s in 1 9 02 . fro specime s bred in Hu gary , and purcha ed

The origin of Domesticated Sheep, of which the Dom e sti cate d ordinary European breeds co nstitute the species S h ee p. O vis m ice not . , is definitely known Most European breeds diff er from wild species in bei ng clothed with wool instead of hair ; the tail being also much longer than in any of the tt 0 lec oia h the s la er except the Barbary Sheep ( . ) , in w ich horn are u as is n of a pec liar type . If, probable , the lo g tail be an acquired the M ouflons U s m a n n s character , wild or rial y represe t the a ce tral s o -l h a st t t ck . A small Sheep with Goat ike orns w s dome ica ed by the Prehistoric Swiss lake -dwellers and the earliest Egyptian pai nti ngs e of o f show a domesticated br ed the Barbary Sheep , replaced in those M o ufl n- ns later date by one with o like hor . n n s s in o ne o r The hor s are very variable , bei g ometimes ab ent a s u o in both sexes , and in other c ses increa ed to fo r or m re , while one s In S Himalayan breed they coale ce . the Wallachian heep they

ssu s u s - a me a more or les pright, cork crew like form . f the t In certain breeds the tail is lattened and coat hairy , al hough " is and ff s n In ut in the lambs the latter woolly a ords A tracha . So h western Asia and S outh Africa the tails of these S heep are long and b ut - heavy , in the black headed breed of Persia , Central Asia ,

o and u . Arabia , and North Africa , they are sh rt r dimentary The Shiluk Sheep of the Upper Nile have l ong fat tails and brown hairy coats . - s the wh n Among the round tailed breed , brown and ite Fezza o s S s sh Sheep have hairy c at . The small hetland breed al o ows i n o and th old l co some ha r mi gled with the wo l in e sma l S tch breed , n t o ts the i n of now early extinc , the soft short wo l fel badly . In sla d S n n t l o u n s e a S . K , belo gi g to the i da gr p , is fou d a mall breed of brown-woolled Sheep believed to have been introd uced by the

- n ou n . Viki gs . F r horned Sheep are fou d from Iceland to China s of s one of is u in There are two breed Wel h Sheep , which fo nd the un ns and has o s s and t the mo tai , h rn in both sexe , hair mixed wi h o o t l s and is o n ss t wo l ; while the her occurs in the val ey , h r le , wi h ’ t e 1 5 Bm is/z S /ze p. s - n to the s n oft , badly felti g wool . Nearly allied Wel h Mou tai n breed were the Irish Wicklow Sheep before they were altered by s in cros ing . Larger than these are the Kerry Sheep, which the ewes t s is m o t are frequen ly hornle s , and the fleece derately soft and in er s sper ed with hair . of the f o m o and o of Sheep Heath breed , r m the untains mo rs i o o in s Derbysh re , and the counties to the n rth , have h rns both exes , are black faces and legs , and a coarse and shaggy fleece . Cheviots s t and and fine omewhat heavier , wi h white faces legs , moderately ss wool . In the old Norfolk breed the horns of the rams are ma ive and f and spiral , the body and limbs long, the ace and legs black , the s of m di and wool ilky and e um length . The Sheep of Dartmoor m the s are Ex oor exemplify various Moorland breed , which of small

‘ with dark and m s or t u size , often or grey faces li b , and with wi ho t u horns . In the two breeds named , the wool is of medi m length , but in other Moorland Sheep it is very short . S s In the outhdown breed horns are wanting , the face , ear and d n s s an . legs are blacki h brown , and the wool is hort , close , felti g

e n - n - The Dors t and pi k osed Somerset breeds are long limbed , horned f a s and o of m Sheep , with white aces , e r , legs , wo l mediu length ,

o n esh- s of and the n se freque tly ﬂ coloured . In the Fore t Dean and the Mendips the Dorsets are represented by a smaller variety ; the

- n s b ut l . Portla d breed being al o allied , very smal sized m and Merinos , in which the fe ales are usually hornless , the face

or n . and legs are either white grey , have very lo g and ﬁne wool The other long -woolled breeds in which horns are wanti ng i nclude s ts the New Leice ter , Lincolnshire , Romney Marsh , Co wold , Devon

t m h t n - o s he . shire , Not ingha s ire , and lo g w olled Iri h They are all - m large sized Sheep , with wool adapted for the anufacture of worsted f or n yarn , but unsuited felti g .

A num b er of n n s u s n specime s , mai ly head and sk lls , repre e t Briti sh the m b . n some of ore striking British reeds Amo g them ,

Bre e ds' the Scotch Mou ntain breed is represented by a wether Kirk udb ri h hir 1 9 00 e ts e . from g , presented by Mr . H Grant in by the in u t . . o s . . sk ll of a ram fr m Argyll hire , presen ed by Mr A J H Campbell 1 1 90 ; and by two mounted head s of rams. Of the Norfolk breed is of s u s in 1 90 3 there the head a ram , from Cambridge hire , p rcha ed il t hi t wh e the Dorse breed , in w ch (like the Scotch) bo h sexes

n a s of and o f . carry horns , is represe ted by the he d a ram a wether t t s ts o u O her breeds exhibi ed are Black Wel h , Co w ld , S ffolk ,

te s and s . In Hampshire Down , Leices r, Shrop hire , Devon hire the l 6 D om estica ted A nim a ls. s M an u as n s . I le of , as well in the Hebrides , Ork ey , etc , occ rs a breed

- of s l u n t or . es ma l fo r hor ed Sheep , wi h brown black wool Th e Sheep are represented in the collection by a man fro m the I sle of

s . . . n 1 90 1 . Man , pre ented by Mr G C Baco in (ﬁg k n s s e a w i in rac ti Near a i are the afore aid maller S Sheep, hich l ve p o i n S e a s n in S t . cally a wild state I la d , the K lda group, and are

- s n so n . occa io ally , far as the rams are concerned , four hor ed The collection in cludes the mounted skin of a ewe and the skull of a u s 1 ram , both p rcha ed in 900 .

n i The Merino , although practically u known in th s M erinos. n is one of s s the l of cou try, the breed upplying bu k the - the s it s wool produce of the world at pre ent day , if, indeed , doe not

s s . s exceed all other breeds in thi re pect Merino , as their name s o S b ut s the indicate , were riginally a panish breed ; in early day S panish ﬂocks produced more wool than the factories of the co u ntry

s s . 1 783 could work up , and the surplu heep were sold In the year , n s of u Ki g Loui " VI. France bo ght a large estate at the village of s s st s Rambouillet, some forty miles we t of Pari , where he e abli hed an n - n s extensive Meri o farm . Other flocks of selected Meri o were o om S n the s t in the subsequently intr duced fr pai , with re ul that s of ntu u a s t n was cour e a ce ry the Rambo illet flock , by c reful elec io , developed i nto a breed of smooth -bodied Sheep remarkable for their and n f s o f large bodily size the excelle ce o their wool . The ize the Rambouillet breed is indeed so great that these Meri nos have been ’ - - n n nick named Elephant Sheep . They have the adva tage of bei g l n s n s s. s s much hardier than their Spa i h a ce tor Merino , and e pecial y m s Un e Ra bouillet , have been exported to South Africa , the it d S s S s . tate , outh America , Au tralia , New Zealand , etc The Cape s r t i s breed appear to be di ec ly der ved from the original Spani h stock , and is now the source of the great bulk of the enormou s wool o u n t on pr d ct of that colo y . The Rambouille breed , the other is ns in n uss and hand , exte ively kept France , Germa y , R ia , other of t and n to s parts the Continen ; has bee largely exported Au tralia , n i and th Un s -n un e . Arge t na , ited States In the la t amed co try the now s ifi u breed extend from the Atlantic to the Pac c , altho gh pure -bred flocks are limited to cert ai n districts ; and in Arge nti na t n is here are also enormous flocks o f choice breedi g . The breed represented in the collection by a fine Merino ram fro m Cape o n s n the n st of u f o r on C lo y , pre e ted by Mi i er Agricult re that Col y in 1 9 0 6 and s n s of and ; al o by mi iature model a ram an ewe , s in 1 9 2 purcha ed 0 .

b l ‘ G ’ l .

ABY INIAN A SS M NED SHEEP .

F 8 IG. .

A A A W LL CHI N SHEEP . T o ace f 1 7. H a ir ) S t ee 1 7 y p.

‘ ’ In the eighty -third volume of the Verhandlunge n Bumme r ’ o f the Swiss Naturalists Society will be found an S h e ep. acco unt of a peculiar breed of Do mesticated S heep with Goat-like horns formerly kept by the natives of the Biinde n ‘ n t n and n as Bii nd Oberla d , Swi zerla d , he ce locally known the ’ n f is of n u t s erscha . The breed known to be great a tiq i y , but appear n s ns to be now almost extermi nated owi ng to crossi g with other trai . It appears to be nearly related to the se -called Peat -Sheep (T orf schaf) of s s - n s the Prehi toric Swi s lake dwelli g , of which it is probably the n a and Bundner o f direct descenda t . The Crossbred V lais Sheep, Graub iinden nd h s n which a ram from , Switzerla , is ex ibited , repre e t this ancient breed .

S w n ff These small heep , hich have lo g bu wool , with the CorS Ican - s of the re re under ide the body and legs black , are p

Sh e e . p n s o f s o ne sented in the collectio by two kulls ram , s H n 1 9 04 and pre ented by H . . Pri ce Roland Bonaparte in , the other in s 1 9 0 7. by Dr . C . I . For yth Major

of S s Two types heep with short tail , hair in place of wool , Han y h ns l or n u . and the or smal wa ting , occ r in Africa The S he e p. s s t and s ﬁr t , characterised by the moo h coat long limb ,

- n 7253 (en nes . s n is the Lo g limbed Sheep ( 0 gi ) The eco d , in which the and n the s neck throat are ma ed , limbs shorter, and the ize

s ba fi . n is the S 0 . u tcz maller , Maned heep ( j , g Very ge erally these s in u n of heep are piebald colo r, showi g large patches black or - of u n brown on a white ground . In the Long legged Sheep G i ea s s in s n i o the males have mall horn , but the We t I d an breed (imp rted n m e n from Africa) horns are wanti g in both sexes . The Ca roo s representative of the Maned Sheep appears to be the smallest breed is - n n in s t of t i in ex tence . Limb bo es agreei g ize wi h those h s breed i in su have been d scovered Wiltshire . It has been as med that the Long -legged and the Maned Sheep are speci fically disti nct from is c ri s n t n T he s n o f u O o e o . the E ropean , but this is certai pre e ce face -glands shows that they are not derived fro m the Barbary Sheep Zervia as is no n ( 0 . ) of North Africa ; and there other wild Africa t E Sheep , it would seem probable that they are rela ed to the uropean M musim n u on . o o fl ( 0 ) . n n The West I dia breed is represented by a ram from Barbadoes , presented to the Museum by the Minister of Agriculture f or the s s n t ni We t Indies . Its mo t striki g fea ures are the u formly foxy red of o s and of tt colour the c at, and the hort hairy nature the la er, s no nd n n ss and is s which d isplay te e cy to woolli e , almo t exactly C 1 D t t nim a ls 8 om es ica ed A .

s th u i M uﬂon r T he imilar to e s mmer coat of the w ld o o Urial . is in c os n in m n head , fa t, alm t ide tical for and general appeara ce t o f of one t os s s and us t with tha a female of h e two pecie , th qui e f re o g and s n of dif e nt fr m the lon le der head the Barbary Wild Sheep , or Udad e as n s , which has been regard d the a cestral tock of the s s is s o n dome ticated breed . The tail much h rter than in Europea s t n to n s a sta Dome tica ed Sheep, not reachi g withi a con ider ble di nce o f the n f o . o w s ho ks From the u iform colour , the coat it ould eem probable that the breed is more nearly related to the Urial than to the M ouﬂon ; and if the former were originally domesticated in s it w n n of Per ia , might ell have been i troduced i to Africa by way

. as s s Syria Be that it may , it eems most likely that in the We t African breed we have the earlier stock of the m ore specialised o s w olly breed of Europe . n is ss h The Ma ed breed represented by a ram from Aby inia , w ich sh s and s i has ort horn , a brown shaggy coat , a hort tail . The P gmy o C am aroons s s n breed , fr m the di trict of West Africa , is how by a s n of u s n s o l 1 9 n s s pecime an ad lt ram , which ta d n y i che at the wither . n and thick o n and The hor s , which are stout , are only ab ut an i ch h in o ns s of t an a alf length , and the c at co i ts coarse hair wi hout y a oo s is o t in tr ce of w l . On mo t of the body the hair ab u an ch long . n n n n n of m n and t is but on the eck it is le gthe ed i to a ki d a e , here s ff thr at n o al o a ru on the e . The ge eral col ur of the hair of the - a ts is s n - b u t s upper p r che t ut red , the ear , the greater part of the face , throat ruff th e - a s the , buttocks , the whole of the under p rt , and a is s and large portion of the legs are jet black . The tail hort thinly

- - not . In its k n haired , reaching half way to the hocks blac u der parts s s s nt m n M ouflon thi heep pre e s a re arkable co trast to the wild , in which the belly is white with a broad band of black dividing it from s t o f M ouflon is u the fawn of the flanks. Thi whi e belly the obvio sly t u o s t of an n ss for protec ive p rp es , and wi h the removal y ece ity for s u s protective coloration in the dome ticated breed , it wo ld eem that the black of the flank band has spread over the whole of the under t s n ss the s t o affin t t e M ouflon par s. The hort e of tail point ity wi h h , and also shows that thi s and the other Hairy Sheep of West Africa have no relatio nship to the Barbary Wild S heep .

