On the Prehistoric Interments of the Near Mentone and Their Relation to the -Burials of the Finalese Author(s): Arthur J. Evans Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 22 (1893), pp. 286-307 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842129 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 10:48

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From the SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES.-Despatches fromHis Honour the Administratorof BritishNew Guinea. Nos. 22, 23, 24. From the TRUSTEES OF THE MELBOURNE PUBLIC LIBRARY.-South Sea Languages. By the Rev. D. MacDonald. 2 vols. 8vo. Melbourne,1889-91. pp. 134; xxviii,281. From the ACADJM1EDES SCIENCES DE CRACOVIE.-Bulletin Inter- national. 1892. No. 8. Fromthe GEOLOGISTS'ASSOCIATION.-Proceedings. Vol. xii, 9-10. From the DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE,LITERATURE, AND ART.-Report and Transactions. Vol. xxiv. The DevonshireDomesday. Part 9. From the AMERICANASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCE. -Proceedings. Vol. xl. Fromthe ESSEXFIELD CLUB.-The Essex Naturalist. Vol. vi, 10. Fromthe ROYAr,UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION.-Journal. No. 177. From the AUSTRALIANMUSEUM.-Records. Vol. iii, 1. From the EDITOR.-Nature. Nos. 1203-1205. - Science. Nos. 508-511. -L'Anthropologie. T. iii, 4. Revue Scientifique. T. 1, 20-23. From the ECOLE D'ANTHROPOLOGIE DE PARIS.-Revue Mensuelle. 1892,11. From the BERLINER GESELLSCHAFT FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE, ETHNOLOGIE UNDURGESCHICHTE.-Zeitschrift fUirEthnologie. 1892. Heft 4. From the RoYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, CEYLON BRANCH.-Journal. No. 39. From the ROYAWLSCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.-The Scottish Geographical Magazine. Vol. viii, 12. From the SOCIETA ITALIANA DI ANTROPOLOGIA, ETNOLOGIA, E PSJCO- LOGIA COMPARATA.-Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia. Vol. xxii,2. From the SOCIEDADE DE GEOGRAPHIA DE LISBOA.-Boletim. IOA Serie, 12; IIA Serie, 1, 2. From the ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.-Proceedings. Vol. xiv, 11, 12. From the ROYAL SOCIETY.-Proceedings. No. 316. From the SOCIETYOF ARTS.-Journal. Nos. 2086-2089. From the SOCIETY oF BIBLICAL ARCHNOLOGY.-Proceedings. Vol. xv, 1. From the NIEDERLAUSITZER GESELLSCHAFT FUR ANTHROPOLOGIEUND URGESCHICHTE.-Mittheilungen.Band ii, 6. From the SOCIE1'E IMPARIALE DES NATURALISTES DE MoScou.- Bulletin. 1892,2. Fromthe ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC FETY OF WASHINGTON.--The American Anthropologist. Vol. v, 4. From the POLYNESIAN SOCIETY.- Journal. Vol. i, 3. Mr. A. J. Evans read a Paper on "A PrehistoricInterment in the Cave of Barma Grande,near Mentone."

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Mr. J. ALLEN BROWN,Dr. GARSON,and Dr. TYLOR took part in the discussion,and the Authorreplied.

Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH read a Paper on C Polynesian Mytho- graphy; a Symbolismof Originand Descent."

On thePREHISTORIC INTERMENTS of the BALZI Rossi CAvES near MENTONE anzdtheir relation to theNEOLITHIC CAVE-BURIALS of the FINALESE.1

By ARTHUR J. EVANS, M.A., F.S.A. ON February7th, 1892, a freshdiscovery of human skeletons associatedwith primitiveimplements and ornamentswas made in one of the caves near Mentone that have alreadybeen the scene of more than one interestingdiscovery. The cave in which the present find was made bears the name of Barma Grande,and is one of a series of grottoesthat honeycombthe sea-face of the promontoryof Lower Cretaceous Limestone that risesjust acrossthe Italian frontieron theVentimiglia side of Mentone,and which,from its red bastions,is locally known as Baousse Rousse,in its Tuscan formas Balzi Rossi. It lies in the Communeof Grimaldi. Earlier discoveriesof human remains in these caves have alreadybeen describedby M. Emile Riviere2alnd others,and fromthe bones of extinctanimals foundin cave-earthin which the human intertnentsoccurred M. Rivi&rehas not hesitatedto referthelm to the PalaeolithicAge. The saine view of these discoverieshas been taken by ProfessorIssel of Genoa, who, however,in his recentbook on Liguria3uses the wordMiolithic, intendingto indicatea periodbetween the pure Palmeolithicand Neolithic times. But the evidence on which a Palheolithic antiquitywas claimed for one of the earlier skeletons found, now in the Natural HistoryMuseum at Paris, has not by any means met withuniversal acceptanCe.4 I An accountof this find,incorporated, with additions and some slightrecti- fications,in the presentpaper, was communicatedby me in April, 1892, to the " PrahistorischeBlatter " of Munich (1892, No. 3: " Entdeckungvon drei menschlichenSkeleten in die Hnhle Barma Grande zwiscblenMentone and Ventimiglia"). An excellentarticle on the same subject (" The Cave Men of Mentone") by Mr. A. Vaughan Jennings,F.L.S., F.G.S., to whichI havehad the advantageof referringin thecourse of thispaper, appeared in " NaturalScience " (June,1892). To this mustnow be added anotherby Dr. Verneau in " Anthro- pologie,"III (1892), p. 513, seqq. 2 "le L'Antiquitede l'hommedans les Alpes Maritimes." Paris, 1887. 3 " Geologicae Preistorica,"vol. ii, p. 265. 4 Eg. Boyd Dawkins: "Cave Hunting," p. 238; and cf. "Early Man in 'Britain,"p. 229. G. de Mortillet: " Arch. preistorique,"p. 390. Pengelly, u 2

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Of these earlier discoveriesthe most important,at any rate themost completelydescribed, was that made by M. Rivierein 1872 in the neighbouringBarma dou Cavillou.' Here at a depth of 6 55 metres beneath the surface of the cave-earth, whichconsisted of ashes, with animal bones and small instru- mentsof bone and flint,he discovereda human skeleton. But, as bearingon the conclusionsas to the date of the cave, it is to be notedthat no stalagmiticlayer was encountered. The skeletonlay on its left side in the attitudeof sleep. A stone lay beneath its head and anotherbehind the loins. An ornament composed of bored shells-which may recall the trochus-studdednets still worn by Venetian peasants-was foundadherilng to the skull,their adherence being due to a ferru- ginoussubstance, fragments of whichlay near,and whichgave a ruddy colour to the whole. Evidentlythis ochreoussubstance bad been used by the departedin his life-timeto paint his face and body,and the whole characterof the depositclearly points to carefulinterment. From the discoveryof bones of extinct animals mixed with the ashes in the overlyingstratum, M. Riviereconcluded nevertheless that the skeleton was pala,olithic.' But M. Rivierewholly omitted from his reportson the cave and its contentsthe veryimportant results already obtainedby Mr. Moggridgefrom the same grotto.3 Mr. Moggridgemade a sectionof the Barma don Cavillou when the cave was nearly intact,missing the skeleton afterwardsbrought to light by no more thani2 feet. He discovered"five floorsformed in the earthby long continuedtrampling," containing near the centre in each case tracesof a hearth,and, around,flint flakes and axes,

