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The Theological Reception of the Book of Isaiah in the Nineteenth-Century Church of England

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The Theological Reception of the Book of Isaiah in the Nineteenth-Century Church of England The Theological Reception of the Book of Isaiah in the Nineteenth-Century Church of England By Robert Lewis Knetsch A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and the Theology Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael’s College © Copyright by Robert L. Knetsch 2013 THE THEOLOGICAL RECEPTION OF THE BOOK OF ISAIAH IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHURCH OF ENGLAND Robert Lewis Knetsch Doctor of Philosophy in Theology Faculty of Theology, University of St. Michael’s College 2013 Abstract This study considers the matter of “theological exegesis” in the context of a divided Church. For the purpose of specificity, I direct attention to the nineteenth-century Church of England and the book of the Prophet Isaiah serves as the exegetical focal point for analyzing various commentators. The terminus a quo is a rather straight-forward one: in what sense does the practice of reading Scripture become fundamentally re-defined within a frangible ecclesial reality? This project takes a novel approach to the reception-history of Isaiah and to the many changes that attended theological exegesis since the Reformation. I challenge the prevailing view that new historical-critical methods precipitate from external pressures on a Church unable to keep abreast of new discoveries. I argue, instead, that the emergence of such methodologies is the consequence of warring ecclesial factions. Thus, nineteenth- century exegetical strategies arise from the conflicts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Restricting my purview to the Church of England and English Roman Catholicism, I consider the three well known parties within the former: Low Church Evangelicals, Broad Church liberal-minded exegetes, and the old High Church party. I also give some consideration to the Oxford Movement for purposes of comparison and contrast with the old High Church party. The central Isaiah commentators are Robert ii Payne Smith, Thomas Kelly Cheyne and Christopher Wordsworth, respectively. Moreover, as a foil for Anglican exegesis, I explore how English Roman Catholics read the book of Isaiah. I employ three analytical categories that are definitive of a uniquely Anglican hermeneutical vision, namely, the nature of reading the Bible communally, Scripture as a unitary canon comprising the Word of God, and the christological interpretive approach to an Old Testament text like Isaiah. My conclusions suggest that the riven Church must reconsider and retrieve a vision of its existence as an entity that must undergo the “suffering” of the divine Word. This may constitute the beginning of a way out of the despair of the divided ecclesial self. iii Acknowledgments I am grateful to many who came alongside me during the research and writing of this dissertation. Wycliffe College provided a caring, stimulating environment where I had the privilege of being a student. My theological studies began with Professor Joseph Mangina’s astute and incisive teaching, and Professor David Demson’s wise and knowledgeable guidance. During the research phase of my doctorate, I had the immense honour to be guided by my advisor, Professor Ephraim Radner, one of the most gifted and insightful theologians of our time. His loving but firm direction, and his writings that inspired this work, led me to think more deeply on matters of theology and the Church. I had many invaluable conversation partners who contributed to shaping my ever- growing identity as a theologian. I especially acknowledge the friendship and support of Alison Hari-Singh and Jeff Nowers who always provided encouragement during my studies. I also thank David Ney, Professor Marion Taylor, Professor Chris Seitz, Professor Peter Erb, Professor Gilles Mongeau, and Professor George Sumner for their suggestions and advice. Many eyes have read this dissertation to find numerous errors and I am indebted to Judah Oudshoorn, Susy Kim, and Peter Genzinger for their readings of chapters. Peter, too, always offered his supportive and unmatched friendship during my labours. The bulk of the proofreading effort, however, I credit to Katherine Dearlove, whose gifted and ever-vigilant skills caught many egregious mistakes. Finally, and above all, I thank my family. My two daughters, Aliyah and Zara, were always a source of joy, love, and support during this process. Leila, my wife, was ever-patient, and kept me grounded. I dedicate this thesis to her for her never-failing love. iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction: The Problem of Exegesis in a Divided Church 1 1 Purpose 1 2 Methodology: Anglicanism and Exegesis 6 3 The Importance of Isaiah as an Exegetical Lens 15 4 The Problem of “Theological Exegesis” 18 CHAPTER 2 The Scriptural Hermeneutic of Early Anglicanism: 22 1 Introduction 22 2 Pre- and Post-Reformation Hermeneutical Options 23 3 An Ecclesial Reading of the Bible 31 4 The Canon of Scripture 52 5 A Christological Reading of Scripture 60 6 The Old Testament and