The Domesticated S heep of the Hausas of Nigeria form Hausa ' -m d has am 0 t2is Ion i es a well arke breed , which been n ed g p

S h e e . p is h a t carwapi (ﬁg . The breed typically c ar c erised ‘ h co n s n s on by t e hairy at , the droopi g ear , Roma no ed proﬁle , l g s n s - the s n of n n a leg , lo g hort haired tail , pre e ce of a pair pe de t l ppets , a a e 1 9 H us S /ze p. or g s of thrpat -and- or - ta , skin on the , and the black white, brown and i m S s and wh te colouring . The ra s carry a pair of long , pirally twi ted , l outwardly directed horns , but the ewes are hornless . Typica ly the of ears of the rams hang straight down , while those the ewes are directed almost horizontally outwards and the whole o f the head (with

— F 9 . A a s R R AM IG . H u a O R NIG E IAN (From th e Re port of th e Ro yal Zo ological Socie ty of Ire land f or the exception of the muzzle) and the body as far back as the loi ns or - - are black dark brown , the hind quarters , tail , and hind limbs being In the alone white . ewe exhibited the black is , however , conﬁned s of h a a to portion the e d , the e rs are pendent , and there are no lappets on the throat . 20 D t a s om estica ed A n im l .

T he rams of this breed are kept by many of the T h e Hun a or i , native princes o f India for the purpose o f ﬁght g ht ng Fi i i the ing . They are character sed by convex proﬁle h S e e p of nd a. I i the and t d - t of face , the shor and eer like ail ,

which is quite unlike that o f most other domesticated breeds . The

n not u s U . hor s are nlike tho e of the Himalayan rial , or Wild Sheep ‘ ’ n in his m s and st n m s Darwi , Ani al Plants under Dome icatio , ake a quotation from a paper by Brian Hodgson published in the sixteenth volume of the Journal of the Asiatic S ociety o f Bengal to the effect that the long tail of the ordinary domesticated breeds of ‘ S heep in most of its phases is an i nstance of degeneracy in these ’ - h mi nt n n . s pre e ne ly Alpi e a imals He appear , however , to ave over looked the statement in the same paper that Hunia S heep always s s t s s n is have hort tail , a fac which uggest that this Hu ia breed nearer the ancestral wild stock of Domesticated Sheep in general than n n n is the U or e is any other strai . A further i fere ce that rial Shap of the Himalaya is very likely to be the ancestral stock of at least some st s o s ss s u of of the dome icated breeds. The Mu eum p s e e a n mber s u and ns of n m of s is k lls hor Hu ia ra s , in which the form the horn just what might be expe cted as the results of domestication o f the un s n n wild Urial . If the H ia breed be the direct de ce da t of the wild U its as an n o f n e rial , wool may be regarded ultra developme t the u d r f ur ashm n s is un n in or p , which , as in other Tibetan a imal , very ab da t t s n or n n se o f tha pecies . The strongly arched chaffro Roma o the ram s of the Hunia breed is me ntioned by Brian H odgson as another u o feat re due to domesticati n . H n n Ram f n was s A u ia Fighti g rom Baroda , I dia , pre ented by E H - 1 9 05 and is . . the Maharaja Gaikwar of Baroda in , exhibited , t t n s m and o a s toge her wi h ma y kulls of rams fro Nepal , Simla , ther p rt in 84 nd n s n . s 1 8 a . . . of I dia , pre e ted by Mr Brian Hodg on by Mr A O u H me in 1 89 1 . Here m ay be noticed the skull of a short -tailed ram from the

- l- s u s n e S . . . Bahr Ghazal , in the Ea tern dan , pre e ted by Capt S S w in 1 9 4 n n s l Flo er 0 , which appare tly i dicate a breed a lied to the i Hun a Sheep .

This breed appears to be originally a native of S outh Arme au u u n s a- s Z l la d , but at lea t half dozen ﬂock are kept Pieb aldS h e ep . u n th ins n in England . Freq e tly e ra have o ly one of n and is t on pair hor s , their colour black , wi h the excepti of the nd n t ar t o t a a e . f ce the tip of the lo g ail , which always whi e In her

- c ases, as the s n and , in pecimens exhibited , the rams are four hor ed ,

O R- OR R A RA F U H NED HEB IDE N M .

F . 1 1 IG . .

t- O RNED O U T AFRICAN PIEBA D RAM H S H L .

T o ace 9 f 1 . 21 .

s 2 2 Dom estica ted A nim a l . probable by the fact that the former are not u nfrequently four and so u s a t the s u o ss ss s horned , al from the circ m t nce hat Mu e m p e e in 1 the rs of u s n 1 . the head (pre e ted 9 0 by Rev H . G . Mo e) a So th

and r n . African Sheep which is black , with a white face , has fou hor s It is no te worthy that in this head the horns are much smaller than

in n and is and . the E glish piebald rams , also that the coat short hairy is s nt ll t It thu evide that who y black Sheep , and black Sheep wi h ‘ on the u in and a t s a large white blaze face , occ r Zululand other p r u so s no t of So th Africa , and al that the ram of these Sheep are

- n th n u nfrequently four hor ned . O e other ha d there seems no i nformation with regard to the existence of any such breed either

in n rt . ns n Spai , Po ugal , or North Africa Co equently , till the co trary s are n s to is proved , the pre umption is that these Sheep indige ou u So th Africa . s e The superior ize , the longer ﬂeece , and perhaps the great r amount of white on the body in the E nglish strai n are features l as n which might natural y occur the result of better feedi g . That the duplication of the horns in these breeds is due to S t n o f u pli ti g the normal pair, is rendered practically certain by a sk ll of a South African piebald ram presented to the Museum by f t s n i P cra . s Mr . W . P . y In this pecime each horn cleft to within s s as m h is i a hort di tance of its b e ; the inor branch , w ich infer or in

s on l n s . po iti , yi g clo e alongside the larger S b n s The pecimens of this reed i clude a ram , pre ented by Mr . o n s in 1 9 0 2 of s E . C . L w de ; the head a ram , pre ented by the D uke of Devonshire in the same year ; and the above-mentioned

f . head from South A rica , presented by the Rev H . G . Morse 9 1 in 1 0 . U S h n t nicorn heep , w ich are atives of Nepal , ake their Unicorn name from the circumstance that the horns of the rams h e S e p. are completely welded together (ﬁg. The ewes are nd n s. o a the hornles The ﬂeece is wo lly the head eck being black , and s a e n body white , the limb piebald the t il app ars to be aturally s S short . The e heep form a regular breed in Nepal , and are not s In the s s l merely accidental ports . adult ram the horn , a ike in shape , n s not ss of directio and ize , are di imilar to those the Nilgiri Tahr (H emitragus Icy locrius) but they are placed so close together that their nn i l n t t n s o n i er surfaces become pract cal y u i ed , al hough a tra sverse ecti s ws t s i s n ho hat the heath of each s complete and di ti ct . From their d t u at ns n to o w n the irec backward c rv ure , the hor te d gr i to back of of n so t as two s s in u is the neck the a imal , hat , in kull the M seum , it u n n ss sa off s freq e tly ece ary to w the tip . ' Wa l/a e/zza n S hee 23 p.

h w o h o n R H . The ram ex ibited as br ug t h me from I dia by H . . the ’ s in 1 90 6 and in o c o s Prince of Wale , exhibited the Zool gi al S ciety 1 9 0 8 s n to Menagerie , where it died in , when the kin was prese ted u the M useum by the Co uncil of the Society . The two sk lls exhibited

o s m . n 84 were presented t the Mu eu by Mr Brian Hodgson i 1 8 .

Among the numerous domesticated breeds of Sheep Wallach i an departi ng more o r less widely from the type of the S he ep. wild M ouﬁon and the Urial perhaps the most remark able is the one comm only known in this country as the Wallachian

Zack e l ha a and m n sc f . the Sheep , in Ger a y as the (ﬁg In typic l its and n breed , which appears to have home in Wallachia Ruma ia and n of s n the n some of the adjacent cou tries Ea ter Europe , hor s , which are of n n s s is n o great le gth , are twisted i to clo e traight spirals , r i g fr m the is in head with b ut little outward divergence . This type shown a u m and in n miniat re odel exhibited among the collection , the ge eral form of the horns presents a marked superﬁcial resemblance to the n o o so as Suleima race of the Markh r Wild G at , so much indeed , to have led to the suggestion that the Wallachian Sheep originated

- fro m a cross between the last named species and an ordinary Sheep . n n of n u In a second breed , appare tly a ative Hungary , the hor s , altho gh of s n the ame general type , are somewhat more diverge t and have the S o f n n spiral rather m ore open . di fere t are Wallachia Sheep from the ordinary type that Linnaeus regarded them as speciﬁcally dis l t O vis ( tries and m tinct from the a ter ( ) , gave the a separate name , i e icer n n O v s str ps os. Certain hor s of the India Hunia Ram presented to u n a m the Museum by Mr . A . O . H me i dic te that there u st be a transitional form between the Wallachian and the ordinary Sheep in m n in m u o the atter of hor s for these Hunia Ra s , altho gh the rdinary

- n ammon spiral is preserved , the hor s are extended much more o and s laterally utwards than usual , at the same time di play a more

- s corkscrew like type of spiral . The intermediate link seem to be formed by a Hungarian breed in which the horns diverge almost is o directly outwards in a very open spiral , which , h wever, merely an

o . s exaggerati n of the ordinary Sheep spiral They are , in fact, almo t exactly intermediate between those of the H unia ram and those of ’ n Zack elschaf the Hu garian variety of the , which should therefore

’ t o of sub -s or of O rzs c ries be relegated the rank a pecies , breed , as i O vis ar ies streps ceros. The Wallachian Sheep is represented in the collection by a mounted in 1 9 03 and m ni u male from Wallachia , purchased also by a i at re H n 1 9 2 of m 0 . I model a ale of the u garian breed , purchased in n ' ’ 24 D om estzea lea A nim a ls.

s i s ns and addition to the e , the collection nclude the hor of a male a

m s in 1 9 0 2. fe ale from Wallachia , purcha ed

‘ - ﬁne T he Af rican Fat tailed S heep ( . of which a Fat-T alked ﬁg is h example ex ibited , is one of the most remarkable h S e e . p s in o f n t and breed the world , the tail being g reat le g h s n is also of excessive width at the base . In the pecime exhibited it ns in n and in s i co iderably over a yard le gth , life mu t have we ghed n Fat tailed in m n several po u ds. Sheep are met with a y parts of the

o is ss u n so w rld , but in few of them the fatne of the ca dal appe dage s s to strongly m a rked as in the South Af rican breed . Thi appear due n to the n n s t be to that breed , accordi g ge eral belief, bei g the re ul o f a cross between the Persian Fat- tailed and the African Fat -r amped It n Fat taile d Sheep . is to the latter breed that the Africa Sheep apparently owes the excessive development of the basal portion of the its n s n appendage from which it takes ame . The pecime exhibited of

Fat- a o n s n the Cape t iled breed is a ram fr m Cape Colo y , pre e ted by

o f n 1 9 06 . the Director Agriculture , Cape Colo y, in

In the count ries to the east and south of the Fat -Bumpe d s n as s s Ca pia Sea , such many part of Central A ia , Sh e ep. s and - s u Arabia , Per ia , North ea tern Africa , occ r certai n breeds of Sheep characterised by the tail (which is of the ﬂattened type of that of the Fat -tailed breed) being short or rudi m n and o n ss on e tary , by the accumulati of large ma es of fat the

' u s h n 0 11 2s steato a has i to b ttock (w e ce the name pyg , which been appl ed 3 t these Sheep) . In the exhibited Arabian breed (ﬁg . 1 ) he head is and w o a t is black and the body legs are white , hile the c at of the dul

a . as u s of h iry The lambs have , however, a woolly coat , have the ad lt s n n n s t the Aby si ia breed . In Ce tral A ia both a black and a whi e strai n are kept ; the lambs of the former yielding the ﬁnely curled wool s s n in the known as Astrachan . The e Sheep are repre e ted collecti on by

n . . . in 1 0 2 a ram from Hedjaz , Arabia , prese ted by Capt S S Flower 0 .

Domesticated Goats differ from Sheep by the m i D o e st cate d ‘ ’ of n l m o r absence a gla d on the face (the ar ier,

Goats‘ - l n and s tear g a d) below each eye , the pre ence of a h f l s m s s o n o o . beard the c in the ma e , or etime of both exes Rams n o - h in also lack the stro g dour of he Goats . Sheep ave terdigital n n the s of in G s s n gla ds betwee hoof all the feet , but oat uch gla ds n n in h n - s s n in r n are wa ti g the i d feet , and may be al o ab e t the f o t ns n s n n pair . The hor of Sheep (whe pre e t) ge erally form a close l s us ns s ink s horizontal y directed piral , with numero ﬁne tra ver e wr le , F IG. 1 2.

‘ O UT AF R IC AN F AT -TA S H ILED SHEEP .