" Trans.of DevonshireAss.," 1873,p. 315, seqq., while admittingdifficulties, was inclinedto acceptthe PalaeolithicAge of the skeletonfound in the Barma dou Cavillou in 1872. ) Emile Riviere: "De l'Antiquitede l'homme dans les Alpes Maritimes," Paris, 1887, p. 127, seqq. Cf. W. Pengelly: "The Cave Man of Mentone," "Trans. of DevonshireAss.," 1873, p. 293, seqq. 2 "Decouverte d'une squelette humaine de l'epoque paleolithiquedans les cavernesde Baousse Rousse," 1873,and cf. "De l'Antiquitede l'hommedans les Alpes Maritimes,"p. 127,segg. Amongstthe boniesdiscovered were represented Ursus spelwuus(nunmerous teeth, a fewbones), Ursus arctos,Canis lupus, Canis vulpes,Mustela vulgaris,Hyena spehea,Felis antiqua,Felis spelea, Felis lynx, Felis catus, Arctomys primigenia, Mus arvalis, M. muscardinus, Lepus cuniculus ; Rhinocerostichorinus, Equus Caballus, Sus scrofafossilis, Bos primigenius,Cervus alces, Cervus elaphus, Cervus Canadensis, Capra primigenin. Amongstthe shells,the Oceanic and non-Mediterraneanforms Purpura lapillus and Littorinalittorea occurred; also Pecten maximusand Cassis saturon,which are commonAtlantic forms,though very rare in the Mediterranean. Some fossilforms such as Nummulitesperforata were found. On the mammalian remainsof this Cave see Boyd Dawkins," Cave Hunting,"p. 375, note. 3 "Brit. Assoc. Rep," 1871, p. 156. Cf. Boyd Dawkins: "Cave Hunting," p. 374. See too Pengelly: " Trans. of DevonshireAss.," 1873, p. 296 seqq., and p. 305, note.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Balzi Rossi Cavesnear7 Mentone. 289 lhammer-stones,and bones of animals. " The bones were those of animals still existing." This evidence points clearly to the conclusion that the cave was inhabited in neolithic times. As a matterof fact,in his firstaccounlt of his excavatioins M. Riviere describeda potterywhorl as having occurredin a superficialstratum,' and an implementof jade was also discovered. It is furtherto be noted that amongstthe objects foundin a surfacelayer of theinnermost part of M. Riviere's" Third Cave" is a part of a polishedstone axe showingtraces of fire.2 The annexeddiagram (Fig, 1) will give an idea of the generalconforma- A, tionof the cave or cleftknown as the Barma Grande in which the most recent discoverieshave been made. From the data that I was able to gather on the spot fromquarrymen / who at one time or anotherhad taken part in its excavation,the original surfaceof / -a- a floorof the cave, at its mouth,over c-ve-earth, the spot,that is, wherethe skeletonsX.Plave where were found,was 750 metresabove Sheletonelayg the stratumin which theylie. But this depth only includes what has been artificiallyremoved from the cave. Thereare reasonsfor believing -, that the deposit had originallybeen 7/ somewhathigher but that the original / - levelof the floorhad Weenpreviously F[I 1. loweredby naturalagencies.3 As early as 1858 M. Forel, a Swiss geologist,4had obtained fromthe superficiallayer of the cave, half a yardthick, various bones and implements. The animal remains are describedas thoseof the stag,roe, sheep, antelope (?), aurochs,horse, boar, wolf,fox, cat, rabbit,eachalot (?), and variousshells (dentalium, patella,pecten, and pectunculus). Amongstthe implementsare

1 In his revised accountof the find,however (" De l'Antiquitede i'homme, &c.," p. 164), M. Rivibrereduces this to a flatdisk of darkbrown stone. 2 Riviere: op. cit., P1. IX, 13. In his accountof Cave 3, M. Riviereomits all mentionof this discovery. It is difficultfor the readerto remedythis omission forthe book has no index,and the provenienceof the objectsin the plates is in mostcases not given. 3 Cf. A. V. Jennings:op. cit., 272, who cites M. Forel for the fact that as earlyas 1858-before the excavationshad begun-the floorhad been lowered by naturalagencies " as shownby ossiferousincrustations clinging to the walls." ProfessorIssel considersthat the originalfloor was 11 metresabove the skeletons. 4 See his " Notice sur les Instrumentsen Silex et les Ossementstrouves dans les Cavernesa Menton,"1860.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 290 A. J. EVANS.-On the PrehistoricInterments of the mentionedarrow heads, fish-hooks,spear heads, and shortrough flintknives. Between1866 and 1886 M.Riviere,ProfessorLUone Orsini and othersundertook a systematicexcavation of the cave, and the whole contentsof the outerpart were eventuallycleared out to about1- metresabove thespot where the laterdiscovery of skele- tonswere made. Remainsof variousextinct animals were found includingmost of the species found in the other caves.' The most importantdiscovery was due, however,to non-scientific hands. In 1884 Louis Julien,the foremanof the menemployed in quarryingthe cliff,who had taken up the workof excavation, unearthed,at a depth of 8-40 metres,2a more or less perfect skeleton. It is describedas having had a large flakeof flintat the top of the head, and two others at the shoulders" like epaulettes." The skullwas coatedwith a red ochreoussubstance. Above was a layer of coal and ashes amiongstwhich were the teeth of ruminants,ox, deer, and goat,and small flakes. The skeletonlay on itsback betweenthe cave wall and a largestone, withthe head towardsthe mouthof the cave. The skull is now in the MentoneMuseum. It is to be observed,however, that in thiscase, as in thelower strataof theBarma don Cavillou,no potterywas discovered. The cave-earthand the remainsin it lay in a confusedmass without regular stratification,and here again no layers of stalagmite occurred. The presentdiscovery,was made nearthe mouth of the cave and close to the spot wherethe skeletonof 1884 had been unearthed.

FIG. 2. 1 M. Rivieredoes not give a moreexact account. Incidentallyhe mentionsa bone of lirsus spelwusworked mito a punch. 2 See letter of Mr. Wilson, U.S. Consul at Nice, in "L'Hoomme," 1884, p. 186: the skull is reproducedby M. Rivi6re,op. cit., p. 197. The cephalic index was 73-0,but completemeasurements could not be taken.