Isaiah in the Prayer Book 65 7 Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 3 The Breakdown of Uniformity: Seventeenth- and Eighteenth- Century Competing Intra-Anglican Scriptural Visions: 69 1 New Challenges to the Anglican Hermeneutic 69 2 Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Commentaries on Isaiah 82 2.1 Nehemiah Rogers: The Song of the Vineyard 85 2.2 William Day and Samuel White: Heralds of a new Protestant Poetics 90 2.3 Richard Stafford: Ecumenical Minimalism and Religious Privatization 110 2.4 Richard Kidder and William Lowth: Defending Scripture 113 2.5 Robert Lowth and Proto-Romanticism 116 3 Conclusion and an Outline of Anglican Parties 123 CHAPTER 4 Robert Payne Smith: Rescuing Isaiah From its Opponents: 131 1 Introduction 131 2 The State of Isaiah Scholarship in the Nineteenth Century 135 3 Smith’s Exegetical Methodology 138 4 The Church and the Individual 147 5 The Canon of Scripture 153 6 Smith’s Christological and Spiritual Hermeneutic of Scripture 168 7 Conclusion 179 CHAPTER 5 The Politics of Division: Christopher Wordsworth and the Exegesis of Isaiah: 183 1 The Ecclesio-Political Vision of the High Church Party 185 2 Wordsworth and His Hermeneutical Orientation 204 3 The Church, Text, and Individual 213 4 Isaiah, Christ, and the Canon of Scripture 224 v 5 Conclusion 235 CHAPTER 6 Scepticism is the “Truest Piety”: Thomas Kelly Cheyne and the Broad Church Exegesis of Isaiah: 238 1 Introduction: Thomas Kelly Cheyne and his Work 238 2 Matthew Arnold and the Broad Church Religious Consciousness 245 3 The Structure, Method, and Influences on Cheyne’s Commentaries 252 4 The Church and the Individual 259 5 Isaiah and the Canon 263 6 The “Christian” Reading of Isaiah 277 7 Conclusion 284 CHAPTER 7 English Roman Catholicism and Isaiah: Exegetical Minimalism in a State of Siege: 287 1 Introduction: A Textual and Ecclesial Bifurcation 287 2 English Catholics in the Nineteenth Century 293 3 Catechetical Literature for Clergy and Laity 300 4 Popular Biblical Commentaries 314 5 Catholic Biblical Issues: The Case of The Dublin Review 319 6 Conclusion 338 CHAPTER 8 Conclusion: The Despair of Ecclesial Biblical Retrieval: 340 1 Summary 340 2 Implications 355 3 Limitations of this Project and Areas of Future Exploration 375 Primary Sources 377 Secondary Sources 390 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM OF EXEGESIS IN A DIVIDED CHURCH 1 Purpose The predominant aim of this project is to test the hypothesis that an inherently divisive ecclesial reality obscures the theological exegesis of Scripture in the nineteenth- century Church of England. 1 The book of the Prophet Isaiah serves as the lens through which I perform this analysis. While it is well known that numerous and rancorous debates pervade Anglican discourse today, this is not explicitly a study of current trends in Anglican readings of the Bible. 2 Rather, I consider the nineteenth century as emblematic of the confusion over the role of Scripture within the Church, the consequence of a combative matrix that dilutes Scripture’s theologically and ecclesially preeminent role. A host of historical, political, and sociological accounts could be (and, indeed, have been) offered that depict the origin and development of contemporary controversial ——————————— 1I give a working definition of “theological exegesis” below. 2See, for instance Miranda K. Hassett, Anglican Communion in Crisis: How Episcopal Dissidents and Their African Allies Are Reshaping Anglicanism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007) which discusses the phenomenon (generally, in the American context) whereby people who identify with the “conservative” wing of the Episcopal Church align themselves with similarly conservative Africans. This alignment is not only in terms of ideological solidarity: many have placed themselves under the authority of African bishops. The catalytic issue is often related to ordaining, blessing, marrying or otherwise affirming non-heterosexual relationships and identities. Stephen Bates, A Church at War: Anglicans and Homosexuality (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004) describes this issue in terms of the Church of England feeling the need to adapt to radically changing social mores and William L. Sachs, Homosexuality and the Crisis of Anglicanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) traces the issue historically, examining the underlying issues. 1 2 issues. I propose to situate my discussion strictly along theological lines, with the view that, as this is a discussion of “church,” the theological dimension is paramount and one under which all other matters must be subordinated. Such an examination could, for instance, be done under the auspices of “communion,” but even this is a concept that is in peril, when applied to the Anglican Church today, as a result competing claims to ecclesial self-identity even within the bounds of particular Anglican Churches themselves, now multiplied throughout the world. 3 In The End of the Church , Ephraim Radner argues that the structure of theological engagement with Scripture by both Protestants and Roman Catholics is inherently divisive, and he does so in pneumatological terms.
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