F IG . 1 3 .

- HEDJAZ FAT HUMPED SHEEP . W S . F . From a ph o tograph b y C aptain S . LO ER

T o f ace 24

' ’ D om estzea fea Goa ls 25 .

f l s and ur . o s are brown in colo Those Goats are u ual y blacki h , m s im -s directed ore upwards , and may be either c itar haped or cork

- l - screw like . The Wal achian Sheep has , however , upwardly directed ,

- u o f corkscrew like horns . The sk ll a typical Goat differs from that n of - of a typical Sheep by the abse ce a pit for the face gland , by the circumstance that the part behind the horns is rounded instead of and f o u i s of ﬂat , meets the rontal plane at a very bt se , n tead nearly

n c f . at a right a gle , and by the more con ave proﬁle of the orehead n-n There are , however, hornless Roma osed Domesticated Goats t and - s so wi hout a beard , Wild Sheep without face gland , that it is diﬂicult to distinguish between all the m embers of the two groups . Most Domesticated Goats (C apra hircus) are descended from the hireus (e a rus s s 0 . a Wild Goat ( g g ) of the Mediterr nean I les , A ia

’ m m a s t Minor , and Persia , although so e y have been cro sed with o her s or n n o s m a pecies . The ears may be upright pe de t , and b th exes y b e eard d s of - e . b When pre ent , the horns are often the scimitar like m s n u n for of the wild pecies , but ge erally with the tips t r ed outwards - s o f s of in tead inwards ; they may, however , be spiral like tho e the alc n ri m 0 . o e of Markhor Wild Goat ( f ) the Hi alaya , although wi s has nearly always t sted the opposite way . The Circas ian Goat , s m of the however, the spiral running in the a e direction as that o Markh r . Goats were domesticated by the Prehistoric S wiss lake -dwellers and E An . s the ancient gyptians The gora breed is large , with piral

o n n - h r s , lo g silky white hair, and pendent ears . The Shawl Goats of s -f ur or as/2m Tibet are omewhat smaller , with under , p , at the of -h is roots the long hair . Another long aired breed the Syrian or

r G - l n Mamba oat , which is tall and long limbed , with very o g ears , and shaggy silky black hair . In the Egyptian Goat the limbs are on or o l g , the horns short wanting , the head small , with a c nvex and l proﬁle , the beard generally absent ; the short hair is usua ly n n on i m a reddish brown , te di g to yellow the l mbs , but y be slaty s n grey or potted . In the S udan breed the horns do ot exceed fou r n n and f s i ches in le gth , curve orward at the tip , the limbs bei ng and u l short sto t . The short and thick hair is usua ly a m ixture of s b ut black and reddi h ; red , yellowish , brown , black , and spo tted h s . s t e s example occur The black beard reache che t , where it divides u of to spread over the sho lders . The range this breed extends from l s f the Ni e valley to the West Coa t o Africa . In many parts of the world Domesticated Goats have reverted to w or -w as a ild half ild (feral) condition , in Scotland , and the islands u n n of Skye , St . Helena , and J a Ferna dez . ' ' ' 26 t m al D om es zealea A m s.

The following list i ncl udes the me re importa nt of the specimens x d e hibite . n s s t The E gli h Goat is repre ented by the head of a female , Whi e ’ in 1 9 0 1 n rs n s . . Quee , a ﬁ t prize win er , pre ented by Mr R Walter ‘ of n -S s n the while the A glo wiss breed a complete female pecime , ’

in 1 0 1 is s n . s t . . n 9 Black Arrow , pre en ed by Mr H Gree way , how Of s at is of the Goats that have reverted to a wild t e , there the head a

t m S s . n male wi h black hair fro cotland , pre ented by Mr Cecil G re fell 1 897 s a o the S in ; and al o two he ds f white variety from kye , s pre ented by Sir Donald Currie , The Tibetan S hawl -Goat is represe nted by the horns of a male m s in 1 879 i fro Ladak , pre ented by Gen . Strachey ; and likew se by s i n s -n in 1 848 . kulls g ven by Mr . Bria Hodgson To the la t amed donor the collection owes the skull and horns of a m ale of the s n s n of u Circas ian Goat while a seco d pecime the same , from T rkey , was s n 4 s s S . 1 90 . pre e ted by Capt . S . Flower in Both the e how the as n o s reversal of the spiral , compared with ordi ary G at . For many years a report was current as to the existence of an n - o i n s A telope like Wild G at n the mou ntains of the Azores. Tha k of s n no w to Major Chaves , the Ponte Delgada Mu eum , the collectio u of m s u s the incl des a pair ale k lls with horn , which prove that the s n n s s animal is a true Goat , probably de ce da t of dome ticated breed

' hi u l . n w ch are which have run wi d The hor s , abo t a couple of feet n u s and in le gth in both sk lls , are , however , remarkably traight n in one upright , their inner edges bei g almost contact in example f or 8 n o i w a distance of about i ches , alth ugh they d verge lo er s down , while in both they as ume the open spiral characteristic of o us n ss G ats generally towards the tips . It is this un ual upright e and straightness of the horns that led to the idea that the Azores had Wild Goat an afﬁnity to Antelopes. of m of A male the Joura Goat , fro the Isle Joura , received from 1 90 3 s m n o f t the Zoological Society in , hows that the arki gs his s os C a ra hircus (e a rus h breed closely re emble th e of the wild p g g , w ich n m n s of E ean formerly i habited a y of the i lands the g Archipelago , f T h s of . e and is still ound in Crete , Asia Minor , Persia , etc kull n s n a male Goat from Gra d Comoro I la d , Mozambique Channel , s n n 1 871 s as s w n pre e ted by Sir Joh Kirk , in , is of intere t ho i g s u o u the wide range of breeds nearly related to tho e of E r pe . M ch the same may be stated wi th regard to a female Bo rnean Domesticated o s s i 1 . . n 90 3 . G at from Sarawak , Borneo , ent home by Dr C Ho e n o a o t o n u s n Of the A g r G at , the collec i n i cl des a ﬁne male pecime

s n n . . 1 9 0 1 an from Con ta tinople , prese ted by Mr J E . Whittall in d

28 Dom est ca te n ma ls i d A i .

Previous to the conquest of South America by the Llama and the and l s n Spaniards , Llama A paca , which are de ce ded Al paca . u L ama b aa/l aw s from the Wild G anaco ( ) of Patagonia ,

were the only large domesticated animals on that continent, and were fully as import ant to the Peruvians as is the Reindeer to the m n n i oder Lapps. Not o ly did they perf orm all the carry ng work of the n u o b t . is cou try , they furnished f od and wool The Llama the two is in n larger of the breeds , and variable colour, although ge erally or or n n com white , white blotched with black brow , the hair bei g arativel n o a u p y short . The males were alo e empl yed to c rry b rdens u m and s and the females s pplying ilk ﬂesh . The Alpaca is a maller

n - n s much lo ger haired a imal , which was bred olely for the sake of its u o o is in m wool . The us al c l ur very dark brown or black and any examples the hair of the body is so long as almost to touch the n um the ru n grou d . The n ber of Llamas employed by ancient Pe via s to transport the produce of the Potosi Mi nes has been estimated at is s s The ﬂesh aid to rival the be t mutton in quality . s s n S re re Llama , inclu ive of the Gua aco , are the outh American p ta s s u no sen tive of the Camel of the Old World , altho gh they have m u u ans S ut i hu ps . Before they were introd ced by E rope , o h Amer ca

no s. m n the m s had Cattle , Sheep or Goat Speci e s of Lla a are hown t in the Nor h Hall .

From the structure of the frontal region of the Dom e sti cate d ' sk ull it is evident that Domesticated Dogs (C am s Dog s. familiaris) are derived f rom wild species related

' am s lu us h latrans C t e U. to the Wolf ( p ) , North American Coyote ( ) ,

and the U. aureus Jackal ( ) , and have no near kinship to the Fox z an F ( Vulpes alope ) . The sk ulls of the Coyote d ox exhibited in the -c s of s s f or s table a e skull how , in tance , that in the former the s n " is as in po torbital process of the frontal bo e ( ) convex , s is Domesticated Dogs , wherea in the latter it concave . Whether a s and s Domestic ted Dog are derived from Wolves Jackal , or from n m n s is . o t e o e or more exti ct pecies , uncertain Fr h superﬁcial formations of Russia have been obtained the remai ns of a Dog ' C am s ontia/im t ( p ) which , it is suggested , may have been the ances or of - s and oss n Sheep dog Hounds , and , by cr i g with the Wolf, of

s s and u s . has m n Ma tiff Deerho nd It , however, to be deter i ed t h o l s s n whe her t is f ssi pecies , which appear to have been early the s o was i related to Au tralian Ding , really w ld . Terriers , Pome a s n f C anis amilia ranians . s o ris , etc , have been regarded de cenda ts f alustris of the n t p , Bronze period , the latter bei g a deriva ive from D s 29 og .

' C ams mic/ca a s , the rem ins of which occur in somewhat earlier trata t n on he Contine t . The number of lower teeth in domesticated breeds is greater in f n s s than the Asiatic Wild Dogs O the genus C y a . E kimo Dog s n n f- rs pre e t ma y Wol like characte , and the Dogs of the Hare d n n s In ia s show a stro g resemblance to the Coyote . In Europe Dog were domesticated duri ng the Prehistoric period and in Egypt severa l disti nct breeds were established between and The greater number of the breeds m ay be arranged in the following six groups I - O - n n i and s L F L IKE oe . s . W D s I cludi g E k mo Hare Indian Dog , ’ m i - l s and Po eran ans , Sheep dogs and Col ies , Drovers Dog , the Pariah i i s of E s a . Dog Eastern urope , A i , and Afr ca The D ngo , which is s l n i has n domesticated by the Au tra ia aborig nes , been ge erally

as s s . regarded a distinct pecies , but come very close to the Pariah Dogs II - E OU OUP s n E s YH N D . . GR GR Compri i g ngli h and Italian un s n un s n and Greyho d , Deerhou d , Irish Wolfho d , and Per ian , Afgha , s n - s Wolflrounds s now Ru sian lo g haired Greyhound or , the la t

o a . generally kn wn s Borzois . These Dogs hunt by sight The Hairless Dogs of Asia and S outh America m ay probably be placed . n and here . L urchers are a cross between either the Deerhou d

- Collie or the English Greyhound and S heep dog . III — P AN IE L OUP n u n o f . S GR . I cl des Field and Water Spa iels , Ki n k n s which there are several breeds , ng Charles , Ble heim , Pe i e e n S S n n and Japa ese Spaniels , etters (large pa iels which poi t at game) ,

and . Retrievers , Newfoundlands , Labrador Dogs — I OUN D OUP . s o V. H GR In thi group are classed Bloodh unds , rs - s a ss t Staghounds , Foxhounds , Harrie , Otter hound , Be gles , Ba e s ,

s n or s. Turnspit , Dachshunds , Poi ters , and Dalmatian Carriage Dog of m u unt With the exception the Pointer, the me bers of this gro p h - by foot scent . ' — OU n u M astiﬂ s M Ae FF P . V. GR I cludes English and C ban , - s S t and u t n s or . B ll dog , Grea Da e Boarhounds , Pug , Bernards , the ’ - as iﬂ l - is o n long haired Tibetan M t . The Bu l terrier a cr ss betwee

- - the B ull dog and the Sm oo th haired Terrier . — OUP - s VI TERRIER GR . Comprises Fox terrier , Irish Terrier, Skye n i o s i if s Terrier , Da d e Dinmont , Y rk h re and Hal ax Terriers , Engli h

r s s and n L . Te rier, Poodles , and Malte e , Ru sian , Mexica apdogs

In addition to a large number of skulls exhibite d in

- s n the table case , Pariah Dogs are repre e ted in the nt s collection by a female from Consta inople , pre ented ' ' 30 Dom est a t m a ls ic ed A m .

s 1 907 . 1 4 o by the Duche s of Bedford in (ﬁg ) by a male fr m Egypt , s H on s in 1 9 04 and pre ented by the . Walter Roth child by a male f is an n and female (o which the former grey d the latter red) from I dia , hi in 1 t in n w ch were purchased 9 03. It will be no iced that ge eral s o s the character the e Pariah D gs come very clo e to the Dingo , s o f t n s n Dome ticated Dog the Aus ralian aborigi e , of which a specime ,

s o o 1 90 1 is . pre ented by the Zo l gical Society in , exhibited Although o as an d n e is the l ng regarded in ige ous sp cies , there little doubt that

Dingo wasbrought to Australia by the natives on their ﬁrst arrival .

k o f S Es imo Dogs , like the Samoyede breed iberia , are Esk im o closely allied to the larger variety of th e Pomeranian or o D g . Spitz ; and in some cases it is difﬁcult to disti ng uish between the two . E skimo Dogs are represented in the collection ’ s in o f by Farthe t North , a dog which formed the leader the team

u . u n t o n s Lie t Peary d ri g his expedi i n to Gree land . This famou dog , in 1 9 02 in l s n which died April , , was bred Green and , and pre e ted s s - n s by Mis Ca ella . Another well k own E kimo of which the ‘ ’ n d s w S u - n in mou te kin is sho n is eymo r Fra kl , a female prize was 1 888 1 9 00 winner , which born in May , , and died in

do in n . . . n No . This g was bred Engla d by Mr W K Tau ton , n n i sk is and prese ted by him o ts death . A third celebrated E imo ’ ‘ n was u 1 st 1 9 02 and Arctic Ki g, which born in England J ly , , died 1 4 s was n 1 20 s and l st 90 . May , Thi dog the win er of more than ﬁr t

m n s t n . s Its . . pecial prizes . ou ted kele o was presented by Mr A P

n in 1 9 0 . of the Ki g 7 A fourth specimen Eskimo breed , a female ‘ 9 n s . . . un n 1 0 0 . from Gree land , was pre ented by Mr W K Ta to in

s n s , akin to the E kimo is the Chi e e breed - Near h ow h ow ‘ ’ C C o in s nt - kn wn thi cou ry as Chow Chow , a Pigeon ’ n s m s o s E gli h term eaning to eat, in allu i n to the fact that the e s n s n s s is Dog are commo ly u ed for food in Chi a . The fir t pecimen o - was in 1 8 92 a male Black Ch w Chow , which born March , and died 1 9 02 . i N . . was February , Th s dog O fig which the winner of 6 firs t and several second prizes and medals; was bred in

- . s s n ss s in France by M Waldeck Rous eau , and pre e ted by Mi Ca ella

- 1 9 02. The Red Chow Chow is represented in the collection by the ’ ’

n N O . 1 20A o head of Champion T ie , a female 7 ) , b rn in n n 1 89 5 s 1 90 3 s e E gla d , May , , which died in Augu t, , and was pre ent d the ss s s by breeder , Mi Ca ella , in the ame year .