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Unfortunately,as irnthe formercase, it was not made by a scientificexcavator but by men engagedin quarryingthe lime- stonecliff. I visitedthe spot shortly afterwards on morethan one occasion, but the ornamentsand imple- ments had been removedby the ownerof < the quarry to his house, and there was some difficultyin ascertaininothe exact positionin which the several relicswere discovered. The subjoinedsketch (Fig. 2) will givea fair notionof the position in which the bodies were found. They lay across the presentmouth of the cave withtheir heads to the east. The outermostskeletoni was that of a man apparentlywell on in life. Unfortunatelythe skull was brokenwith a blow of a pick at the momentof discovery, and the lengthof the skeletoncan there- - - -- _ . forebe only approximatelygiven. From > his heel to his shoulderhe measured1-85 metres,so that he was probablyat least as tall as the taller of the threeadult skele- tons foundin 1872-1873, which reached the length,according to M. Riviere, of 2 metres. This giganticframe was some- what turned to the left,but it lay more on its back than the other two. By his lefthand, laid close to his femur,lay a long flintknife (Fig. 3). Aboutthe neck and on the skull were remains of ornamentsof X ) teethand bone, fishvertebrae and pierced shells, among them many nassa neritea, ( and on the legs a little below the top of /7 the tibias were two Cypraeas.l' Immediatelybehind this lay a skele- T _ ton, recognisedby Dr. Verneau2 as that 0 of a woman. It restedon theleft side with s the knees slightlydrawn up, and its right hand almostresting on the giant's shoul- :' der. It is said to have held anotherflint FIG. 3.-FLINT KNIFE FOUND knife.' This female skeleton was not so WITH FIRST SKELETON. richlydecked with ornamentsas the other I linear. (23 x 5 cm.) two, the bone and tooth pendants being wantingin this case 1 I take this last statementfrom M. Riviere'sshort notice of the findin the Compte-renduof the Academiedes Sciences,of March 7, 1892. 2 "Anthropologie,"III, 527. 3A. V. Jennings,op. cit.,p. 274.

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The third skeleton,of a youth,lay in nuch the same at- titude as the second, with its right hand raised as if to be laid on the shoulderof the individualin frontof it. Under or near its head a thirdflint knife was discovered(Fig. 4). Botli :A

Section at A.A. FIG. 4.-FLINT KNIFE FOUND WITE THIRD SKELETON. t linear. (Size, 17 x 5 cm.) the two innerskeletons though of tall staturewere distinctly smallerthan the firstdiscovered. From the positionin which the bodies lay it seems natural to concludethat the two smaller individualshere interredwere in a positionof dependenceon the old giant. Amongstthe objectsfound, chiefly, as far as I could gather,about the heads and necks of the skeletons,were remains of necklaces or head ornamentsof shell and bone,amongst which may be mentioned boredshells, fish vertebra,e, and teeth-apparentlycanines of deer -wlhich had been muchrubbed down and in some cases adorned withincised lines and nicks(Fig. 5). Ofthe bone ornaments dis-

FIG. 5.-DEER'S-TOOTH PENDANTS. covered,the mnostremarkable were some curious objects like double eggs or acorns connectedby a commonstem to which I shall return. These, too, were incised in a simnilar'manlier. Amongstthe bored shells foundI was shownspecimens of small Cypra,a,lCerithium, and a kind of Trochus,anid a quantity of 1 Identifiedby Mr. A. V. Jennings(op. cit., p. 276), withlCypreaa mille- punctata,an Atlanticspecies.

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Nassa neritea,lthe same shell thatforined the head ornanmentof the skeleton excavated by M. PLivierein the Barma dou Cavillou. This correspondenceis of great importance as showino that both intermentsbelong to the same race and time. It is the moreto be regrettedthat on my second visit to the cave and its owner,who professedto keep the smallerrelics found at his house, all these and several other objects had disappeared. The owner himselfhad made the discoveryno small sourceof gain by chargingvisitors a fee of a francapiece. In returnfor this, however, he did practically nothing to protect the skeletons,which in a few weeks' time were so troddenunder foot as to be almostpast recognition. Another interestingcorrespondence between the present discoveryand that of the Barma dou Cavillouwas thepresence, in the earth about the skeletons,of lumps of a ferruginous substance,which in this,as in the othercave, had partlystained the bones. There can be no doubt that this had been placed withthe departedthat he mighthave the wherewithalto paint his face and body forentry into the spiritworld. On the osteologicalcharacteristics of the skeletonisI cannot speak as an expert. They have, however,been examined by competentauthorities, whose accountsin the main agree. The skulls were decidedly dolichocephalic. The large skull has prominentsupra-orbital ridges, the smaller skull has these prominencesless markedand is niarroweracross the frontalbones, but, still, stronger,thicker, and moredefinitely ridged than tlle Neolithic skulls of the Finalese. ProfessorIssel, M. Riviere, Mr. A. V. Jennings,2anud more recently Dr. Verneau3have been independentlyledto comparethe Cro-Magnon skulls-M. Tiviere especiallylaying stress on the curiousrectangular orbits. Pro- fessorIssel, in a communicationread beforethe NaturalHistory 1 This observationis corroboraled by M. Riviere, who also saw these shells, and by Dr. Verneau," Anthropologie,"III, 528. 2 Mr. Jenningsremarks, op. cit., 274, " As regardsthe skulls, . . . the first is of a size proportionateto the skeleton,and enough remains to show some generalcharacters, tlhough the left side, the jaw, and thebasis craniiare wanting. The maximumlength is 21 cm.,and the greatestwidtlh in the parietalregion is 15 cm. The cephalicindices are therefore71-5 and 66-5,the formervery near thatof the 1884 skulldetermined by Mr. Wilson (" Brit.Ass. Rep.," 1885,p. 1218), as 71-35,and near thoseof Cro-Magnon. The craniofacialangle is not easy to determine,but it seemsto be approximately90?. The largerskull is higherin the parietalregion, and projectsto a remarkableextent above the occipitalregion, so much so that it is perhaps abnormal. The smaller skull is highest in the posteriorparietal region." 3 Dr. Verneau has restoredwhat remainedof themidcldle skull. He establislhes the generalresemblance of the Barma Grande skulls to those of Cro-Magnol, but observesthat the foreheadin this case is somewhatshorter and the skull higher-" iiiais malgre tout,il se rapprochetellement, par le reste,du type de la Vezere,dont il exagereinmme certains traits, qu'il me semble impossible de l'en isoler,"op. cit., p. 538.

