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Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data

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Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data WP15 Study: Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data Author: Guntram Geser, Salzburg Research Ariadne is funded by the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme. ARIADNE WP15 Study: Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data Guntram Geser Salzburg Research Version 1.0 6 October 2016 ARIADNE is a project funded by the European Commission under the Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1-313193. The views and opinions expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. ARIADNE – WP15 Study: Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data Prepared by SRFG Table of content 1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 5 2 Vision, study summaries, and recommendations ...................................................................... 7 2.1 Archaeological Linked Open Data – a vision ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Study summaries and recommendations ................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Linked Open Data: Background and principles .............................................................................. 8 2.2.2 The Linked Open Data Cloud ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Adoption of the Linked Data approach in archaeology ............................................................... 10 2.2.4 Requirements for wider uptake of the Linked Data approach .................................................... 11 3 Linked Open Data: Background and principles ........................................................................ 17 3.1 LOD – A brief introduction ........................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Historical and current background ........................................................................................... 18 3.3 Linked Data principles and standards....................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Linked Data basics ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2 Linked Open Data ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.3 Metadata and vocabulary as Linked Data ................................................................................... 21 3.3.4 Good practices for Linked Data vocabularies .............................................................................. 22 3.3.5 Metadata for sets of Linked Data ................................................................................................ 23 3.4 What adopters should consider first ........................................................................................ 24 3.5 Mastering the Linked Data lifecycle ......................................................................................... 25 3.6 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 26 4 The Linked Open Data Cloud .................................................................................................. 28 4.1 LOD Cloud figures ..................................................................................................................... 28 4.2 (Mis-)reading the LOD diagram ................................................................................................ 29 4.3 Cultural heritage in the LOD Cloud ........................................................................................... 31 4.4 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 34 5 Adoption of the Linked Data approach in archaeology ............................................................ 35 5.1 Adoption by cultural heritage institutions ............................................................................... 35 5.2 Low uptake for archaeological research data .......................................................................... 36 5.3 The Ancient World research community as a front-runner ..................................................... 38 5.4 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 41 6 Requirements for wider uptake of the Linked Data approach.................................................. 43 6.1 Raise awareness of Linked Data ............................................................................................... 43 6.1.1 Fragmentation of archaeological data ......................................................................................... 43 6.1.2 Current awareness of Linked Data............................................................................................... 44 6.1.3 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 46 6.2 Clarify the benefits and costs of Linked Data ........................................................................... 47 6.2.1 The notion of an unfavourable cost/benefit ratio ....................................................................... 47 ARIADNE 2 October 2016 ARIADNE – WP15 Study: Towards a Web of Archaeological Linked Open Data Prepared by SRFG 6.2.2 Lack of cost/benefit evaluation ................................................................................................... 48 6.2.3 Collecting examples of benefits and costs ................................................................................... 50 6.2.4 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 54 6.3 Enable non-IT experts use Linked Data tools ........................................................................... 55 6.3.1 Linked Data tools: there are many and most are not useable..................................................... 55 6.3.2 Need of expert support ............................................................................................................... 56 6.3.3 The case of CIDOC CRM: from difficult to doable ........................................................................ 56 6.3.4 Progress through data mapping tools and templates ................................................................. 57 6.3.5 Need to integrate shared vocabularies into data recording tools ............................................... 58 6.3.6 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 60 6.4 Promote Knowledge Organization Systems as Linked Open Data ........................................... 61 6.4.1 Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) .................................................................................... 61 6.4.2 Cultural heritage vocabularies in use .......................................................................................... 62 6.4.3 Development of KOSs as Linked Open Data ................................................................................ 63 6.4.4 KOSs registries ............................................................................................................................. 66 6.4.5 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 68 6.5 Foster reliable Linked Data for interlinking .............................................................................. 69 6.5.1 Current lack of interlinking .......................................................................................................... 69 6.5.2 Why is there a lack of interlinking? ............................................................................................. 70 6.5.3 Need of reliable Linked Data resources ....................................................................................... 70 6.5.4 Foster a community of archaeological LOD curators ................................................................... 72 6.5.5 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 72 6.6 Promote Linked Open Data for research .................................................................................. 73 6.6.1 A Linked Open Data vision (2010) ................................................................................................ 74 6.6.2 LOD for research: The current state of play ................................................................................ 74 6.6.3 Search vs. research ...................................................................................................................... 76 6.6.4 Examples of research-oriented Linked Data projects .................................................................. 77 6.6.5 CIDOC CRM as a basis for research applications ......................................................................... 78 6.6.6 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 80 7 References and other sources ...............................................................................................
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