The old English (Bob- tailed) Sheep -dog is a breed which Sh e ep s f or the appear to be of great antiquity, and remarkable D og . fact that a considerable proportion of the p ups are born TURKISH PARIAH DOG .

F IG . 1 5 .

‘ ’ C H IN ES E DO G OR O - O , CH W CH W .

T o f ace 30.

Gr e fzoz mds 3I y .

s o a s ns n n with quite h rt t il , apparently an i tance of i herita ce of an o f s in o acquired character . The example thi breed the collecti n -one ’ was in 1 89 8 is the Cham pion female Fair Weather, which born May , , ’ us 1 907 s and and died in Aug t, her ire being Sir James , her dam , ’ m s S - Birthday . She was the o t celebrated heep dog of her time , mb rs and s and the winner of a very large nu er of ﬁ t special prize ,

u s . c ps , championship , etc The specimen was presented by the

M rs. s 1 90 . breeder and owner, Fare For e , in 7

The name by which this breed is commonly known oll e or C i , E m ‘ ’ m in ngland is corrupted fro Colly, which eans S cotch - black faced , and was originally applied to Highland Sh ee ' D0 p g Sheep instead of to the Dog by which they are o - tended . C llies of much the same type as the present rough haired use in and is t u breed were in the sixteenth century, there lit le do bt

- s n . o that the e Dogs are of a very. a cient type The R ugh coated Collie ’ ’ s n R dam P ortin ton is repre ented by Roy (sire Tre tham oy, , g s O 1 89 6 1 9 4 Las ie who was born in ctober, , and died in February , 0 . Attaw ll e n s . . . e The breeder was Mr A P , and the sp cime was pre ente d by Mr . F . Stephenson in 1 905 .

e and Greyhounds are built ssentially for speed , Gre h y ounds. specially characterised by their habit of hunting b s urs s y sight instead of by cent . Co ing exi ted as a sport in the s o n of t ec nd ce tury, and the Greyhounds tha period were probably not

u m n t . oun very nlike the oder breed , al hough heavier Greyh ds are represented in Greek and Roman sculptures ; and Greyhound -like

l k to " Dogs were a so nown the ancient Egyptians , by whom they were o u empl yed in co rsing , but whether they hunted by sight or by scent S n s cannot be dete rmined . ome of these ancient Egyptian Hou d s re embled modern Greyhounds in general characters , although t o m s apparently wi h shorter legs , but thers were ore like Borzoi , and n o e n S lu hi s n . . 1 7 (ﬁg ) is ide tical with the g , or Per ia Greyhound Previo usly to the time of Queen Elizabe th Greyhounds seem to have e m n s n o b en larger and more powerful than the oder breed , howi g s me n n approximation to Deerhou ds , and being employed for hu ting deer as well as hares ; and it was only after they were used excl usively for coursing hares that the modern type was developed . is do nt of ss The Whippet a smaller g, appare ly the product a cro between the Greyhound and a Terrier while the Italian Greyhound is u the a dimin tive breed . Nearly allied to the true Greyhound is Gre hound which to the Gre hound the hairy Persian y , leads on Afghan y , uss n u Borzoi , or R ian Wolfhou d , the Scotch Deerho nd , and the modern s t of I ou m of s ds n repre enta ive the rish Wolfh nd , so e the e bree hunti g 32 Domest ca te nim a ls i d A .

as much by scent as by sight . The Lurcher is probably derived ss and from a cro between the Deerhound the old Talbot Hound . s o n is n The Engli h Greyh u d represe ted by Fullerton (ﬁg . a in 1 8 nn , 88 , of C u i n 1 889 Dog born who was wi er the Waterloo p , 1 89 0 1 1 and 9 89 1 8 2. H . . n n , e was bred by Mr J De t , a d sold as a u f or 850 n s C ol. p p gui ea to North . The skin and skeleto n were s n . . n . 1 899 pre e ted by Sir W J I gram , Bart , in , the year in which this ‘ ’ m s u n fa ou Dog died . F llerto is considered to have been the best

— ’ F i . 1 6 . N G SH R EYH N D E R N g E LI G OU FULL TO .

n Greyhou d ever bred . The breed is also represented by the head ’ and s o m in 9 kelet n of Champion Fairy, a fe ale which died 1 0 3 . ~ May , s s m s n . o The e peci en were prese ted by Mr . J J . H lgate, the breeder,

1 9 3 - in 0 . The collection also includes the skeleton of a so called s o h s n Au tralian Greyh und , t i bei g merely the E ngli sh breed accli m atised in s Au tralia . The Italian Greyhound is at present represented ‘ ’ n s u n o ly by the k ll Of Cato , prese ted by Miss H . M . Mackenzie 1 9 2 0 . ss s of a in Here may be placed the Hairle Dog , which n n s - n m s n . t in 1 9 03 E gli h bred speci e , pre e ted by Mrs Whi bread , is exhibited .

/za n Gr e / a nd 33 Af g y w .

T he S lu hi or - ou is o ne o f s g , Gazelle H nd , the Olde t i S lug h . s o f n s the n breed Dogs , bei g repre ented (under ame o f Ze lu hi s s on s o f - s n g ) in the fre coe the tomb Beni Ha a , in the valley

the . of s n s of Nile , Egypt (ﬁg A copy of one the e painti g is shown - s n S lu in the wall ca e on the orth side of the Hall . The true ghi is s the s s s n in kept by the tribe Of Eastern de erts , the ﬁne t train bei g the o s possession o f the Bed uin chief . The breed is also known as the n or s n u t s - s Syria Per ia Greyho nd , al hough hort haired Dogs are likewi e n i ncluded u nder the former ame . These Dogs are used f or

un . ft w s of n h ting gazelles , hares , etc ; o en ith the a sistance falco s , f u t which ﬂy at the head o the q arry . They are bred to ma ch the s n n desert and in colour, their ti t ra ging from rufous fawn to dirty ‘ ’ n S lu hi is n n white . In the collectio the g represe ted by Luma 1 9 07 th e f 1 1 Do fi 1 8 A O s. ( g. , ) , who died in at age 2, year This g was o as imp rted a puppy from the chief of the Tahawi tribe , Lower it n- ss n o Egypt . In its prime had bright golde yellow hair, pa i g int - on un - s the m deep cream colour the face , limbs , der part , and iddle o f the of the tail . At the time its death face had , however, turned s i n white , and the ears had lo t much of their fr nge of lo g hair . The

was Hon. mh 1 0 specimen presented by the Florence A erst in 9 7.

The Afghan Greyhound . not improbably represents Afg h an ' very near1y the primiti ve ancestra1 type from wh1ch Gre h ound y ou s modern Borzois , Deerh nd , and Greyhounds are - s descended . The breed is native to Balk , in North ea tern Afghan S o f Barakhz n f . s istan , and belo gs to the irdars the y amily The e s n s— — and f Dog hu t in couple male and female are o high courage . ’

S the Do . 1 8 B s n hahzada , g exhibited (fig , ) , was the mo t typical specime of the breed in his time in Europe and as these Dogs are owned by ‘ ’ n s is o s. ative chief , it difficult to secure go d example Shahzada — n - s W n— in was a fine , upstanding hou d , reddish fawn almo t heate o s n of s - col ur . The body is covered with a profu io oft , golden coloured i the s - s ha r extending over ear , shoulders , and half way down the leg , the lower half of the latter being bare of long hair although the toes ’ n Do t . o f are heavily fea hered Zardin , a other famous g this breed , o f is ff in which a picture exhibited , di ers carrying a greater pro s n of and in n o or fu io coat, bei g creamy rather than g lden reddish n n o . n fawn in c lour, the lo g hair extendi g down the legs Zardi s on is s al o has a tuft Of hair the head , which otherwise mooth , as in ’ s s 26 s u a Shahzada . He tood at lea t inches at the ho lder and w s s s to u t he wa brought from Sei tan , in Eastern Per ia, Q et a , where s to n n i shown before bei ng imported E gland . Nothi g s known about D ’ m m s 34 Do e stica ted A m al . his or but to five old pedigree breeder, he was believed be years when was n s s s the portrait take . In ome respects the Afghan re emble the

s n s -n o ss h Per ian Greyhou d , the la t amed being , h wever, le s aggy . ’ 1 9 0 1 and M ooroo Shahzada died in February , , , the female i 1 9 03 exh bited , in . Both came from Balk , in Afghanistan , and were rs t presented by M . Whi bread .

o R s s B rzois , or us ian Wolfhound are represented in the

BO PZO IS ’ collection , ﬁrstly by Count Ivan No . who was n l oth 1 898 i 1 902 his bor July , , d ed in , sire being Prince ’ ’ litz in a d n Ga d m . was , and his La y Ba ga This Dog bred by

. n and nt . n 1 Mr . J . B Dixo prese ed by Mr . G Pauli g in 9 0 6 . The ’ N 5 4E s o . S econd example is Wilna ) , a Borzoi bred by ss s and n d u ss of n the Duche Of Newca tle , ow e by the D che Clevela d . in 1 89 7 1 9 0 3 in s i was Born , this Dog died in , which year the k n n th n . ns e prese ted by Mr . F H . Colli gs . The collection also contai ‘ ’ ’ f H M the u n s son o . . s keleton of the Borzoi Alex , a Q ee Champion ’

n . 1 90 5 . Alex , prese ted by Mr . F . W G . Walker in

The Irish Wolfhound had become practically rish Wolf h ound I n has n exti ct, but bee revived by careful breed

and e e rh und. D o n so its m re re ing and selectio , that odern p s ntatives s to n e are tated to be very similar the origi al type . The mo dern breed is represented by the skull and mo unted ski n of ’ ’ O L ar o n in M arch 1 89 who i e 6 n 1 9 0 2. y, a male b r , , died February ,

was in . . . s s n s He bred England by Mr G E Cri p, who pre e ted the kin s s an and skull . There are al o the kulls of a male d female Irish n s in 1 8 2 . . . 8 . Wolfhou d , pre ented by Capt G A Graham ‘ The Scotch Deerhound is represented by Marquis of Lorne N o . 1 89 1 who was born in November, , and died in

u 1 903 . . . . t of w Febr ary , Bred by Mr R H Wes ley , Marquis Lorne as the n o f 30 s n n 1 1 s and 7 s T h wi ner prize , i cludi g ﬁr ts pecials . e

and s n . s in 1 9 0 3 s skin kull were prese ted by Mr We tley . Be ides s u o of n thi , the M seum possesses the skelet n a other celebrated Scotch ‘ ’ ’ u arn ion Bend r D C h O . is o hi wa Deerho nd , p Rufford Th g, w ch s u 1 89 6 and in O 1 902 b born in Febr ary , , died ctober, , was bred y nd and nn ssrs . o a of 5 0 s Me H lme Holliday , was the wi er prize , n n s 1 9 00 1 0 i cludi g a ﬁr t prize at Birmingham in , ﬁrst and challenge

s in 1 9 0 1 and 5 in 1 9 0 2. was s n prize , The skeleton pre e ted by ' in 2 s n 1 9 0 . Mr . F . L . Arm tro g

Although spe cimens Of the larger breeds Of Spaniel s T oy S paniels. are n o s wanti g , the collecti n include a number of o f s of T o S n examples variou breeds y paniels . Of the Ruby Ki g T o S a e s 35 y p ni l .