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Societyof Genoa of April 4, 1892, whichI had the advantageof hearing,while in favourof the Paleeolithicdate of the skeletons, yet came to the conclusionthat thoughthe bones were thicker, the crania and skeletons,on the whole,presented the same racial characteristicsas the undoubtedlyNeolithic skeletons of the caves of Finale, furtheralong the LigurianCoast. Speaking as a non-expertI can onlv say that my own impressionstrongly agreeswith this,and that the Mentone skeletonsrepresent the same race as those of Finale, in a somewhat more primitive stage. In view of the strongopinions that have been expressed as to the Palaeolithicage of this and the other similarinterments in the caves of Balzi Rossi, the followingconsiderations will not be out of place:- The great depth at which the skeletonswere foundboth in the present instance and in the other allied discoveries,the undoubtedfact that bones of extinctanimals were foundin the cave-earthabove the level of the skeletons,and the absence, exceptin the case of a moreor less superficialfind, of polished stone implements,are all facts which give a primd facie probabilityto the view that we have here to deal with remains of Paleeolithic age. Anothervery remarkable phenomenon which distinguishesthis whole group of discoveriesfrom all hithertoknown Neolithic intermentsis the absence of pottery. In the vast mass of deposit extractedby M. Riviere to a diepthof 6 55 metresfrom the Barma dou Cavillou no pottery was found,nor was any noticed by Mr. Moggridgeand other explorers. And this evidence becomes the more significant when it is' added that in the still larger cave, the Barma Grande-with whichwe are dealing,in a still greaterdepth of deposit,no single fragmentof potteryhas been discovered. I myselfon two different-occasions have spent a considerable time hunting over the heaps of cave-earthturned out from above and around the skeletons,but was unable to find the smallestparticles of earthenware. This total absence of pottery from the present deposits becomes, moreover, still more remarkable when they are broughtinto comparisonwith the Neolithicinterments of the caves of the Finale district,on the same Ligurian coast, betweenAlbenga and Savona. In this case the deposits are in all cases associated with pottery,and the earth of these caves is full of sherds to a depth,in some cases, of 9 metres. The bones of domesticanimals, moreover, are there abundant. In the Balzi Rossi group these too seem to be conspicuousby theirabsence. From all this we may ventureto arriveat one safe deduction.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Balzi Rossi Caves near Mentone. 295 The intermentsof the Barma Grande,the Barma dou Cavillou and the othergrottoes of the Balzi Rossi Cliffsbelong to an earlierpe-riod than the Neolithicstraturn so well representedin the Finialese. All this is in perfectkeeping with the osteo- logical evidencereferred to above. But are we thereforeto concludethat the Balzi Rossiremains are of Palaeolithicdate ? It seenmsto me that there are other circumstancesto be consideredin connexionwith t-heselatter finds,which do not adlit of such a conclusion-unless,indeed, the word " Palaeo- lithic" is to be given a sense differentfrom its usual acceptation. When we come to examine the views as to the extreme antiquiitvof the instruments,such as M. Rivi6re has not hesi- tated to put forwardin the most unqualifiedmanner, we find, in fact,a curiousillustration of the dangerof provingtoo much. The skeletonslie in all cases beneatha vast inass of cave-earth in which the remains of extinct animals are undoubtedly associated with implementsof flintand bone that may justly be regardedas the workof Palaeolithicman. Thereforewe are told the intermentsthemselves must belong to the same agre. Long flintknives such as those discovered,may, it is true,find parallels in some of the later Paleolithic caves such as that of La Madeleine,though like implementswere also in commonuse in Neolithic times. But the argumentinvoked by M. Riviere leads us to consequencesfar beyond this. In the cave-earthof the overlyingstratum implements occurred not only of types characteristicof the Magdalenian grouip,of Solutre, and of Laugerie Haute and Basse, but included quartzite and other formspeculiar to the still earlierart of .1 In the same way the bones of extinctanimals found lead us on this showing to the concluLsionthat the "Man of Mentone" dated back to the days ofthe earliestgroup of pleistocenemammals. The very fact that these differentforms are mixed up to- gether in the overlyingcave-earth points clearly to partial or generaldisturbance. In the Barma dou Cavillou,moreover, our surpriseat the great depthat whichthe intermentoccurred is considerablydiminished when we find fromMr. Moggridge's observationsthat therehad been six differentfloors of occupa- tion datilngfrom a period when the fauna was apparently confinedto existingspecies. In the case of the Barma Grande, moreover,there is, as we have seen, distinct evidence that the floorlevel had once been higherand had subsequentlybeen lowered by natural processesof denudation. But this raising I See Cazalis de Fondouce and Cartailhac," Materiaux,&c.," 1873, p. 133; IDe Mortillet: "Arch. preistorique,"p. 190. Quartzite implementsof the Mfoustiertype also occur in the grottoesof the Finalmarina district,notably tlle Arma delle Fate, associatedwith bones of Ursus spelmus.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 296 A. J. EVANS.-On thePrehistoric Interments of thbe or lowering,of the floorlevel by naturalcauses maayhave beein carriedon to a far greaterextent than is now traceable. The jumble of bones anidimplements of differentages, the unstrati- fiedcharacter of parts of the cave contentsstill visible-may it not at least be partlydue to the past influenceof flood-waters bringingdown dJbrisfrom interior cavities of the rock? Making howeverevery allowance for the operationof such causes the greatdepth at which these intermentswere found is still a phenomenonwhich must be taken into veryserious account. It is mnoreoverthe morestriking when we contrastit with the comparativelysuperficial character of the Neolithic gravesin the cavernsoI the Finale district. In that case the averagedepth at which the skeletons lay was not more than about 50 centimiietres,and though in places, owing to the ac- cumulationof ddbris,it was as much as 2 metres1even this representsbarely a quarterof the depth at which the Balzi Rossi depositslay. The absence of potteryin this whole group of caves, of polished implemeints,of the bones of domesticated animals,all this, as alreadypointed out,shows that the meni buried there were living in a distinctlymore primitivestage of culture than the Neolithic folk of the Finalese. Yet the Neolithic deposits of Finale which give place by insensible gradations to those of the early metal age and to forms akin to those of the Yerremareof the other side of the Apennines,imust themselves date back well beyond the third Millenniumbefore our era. The race of Balzi Rossi,thenl, must be fairlyreckoned to be earlierthan these,anld if the ratioof the overlyingdeposit is to count foranything may precedethem by thousandsof years. But grantingthis we mustnot shut our eyes to the fact that the intermentsof the Barma Grande and the Barma dou Cavillou presentus with a cult of the dead, and, as I hope to show, with certain formsof ornairmentsand implementswhich findtheir nearest parallels ratheramong Neolithic than even the latest Palaeolithicremains. Nor mustit be forgottenthat no bones of extinctanimals have been in any case foundin direct associationwith this groupof skeletons. Several cases full of bones,found in the immediateneighbourhood of the skeletons, have now,in fact,been examined by Messieurs H. Filhol and M. Boule2 and proved to belong to the followinganimals:- Fox, Horse, Wild Boar, Bisont Europceus,Red and Boe Deer, Jbex,and an uncertainrumiinanat. It will be seen that riot a single characteristicQuaternary animal occursin the list. It is

1 See A. Issel, " Nuove ricerchesulle Caverneossifere della Liguria " (Rome, 1888). 2 " Anthropologie,"III, 532.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BctlziRossi Cavesnear Mentone. 297 to be observedmoreover that the mnere fact that thesewere inter- mients,implying as it does previousexcavation, makes the appear- ance of Pleistocene remains,and even Paleolithic implements at higherlevels in the cave earth,of no value fordetermining the age ofthe skeletons. The carefullaying out of the dead in the attitudeof sleep with his flintknife in his hand,his necklace and head orna- ments,and the ochre beside him wherewithto paint his face and body in the other world-all this shows a development in religious custom which has hithertoin no single well- authenticatedinstance been carried back to Paleolithic times. It is characteristically" Neolithic." We maygo furtherand say that the special formsof sepulturediscovered here fit on in a suiggestiveway to the burialrites still practised at a later date on this same coast by the Neolithic people of the Finalese. There too we find the body laid out in the same attitude of sleep,with the legs partiallydrawn up, an attitudewhich, as distinguishedfrom the still more contractedposture of the Northernraces in primeval times,we may perhaps ventureto regard as characteristicof a less severe climate,and the less habitualnecessity for drawing up the legs underthe shelterof whateverserved them as a mantle. Theretoo we findthe same bored shells and teeth hung round the neck,and the same ferruginoussubstance laid beside the departedto deck his person in the SpiritWorld; there too flintand bone objects (some of theselatter of verysimilar forms) were placedready to his hand. In the caves of Balzi Rossi howeverthe skeletonswere at most propped up or pillowed by large stones; in the Finale inter- ments,such as those of the grottoof the Arene Candidewe find in the case of the adults, stones placed round and over the skeletonsso as to formna rude cist,though the childrenwere still simplyburied in the cave-earth. In these later interments moreoverthe polishedaxes and potteryplaced beside the dead as well as the remainsof domesticatedanimals attest the higher stage of cultureamidst which theyhad lived. Still the points (f similarityin the sepulchralrites practised in both groupsare unmistakeable. And in view of these points of reseinblance the conclusionarrived at by ProfessorIssel, that the Balzi Rossi skeletons,in spite of some moreprimitive characteristics, belong essentiallyto the same race as the skeletons of Finalmarina, gains additionalforce. The bone implementssupply us with some freshpoints of relationship. The bored pendants,formed of canines of deer much worndown, found with the skeletonsboth in the Barma Grande and the Barma dou Cavillou are identicaleven to their notcheddecorations with ornamentsof the same kind foundby

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ProfessorIssell in the Cavernadelle nearFinal- marina(see Fia. 5) associated with undoubtedlyNeolithic re- mains. Identical pendants have also been found in the Neolithicdeposit of the Grottadi Sant' Elia in Sardinia.2 It is to be observedthat verysimilar deer's toothornaments, though withoutthe notches,were foundin the caves of La Madeleine, LaugerieBasse and Les Eyzies,3where they are ascribedto the Reindeer Period. A stumpybone punch also found near the Barma Grandeskeletons, in thepossession of Mr. A. V. Jennings, is of the same type as a bone implementfrom the excavations of the Neolithic deposit in the grottoof the Arene Candide.4 Another very close parallel is affordedby the cusped bone instrumentrepresented in Fig. 6 which the Rev. J. E. Somer-

A~ A ~~~~~~~~~~~c D

:B

BIG. 6.-BONE ARROW-HEAD. ville of Mentoneobtained from the neighbourhoodof one of the last discoveredskeletons of theBarmna Grande. Thoughblunter and thicker,it ,greatlyresembles some of the bone heads described as " cuspidi di frecciaad alette" fromthe Neolithicburial place in the Arene Candide cave.5 Of all the bone objects,however, discovered with the present intermentsthe mostinteresting are those alreadyreferred to as resemblingtwo small eggs,or acorns,with their big ends united with a connectingstem. The bossy part of these ornaments was decoratedwith rows of parallel lines runningup the sides like the rungsof so many ladders (Fig. 7 a and b). Seveii or eight of these are said to have occurredin all,6 but,like other " Scavi recentinella Cavernadella AreneCandide," Bull. di Paletn. it. Ann xii, Tav. iv, Figs. 9, 10. One is of shell. 2 In the Museo Kircherianoat Rome. They were kindlypointed out to me by IspettoreG.-A. Colini. 3Reliquie Aquitanicae,"B. P1. V. 11, 12, 13, and p. 47, where they are referredto Red Deer (" Cervus elaphus "). 4 Issel, op cit., Tav. IV. 2 cf. Tav. VI. 6. 5 Op. cit., Tav. IV. 3; Tav. V. 7, 8. 6 I only saw three,and Mr. Jennings(op. cit. 276) the same number. He

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Balzi Rossi Caves near Hentone. 299 relicsfound, most of themhave since disappeared. The shape ofdifferent specimens varied slightly, some beingmore elongated than others.

BIG. 7.-BONE ORNAMENTS. (a) with fish-vertebrmadhering. But what at once struckme on seeing these objectswas the strikingresemblance they presented to certainamber ornaments discoveredwith earlyNeolithic skeletons in the galleried tombs of Scandinaviaand North . In a communicationto the PrdhistorischeBlatter, of Munich, on the subject of the present discovery,I have already called attention to this remarkableparallelism, and this view has since received a favourable reception in the North. My friend,Dr. Sven S6derbero,1Director of the Museum of Lund, has kindly sketched for me some examples in that collection,which are here figuredfor the sake of comparisoni(Fig. 8). These double- bossed objectsof amberare in Scandinaviagenerally known as " hammer-shaped" beads,2and fromtheir supposed resemblance to the stone-hammersof the same period,have been by many supposedto have been worn as amulets. It is, however,note- worthythat the type which presentsthe greatestresemblaince describesthem as havingbeen foundlying on the foreheadof the skeletons. It is possible,as M. Rivierehas suggested,thai; they are of stagshorn. Dr. Soderbergwrites " Die Zezammenstellungvon den Knochenperlenmit den scandinavischenBernsteinperlen mit Keulenformist ' quite striking'und die Xhnliclikeitkann unmngliclh zufallig sein. Ich bin sicher dass der Fund von solchen Perlen in Italien ein grossesAufsehen in der gelehrtenWelt erweckenwird." 2 See on these especially Carl Neergaard, " Ravsmykkernei Steenalderen" (Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed,1888, p. 281, seqq.). Mesdorf, " VorgeschichtlicheAlterthfimer aus Schleswig-Holstein,"Fig. 117.