‘ ’ S n im w s s Charles pa iel , the first spec en is S eet Engli h Ro e , which was on 23 1 9 0 2 on un 23 1 90 3 born April , , and died J e , , her sire ’ ’ th n un n n w . e bei g Yo g E gla d , and her dam S eetheart She was in of s 2 n - 1 s and w ner 7 first prize , challe ge cups , champion hip, s and s everal special prizes . This Dog was bred pre ented by ’ T S n u s M s. o rs. Kate Stephen the same donor belonged ole t D che s , n s M arch l 6 th another specime of the ame breed , which was born on , ‘ ’ 1 9 03 on u 23rd 1 9 0 6 n S u and , and died J ne , , her sire bei g perb , her ‘ ’ n n do won 4 fi s s 1 n - dam Sole t Quee . This g r t prize , challe ge cup ,

2 ons . champi hips , and several special prizes She was bred by ss n Mi Davies . The Black and Tan breed of Ki g Charles Spaniel ‘ " is s n r 1 71 9H repre e ted by Harford Defende ) , whose ’ w ‘ n 6 A s as n N O . 6 0 ire Champio Defe der ) , and dam ‘ ’ 1 4 was N b . I H n 7 . Harford Mi nie ) This Dog , which n 1 9 00 and 1 9 05 was bor in December , , died in November , , bred by W f s ﬁ . o Mr . F . Lewis , Haverfordwe t , and was the winner of rst s t n ns h and prize at the Birmingham , Bo a ical Garde , Ric mond , n in 1 and 1 4 s n Eali g Shows 9 03 90 . The pecimen was prese ted by 1 9 0 5 s n of Mrs . Gilpi n in . A eco d representative the same breed is - N n O r O . Champion Be d who was born in May , ‘ ’ 1 882 and u 1 89 6 his s n dam , died abo t , ire bei g Victor , and his nn u h s Do s n u amed . Bred by Mrs . J . A . B gg , t i g was pre e ted by the ‘ ’ in 1 9 6 O f n m s a k 0 . s owner, Mrs . J c Reid , Ble hei Spaniel Ro e , n o ut 4 d s C oc in 1 04 1 8 7 an . 9 o f bor ab , pre ented by Mrs , is much s as s intere t , howing the characters of the breed at the middle of the ’ 1 9 u s O 1 4 . S 9 0 th cent ry Che ham ilvio , who died in ctober , , shows the modern type of the breed " this specimen was presented by s 1 4 f M r . . 90 . o h J Hill in An immature male the same breed , w ich on 25th 1 9 05 and on 2oth 1 9 06 is was born June , , died April , , ’ a s w S n and l o sho n . The ire was Little Mafeki g , the dam Chesham ’ n i u M rs l n Mi ette . Th s p ppy was bred by . J . Hil , and prese ted by t n 1 6 . . 9 0 a Mr E Langs o e in . Another male Blenheim Sp niel puppy , on 1 1 th 1 904 and which was born September , , died eight weeks ‘ ’ ‘ l s dam un ater ( ire Champion The Cherub , J iper is of i nterest o n acco unt of being considered to be the shortest-headed puppy of u It . M rs this breed ever prod ced was bred and presented by . Gilpi n . Of Asiatic breeds the Pekinese S paniel is represented by ‘ Ah ’ and of m 1 904 Cam , a male , the winner the cha pion prize in . He o n 1 89 6 u one and was imported fr m Peki in , when abo t year old , in n n nu 9 5 1 st 1 0 . S died E gla d on Ja ary , The pecimen was presented 1 u s u 9 6 . o by Mr . T . Do gla M rray in 0 The collection als includes ’ n s of one o f s n s the mou ted kin Palace Yo Tei , the be t Peki ese dog e n o hi was b it ver show in this c untry , w ch presented y slate owner , D 2 36 D t s om estica e d A u im a l .

‘ Y ’ M rs. n f n n o T e i was al o s . V la ce , Aymer , Sitti gbour e a grand ’ u — dam— oi u da ghter through both sire and Ah cam , and , altho gh ss u rs of off rather le than fo r yea Old at the time her death , carried n n n eight ﬁrst prizes a d a bro ze medal . Of the Chi chilla Pekinese

— DE AN D RO E WS O F T H E K F T K E SE P E 20 . O H E N r A . F o . SI F NT VI S ULL PE I S NI L

’ (From th e Zoological Socie ty s P roce edings fo r B o / a d 37 l od w n .

’ n us ss S - Spa iel , the M eum posse es utherland Kia Mi , which was born on o 23rd 1 9 06 and on 3rd 1 9 0 7 his s n Oct ber , , died May , , ire bei g ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ - - u n n and his cl m u P ou . Sutherland O e ten T a g , a S therland gee

s was s rs . . . M . The pecimen pre ented by the owner, F M Weaver

n e s n s m e Japanese Spa i l are represe ted ﬁr tly by a ale br d in Japan , t n in s Do to 1 9 02 1 9 0 5 . and impor ed Fra ce in , where it died Thi g , su of its u was pposed to be the ﬁnest example kind in E rope , s i am in 1 9 S r . . 0 5 pre ented by W Ingr , Bart , . Another Japanese hitb red 1 9 0 3 s M rs. W Spaniel , bred in England , was pre ented by in and t m of d . here is a third exa ple the bree , the gift of Mr Rowland

Ward . The collection also i ncludes the skeleton of a Japanese n s n ss u 20 s s ous Spa iel , pre e ted by Mi Saunders . Fig re how the curi ly s n of horte ed skull the Pekin breed . Here may be mentioned the skull of an ancient Egyptian Dog of S s s the paniel type , from a tomb in Egypt, pre ented by Profe sor

. 1 90 W Flinders Petrie in 0 .

These two breed s are represented by a Black and N e wf oundland n in n White Newfoundla d , bred E gland , and and Lab rador ‘ e 1 90 1 and Do purchas d in ; by a Labrador g ,

n . 1 90 1 prese ted by Mr Rowland Ward in . Bloodhounds were known in England at least BlO O dh ound or ’ 1 570 and as early as , may be the same as the

S e uthh ound’ l e or L m er was n Lem r, y , which in existe ce in l t s s s u u h 1 486 . t e A hough ome authoritie di p te s ch a pedigree , Bloodhound is commonly believed to be derived from the Talbot

. the s n s u . u of ( ance tor of the true Hou d ) , and th s from the St H bert

nn . s t t the Arde es The latter date from very early imes , cer ainly t f the s nt was a from hose o Gaul . In the eighth ce ury it c lled the of ns n n Flemish Hound , which there were two strai k ow as the black -and- and t t b u S . (black tan) the whi e . Huberts were ro ght to f s n n n s o . E gla d at the Co que t, and again in the time Jame I They - of s n s were deep voiced Dogs , with great powers ce t . The e two s of n s features are characteri tic the moder Bloodhound , which differ n somewhat in appearance from its immediate a cestors . s n l - - The Bloodhound is e se tia ly a large black and tan Hound , i n s n us s w n o d sti gui hed by its e ormo pendent ear , ri kled f rehead , s n s n n - s unke eye , showi g a loze ge shaped inner exposure of the lid , ‘ ’ n l or ﬂe ws . deep droopi g ips , and large dewlap The power of is and ha in and tracking by scent very acute , the voice deep y g , the s f n t is di position gentle and a fectio ate . The ﬁrs specimen the ’ n En s o un t n champio female gli h Bloodh d , Cha ley Brillia t (K ’ 3 s a 8 Dom e tica ted A m m ts.

wh was n in Ju 1 8 9 8 and (l u 0 th 1 9 0 3 N o . o o b r ly , , ied J ne , , ’ ’ h e r s n e n and d rn t nt ss ire bei g Chatley B llma , her a Cha ley Cha re s a nsh s she wa th e wi nner o f many first nd champi o ip prize . The i nt in 1 3 h and n 9 0 . s n was rese ntcd b t e . ki p y breeder ow er, Mr Olipha , ’ T o s e no us u n f or t a the am do r the M e m is i debted Cha ley Bl zer, ’ o wn t n who d 1 90 5 and bro her to Chatley Brillia t , ied in November, , was n o f s 1 9 0 3 as who win er the first prize at the Cry tal Palace in , s well as of other prize . Next comes the head of the male English Bloodhou nd Champio n N o 4 2A Do in 1 8 . 96 7 9 6 . Babbo , ) , a g born April , He t 1 9 0 1 t n n 22 1 3 h ns died in Oc ober , , af er win i g first , c ampio hip, and 1 and a n o 8 s w s . pecial prizes , bred in Engla d by Mr Edwin Br ugh , th o n s e donor of the head . An ther male E gli h Bloodhound bred by i in an u is . n 1 d . . 900 Mr E Bro gh also exhibited This a mal died , i s in 1 9 1 u s n the mounted sk n was purcha ed 0 . A fo rth pecime from the same kennel is the skeleton of the male English Bloodhound ‘ un N on u Burg dy o . who was born Febr ary 27th 1 89 1 1 8th 1 89 3 his n n , , and died November , , sire bei g Champio ’ ‘ ’ ’ Bee kf rd his n In his n s n w o . as , and dam Bia ca ow er opi ion he s s was s nt the be t Bloodhound ever bred . The keleton pre e ed by Mr . in 1 s is t of the n is Brough 9 07. A econd skeleton tha female E gl h ‘ ’ o n o t ho N o . w was Bloodh u d , Champi n Be tina in in 1 n 1 89 9 c 902 . born April , , and died Mar h , She was the win er m n s 8 fi s 4 s s and 2 o ns s of a y prize , including rst , pecial , champi hip , was in n B u h who s l and bred E gland by Mr . ro g , pre ented the ske eton in 1 02 is s s of n 9 . There al o the kull the female Champio o n s Bl odhou d Brocade No . pre ented by 2 Mr . Brough in 1 90 .

’ n s u of s Foxhou ds are repre ented by a stat ette Marqui , a Hounds' champion prize -winner in the Pytchley Pack m any years a o s ss nd . s was . . a g Thi tatuette modelled by Mi A M Chaplin , u s in 1 9 0 is un s o f an s p rcha ed 0 . There also a mo ted pecimen Engli h

- s 1 9 07. o r H Foxhound , purcha ed in Of the Harrier , are Hound , n th s . . e there is a male , pre ented by Mr . J S Gibbo s ( breeder) in 1 l n 9 0 6 while the head of a male Beagle presented by Mr . Row a d s t Ward in 1 9 02 represents that small breed . Of the omewha larger ‘ ’ Basset breed the Museum possesses Champion Wantage (sire ‘ ’ ‘ m L le dam t who was o Cha pion ouis Beau , , Wi ch b rn in 1 89 8 in u 1 5 n 9 st s 90 . , and died Jan ary, , after win ing ﬁr prize the s n n M rs . u o This pecime was prese ted by . A L bb ck ( breeder) in 1 9 0 5 .

’ 40 t a m als Dom es ic ted A m .

’ English Mastiff Club s forty-guinea challenge -cup at Bir mingham in 1 89 8 and 1 9 00 and of m n . , a y other prizes A third example s nt old n s s if t s s n n repre e s the E gli h Ma t f, hi pecime havi g been s n in 1 s is M r . . 888 . pre ented by . H D Ki gdon The Cuban Ma tiff represente d by a co uple of skulls presented by the Zoological Society s m e many years ago . In thi place reference may be ade to a mount d ’ - s o or n u do . s kin of the Dogue de B rdeaux , Fre ch B ll g Thi breed is n was 1 89 7 represe ted by Turk (ﬁg . who born in September , , and in 1 9 4 hi n t was son 0 s . . . died , owner bei g the Rev C S eele He ’ ’ of du s of of Matador Midi , and grand on Turc , the former which was imported into England and took ﬁrst prize at the Westmins ter i 1 - n n 89 6 . s Aquarium The e dogs were formerly used for hear baiti g . ’ r was 1 4 Tu k purchased in 90 .

S u - in o 1 209 u - s us ince b ll baiting was v gue in , B ll dog m t - Bull dogs. have existe d at t hat time ; and a document dated 1 6 31 i ndicates that Bull -dogs were then recognised as disti nct from ’ l u s s n u - f . O d Masti fs pict re how , however , that the origi al B ll dog was s - n n and h s is a more Ma tiff like a imal than the moder breed , t i n s u s o t s co ﬁrmed by the k ll in the c llec ion . Still i t alway had an n - n m onth is w o in u der hu g (that , ith the l wer jaw project g in advance o f n nt- s and the upper) , an e ormous gape , short , bowed fro leg , a broad s s s n ss n in s che t, uch feature bei g e e tial a Dog which , unlike Wolve and - t the s its Wolf like Dogs , a tacks from front , and attempts to eize - u antagonist by the muzzle . The under hung jaws sec re a hold at

o n s n of . once , and the low b dy preve t goring by the hor s the bull O s s s s o ns ther characteri tic are the short and wide kull , the mall l i

- - s t c f the s. and hind limb , and the s rength fore quarter These u s m is s ss f o r feat re are exaggerated in the odern breed , which u ele he s ns the n . s f or n as s n t fighti g The kull , i stance ( how by pecime in - s is so o and - un to ns s table ca e) , br ad under h g as be a mo tro ity , while th - old u - e outward b ending of the fore legs is excessive . The B ll dog was u n s s the n is a s rly and pug aciou animal , wherea moder breed t n - do is n e L uc docile and gen le . The moder Bull g well represe t d by y ’ to if s in 1 9 0 nu e erie 0 . S ne , bred by Mr . W . F . J She died in Ja ary , 1 90 3 o n her ut was n s s n she , and , wi g to yo h , o ly hown three time , whe wo n 4 st s and s to n fir and 5 special prizes . The kin kele are both n i n is l ffer es i 1 9 3 . s w s n . e 0 show , and ere pre e ted by Mr J There a o - s n do s t . . . the keleton of a male bri dled Bull g , pre en ed by Mr A L Sewell 1 9 2 w n u s s - in 0 . The collection like ise i cl de the kull of the male Bull dog ’ N eotsfie ld who was n on 23rd 1 9 0 5 and i , bor April , , died on Apr l ‘ ’ 4th 1 9 0 0 h is s n st n his dam , ire bei g Ma er Merli , and Flora F IG . 21 .

‘ ’ R - O T R F ENCH BULL D G , U K .

F IG 22 . .

T T O IBE D G . h o ur r n a d awin b M r F ield e ws a e r. g y . FRO HAWK pub lish e d in th e p p

T o ace f 40.

42 Dom est c t n m als i a ed A i .

’ nn l u n 1 1 n ld his Ve . A tho gh o ly mo ths o at the time of death t ﬁ ld h a o n 1 0 e o s e d w s and was £ 0 . N several prize , valued at The s was s n h and n . s t e kull pre e ted by Mr II . Worm ley ( breeder ow er) in 1 no t is th s l f the 9 0 7. A her example o f the mo dern breed e ku l o ‘ ’ - - do T om sh s nn in 1 8 9 1 and 1 89 3 . female Bull g , a ﬁr t prize wi er

s 1 90 1 . A s This specimen was pre ented by Mr . J . W . Rose in a on s s s ul s two u s s o f c tra t to the above , the vi itor ho d in pect rep ted kull n s - d nt was the Old E gli h Bull dog , which , as alrea y me ioned much more s O ne s s like a Ma tiff than is the modern breed . of these pecimen 2 1 0 i . 3 s n . . 86 (ﬁg ) was pre e ted by Mr E Gerrard before , wh le the is n s n n . seco d was al o in the collection at the date me tio ed It , how n s l not n - ever, u certain whether these ku ls may belo g to Bull Terriers (see page P u to its na The g, which is believed take me from - Pug dog s. n u nus ﬁst s to r the Lati p y , a (in allu ion its sho t c e s ff and - and square fa e) , is evidently relat d to the Ma ti the Bull dog , o i s is t s s . alth ugh the history of de cent is lo t It believed , however, n to have been originally produced in Holla d , at a comparatively an t was n unt in recent date . At y ra e it fashio able in that co ry the of n us im ns time Ki g William III . , by whom numero spec e were

u n has s n n . bro ght to E gland , where the breed ever i ce bee popular The P ug appears to have been always a faw n-colo ured dog with a black face and curly tail but about the middle of the ni neteenth ce n — — tury two distinc t strains the Willoughby and the Morriso n were o - n established . The former was characterised by the cold st ne faw and ss t colour , the exce of black , which showed i self in the completely or nearly black head and in the presence of a large saddle -mark or ’

. o s on n wide traces The M rri on strain , the other ha d , had a nd n n two s s a f o s. richer yellower awn , with extra black es The train o ss t n is s are , h wever, now more or le comple ely ble ded . There al o a of m n s n ss black breed , very odern origin . Owi g to the hort e of the s th e so so jaw , teeth of the Pug are crowded together, much that the premolar teeth frequently have their longer diamet er placed s ns o tu l tu n u s transver ely i tead of l ngi dinally . A simi ar fea re ofte occ r in the skulls of Peki nese and Japanese Spa niels and other Lap -d ogs

is n u s in 1 9 08 . (ﬁg . The breed represe ted by a specimen p rcha ed

The S t . Bernard and the Tibet Dog appear to be S t. Be rnard the descendants of a very a ncient breed dati ng from z nd n ss s n a cient A yrian times , and repre e ted by the T tDo s ib e g ‘ ’ n Molossi of classic Greece a d Rome (ﬁg . In t their long hair they are q u ite diff erent from tr ue Mas iff s . The ’ S t n is s n in s . Ber ard repre e ted the collection by The Deem ter, who 43 T e r r ier s.

was n in u 1 8 9 and in 1 02 so n 7 9 . . . bor J ly , , died Bred by Mr R Alli , he was nn o f n -ﬁve u n n -c u t wo s the wi er a twe ty g i ea challe ge p, ilver s and s s n and n s nt o . s hields , ther prize The ki keleto were pre e ed by in 2 T wo s . n 1 l 9 0 . l n Do Mr . H B . S ary ku s of the St . Ber ard g are s s n o ne of m n u s 1 845 i al o how , the havi g been p rcha ed in , wh le the

n H on . t t s 1 9 2 other was prese ted by the Wal er Ro h child in 0 . The D 22 is s r e o . t ue Tib t g (ﬁg ) repre ented by a skull presented by Mr . in 84 h i s . s 1 8 . s s f B H . Hodg on T ere al o the keleton o a Dog from t n in 1 9 0 b ut not Tibe prese ted by the Zoological Society 7, this is a n ppare tly a specimen of the typical breed .

The white colour no w characteristic o f this breed Bu l- e rr e r l T i . the st s is a modern feature , older rain being brindled , - -f n - - . f or n for white and aw , or even black and tan Bred ﬁghti g or - n u l - ss rat killi g , the original B l Terrier appears to have been a cro i and u - do between any ord nary Terrier the B ll g, with , in some n t u o f f u i stances , a sligh admixt re Masti f blood . The Dogs which fo ght ’ with lions in Wom b well s Menagerie at Warwick in the year 1 825 u - s s s s as were large B ll Terrier , and not , as generally tated , Ma tiff ; l the in were a so Dogs commonly employed ﬁghting in this country . The old-fashioned Bull -Terrier not o nly diff ered in colour from the

‘ n b ut was s and o ul moder breed he al o a heavier m re powerf Dog . The u s s is n his t pugnacio s di po ition , however , retai ed by modern whi e and is e lighter representative . The breed represent d in the collection by o f who in 1 90 2 and the head a male , was born April , , died in November ,

s n in 1 . 1 9 05 . 6 This pecimen was prese ted by Mr . Rowland Ward 9 0

In this group two specimens of the Black -and -Tan T oy e rr e rs. T i ‘ ’ ’ and s breed , respectively known as Jem Gip y , are o f on u of i in 1 853 interest acco nt the r early date . They both died , and in i a . s 1 9 3 s s were presented by Mr J . Shake peare 0 . There l o the skeleton of a male T oy-Terrier of the same breed presented by the un ss f o t in 1 Co te o C t enham 888 . With regard to the nature of the black-and -tan colouri ng met wi u of u n th in vario s breeds Dogs , s ch as Terriers , Ki g Charles and s n out t in s s Spaniels , Setter , it has been poi ted hat all ca e where this type obtains the black is restricted to the upper-parts and the u s s of u s u - s o ter ide the limbs , while the tan occ pie the nder part ,

n s th n s and s . the in er ides of e limbs , and certai patche spot on the face tan us s s to and to The th corre pond the light areas , the black the o s in f s T he n n is dark ne Dogs o other breed . expla atio therefore us n -and- - s obvio , amely , that black tan is the half way tage to complete k n ss or n blac e mela ism . ' 44 D m est a te l o ic d A m m a s.

The long -haired S kye -Terr ier is represented in the collection u nn de nhoff in s s . Van by an amed pecimen pre ented by Mr . C . L 1 9 0 7.

Of the Wire - Haired Fox-Terrier the collection i ncludes the ‘ ’ of on o s skin Champion D na Fortuna No . wh e ‘ ’ ‘ s n n and ire was Champio Domi ie , her dam Champion Dame ’ she was o on u 1 5 1 89 6 5 th Fortune ; b rn J ly th , , and died June , 1 9 05 was d w s . , and winner at all shows at which she a exhibite

s n . n the The pecimen was prese ted by Mr F . Redmo d , breeder and 1 90 5 n t Fox- in owner, in . There is also a o her Terrier , which died h 1 o o 905 n . S M rs. Marc , , and was prese ted by Whitbread The m th ’ - b of Fox Terrier breed is represented y the skull Apology , a male ,

n in 1 2 . prese ted by Mr . Percy Morton 9 0 n n n s Of the Aberdee Terrier there is a mou ted specime , pre ented ‘ 1 900 s n ff ns ; while the Griffon Dog is repre e ted by La Reve des Gri o ,

. 1 9 02 presented by Mr . G F . Hobday in . The white Maltese Lap -dog is represented ﬁrstly by a spe cimen ‘ ’

n n s 1 9 0 1 . o bred in E gla d and purcha ed in Secondly , by Dor thy ,

1 9 02 s n . . a female which died in , and was pre e ted by Mrs E Palmer m u -do an u in the sa e year . Of the R ssian Lap g there is immat re male purchased in 1 86 1 while the Mexican Lap-dog is represented u s 1 843 was by an immat re specimen purcha ed at Liverpool , , which n for ma y years exhibited in the Museum at Bloomsbury .

w t s n The Poodle , hich exhibi s great variation in ize , ra g oodl s P e . as m as 8 lb s. 1 0 . 0 ing from a weight of lbs to uch , is a n n u t s Conti e tal breed of great antiq i y . It appear , for instance , on has- t 30 A . D. reliefs dating from about , at which early date its coa was partially clipped after the modern fashion while it was pai nted Bernadine 1 490 and s by Pinturicchio about , de cribed by Conrad n 1 5 55 s ns n the Ges er in . Poodles di play co iderable variatio in o f t t t and character the hair, which may be ei her compara ively shor ‘ ’ u h n n s t t or so as . s c rly, corded , to ang in lo g ri glet It is a ed , t n s however, tha considerable modiﬁcatio in this re pect may be ff m s - e ected by the ode of dre sing . Black , white , red , and silver grey or bl ue strai ns of Poodle are recognised in this co u ntry in addition is o to n ss n . d s which there the large br w Ru ia breed Poo le , which s in as n s f or are u ed France sporti g dog , are remarkable their ‘ n n s is s nt i tellige ce and cleverne s . This breed repre e ed by Silver ’ was n u 1 9 0 1 in 1 9 0 7 Lady , who bor in Febr ary , , and died February , , ’ ’ o n s s T he her sire being Lond Pride , and her dam Gri ette Gri e . s he and ss s wa s n t . . pecimen pre e ted by breeder owner , Mi C M

46 Dom estica ted A m m a ts.

and m and the head , li bs , tail dark brown ; the eyes are blue , and

t n th - n there are two bald spo s o e forehead . New bor kittens are is s n C at white . It probably al o a derivative from the Egyptia Wild , -s u with which it agrees in skull truct re .

U S PR S C . S P P. C S

i N r LAT .

E M D. LAT ,

S UP . LAT ,

IAT ‘ DO R S .

F I - IA RA M o n T H E O O R - A E R r' c nnn G . 24 o n T H E B L o . D G C L U P TT N o n T Y P C A TABBY C AT I L .

0 3 n s s a u a r . . e r a or e a e e a. o sts a ul a r s a e so . p c vic l , ck , p c ; p c p p c ; c p l , o r tr e s ou e r str e su r se . su ra s a l a r s . s a u r st ost u a r e . so . h ld , ip ; p p c p l ip ; p p c p ip ;

3 s n tr e a t d la t . u e r . a r a s l . or su . o o s . ate ra o rsa str e p pi l , d r l , ip ; l l d l ip ; p pp

a te ra o r s r ed l e st r e . t e m . a t m w e r s e s . e s e st r e in la t . o l l , id , ip ; iddl id ip f . l id ip ’ ro m R . . o o in th e o o o a o e t s P ro ceedin s (F I P c ck , Z l gic l S ci y g ,

The most interesti ng specime n in the collectio n is the Chi nchilla ’ s n t of n Per ia Silver Lambkin , which was the fa her the Chi chilla s s - its n breed , and the mo t noted tud cat of time . This Cat was bor u n a - 47 G i e P igs.

‘ ’ in 1 889 and e on 5th 1 90 6 its so , di d November , , sire being Per , ‘ ’ a ss sh M rs. and its d m Beauty . It was bred by Mi M . Gre am ( B n d s nt M rs. . . 1 0 . . 9 7. E T Bri gewater) , and pre e ed by D B aldi g in The Smoke Persian breed is represented by the ski n and skeleton

of ss 1 89 8 1 9 00 . a male , bred by Mi Power in , which died in The

s s . . . pecimens were pre ented by Mr W F Heath , The brown Tabby Persian C at is represented by a male specimen presented by Sergeant 0 i S . Ingram in 1 9 2 ; while the Blue Persian breed s shown by ‘ ’ - - M s N ot n r . Forget Me , a cat formerly belongi g to Herring , by w its 1 0 O f the whom it as presented on death in 9 3. Manx Cat the l t o of s n col ec i n includes a specimen from the Isle Man , pre e ted by , in 1 3 is s ss . . 0 Mr . G C Bacon 9 ; and there al o a Taille Cat from 1 s n . . 903 th Cornwall , pre e ted by Mr . C L Hart Smith in ; and e 0 2 1 9 . S skeleton of a third , presented by Mrs . Collins in The iamese s e u s n n Cat is repre ent d by an immat re pecime bred in E gland , and s n 2 l f h . 1 90 o t e pre ented by Mr J . Harri gton in whi e Indian n Domesticated Cat there is an example p urchased in 1 9 03 . Me ti on

s s of - of - e may al o be made of the keleton the fore limbs a Many t ed , or o a one the t e e u P lyd ctyle Cat , having in limb normal ﬁrst do ble in t n s n s as and the other riple . This i tere ti g pecimen w presented by 1 5 . . w 90 . Mr P . E Rumbelo in

The Ferret (P u/arias fur o) is a domesticated and e rre ts F . generally albino derivative o f the Wild Polecat (P atorius w tdus t or P . utoriits is s s n f , p ) and repre ented by a specimen pre e ted

- . . s 1 900 . wn s or so by Mr W Maye in Bro Ferret , called Polecat s if not n Ferret , are generally , i variably , hybrids between the Ferret and the Polecat . Two examples of the Wild Polecat from

s . s n B tt r l in . . us u e ﬁe d Abery twyth , N Wales , pre e ted by Mr W R kin 1 9 02 in w n - m of , are exhibited the case to sho the pare t for the

Ferret .