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to the Scandinavianstone-hammers' is of later date than the others,and does not seem to occur in the chamberedbarrows with an entrance gallery. The truthis that the older formdoes not seem to be copied fromany type of stone-hammer,though it presentsa close analogyto certain blunt stone implementsgrooved round the middle, specimens of whichhave been foundin Britain and elsewhere,and to which the name of "sink-stones" has been given.2 But in view of the exist- enice of these earlierbone orna- ments, which belong to a time "a - < ' whenground and polishedimple- mentsof stonewere perhaps un- __--_ X known, it hardly seems necessary to derive the early amber forms of Scandinavia fromnsuch "sink- stones." In additionto the above typeof \\\^\y\0 10 /) 2bone ornamentwith its egg-shaped 'I Xends, I saw part of anothersome- whatanalogous specimen, of which FIG. &-SCANDINAVIAN AM1BERt a representationis given in Fig. 9. BEADS. It will be seenthat it musthave originallyconsisted of two semni- sphericalbosses, flat below,and linked by a thinperforated neck. Tlle bone in this case also is m, covered with the converging I 1I, rowsof parallel lines. Half of anotherexample foundnear the skeletons is preserved in the FIG. 9.-BONE ORNAMENT. GeologicalMuseum at Genoa.' This geometricalsystem of ornamentationseems to be foreign to the decorativesystem as found on bone and hornobjects of

TlhisT form is flatter,and the central part is cut out more at right angles. An exampleis givenby Neergaard,op. cit., p. 292. These flattypes are found in a later typeof Cist grave. 2 In " LiguiriaGeologica e Preistorica,"II, 263, it is figuredas if entire; but this restorationis the workof the artist. Neither have I seen any like those engravedin " Anthropologie,"III, 530, witlhthe flat part complete and the strice dilfferentlyarranged. Can this be also due to the draughtsman? 3 J. Evans, "Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain," p. 211, see Fig. 159.

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"the Reindeer Period."' On the other hand, like the bone ornanmentsthemselves on whichit occurs,it presentsthe closest analogyto a style of decorationvery characteristic of the Stone Age in NorthernEurope. Dr. S6derberg,who was struck by this, has kindly sketched for me a Danish hanging-potof Neolithicdate, the striationson which show distinctpoints of resemblanceto the last-miientionedbone ornamentfrom the Barma Grande (Fig. 10). The samedecorative system is common to a whole seriesof vessels belong- / l ing to the Neolithic Period in/ri / ,;.> I/ > North-WestGermany and Scandi- / / -/ navia,where itismost frequently1liilI 11} M11 foundon the lids. In a still more : i IIn II lu;ll literal guise-zones and coluimns of parallellines-this kindof orna- \- -3/\>- -. mentis also foundon the Neolithic potteryof East and West Prussia.2 The conclusion,then, to which we are led by these converging BIG. 10.-BOTTOM OF HAiNGING linesof evidenceis thatthe inter- 2ESSEL (i). imentsof the BarmiaGrande and the CopenhagenMuseum] other caves of the Balzi Rossi cliffs,though embedded in a Palwolithicstratum are themselvesof Neolithicdate. On the otherhand, however, the entire absence of pottery,of polished implements,of remainsof domesticanimals, as comparedwith the Neolithic intermentsof the Finale Caves furtherup the same Ligurian coast, is on any showing a most remarkable phenomenon. A greaterdegree of petrificationis also observa- ble in the bone and other objects discovered. In all proba- bilitywe havehere to deal with an earlierNeolithic stratum than any of whichwe have hithertopossessed authentic records. If the evidence of these Balzi Rossi initermentsis to count for anything,it muLsthenceforth be recognizedthat a race represent- ing the essentialfeatures of the later populationof the polislhed Stone Age was alreadysettled on the Ligurian shores of the Mediterraneanat a time when manyof the civilizedarts, which have hithertobeen consideredthe original possession of Neolithic Man on his firstappearance in ,were unknown. It will no longerbe allowable to say that these supposed immigrants fromAsia brought with them at their first coming certain domesticanimals, and bad alreadyattained a knowledgeof the potter'sart, and of the polishing of stone weapons. And, if 1 Rows of parallel lines or long notches are indeed known (e.g., " Reliquiae Aquitanicen,"B. P1. XXV), but not arrangedin regularconverging columns. 2 Cf. Dr. 0. Tischler," Steinzeitin Ostpreussen,"p. 4 (Fig. 1), &c. VOL. XXII. X

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 302 A. J. EVANS.-On thePrehistoric Intermnents of the this is the case, somethingat least will have been done towards bridgingthe gap between the earlier and later Stone Age in Europe. Till such time,however, as remainisof extinctanimals are foundin such associationwith human interments as to prove theircontemporaneity we must still allow fora vast intervalof yearsbetweell the latest remainsof the " ReindeerPeriod "' and interments,such as those of the MenitoneCaves. The racial characteristicsof the skeletonsof the Balzi iRossi,2 while linkingthem at one end withthe laterNeolithic occupants of the Finalese,show that they had essentiallythe same physical type as the early skeletonsfound in Cro-MagnonCave with verysimilar ornaments of bored shells and teeth. The same featuresoccur again in the skeletons fromthe Neolithicgrotto of the Homme Mort, in Lozere, and in some of the French dolinens,as that of Vianettes.3 The type recurs East of the Apenninesand in Central , Sicily and Sardinia; and the field of comparison extends to Southern and the Canaries.4 The physical connexion with the Dolmen people derives additionalinterest fromthe comparisonsestablished betweeii the bone ornamentsfound with the Barma Gralndeskeletoiis anid the amber hammer-beadsof the Scandinavian Gallery Graves,and the decorativesystenm of the potteryfound in the samne. It looks as if in the polishledStone Age the Neolithic settlers in the North of Europe had transferredto the new materials,such as amberand earthenware,forms and ornamenta- tion which had already been an ancient possessionof a race settledon European soil in still moreprimitive times. Two shells found with the Balzi Rossi interments,Pecten mtximUs5 and Cyprcea wtillepunctata6point to Atlantic con- nexions. In the later Neolithic intermentsof the Finalese, on the otherhand, which may representthe same race in a more advanced stage of development,we see new influencescoming in froma verydifferent direction. Some of the shells found with these seem to have been derived from the Southern Mediterranean,7and one, the Miitra oleacea, found by Pro-

I In Liguria thereseems to have been,strictly speaking, no ReindeerPerioc, as remainsof that animal have riotbeen found. But the bones of the G0lutton and the primitiveMarmot (Arctomysprimigenia) found in the 3alzi Rossi Caves point to analogous climatic conditions, and implementsof the La Madeleine type are well represented. 2 See speciallyIssel, " Nnove ricerchesulle Caverneossifere della Liguria." Issel op cit. 4 " Liguria," &c., 356. 6 From thleBarma dou Cavillou interment; Riviere,op. cit. 6 Found withthe Barma Grandeskeletons. See A. V. Jennings,op. cit., p. 276. 7 See especiallyA. Issel, " Scavi recenti nella Caverna della Arene Candicle in Liguria,"p. 210 .seqq. (Memoriedella R. Acc. dei Lincei 1877-1878.)