The Domesticated Guinea -Pig is believed to be Gu ne - i a Pig s. descended from the wild Aperea (Gama cutler i) of u s Per , which was tamed by the ancient Incas . In the ca e is exhibited a specimen of the uniformly coloured phase resembling th e wild race ; another of the variegated phase ; and a third of the u - o n in ro gh haired breed , rigi ally Japanese . All three were bred n s n a 1 1 T wo E gland , and pre e ted by the Zoologic l Society in 90 . s ns and w and an n and h t other pecime , a grey hite ora ge w i e , are ‘ ’ exhibited in order to illustrate the di sassociation of the two u - n th n n In colo r eleme ts in e origi al bro w ish grey of the wild race . one s t t to o the ca e we have black (mingled wi h whi e f rm grey), and in n the other ora ge . ’ 48 Dom est ca te m m a t i d A s.

All the domesticated breeds of Rabbit appear to be Rab b its derived from the Wild Rabbit (L ep us [O rg/d om inoe s] cuniculus) of which a normally-coloured and a black specimen are

s -and- exhibited . Example of the English Black white , the Silver S - the - i - -tan the grey , the ilver brown , Blue imper al . the Blue and , n o s s n a of Dutch , the Himalaya , and the P li h breed are how , sever l f the which were presented by Inspector A . Brazier o Metropolitan

o . s s and n n c P lice The name Dutch , Poli h , Himalaya do not i di ate n the ative countries of the breeds to which they are applied . s of is se - one Large t all the called Belgian Rabbit or Hare , at time s and s suppo ed to be a hybrid between the Rabbit the Hare . A peci m n ri t 1 1 i n C che t s . e presented by M r. A . in 9 0 show The breed is s n a t of t is related to the still larger Flemi h Gia t R bbi , which here an

- n s 1 9 0 1 . L o example , prese ted by In pector Brazier in A sandy p cared n M ickle wri ht in 1 9 1 s t . . . 0 t Rabbi , prese ted by Mr B A g , repre en s n st the breeds in which one or both ears are pe dent . Very di inct is - n the the long haired A gora Rabbit, a native of country from which its and s in b a n it takes name , repre ented the collection y specime ‘ n 1 s o f presented by I spector Brazier in 9 0 1 . Among other pecimens i r the s n a sim la nature , reference may be made to kull of a Belgia

t m to of . Rabbit wi h the incisors abnor ally long , owing a diet meal L arcombe in 1 0 0 This specimen was presented by Mr . W . 9 .

O f and s - m t and m os both Rats Mice emi do estica ed , in t Rat" and s instances partially albinistic , breeds are kept in thi M l ce ' is Dom e sti country . There some uncertainty whether cated Rats belong to the Brown (M us noroegicus) -or to the Black a s s species (M us r ttus) . Specimens of Pied Rat pre ented by the

n R 1 9 0 1 h . s H o . Charles othschild in are ex ibited Of the Mou e (M us musculus) a series of domesticated variet ies was presented in

1 9 0 1 by Sir William Ingram . This seri es displays a gradation in th o n respect of colour from e dark wild race to c mplete albi ism . In - s t t- and in one the fawn coloured pha e the eyes are of en clare colour ,

of s u in the s n . the white pecimens they are black , altho gh red eco d n n The pied specimens exhibit a differe t type of colouri g .

In one of the cases in the Central Hall is exhibited a ge ons. Pi s of of s o s representative serie breeds Dome ticated Pige n , s n om the o - o r all of which appear to be de ce ded fr Wild R ck Pigeon , ’ C olumba lioia of s ns s Blue Rock ( ) , which pecime from the Ro s f o n s s n . s ns o s shire coa t are al o show The pecime Dome ticated Pige s , n to the us u u of s which have been prese ted M e m by a n mber donor , n s u u i nclude the followi g breed Red Pied Po ter, Blue Pigmy Po ter, P o a tt f 49 m.

- u u u uss Semi bl e and Black Pied Pigmy Pouter, Bl e R nt , R ian u o a a Tr mpeter , Carrier , Pied Carrier , Yell w Dragon , Bl ck Pied Sc n de roon - u - a n S - , Red cheq ered Short f ced A twerp , hort faced Antwerp , Ar n i O wl n cha gel , White Fanta l , Silver , Satinette , Barb , Silver Blo di u - - n nette , Bl e barred Blondinette , Blue laced Blondi ette , Peaked n n i - u - n S uahian Blo di ette , Sandy Fr ll back , Bl e Frill back, Starli g , , N un S w l - - , Black a low , Magpie , Almond Tumbler , Short faced Almond n n n n S Tumbler (skeleto ) , White Jacobi , Spa gled Siberia Ice , hort - a - o faced Blue Beard , Bl ck Short faced Ancient , H mer or Voyageur, an f o n - r d Modena . There is also a pair o the Gr u d Tumbler o a m Lot n breed fro India .

un le - Gallus erru ineus The wild Red J g Fowl ( f g ) , Poultry . is and which common in Northern India , ranges

as o n n un e tward t S iam , Cochi Chi a and the Malay co tries , is supposed to be the parent stock of all the domesticated breeds of s n m Sikhim s n Fowls . It is repre e ted by specimens fro , pre e ted 1 885 m o of O . n by Mr . A . Hume in , which , like st the followi g H al l. examples , are exhibited in a case in the Central In the same case the Wild Ceylon Jungle -Fowl (Gallus laf ay etti) is s in 1 9 0 5 represented by a cock and hen from Ceylon , purcha ed . s is R o n - i This specie nearly allied to the ed J gle Fowl , but there s no deﬁnite evidence that it is the ancestor of any of the d omesticated breeds altho ugh recent experiments indicate the possibility that it may o be connected with some of them . C nsiderable interest attaches to of w s on T aviuni one a group Fo l shot in the woods , of the Fiji s s s n m s I land . The bird are the desce dants of Do e ticated Fowls left a by the early voy gers more than a century ago . They have now to the s or s of reverted wild state , and a sumed more le s the characters

- the un le . s of Indian J g Fowl These specimen were presented by Mr .

- . in 1 876 . a E . L Layard Ne rly allied to the Wild Jungle Fowl are - s of En s Game Fowl , which an Old gli h Gamecock , with the comb, s f or t ﬁ s on s wing , and tail trimmed ﬁghting , and ar i cial purs the leg , s i was mm is exhibited . Thi b rd tri ed more than forty years ago by

u in 1 9 0 5 . an expert , and was p rchased Coloured Dorkings are represented by a cock and hen pre n H n n 1 90 4 o . s n se ted by the Flore ce Amherst in , and by a eco d l n s . S in pair presented by Me srs John Bai y and o s the same year . O f the Buff Cochin breed a pair is exhibited of which the cock was w n of ﬁ and the of the in er fty, hen more than forty prizes.

. 1 9 They were presented by Mr . G . H Proctor in 00 . The curious

White Silky breed is represented by a cock and hen from France , E 50 Dom est ca te n m i d A i a 1s.

r in 1 9 05 s o u pu chased . In the e f wls the pl mage has ass umed a soft and silkv r w s t i n cha acter , ith the los of the s iff w g and tail feathe rs . A still more remarkable mo di ﬁcation is presented by the Tail - less

s i and he n x t s s breed , of wh ch a cock are e hibi e d . In the e breed not n - s n the o of t o ly the tail feather , but eve b nes the ail are absent . There are various bre eds o f Tail -less Fowls differing in size and

. r s o w colour The bi d exhibited are fr m Holland , and ere presented

. t C a ar e n i n 1 9 5 . by Mr A . J . Bicker 8 Another remarkable deviatio n from the normal condition is is In a o s d played the t ils of a peculiar breed of F wl from Japan . The t i - t s s s i the ai -e overts rue ta l fea her of the cock , but more e pec ally t l , s u are increa ed in n mber , and elongated to an extraordinary degree a single feather in one of the specimens exhibited measuring upwards t o f n t . in s t o ine fee in leng h Accord g, however, to de crip i ns and u es is in n t s of are n n fig r publ hed Japa , ail nearly twice this length k ow . The great difficulty in keepi ng these birds arises from the precautions t nece ssary to preven their tails being injured . They are accordingly n n s wit n co fi ed in high narrow cage , hout room to turn , and o ly s s t d i o n an allowed exerci e for a hort ime a ly a perfectly cle floor . The hen s o f the same breed are but slightly modified in the same T wo s i ns t s direction . of the pec me exhibi ed were pre ented by the 8 um 1 8 7 h . . . 1 8 s 88 . Tokio Mu e in , and the t ird by Mr F D Parker in

Domesticated Ducks are probably all derived from Duck s and the i u Aim s boscas W ld D ck or Mallard ( ) , of which Ge ese ’ spec imens are exhibited in one of the cases in the th o m m t Central Hall . One of e m st re arkable do es icated breeds is n the so- l n- n t s represe ted by ca led Pengui Ducks , which are a ive of

Java and some of th e neighbouring islands . They diff er so remark ably from all other breeds that it has be en suggested that their n is s i t w n was n n i t origi al o d fferen ; but Dar i of opi io that, l ke o her t t e to i r breeds , hey rac their descent the W ld Duck , thei special t s s u o f an m t pec uliari ie b eing in some degree the re lt unnatural cli a e . Penguin-D ucks take their name from th e nearly erect c arriage of

d o i n s l . n are t the neck an b dy , wh ch are u u ua ly thin The wi gs shor , is tu u and n th e tail rned p, the bo es of the leg are relatively longer l 1 8 il u . Us an t re a than in the Wild D ck ually , at y rate , he are on y t h and a rs e 20 of t e re feathe , in plac of the Wild Duck ; there also is n a fewer scales on the toes than in the latter . There co sider ble variation in the co lour of the plumage and the presence of a cres t T h s ns o n the head is not a constant feature of the breed . e pe cime

a e o . . exhibited c me from Buit nz rg , Java , and were presented by Dr M 0 l ot e t r s e in Trenh in 1 9 6 . The on y her breed at pr sen rep e ent d the ' Ca n r es 5 l a z .

l is col ection the Cayuga , or American Large Black Duck , of North in a of . o Americ , which a specimen presented by Major H F thergill 1 9 01 s im s t is is hown . The only spec en of Gee e at present exhibi ed

. of the Chinese Domesticated Goose, presented by Mr . H . Greenway

The origin of most domesticated animals is m ore or anarie s. C t less completely lost in antiquity , and few addi ions have been m ade to the list since the comm encement of the Historic Period . ’ O ne n erinus canan as st of the most recent is the Ca ary Bird (S ) , fir n i t E r imported in the early part of the sixteenth ce tury n o u ope , when it soo n became completely domesticated and has in consequence of undergone great modifications . It was originally a native the n s r s Ca ary Island , Madeira , and the Azores . The tame bi d exhibited are typical examples (being nearly all prize -winners at shows) of the best marked breeds at present cultivated in this country . Many s were presented through the good offices of Mr . W . H . Bett , ra - s Hono ry Secretary of the Cage Bird Club . The eries includes a a d h p ir of Wild Canaries and their nest , from Ma eira ; w ile the o n f llowing breeds are also represe ted . The Norwich , by a bird hi was n o 1 89 0 1 89 3 and w ch the win er f eighteen prizes between and ,

e 1 89 4. n was present d by Mr . E . J . Philpot in The Yellow Cin amon i s L Norw ch , by a specimen which took the ﬁr t prize at the ondon - s 1 894 . . Cage Bird A sociation Show in , and was presented by the Rev W

. S ua t s r 1 894. o K in The Yell w Norwich , by a pecimen presented s f t by Messrs . Mackley Brothers in 1 897 the donor o the next hree T he P lainhe ad ﬁ t i specimens . clear Yellow Norwich , by a rs pr ze w m inner . The evenly marked Buff Norwich . The unevenly arked

- f P lainhead a ﬁ W . s Bu f Norwich , by rst prize inner The dark cre ted G ff s . variegated Bu Norwich , by a pecimen presented by Mr eorge

- - 1 894. T he s w W n Crabb in Cre ted bred Nor ich , by a great prize in er ,

s . . 1 897. pre ented by Dr W J . Greene in The Yorkshire Variegated ff Elﬁck 1 89 4 Bu , by an example presented by Mr . E . P . S . in . The s f - s o M rs. York hire , by an example the prize breed , pre ented by in 1 9 04. sh s Lowe The Lanca ire Yellow Coppy , by a pecimen

s . in 1 894. n s Plainhead pre ented by Mr F . J . Green The La ca hire ff o z l 1 883 and Bu , by a bird which t ok the ﬁrst pri e at Rochda e in ,

was s n Ke nncrle 1 894. . n pre e ted by Mr . G . R y in The golde - - s spangled clear cap Lizard , by a cayenne fed bird , pre ented by Mr . in 1 . 89 5 . uff s J Naden The clear B Cre ted , by an example presented

. . . 1 89 4 and s by Dr W T Greene in , by a bird which took the ﬁr t z the in 1 89 4 was s pri e at Royal Aquarium , and pre ented by

Mr . F . S . Wei nberg in the same year . IN DE" .