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Balzi Bossi Cavesnea(tif Mentone. '303 fessorIssel in the Caverna delle Arene Candide mutsthave made its way by some primitiveline of commercefrom the Inidian Ocean.- This is not the place to develop in detail the evidence suppliedby these later cave-burialsof the Finalese, the mlloreso as importantmonographs oln this subject are being,prepared by two indefatigable local excavators, Padre Amerano of Finalmarina and Padre Morelli of Genoa. The subject, however,is of suclh importance in relation to the earlier intermentsof the caves near Mentone,that I may be allowed to give a fewimpressions derived fromsuch stnudiesas I have miiyselfbeen able to make of the Finale discoveries. The objects themselves are to be seen partlyin the Collegio Ghi- glieri at that place, partly in the Geological Museum, an(d in the private Collections of Don Morelli and of Signor IRossi at Genoa, and a very good example of a Neolithic skeleton with associated relics has been lately procured by Mr. Clarence Bicknell forthe local Museum founded by him in, Bordighera. The racial characterpresented by the huimanremains is, as already observed,essentially the same as that of the Balzi Ilossi skeletons. We have to deal with the samietall dolicho- cephalic race with rectangularorbits, a race which still finds its representativesamong the hill-folkof Liguria. The mode of burial revealed by these excavations presents,as already noticed,distinct points of simiilarityto the earlier funeral cult of the Mentone Caves. The provisionof red ochre,thle per- foratedshell ornaments,the veryposture of the body,and some of the bone inistrumlientsfound, still betraythe earliertradition, thoughthe potteryand polished axes, the inmplementsof im- portedjadeite and obsidian,the bones of domesticatedanimals, the reoular cist which protected the remains,all proclaim a hlighergrade of culture. Among the new formsof instrument here foundare certainclay stamps,compared by ProfessorIssel with the "Pintaderas" with w-hich the ancient Mexicanis imprintedcoloured patterns on theirskins.2 Nor is it the importedshells alone that give us a clue to the directionfrom which the new civilizino influenceswere being broughtto bear on the old indigenousrace of this Ligurian coastland. In examining the formsof earthenwarevessels 1 So, too, Strobel discoveredin the " Fondi di Capanne," Meleagrinamargar- itifera,a shell derived from the Red Sea or Persian Gulf. Cf. " Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana," III, p. 56. 2 " Scavi recentinella Caverna delle AreneCandide in Liguria," p. 130, seqq., anidTav. V. 1, 2. Similar instrumentswere used by the of Grande Canar;y. See Dr. R. Verneau "Las piintaderasde Gran Canaria," Ann. p. la Soc. Espanola de Hist. Nat. xii, 1883. x 2

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 304 A. J. EVANS.-On thbePrehistoric Inte/i ?ents of the discovered, some very remarkable parallels stuggestthemii- selves. A peculiarform of bowl witha kind of cruciformorna- menton ts bottom and curves on its side whichis one of the mnosttypical objects discovered,is identical with some of the mostcharacteristic of the clay vessels foundin the Terrermareof the other side of the Apenlines, notablythat of Castionie,near Parma, describedby Strobel,where remainis of the verybaskets were found fromwhich these clay formsseem to have origin- ated. It will be seen fromthis that the attempt of some Italian archa3ologiststo draw a hard and fast line between the culturerevealed in the lTerremareof the Po Valley and that of the moreWesterly region is hardlyborne out bythese discoveries in the Fillale Caves. It is, indeed, evident that the bulk of the remainsin the Finalese Caves belongsto an earlierperiod thanthose of the Tlerremare,and ratherrepresent the antecedent stage of Neolithicand " Aileolithic" cultureout of which they grew. It is also true that certain ceramic developimients which characterize these latter settlements,such as the semilunarhandles, and several typesof implementsof bronize and bone, have not as yet been found on the Ligurian side. But a stage of cultureclosely allied to that of the Terremareis unquestionablyto be found in the later strataof the Finalese Caves. Certain formsof handle, moreover,occur fromwhich thesemilunar type might easily develop itself: thehorned handle (ansa a cornetti)has now actually come to light,and, in view of the identityof some of the most characteristicof the ceramic formsas well as of certaintypes of implements,we may reason- ably expectto find the fieldof comparisonenlarged by fresh discoveries.The formsreferred to are not,like the earliertypes, found in associationwith skeleton interments,and there is nothingto provethat cremationwas iiot at this time already makinggood its hold on this side of the Apennines. It is even possible that remainsof primitivehabitations may be brought to light in the Ligurian coastlaindsas closely resemblingthe structureof the pile settlementsof Lombardlyand the Emilia as the clay vessels found resemblethose of Castionleand other Transapeiininiestations. OtherItaliarn comparisons evoked by these discoveriestake uls still furtherafield. The Neolithic remains from the Sar- dinian Caves display a decided parallelism. Certain formsof vessels like double or reversiblecups suggestthat we have here the prototypesof the highly developed double or pedestalled cup, foundin the early Sicilian cemeteriesof MykenaeanAge, on which so much light has recently been thrown by the researchesof Dr. Paolo Orsi. In the case of some fraomentsof primitivepainted pottery we have, I ventureto believe,a sister