Ab e rde e n Te r i e r 44 att e ausa 1 2 r , C l , H , A an re ou n 33 fgh G yh d , an 4 Highl d , Allgau C attle 6 um e 1 1 , H p d , A a a 28 lp c , un arian 6 H g , An ora C at 45 e rse 3 g , J y , oat 25 e rr 4 G , K y,

Anko att e 1 1 - li C l , o n o n 5 L g h r , Au ro s 1 ch , o s 1 2 M hi , A ore s oat 26 z , a arra 1 6 G N v , ata 1 1 Ni , ue r 1 2 ant n 1 3 N , B i g, Pe m b ro k e 2 arb ar e e 4 , B y Sh p , 1 o o an 6 asse t 38 P d li , B , o e 5 e a e 3 P ll d , B gl , 8 o rt— orn 5 Sh h , e n e m an e 35 Bl h i Sp i l , m m e nt a 5 Si h l , oo oun 3 Bl dh d , 7 an s 7 or o 3 Sp i h , B z i , 4 a t e att e 3 Ch l y C l , r t s e e 1 5 r B i i h Sh p , Chillingh am Cattle 2 u a o 1 3 , B ff l , ow - o w 30 Ch Ch , Bundne r e 1 7 She p , o n ow s 49 C chi F l , ul - do 40 B l g , o 31 C llie , u -Te r e r 43 B ll r i , o rs an ee 1 C ic Sh p , 7

anar 51 C y , e e r ou n 32 D h d , C at 45 , n o 29 Di g , An ora 45 g , Do 2 g, 8 an 45 M x , u 48 B ll , e s an 45 P i , s m o 30 r E ki , am e s 4 Si , 5 riﬁo 44 e G n , Tab b 45 y , New foundl and To rt o ise sh e ll 45 ar a 29 , P i h , att e 1 C l , P 42 , ug . Al au 6 lg , e e 30 Sh p , ar t e 3 Ch l y , T be t 42 i , Chillingham 2 T o 34 , y , ut 6 D ch , or n o w s 49 D ki g F l , a l a 1 2 G l , u s 50 D ck , a e o 6 G ll g , u t att e 6 D ch C l ,

54 In ex d .

e e n orn 22 Tai - e ss o w s 50 Sh p , U ic , l l F l , all a an 23 Te rr r 43 W chi , ie , o rt- orns 4 Ab e r e n 44 Sh h , de , am e se C at 45 u l 4 Si , B l , 3 k ow s 49 F o x 44 Sil y F l , , m m e nt a att e 5 e 44 Si h l C l , Sky , e Te rr e r 44 T b e t Do 42 Sky i , i g,

e ut o un 37 To rto se s e at 45 Sl hh d , i h ll C , S lu hi 33 T o an 34 g , y Sp iel , S outh African Pieb ald n orn e e 22 an e e n e m 35 U ic Sh p , Sp i l , Bl h i , ane se 37 J p , al a an e 23 a W l chi She p , i n ar e s 34 K g Ch l , Wild Ox 1 e ki ne se 35 P , o ou n 34 W lfh d , T o 34 y , r s 4 ( I i h , 3 S am sh att e p C l , 7 Ru ssian 34 u an o at 25 S d G , Zac k e lsc h af 23 , Tab b C at 45 Ze lu h i 33 y , g ,

O DO " PR D BY W A M C OW S AN D SO S M D L N N INTE ILLI L E N , LI ITE ,

W DM . DUKE S R S A M FORD S R S . . AN D GR A S R W T EET, T T EET , E , E T IN ILL T EET , -B K GUI DE O O S .

- tra P os a e ex . (T h e Gu ide boo ks ca n be o btaine d only a t the M useum . t g )

e n ra u e to th e use um 8vo . 3d . G e l G id M ,

Gu e to th e a e r e s o f am m a s 8 v o . 6d . id G ll i M l , l s m e A n m a s 8 vo . re at a . G G i l , R nd ss 8 y 6d an ts e nt a o o . . Ele ph ( ce F il) ,

o rse am 8vo . 1 8 . H F ily , A t an o rs v 6 d m e st ate n m a s o t e r e s 8 o . . Do ic d i l ( h h H ) ,

G le r o f r s ro . 8 vo . 2s. 6 d . al y Bi d , y

G a e r s r s ro 8 v o . 6d . e ne r l S ie of Bi d , y .

e st n e r e s o f r t s r s ro . 8vo . 4d . N i g S i B i i h Bi d , y d G r f R t a and Am b a 8vo . 6 . alle y o e p ili phi i ,

Ga l e of s e s 8vo . l s. l ry Fi h ,

nse t a l e r 8 v o . l s . I c G l y , Ga r s o 6 d n tarﬁs e e 8v . . She ll a d S h ll i ,

o ra a e r 8 vo . l s. C l G ll y ,

o ss am m a s and r s 8 vo . 6 d . F il M l Bi d , 6 d R s and s e s 8vo . . F o ssil e ptile Fi h ,

t An a s v o . l s o s rte b ra e m 8 . F sil Inve i l , 1 d n ra a e r 8y o . . Mi e l G ll y , d n e to th e o e t on of ne ra s 8v o . 2 . I d x C ll c i Mi l , An Int ro u t o n to t h e tu o f ne ra s w t a u e to th e ne ra d c i S dy Mi l , i h G id Mi l

a e r 8 vo . 6d . G ll y ,

6d . t o th e tu o f o c k s 8 vo . S dy B ,

to th e tu o f e te o r te s 8vo . 6d . S dy M i , ’ u e to S o w e rb s o e s o f r t s un 8vo . 4d. G id y M d l B i i h F gi ,

3d . th e r t s e t o o a 8v o . B i i h Myc z , - d st o f r t s e e ants and e rns 8v o . 4 . Li B i i h S d pl F . d e u O a r ok 8 vc 3 . a e s " N o 1 atu r sto o s . Sp ci l G id . . ld N l Hi y B ,

m r a s o f nn ae us 8v o . 3d . o . 3. e o N M i l Li , an 1 d r in e e n se arat bo o o f nstru t o ns f or o e tors 8 vo . 3 . 6 . o H d k I c i C ll c , ; lev p e se t ons a d d t 3 . o r 4 . e a c i , ch .

C AT AL O E e e ct o n GU S (S l i ).

Hi sto ry o f th e Co lle cti o ns

Vol . . b rar a e o o e r 1 4 o 1 e s ot n n a s. 90 8v . 53 . I Li i ; B y ; G l gy ; Mi l ,

Vo l . . o o o 1 90 6 8v o £1 1 0 3 . II Z l gy . , . ata o ue of th e b rar o f th e r t s u se um atu ra sto r C l g Li y B i i h M (N l Hi y) . — o ls. I . . 1 903 4 4to £1 a . V , II , . e ch Re port on th e Z o ological Co lle ctions m ade duri ng th e Vo yage o f ‘ ’ A - v 1 . . . e rt 1 881 2 te 1 884 8 o . 1 3 8 . a s. £ 0 . H M S l , Pl , Re p ort on th e Co lle cti ons o f Natural Hi sto r y m ade in t h e Antarctic Re gions ’ i u ‘ r n th e o a e o f th e out e rn ro ss. 53 ate s. 1 902 ro . 8v o g V y g S h C Pl , y . 2 fg . i ‘ ’ Re ports on th e Natural History o f th e Disc o ve ry National Antarctic e t on 1 90 1 —4 Exp di i , - V0 1 . e o o . 1 0 ate s 2 Te t ﬁ ure s 2 a s 1 907 4to 7 . . G l gy Pl , x g , M p , 1 1 3 5 0 .

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o no ra o f r stm as s an n an O e an . oo u t s 22 ate s and a M g ph Ch i I l d (I di c ) W dc , Pl , M a 1 9 v p. 00 , 8 o . £1 . rst and o n R o o T —4 r e e orts o n onom o . e t st. 9 3 o . Fi S c d p Ec ic Z l gy x illu 1 0 , y

vo 6 3 . a 8 . e ch . AT AL E —eonttnue d C O GU S (S e l e cti on) .

ata o e n e m u rs and r - t u o f o s e u t ea n ats. o o uts 1 870 C l g M k y , L , F i i g B W dc . , 8 v 4s o . . t a a o u e o f a n o ou s am m a a . o o t 1 u s. 86 9 8v o . 6 3 . 6d . C l g C r iv r M li W dc ,

e a s and a e s. 2nd d t on . o t 1 o u s. 866 8v 8 S l Wh l E i i W dc , o . 3 .

st o f t h e e m e ns o f e ta e a . 1 885 8v o 1 3 6d Li Sp ci C c , . . . ata o ue o f Rum inant am m a a e ora ate s 1 872 8v o . . 33 . 6 d C l g M li (P c ) Pl , . .

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1 53 to 1 1 03 . a o um e . £ . £ v l s te e o ts and a s. 1 8 on an . o u 8 9 vo . 1 Ch l i W dc Pl , 8 53 . - - ar s 2nd t o n o s I. III t 1 . . . . a e s. 885 87 8 vo Liz d Edi i V l Pl , .

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8v o . £1 53 . — ata o u e of e o te a a ae nae ot s Vol . . S ntom idae . 1 898 C l g L pid p r Ph l (M h ) I y , — A t ad v o Te t At a 1 53 ol . . rc i ae . 1 900 8 vo T 8 . s . V . e t x l II , x — 1 90 1 vo At s l II r ad n A ar st . T a 1 53 . Vo . I A cti aa a d ae 8 e t l . g i id , . x 1 — tu ae A ro tinee 1 8vo e t At s 6 3 o l . . o T A a . V 903 . t as l IV N c id ( g ) . , x l 1 3 — a ni 1 9 vo T t 3 A l o tu H de nae . 06 8 . e 1 5 t a 1 6 . Vo . ae s 53 . V N c id ( ) , x l . o o tu c i n 1 8vo T t At as 1 V l ae C u ull a ae . 906 . e 03 . VI . N c id ( ) , x l . — u O t r 904 8v o 3 ol . v ta o e f rt o e a ol . I 1 1 0 . V . 1 906 8 o 3 a o . 1 5 C l g h p . V , , . II , , . .

m o te r ar a ae . 1 8 vo 53 . o a . t . c 906 . H p P I Ci did , t s m e no te ra 2md t o n ar t N e s w su . Bri i h Hy p . Edi i . P I . I e

ate s. 1 89 1 8 vo 6 3 Pl , . .

t s rm s o ts an ate s. 1 2 8 v o 1 2 r no e o u d 89 . 3 . 6d B i i h Echi d . W dc Pl , . - — a r o r r I ate s. 1 893 1 906 4to e a an o ra s. o s. . . . M d p i C l V l VI Pl , 1 8 o m e 3 . t 353 a o u . . v l ’ Ill ustrations o f Au stralian Plants c o llecte d in 1 770 du ring Captain C o o k s ‘ ’ o a e r h r n e a o ur art 1 1 e oun t e o i . . . 0 at s. V y g d W ld n H M S . E d v P I . Pl 1 — 0 1 1 — a 900 f ol . 1 53 . rt 1 42 at s. 1 9 fol . 1 53 r £ a . £ . t , P II Pl e , P III . t s n 3 7 a e a d a 1 90 f ol 1 5 . 7 3 s. 5 . £ Pl M p , — ue f A r n e b Dr . e w ts in 1 3 1 Catalog o f ica Plan ts c o ll cte d y . F W l i ch 85 6 —1 8 3 6 o l I o t e ns in 4 arts 1 896 900 vo . 4 . to 73 d . ea V . . o . . Dic yl d , P , , ch I o o t e e rm s n to am i r V ol . I . no on s m nos a d r s n 2 a ts M c yl d , Gy p , C yp g , , P , - 1 899 1 9 1 v 6 a . 0 8 o . 3 . e , ch 1 o o r t s s rt 74 o o uts. 894 8 v . 1 . no a of r e n . a . 63 M g ph B i i h Lich P I W dc , ts 1 8 v 1 5 h e t oa ate s and 5 1 oo u . 94 8 o . 3 . t e o . 78 Myc z Pl W dc ,

- L O N M AN S o . o a o e s m a b ur ase of e ssrs . G C T h e ab o ve m e nti ne d C tal gu y e p ch d M , m r' c n 1 1 Gra on tre e t N e w Bond S tree t 9 P a ter noste r Row M r. t S 3 , ; q , , f , ; A 3 oho S u are o r at th e AT R AL I ST RY L C o . 7 S and e ssrs. M DU U , , q ; N U H O

SE M C romwe ll R oad L ondon S . W. A m o re e ta e st m a b e MU U , , , d il d li y

ob taine d on applic atio n to th e DIRE C TOR o f th e M use um .