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fabricto the earlypainted vessels of the Sikel tomnbs,and to a kindred ware found in the old Iapygian country about Taranto. Nor, when we rememberthe historicevidence that the Sikels themselvesmigrated from the Italian mainland and had at one time occupiedlarge tractsof CentralItaly as far as SouthernEtruria and Liguriaitself, is thereany a priori reason fordoubting these comparisons. Anotherfavourite thesis of ProfessorPigorini and othersthat the Ligurian Stone Age was prolonged to the time of the Roman Coniquest1seems to me to be whollyat variance witlh the evidencenow beforeus. For, in the Finale Caves, notably that of the Pollera, a progressiveculture may be observedin successive layers,and, though metal objects are rare,there is distinct evidence that the deposits continuedinto the early metal age. The vessels of the Castionetype themselvesbetray contemporanieityof date. Bronzedagger-blades have beenfound of a typethat occursin the Terremareand a curious cruciformn ornamentof thin bronzeplate, while distantlyrecailing some of the gold quatre-foilsof Mykenae,presents a somewhat close analogyto the plates of certaintypes of spiral fibula-belonginia to the late Bronze or earliestIron Agrein Southern Italy. A varietyof comparisonslead us to theconclusion that the latest of theseinterments does not go down muchbeyond the close of the second Millenniumbefore our era. If in Roman timesthe caves were again partiallyused, eitlher for habitationor interment,the fact ouightcertainly not to be adduced as a proofthat the Ligurian Stone Age goes down to I Thisis repeatedin the mostunqualified form by Professor L. Pigorini,in one of his mostrecent publications (" I primitiviabitatori della Valle del Po," Rome, 1892).-" Solo tra le Alpi orientalie su quelle occidentalinon penetravala luce. Cadeva la RepubblicaRomana e nel cuore della Liguria eranviancora Caverni- coli colle arti e coi costumi della pura eta neolitica." Much stresshas beeln laid by certainwriters on a passage of Diod6rosV, 49, who speaks of some of the Alpine Ligurians as sleepilngin caves, which is nol morethan what many shepherdsin this and other parts of Italy do still whentendinig their summer pastures. But the writerswho lav such stresson this,omit some other still morepertinent facts recorded by iDiod6rosabout the Ligurians. ie expresses admirationat the industriousway in which they cultivatedtheir rocky soil, and overcameall natural obstacles. He noticesthat their shields approached the Gallic in character,which indicates a high grade of metallurgicindustry. Their brazenshields indeed seem to have so impressedobservers that on the strengthof them,according to Strabo (lib. iv.) a Greek originwas claimed by somefor the Ligurians. Their nationialarmament was at least so effectiveas to rendertheir services Taluable to the Carthaginiansand theSicilian tyrants,who largelyemployed them as mercenariesalong with Etruscans and (Campanians. By the end of the firstcentury B.C., when l)iod6ros wrote,they were giving up theirnational arms for the Roman. From Strabo (lib. iv.), whose account is probablybased on Poseidonios,we learn that theyimported oil anid wine, but thata certainamount of wine of the qulalityof the modern Greek retzinata was made in the country. Ligurian tunics and cloaks (saga) were knownto commerceand Genoa a thrivingmarket.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 306 A. J. EVANS.-IXTntc?rmentsin the -Balzi -Rossi Caves. that date. One of the best results obtainedin the domain of prehistoricarcheology is that therewas a constanttendency for civilizationat least in North-Western,Central, and Sout,h-Easterii Europe, to find a common level, and that, for instance, as Monteliushas shown,the differencebetween the chronologyof Italy and Scandinaviais not considerable.' But to supposethat the old populationof these Liguriancoastlands, possessednot of ruggedmountain ranges only but of valleys of surpassingrichness, and ports-and suitable landing-placesfor primnitivenavigation-living themselves within sight of the Tuscan hills beyond the gulf-should, as far as regardsthe essentials of culture,have remained over a thousand years behind the inhabitantsof Scandinavianfiords, passes the limits of credibility. The associated relics discoveredin the mnorerecelnt inter- inentsof the Finale Caves shows, on the contrary,that the prehistoricinhabitants of this Ligurialicoast possessed a form of culturewhich must be regardedas a collateralbraneh of that Italic Class representedby the contemporarydwellers in the Po Valley,offshoots of whichwere thrown out in otherdirections as far as Sicily and Sardinia. The Eastern extensionlof the same primitive civilization,which here touched the Mediter- ranean shore,may in fact be traced throughNorth Italy and -wherewe see i,,in theLake Dwellings-in a closely allied formeastwards to the similarsettlements about Laibach ill Carniola,to the Danubian Valley, and still furtherafield throughthe old Thracian and Illyrianregions of the Balkan Peninsula to on the one hand,and on the other to the North-Westerncoast of Asia Minor. It is a remarkablefact that owl-like human figures,the counterpartof those discoveredby Dr. Schliemannin the Troad,-and at the sam-etime perhaps the nearest existing prototypesof those of Myke^nae,-have eome to lightin the Finale Caves.2 This wide, diffLisionof kindred formsof culture may well have been the gradual resultof the openingup by intertribal barterof primitivelines of commerce,in the case of Liguria no doubtpartly maritime, anld does not necessarilyimply wholesale migration and displacement of the pre-existingEuropean populations. On the contrary,as has been already pointed

1 Cf. Montelius: "Om Tidsbestanmninginonm Bronsaldern." 2 Two examplesfrom the collectionof Don Morelli have now been published in Prof.Issel's "Liguria Geologica e Proistorica,"Tav. xxviii,Figs. 11 and 14. A recentexamination of these primitive" idols" has revealed to me the fact that one of them (op. cit. Tav. xxviii,Fig. 14) was paintedin the same style as the earlypottery,-a faintrose groundcolour with a brownband. Tfhis affords anotherand veryinteresting link to the Mykenneanfigures. But the Ligurian e-lample is far older.

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. C. MARCIJL-PolynesiataOrnctment a Mythogrcp7y, 307 out,the comparisonthat we have been able to institutebetween the earlyNeolithic folk whose remains have been broughtto light in the Balzi Rossi Caves-the so-called " Man of Mentone"-and the later intermentsof the Finale groupclearly pointto continuityof race.

POLYNESIAN ORNAMENT a MYTHOGRAPHY; or, a SYMBOLISM of ORIGTIN and DESCENT. By H. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A.

[WITE PLATES XX-XXIII.] Editions Cited- Cook's "'Voyages," &c., 1790, six vols. Ellis's " PolynesianResearches," 1840, fourvols. Gill's "Myths and Songs fromthe South Pacific,"1876. "Jottingsfrom the Pacific,"1885. Grey's"Polynesian Mythology,"1855. Williams' " MissionaryEnterprise," 1838. Farmer's" Tonga," &c., 1855. Davies' "Dictionary of the TahitianDialect," 1857. Pratt's "Dictionaryof the Samoan Langkuage,"1878. All'.Williams' ' Dictionaryof the Language," 1852. Stolpe's " Utvecklingsf6reteelseri Naturfolkens Ornamnentik," published in "Yrler," 1890. Edge-Partingtonand Heape's "Ethnographical Album of the Pacific Ilaids," 1891. Martin's" Seriesof Photographsof New Zealand M) thographs,"1890. Read's " Originand Sacred Characterof certain Ornamenitsof tlheSouth Pacific,"1891. IN a Paper read by the presentwriter to the Lancashireand Cheshireand Antiquarian Society,in February,1889, on " The Meaning of Ornamenlt,"it was maintainedthat "Zoomorphs took their place in the expectant mind by virtue of some symbolic or mythologicalmeaning, and when this was lost, aniinaaforms were reproduced by the artificerwith less attention to detail, and only to satisfya vague desire for something nysticalor auspicious." But onieof the principalpurposes of that Paper was to show how the anirnalform passed into ornamentunder the control and determinationof a pre-existent" skeuomorph" or structure- form,although different"skeuomorphs" became dominantat differenttimes and amongdifferent nations. It was furthernoticed that " the effectof the tool was best seein in savag,eornamentation where decorative motives had been tranlsferred,for example, to clubs and paddles. The limitedpower of the stone iimplement,no less than the grain and hardnessof the wood,greatly modified the 'skeuomorphs'

This content downloaded from 185.44.79.40 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:48:01 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions