DAILY COLONISTS, DAILY NEWS 581 DAILY COLONIST. See COLONIST, THE. dor, those which did not have immediate access to a daily DAILY GLOBE. This St. John's daily began publishing in De­ paper. The Weekly News consisted of a compendium of those cember, 1924. It was published by Daily Globe Publishing articles and news events which appeared in the daily edition, Company at the Union Publishing Company premises in St. along with outport news. John's. It began publishing after the closure of the Evening The Daily News changed from an evening to a morning Advocate (see FISHERMEN'S ADVOCATE). The paper's paper in 1896. Two years later, on October 25, 1898, it was editorials supported Richard Squires qv. Its editor was Dr. sold to the News Publishing Co. Ltd., a company jointly H.M. Mosdell, succeeded by Joseph R. Smallwood. It ceased owned by Henry Y. Mott qv and A.B. Morine qv. The new publication in June 1926. Ian McDonald (1970), The Daily company was responsible for both the printing and publishing Globe (1924-1925 passim). DPJ of The Daily News, with Mott acting as editor of the paper. DAILY JOURNAL. Little is known of this St. John's daily On May 31, 1906 the paper was again sold. At this time, newspaper which was established on May 15, 1924. Lemuel Bartlett, the proprietor, founded the paper; however, there are no known copies in existence and the duration of the publica­ ~t. ~ogns ~ailrr Ilctns. tion is not known. The paper was printed and published by The Union Publishing Company of St. John's, which was sit­ ROBERT WINTON, Editor and Proprietor, uated in the Advocate Building on the north side of Duck­ worth Street. Archives GN 32/22. DCM DAILY LEDGER, THE. See PUBLIC LEDGER AND NEW­ 169 DUCKWORTH STREET. FOUNDLAND GENERAL ADVERTISER. DAILY MAIL, THE. There were two such St. John's newspa­ Tbe First Daily Paper Establisben in Newfoundland. pers between 1914 and 1924. Their similarities could lead to the assumption that they were one and the same paper, but they were not. The first Daily Mail started publication on Jan­ ~nib1 · !lctus ~ uary 15, 1914. It was issued as a daily from the office of the proprietor, The Daily Mail Publishing Company Limited, at 167 Water Street. Dr. H.M. Mosdell qv was the managing ed­ BOOK AND JOB PRINTING OFFICE. itor of the paper. It was printed by the Union Publishing Com­ pany Limited. On May 1, 1914 the Daily Mail was incor­ porated into the Fishermen's Advocate qv, and became a daily called The Mail and Advocate. by ROBERT WINTON, In February 1923 H.M. Mosdell, President of the New­ 1GH J)"l,f ( ' Ti:,,-()ll'l'll ~'1'. foundland Publishers Limited of St. John's, acting on its be­

half, r~-established The Daily Mail. Daily publication began Daily News advertisment on February 19, 1923 from the paper's offices on 14 and 16 Prescott Street. The paper's editorial policy was established in J.A. Robinson bought back the paper he had started twelve the very first issue when unequivocal support was given to Sir years before, and incorporated it with the Free Press qv, ape­ Richard Squires and his Liberal party. The paper claimed that riodical he had started in 1901. The Daily News was at this it represented ''The voice of Liberalism and of Labor in New­ time printed and published at the Daily News office on the foundland." The last known issue appeared on September 13, comer of Duckworth and Bell Streets. 1924. The Daily Mail (Jan. 15, 1914-May 1, 1914 passim), John S. Currie qv retained the position of editor of The The Daily Mail (Feb. 19, 1923-Sept. 13, 1924 passim), Ar­ Daily News for forty years, from 1916 until his death in 1956. chives GN 32/22. DCM At that time his son, L.C. Currie, took over as publisher and DAILY NEWS, THE. This St. John's newspaper was founded managing director of the paper. Since December 1971 Wil­ by J. Alex Robinson qv on February 2, 1894. Publication of liam R. Callahan qv and James R. Thoms have been publisher the paper began on February 15, 1894. It was issued each eve­ and editor-in-chief, respectively. The printing office of The ning from the office of J.A. Robinson on the north side of Daily News was moved on March 1, 1971 from Duckworth Duckworth Street, opposite T. and M. Win~er. Robinson be­ Street to Robinson-Blackmore on O'Leary Avenue. On Au­ came the paper's proprietor, publisher and printer. Shortly gust 21, 1972 the administrative offices of the paper, along after the paper started publication, around the end of March with the advertising and circulation departments, were moved 1894, a weekly supplement known as the Weekly News was to 206 Water Street. In October 1981 Robinson-Blackmore added. This edition was primarily designed for circulation in sold the paper to Tower Communications Ltd., headed by the more isolated communities in Newfoundland and Labra- Callahan.

Thursday, October 22,1981 582 DAILY NEWS, DAILY UNIONIST Initially The Daily News was an anti-Liberal newspaper, foundland' s history the keeping of cattle on the Island for the which after 1894 " replaced the Evening Telegram as chief production of dairy products and meat has usually been per­ opposition paper, most notably in opposition to Whiteway" formed by a large number of fishermen-farmers who each (Ian McDonald: 1970). The Daily News has continued publi­ kept a few cattle and other livestock to meet part of their fami­ cation since the first edition appeared on the evening of Feb­ lies' own needs, and by a small number of others who en­ ruary 15 , 1894. S.J.R. Noel (1971), Paul O'Neill (1975), DN gaged in small-scale mixed farming as a major source of in­ (Feb. 15, 1894-Feb. 15, 1980 passim.), Archives GN 32/22. come. Since the 1920s and especially since the 1940s this DCM situation has changed as small farm holdings have been grad­ DAILY POST. This St. John' s daily was published from July to ually abandoned to be replaced, equally gradually, by a small December, 1919. This short-lived paper was a morning edi­ number of relatively large commercial farms. This has been tion published by the Daily Star qv . Ian McDonald (1970). especially so since 1950. In Labrador the development of DPJ dairy and beef cattle farming has been retarded by very short DAILY REVIEW. This weekly paper, based in St. John's, summers and a lack of suitable land on which to base such an began publishing in 1899. It covered commercial and local industry. Nevertheless, small numbers of cattle have been news and tended to be non-political. Ian McDonald (1970) kept there as well. notes that the paper, " leaned toward Bond. Despite its com­ Although the first shipments of cattle to Newfoundland mercial air it was capable of amazing gaps in local commer­ (after the Viking efforts at L'anse aux Meadows) were made cial coverage." The paper ceased publishing by 1910. Ian early in the second decade of the Seventeenth Century by McDonald (1970). DPJ John Guy's colonists, dairy and beef cattle farming, if one DAILY SESSIONAL. Little is known of this newspaper except may call it that, was very slow in developing. Apparently, for that it was established by Henry Winton qv on July 22, 1861. much of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, cattle Winton brought with him the experience acquired from work­ were imported each spring to be used during the summer for ing in an administrative capacity on two earlier St. John's milk and meat by the migratory fishermen and the few rela­ newspapers, The Public Ledger and The Morning Advertiser tively permanent settlers of the coast. In the late 1730s and and Shipping Gazette. There are no known copies of theSes­ early 1740s, for instance, anywhere from forty to three sional in existence, nor is the duration of publication known. hundred head of cattle were imported from New England Archives GN 32/22. DCM yearly. Very few of these cattle, however, were over­ DAILY STAR. This daily paper was begun by its proprietor wintered and bred to build up a native stock of cattle. This is Richard A. Squires and editor H.M. Mosdell. The paper' s ed­ not surprising, when one considers that the majority of people itorials were pro-Liberal, which resulted in the nickname "the living in Newfoundland at the time were summer residents Squires paper.'' The Daily Star also published The Daily Post who had little interest in building up a stock of cattle on the qv. The Daily Star ceased publication in 1921 or 1923. Ian Island. For those who did remain on the Island for longer McDonald (1970). DPJ periods of time, it would seem that the existence of a stable DAILY TRIBUNE, THE. Patrick R. Bowers, a St. John' s jour­ herd of cattle would have been to their advantage; C. G. Head nalist, started The Daily Tribune in 1892, becoming the (1976) suggests that a lack of winter feed hampered this. paper's proprietor, publisher and editor. Although not offi­ During the last decade of the Eighteenth Century and the cially registered until February 1893 publication began on first decades of the Nineteenth, this situation changed as the November 4, 1892 and continued daily from Bower's office numbers of settlers in the Colony increased greatly, and by on 45 Military Road in St. John's. On December 6, 1893 the 1836 there were about 73 ,705 people on the Island. Although paper's heading was shortened to The Tribune and at the end the majority had come to Newfoundland to fish, most also of 1893 publication ceased. A newspaper also called The Daily Tribune was started by George F. Grimes on March 28, 1927-. There are no records to indicate that publication continued after April of that year. 149 The Daily Tribune (Nov. 4, 1892-Dec. 30, 1893 passim), Ar­ M. Peckham, Gower Street. chives GN 32/22. DCM DAILY UNIONIST, THE. This daily paper began publishing I kaler in on May 2, 1921 and was published by St. John's Branch No. 703 of the International Typographical Union. It was pub­ Beef, Mutton, Lamb, lished by the Union when their strike to obtain a contract to implement a forty-four hour week had not taken effect, as had Veal, Pork and been agreed to, (May 1, 1921). The paper supported other Poultry. union strikes which were in progress, such as those of the Longshoremen's Protective Union, the Municipal Council Workers, the pulp and paper mill workers in Grand Falls, and the Poor Asylum workers in St. John's. Its editorials and col­ umns were used to present the views of the workers to the Corned Beef, Vegetables public. One of the contributing writers was Joseph R. Small­ wood qv. T~e publication ended on May 14 , 1921 although the strike which began the publication was still on. Ian and Fish a specialty. McDonald (1970). DPJ DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FARMING. For most of New- I903 advertisement DAIRY AND BEEF CAITLE FARMING 583 ------~--~ WILLIAM COOK,

R GROVE FARM 0 (J B MILTON L. ROSS s u LOUISE ROSS. M=agereu. IC T A N c D H ST. JOHN'S EAST s NEWFOUNDLAND . R E I p R .. Estate of A. V. ROSS. Vegetablee, Jleats and Steip Stores Constaally oa Haad. NO. 278 WATER STREET, ST. JOHN'S. N.l'. a"S~TISF.-\CTIUN GGAR.-\~TEED. "'g Supplier of

1930 advertisement FRESH MILK DAILY also began part-time farming on a small scale and some came only FARM PRODUCE. to farm. As a result, neat cattle were soon to be found in most settlements of the coast. Perhaps because of a continuing problem in supplying adequate winter feed, the numbers of cattle were not substantial. In 1836, for example, there were, Lady farmer's advertisement, I 930s according to the Census 5,832 neat cattle in the Colony, or approximately one for every 12.6 people living in Newfound­ recorded in various House of Assembly reports. Among their land. products were butter and beef. It is difficult to say what type of cattle were raised; how­ Outside the St. John's area in the 1830s and 1840s a ever, one commentator (L.A. Anspach: 1827) noted the pre­ number of other areas existed where commercial farming of dominance of ''black cattle'' around that time. The tending of cattle was carried on. The closest area to St. John's was lo­ the cattle in those days, as in the rest of the Nineteenth Cen­ cated along the southern portion of the A val on Peninsula, in tury and most of the Twentieth Century, was generally an un­ St. Mary's Bay. In St. Shotts, for example, R.H. Bonnycastle complicated affair. Dry cattle were allowed to roam about the (1842) reported the presence of a farmer with a sizeable herd settlements and their environs for most of the summer, while of sixty neat cattle, while in St. Mary's another farmer was re­ milking cattle were kept conveniently closer to home. The portedly maintaining a twenty-acre (8 ha) farm with several greatest problem in raising cattle was, of course, providing cows and other livestock at the same time. Later petitions to necessary feed and this was accomplished by cultivating rela­ the House of Assembly from inhabitants of the same area ask­ tively large amounts of hay and smaller amounts of oats. ing for better roads indicated a trade in cattle between St. While most families apparently kept one or perhaps two Mary's Bay and St. John's. Pastoral farming was also noted head of cattle for their own needs, some families raised larger from time to time on the Cape Shore during this period. As numbers for commercial purposes. This was particularly true well as butter, farmers in this area sold cattle in Placentia, around St. John's, where an urban market provided a year­ where they were butchered; the resulting meat was sold to round outlet for all types of farm products. Because of its ex­ communities across the bay. Cattle and butter were also sold istence many immigrants established farms in the area from to St. John's in the same period (J.J. Mannion: 1974). Bell Island, Conception Bay south to Kilbride, and later the In Placentia at about the same time a principal merchant Goulds. No figures on the numbers of farmers were provided (probably one of the Sweetmans) was reportedly operating a in the Census Returns of 1836 or 1845, but their presence was large, prosperous farm on which he kept a considerable number of cows and a "regular dairy" (Bonnycastle: 1842). An English settler farther north in Placentia Bay, at Bour­ deaux, was reported growing grains and raising considerable amounts of cattle at about the same time and was said to be supplying many settlers in the Bay with meat. Farther west, on the Burin Peninsula, other sizeable herds were recorded by visitors to Lamaline, Grand Bank and Burin, and in 1845 a total of 461 head of cattle was recorded in the same area in the Census Returns . How they were used is not known. Exports of cattle products were periodically made from Newfoundland to St. Pierre and these may well have originated in these com­ munities, which also enjoyed bait-fish trading with the French islands. Other than the above mentioned areas, the only other parts of the Island which were described as supporting larger-than­ normal cattle enterprises were situated on the west coast of the Island in the Codroy Valley qv and in St. George's Bay. Of 584 DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FARMING these two areas it appears that the Codroy Valley supported a As can be seen from the table, rather significant decreases in better-developed agricultural system. Although settled as numbers of cattle occurred in the 1860s and 1870s. The major early as the 1770s it was not until the 1840s that the area's ag­ decreases occurred in the number of non-dairy cattle. What ricultural resources began to be developed. At this time a exactly caused these decreases is a mystery, for the numbers large number of settlers from Cape Breton and other areas of of all other livestock and the amount of cultivated land during the Gulf of St. Lawrence began arriving in the Valley. A the same period increased. It could have been the result, how­ farming people, these settlers immediately began clearing ever, of an increased interest in sheep as a source of meat, for, land and by 1857 close to 100 farmers were located on the while non-dairy cattle decreased by 44%, the number of sheep Valley's two rivers and at Codroy. Amongst them and the increased by 160% at the same time. Whatever the cause, the fishermen-farmers of the area they were tending about 590 number of cattle began to increase again in the late 1870s and cattle, including 236 milk cows. The settlers also tended pigs, 1880s. This was probably the result of a new government pol­ poultry and sheep. Among the major trading items were but­ icy to encourage the growth of agriculture in general. Among ter, vegetables, beef and mutton. Cheese was also produced, the programmes brought into effect because of this new policy but it is not known if it was ever sold. Channel and later St. were a few which encouraged growth in cattle numbers. The John's were the major markets for the Valley's produce. Just Newfoundland Agricultural Society, formed in the 1840s, north of the Valley thirty-nine farmers in St. George's Bay, began distributing purebred cattle and other livestock to vari­ like those in the Valley, operated farms of a mixed nature; ous communities, and Acts for the protection of cattle and they and part-time farmers raised approximately 229 neat cat­ sheep were passed. Later, a Government Board of Agriculture tle, ninety of which were milk cows. was established and the formation of agricultural societies Despite the commercial nature of these farms it cannot be was encouraged. The Board took over the importation of assumed that a sizeable number were large by modem-day purebred cattle and their distribution, for breeding purposes, standards. Although the Census Returns do not even permit to the new societies. Bonuses were also given for newly­ the calculation of the average size of these farms in most cleared land. The results were steady increases in all live­ areas, it can be seen by the total numbers of cattle kept in stock, including bovine animals. these farming areas that large herds of, for example, fifty Although increases in cattle were substantial, they simply head were scarce. This was further indicated by the way in were not great enough to provide even for the needs of the which visitors wrote in amazement of herds totalling as few as people, and large imports of food, (which had been necessary twenty cattle; even in the Codroy Valley, which was consid­ from the earliest settlement of the country) continued through­ ered to be the best agricultural area of the Island, the largest out the Nineteenth Century. In 1884, for instance, 3,382 oxen farm in 1858 was one on which twenty-six head of cattle were and cows, 18,269 1,4 cwt. (928 955 kg) of butter and 1,940 V2 kept. cwt. (98 670 kg) of cheese, as well as large amounts of beef From what can be gathered from missionaries' reports, of­ and other meats were imported. In 1891, 2,512 oxen, cows ficial reports of the Journals of the House of Assembly and the and bulls, along with 15,894 cwt. (808 178 kg) of butter, Census Returns, the importance of tending cattle for market­ oleomargarine and cheese were imported. ing diminished somewhat in many of the areas mentioned The reasons for the poor development of the local cattle in­ above during the rest of the Nineteenth Century. Settlers on dustry are difficult to determine. It appears likely, however, the southern A val on Peninsula appear to have continued tend­ that like the Eighteenth Century residents of coastal New­ ing relatively large numbers of cattle into the Twentieth Cen­ foundland, the fishermen-farmers and even the farmers were tury, but on a diminished scale. This may have been the result just not able to produce enough winter feed for large numbers of a combination of factors, including difficulties in market­ of animals. This was so, largely because of the lack of suit­ ing and a decreased amount of land available to each settler as able accessible land on which they could grow an abundance the community grew in size; reports from the southern part of of hay. This, combined with unstable weather conditions, the Burin Peninsula seem to indicate the same general process which from time to time ruined what crops had been planted, there. Nevertheless, sizeable herds (of up to thirty head) and checked the growth of the cattle industry. One notable excep­ good butter production were reported as late as the 1870s. tion to this general situation was the Codroy Valley, where, Grand Bank and Lamaline were mentioned in this regard as through the combined efforts of the fishermen-farmers and was Belleoram, Fortune Bay. The farming community in the farmers, the number of cattle steadily increased throughout St. John's area continued to exist in the Nineteenth Century the Century, producing results which were well above because of the presence there of an urban market, while that average for Newfoundland. By 1891, for instance, there was in the Codroy Valley continued to supply Channel, and St. one head of cattle for every 1.13 people in the Valley and by John's as well. 1901 there was 1.17 head of cattle for every person there. While commercial cattle farming appeared to be declining Better-than-average soil and climate, along with larger suit­ in general, the total number of cattle on the Island gradually able areas for hay production and a fair amount of government increased in the Nineteenth Century. assistance were, no doubt, the reasons for this. According to various writers in the early 1900s much of the Year Tow/ Cattle Cows Population Cattle: People cattle kept outside St. John's was of poor quality, while those 1845 8,135 na 96,295 1:11.8 close to St. John's were often quite good. While the Board of 1857 18 ,520 6,431 122,638 1: 6.6 1869 13 ,721 6,446 144,057 1:10.5 Agriculture distributed Ayrshire, Jersey, Holstein and Short­ 1874 13,889 7,233 158,958 1:11.4 hom cattle to various Agricultural Societies around the Island 1884 19,884 8,040 193.124 1: 9.7 1891 23,822 10,863 197,934 1: 8.3 for breeding, these purebred cattle were not kept in one com­ 1901 32,759 14,160 217 ,037 1: 6.6 munity long enough to make a lasting difference in the local DAIRY AND BEEF CA1TLE FARMING 585 -:;~ herds. In the St. John's area, however, pure-bred cattle were pression of the 1930s also contributed to the troubles of the regularly lent to farmers. On the west coast the farmers also farmers by reducing prices in the market place; this was par­ benefited from cattle imported by the Board of Agriculture. ticularly true of milk. In St. John's these problems were com­ As well many cattle were no doubt brought from Nova Scotia plicated also by the expansion of housing developments, par­ and other areas of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from where many ticularly from the 1940s, which effectively forced a large of the settlers of the west coast had come. According to the number of farmers off their land. Report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture 1955 ( 1956) Despite the problems, many farmers managed to continue indications of Channel Island breeds, the Jerseys and Guern­ and some even expanded; in the Codroy Valley outlets for seys, were found in many cattle (and of the South Devon butter and beef were kept open in Channel and in St. John's; breed in some cattle) all along the west coast in the 1950s. and in St. John's farmers continued to supply private custom­ The Commission surmised that these breeds were probably in­ ers as well as the Crosbie Butterine Factory, (from 1924 to troduced directly from the Channel Islands and southern Eng­ 1949) and two new pasteurization plants opened in the city in land. Since some of the settlers of the west coast were emi­ the 1940s. Herds were also established near Comer Brook and grants from England and the Channel Islands this assumption Grand Falls to service the new urban markets there. In most is probably true. Nevertheless, it is also likely that at least cases these farms remained small and of a mixed nature; a some cattle were imported from nearby Nova Scotia with few, however, in the St. John's and Comer Brook areas were which the west coast had trading links. In general most cattle, quite large. regardless of their breed, were raised as dual-purpose animals With Confederation came a mixture of impediments and both for dairy products and beef. aids to the cattle raiser. By doing away with the protective tar­ Little in the way of detailed descriptions of Nineteenth iffs of the former Colony, Confederation introduced increased Century farms exists. In the early Twentieth Century, how­ competition from large mainland farms which quickly began ever, the department of Public Health began surveys of farms shipments of low-priced products to the Island. Being small, in St. John's and had some harsh words to say about some and hampered in their operations by the lack of home-grown farms they visited in that area. According to one inspector winter feed which necessitated costly imports, local farms there were numerous farms around St. John's which sold milk charged higher prices than mainland concerns. The local to the city and on most of these farms one or two cows were products most adversely affected by this situation were meats employed; conditions on these farms were said to be primitive and butter. Local fresh milk continued, however, to dominate and dirty. Old, dirty rags were used to strain milk; manure in the market, owing largely to the problems of transporting per­ the stables was allowed to accumulate for weeks at a time; the ishable milk from the mainland to the Island. Consequently cows were not groomed and rarely washed; and the milk was the milk producers were not adversely affected by Confedera­ allowed to stand at room temperature before being sold. Rea­ tion. Rather milk producers tended to profit by it, for with it lizing that dirty conditions such as these were probably the came tariff-free and subsidized grain shipments from main­ cause of many of the illnesses prevalent in St. John's at the land Canada. time, the department of Health began enforcing various regu­ Since 1949 the number of cattle has continued to decline. lations regarding conditions on such farms. By 1913 it was re­ Census figures since then have only enumerated certain types ported that most farms in the area were complying with the of farms, the criteria for which change from census year to regulations, and conditions had improved greatly. For how census year. Therefore, comparisons are difficult; generally long these unclean conditions existed before the Board's in­ farms which were not considered to be commercial were not spections is not known, nor can it be assumed that all or even enumerated after 1951. most of the farms of the area or any in other parts were like this. Conditions from farm to farm as well as from area to area Cattle on Cattle on probably differed considerably. Year Census Farms' all Holdings While a general gradual increase in the numbers of cattle 1951 7,944 13,864 characterized the Nineteenth Century, a general decline in the 1956 8,085 numbers of cattle has characterized the Twentieth: 1971 7,138 1976 5,839 7,061 2 Total Number 1980 6,215 Year of Cattle Cattle: People 'Definitions of Census farms: In 1951 , a holding on which agricultural activities 1911 31,982 1: 7.46 were carried out and which was 1.2 ha or more in size or from .4 to 1.2 ha and with annual agricultural production valued at $250 or more. In 1956, the same 1921 27,717 1: 9.3 definition as 1951. In 1971, a farm was an agricultural holding of at least .4 ha 1935 24,270 1:11.7 and which had annual sales of $50 or more. In 1976, a farm was an agricultural 1945 16,650 1:19.32 holding of .4 ha or more with annual sales of agriculture products amounting to at least $1200. In 1980, a farm was a holding with annual agriculture sales of at least $2000. (.4 ha = I acre). This decrease (which was even felt in the Codroy Valley) was 2 Cattle on agricultural holdings of at least .4 ha with annual sales of at least probably the result of a declining interest amongst fishermen $50. in agriculture which occurred around the same time, com­ bined with the inability of full-time farmers to supply what DAIRY FARMING. While the numbers of cattle have de­ must have been an increased demand for meat and dairy prod­ clined, the average farm has become larger and more mechan­ ucts. This inability was the result of various causes. The diffi­ ized. In 1951 the 1,665 farms in Newfoundland which re­ culty of obtaining sufficient winter feed on the farm plagued ported dairy cows and heifers had an average of 2.4 cows and farmers, forcing many to import feeds at a high cost. The de- heifers two years of age and over which were milking or to be 586 DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FARMING

A champion milker A prize producer milked; by 1976 the 194 agricultural holdings (defined as mainder in various other areas of the Province. The size of holdings of .4 ha or more and with sales of agricultural prod­ dairy herds on all farms with sales of $2000 or more varied ucts during the 12-month period prior to the census of $50 or considerably in 1979; there were ten farms reporting one or more) which reported the same kind of cattle had an average two dairy cattle; twenty-three farms reporting from three to of 12 .7 such cattle. In the same year, of the 104 census farms twelve dairy cattle, thirteen farms reporting from thirteen to reporting dairy cattle, the average size of a herd was twenty­ thirty-two dairy cattle; seventeen farms with thirty-three to two head. Generally farms in the 1980s enjoy many more sixty-two dairy cattle, nine farms with sixty-three to ninety­ conveniences than they did in the past. In 1951 only 38% of two dairy cattle and twelve farms with over ninety-two dairy all farms on the Island had electricity, but in 1980 electrical cattle. power was supplied to all farms . In 1951 only 2% of all farms Breeds of cattle employed in the 1970s included Ayrshire, with dairy cattle had milking machines; by 1976, 22% of agri­ Holstein, Jersey and Guernsey. Of these the Holstein breed cultural holdings and 42% of census farms, reporting dairy appeared to be used most. One herd of Ayrshire cattle near cattle, operated such machines. While trucks and tractors Comer Brook, however, was considered to be one of the best were uncommon in 1951, by 1976 they were taken for granted in Canada and won various prizes for its quality. on most farms. The amount of local milk sold increased from In addition to the two pasteurization plants begun in the 4.95 million kilograms (10.9 million lb) in 1950 to 8.5 mil­ 1940s there were four other such plants in 1980. Three plants lion kilograms ( 18.7 million lb) in 1979. operated in St. John's and one each in Stephenville, Comer In 1979 the Newfoundland Government surveyed all the Brook and Lewisporte. The plant in the last community also farms of the Province with sales of $2000 or more in farm produced reconstituted milk from imported materials. Since products. According to this survey there were forty-nine 1966 all milk sold within a 20 km ( 12 rni) radius of a pasteur­ farms with 51 % or more of their sales in dairy produce and six ization plant must be pasteurized. In 1979 only one licenced farms with 51 % or more of their sales in dairy cattle. Besides dairyman produced and sold unpasteurized milk to retailers. these farms , which may be classified as dairy and dairy re­ The cost of producing milk continued to be high in 1981 placement farms respectively, another twenty-nine farms re­ owing to the perennial problem of providing sufficient ported dairy herds . The total number of dairy cattle on all amounts of winter feed which was the result of the high cost these farms amounted to 3,471, 75% of which was located on of clearing land for hay production and the general lack of the Avalon Peninsula, 20% on the west coast, and the re- suitable land near the areas where milk is produced (espe­ cially near St. John's). Large amounts of feeds from the main­ land continued, therefore, to be imported. Various attempts at solving this problem have been made. The Newfoundland Government in 1958 began establishing community pastures on which all producers of an area could pasture their animals for a nominal fee. This system was set up primarily to free the producers' own lands for the production of winter feed. This system was still operated in 1981 but administered by private interests. Land clearing bonuses for much of the post-Confed­ eration period have been implemented to encourage the clear­ ing of more land for forage crops as well as for vegetables, and studies of the production of forage crops on peatlands have been carried out by the Agricultural Research Station near St. John's for many years. For the most part, many ad­ vances in the cultivation of peatlands have been made, but a few problems still remain to be solved. In general, the use of Fairdale Betty Gem 32 ,500 lb . milk I , /09lb. fat peatlands by farmers has been limited, as was indicated by the DAIRY, DAISY 587

Russwood Ranch herd, 1970 Flying L Ranch herd, 1968 total amount of peatland cleared on all survey farms in 1979: made in the mid-1960s to establish a ranch of over 1, 000 beef it amounted to only 107 ha (264 acres). cattle on the Burin Peninsula; the project failed, for various Because of Newfoundland dairymen's high costs, the price reasons. The operators of the ranch, known as the Flying L of milk (which is the only dairy product locally produced for Ranch qv, were from Western Canada and were unfamiliar sale) has remained relatively high. Because of this, and be­ with local conditions. When they tried to raise the cattle with cause of improvements in transportation and transportation fa­ methods commonly employed in Western Canada, the herd cilities, mainland dairymen had begun exporting significant suffered, and most of the cattle died in the fourth year of the amounts of milk to Newfoundland by the early 1970s. This ranch's operations. mainland supply of milk increased steadily throughout the Breeds used in the last thirty years have included Gal­ 1970s and by 1979 constituted 47% of all fresh pasteurized loway, Hereford, Black Angus, Charolais and Shorthorn. See milk sold in the Province. AGRICULTURE. L.A. Anspach (1827), A.B. Banks (1937), BEEF CATTLE FARMING. Most of the problems plaguing R.H. Bonnycastle (1842), Peter Crabb (1975), Edward Feild dairy farming have also plagued beef producing operations. In (1851), Dan Harwood (interview, Oct. 1981), C.G. Head addition, because the net returns from each hectare used for (1976), J.B. Jukes (1842), E.G. King (interview, Oct. 1981), beef cattle is less than those for each hectare used in the dairy­ P.T. McGrath (1911), William McNeil (1964), J.J. Mannion ing business and in the production of vegetables, and because (1976), Retson and Hanlon (n.d.), A.F. Rayment (1969), of competition from large cattle ranches in the west of Can­ Philip Tocque (1878), The Ayrshire Digest (July 1972), The ada, the beef cattle business has been a small one throughout Canadian Ayrshire Review (Apr. 1971; Aug. 1971; Feb. the post-Confederation era. In 1951 there were 165 census 1972; Feb. 1973; Apr. 1973; Feb. 1974; Apr. 1974; June farms on the Island which reported cows and heifers being 1974), Census (1836-1976), Customs (1913/1914-1948/49), raised mainly for the production of meat. Total livestock DA (Apr. 1974), DN (May 29, 1979; May 22, 1980), ET numbers on these farms is unrecorded; however, it is known (1937-1965 passim, as cited in Agriculture Terre­ that there were 733 cows and heifers then being raised on Neuve/Farming Newfoundland: 1970?), JHA (1834-1930 them. By 1979 there were fifty-census farms which were clas­ passim), JLC (1866), Newfoundland and Labrador Agricul­ sified as beef cattle farms, and another 103 census farms of tural Statistics Volume 1 1979/80 (n.d.), Newfoundland Ga­ different kinds which reported the raising of varying numbers zette (Sept. 6, 1966), Newfoundland Historial Society (Agri­ of beef cattle. In all, they tended 2,810 beef cattle, 62% of culture), Report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture which was located on the west coast and 30% on the east 1955 (1956), Report to Canada Agriculture Research on coast. As with dairy farms, the sizes of herds varied consider-, Grazing Lands of Newfoundland (1966), The Rounder (Nov. ably. In 1979 eight farms reported only one or two beef cattle, 1979), Safeguarding Our Milk Supply ... (1933), Archives sixty-three reported herds of three to twelve, seventy-five re­ C.O. 194:10, 23, 24. CFH ported herds of between thirteen and forty-seven cattle, two DAISY AND CORN MARIGOLD, OX-EYE (Chrysanthe­ had herds of between forty-eight and sixty-two; one reported a mum of Compositae). Naturalized plants of the Province. herd of between sixty-three and seventy-seven, and four re­ Like other members of Compositae, the so-called flowers of ported herds of between seventy-eight and 122. All these these attractive plants are actually heads of many flowers, farms produced a total of 350 942 kg (773,000 lbs) of beef sharing a common receptacle. The flowers of each Chrysan­ and 47 216 kg (104,000 lbs) of veal in 1979, which repre­ themum head are usually of two types: tubular flowers which sented respectively only 2.1% and 16.5% of the Newfound­ occupy the central area of the head, known as disk flowers, land and Labrador market. and ligulate flowers, which have strap-shaped corollas, oc­ Various efforts have been made to increase local beef pro­ cupy the marginal portion of the head, radiating outwards and duction in the Province. Among them have been general pur­ which are known as ray flowers; some species of Chrysanthe­ pose programmes, such as the community pasture pro­ mum, none of which are naturalized in the Province, lack ray­ gramme, landclearing bonuses and research into the flowers. The ray-flowers, which bear pistils and are fertile, agricultural potential of peatlands. As well, an effort was are white or yellow and the disk flowers, which are perfect, 588 DAISY, DANCE SCHOOLS are yellow and usually five-lobed. The receptacle which the giving the proceeds of their August 15th (Feast of the As­ flowers share is flat or convex and the involucra! bracts which sumption) catch to the church; the sanction of the Church to surround the head are imbricated and at least their margins are fish on this holy day was contingent upon the fishermen's thin and dry. The fruit, which follow the blooms, are achenes willingness to accept this decree. In 1856 Father James which bear no pappus. Brown qv, Newfoundland's first native-born Roman Catholic The ox-eye daisy (C. leucanthemum L.), also known as priest, was ordained at Carbon ear by Bishop Dalton. T .J. bachelor's button in the Province, is a naturalized perennial Flynn (1937), J.R. Smallwood (1975), The Centenary of the which grows on roadsides, and in fields and meadows in both Basilica Cathedral of St. John the Baptist St. John's New­ Newfoundland and Labrador. Its stems are erect and usually foundland (l957?),DCB (IX). ELGM between 30 and 90 em (1 and 3 ft) in height. The basal leaves DANCE SCHOOLS. The first reported dance school in New­ of the plant are spatulate-invertly ovate, toothed and long­ foundland and Labrador was operated by Charles Henry Dan­ stalked, while those farther up the stem are oblong and ielle qv, a rather eccentric American who moved to New­ toothed. A variety of this species, pinnatifidum Lecoq & La­ foundland in 1885 and afterwards operated a number of motte often bears pinnatifid basal leaves. The flower heads, lavishly decorated restaurants in and around St. John's. The which bear about fifteen to thirty white ray flowers, occur sin­ Professor (as he was called) taught dancing in the old Victoria gly at the tips of the stem or its branches (if present). Rink in St. John's and in communities around Conception The corn-marigold (C. segetum L.) is an introduced, ad­ Bay, and organized balls for his pupils. ventive annual found in Newfoundland, which is far less com­ In c .1927 the Pushie Brothers opened a dance school on mon than the ox-eye daisy. Resembling somewhat the ox-eye Duckworth Street, St. John's. The school, which taught daisy, it differs principally by bearing flowering heads with ballroom dancing, operated until c .1932. The next dance yellow ray flowers; in addition, its involucra! bracts are wider school in Newfoundland may have been one set up in St. than those of the daisy and its achenes bear two wings which John's in 1938 by Mercedes Galway, one of the talented and are absent in the other species. H.A. Gleason (1952: III), Asa well-known Galway sisters qv, who received her dance train­ Gray (1950), Ernest Rouleau ( 1978), P .J. Scott ( 1977). CFH ing in New York and returned to Newfoundland to teach at DALEY BROTHERS LIMITED. See FISH PLANTS. Mercy Convent, Littledale. (Dance classes were taught also at DALTON, CHARLES (1786-1859). Clergyman. Dalton was Bishop Spencer College by Hilda Brinton). The dance studio the Roman Catholic parish priest at Harbour Grace in Concep­ opened by Galway in 1938 offered classes in ballet, tap, point tion Bay for twenty-six years. He erected churches at Carbon­ work, and arcrobatics, and among her first pupils were her ear and Spaniards Bay and personally purchased land for a younger sisters, Teresita, Carmel, Isabelle, and Barbara Ann. convent in Newfoundland. During the famine of 1846 he as­ The school operated until 1963 with each of the sisters, all of sisted Irish paupers. Centre for Newfoundland Studies whom continued their training in New York, succeeding each (Charles Dalton). EPK other as the instructors at the dance studio. DALTON, BISHOP JOHN In the 1940s and 1950s there were a number of small, (c .1821-1869). Bishop. Born short-lived schools set up in St. John's and operated for the Thurles, Ireland. Dalton came most part by women who moved to Newfoundland when their to Newfoundland in 1839. The husbands obtained jobs there. Some of the women who following year Dalton began his operated schools at this time were Sandra Casey, Dolly Pole, studies to become a Franciscan Mrs. Stringer, and Elizabeth Simms. Priest and in 1849 he was or­ In 1959 Judy Fagan opened the Judy Fagan School of dained a Roman Catholic Priest Dance on Military Road in St. John's, and in 1967 she had at St. Isidore's College, Rome. moved her school to the Arts and Culture Centre; by 1980 she Upon his return to Newfound­ had over 100 students. land he became curate at Car­ The Phyllis Angel School of Dance was opened by Phyllis bonear and eventually parish Angel in St. John's in 1962 and it operated until 1979. In its priest. On June 1, 1856 he was Bishop John Dalton most successful year the school had four instructors and ap­ consecrated the first Bishop of proximately 600 students. the Harbour Grace Diocese (which at that time included Lab­ The dance schools that opened in the Province between rador) when the Diocese was created that year. Bishop Dalton 1965 and 1980 were operated, in most instances, by New­ maintained residency in Carbonear until the death of Charles foundlanders who had been introduced to dance at one of the Dalton (his uncle, who had been the priest in Harbour Grace) dance schools in St. John's, had continued their dance train­ in 1860 and then moved to Harbour Grace. ing outside the Province, and then returned to open their own Dalton's interest in his diocese was manifest in his efforts schools. The schools were run along similar lines, with to upgrade educational standards and in his practice of send­ classes for children and adults being taught in the afternoons ing a missionary to the Labrador Coast with the fishermen and evenings, and on weekends during the school year, which who fished there in the summer. He also took an active part in ran from September to May. The type of dances taught at the local politics, especially in the 1859 and 1861 elections when schools depended to some extent on what dances were popu­ he favoured certain candidates because of their religion. It lar at the time; however, the basic curriculum of most of the was during his episcopacy that construction of the Cathedral schools included ballet, jazz, baton, modern dance, and dance of the Immaculate Conception began. Dalton's pastoral letter exercises. The schools usually held a number of public perfor­ (June 1, 1865) is believed to be the oldest known source of the mances during the year along with an annual year-end reci­ almost extinct custom among Roman Catholic fishermen of tal. -:;L DANCE SCHOOLS, DANIEUE 589 In 1980 there were five dance schools operating in St. stedt, a native of Labrador; T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC., John's: the Gail Innes Dance Studio, which was set up in the horned dandelion, a native of Labrador and western New­ 1977; the Geri Hill School of Dance, set up in 1969; the Judy foundland which is found on calcareous cliffs and meadows; Fagan School of Dancing, started in 1959; the Judy Knee T. lacerum Greene, the lacerated dandelion, a native of Lab­ Centre of Dance, begun in 1967; and the Sharon Walsh Dance rador and northwest Newfoundland; T. lapponicum Kihlm., Studio, established in 197 4. the Lapland dandelion, found on shorelines and in meadows The first dance school begun outside St. John's appears to in both parts of the Province: T. latilobum DC., the broad­ have been one in. the Central Newfoundland community of lobed dandelion, a native of Newfoundland, found on slopes; Botwood started by Sybil Barrett in 1965. Known as the Sybil T. laurentianum Fern., the St. Lawrence dandelion, a native Barrett School of Dance, it operated until 1977. The first of western Newfoundland, found on calcareous shorelines dance school in Mount Pearl was opened in 1973 by Wanda and meadows; T. longii Fern., Long's dandelion, a native of Palmer, known as the Wanda Palmer Dance Studio, and it the Island, found in northwest Newfoundland; T. phymato­ operated until 1978. In 1978 Joanne King, who had operated carpum Vahl., the tumor-fruited dandelion, found in north­ a dance school on the Burin Peninsula in 1977, opened the west Newfoundland; T. pseudonorvegicum Dahlstedt, a na­ Joanne King School of Dancing in Channel-Port aux Basques tive of Labrador; and T. torngatense Fern., the Torngat on the Province's southwest coast, and by 1980 she had ap­ dandelion, also a native of Labrador, found on cliffs in north­ proximately 200 students. In 1979 Yanda O'Grady of Brigus ern Labrador. Bradford Angier (1974), Fernald and Kinsey began offering dance classes to individuals in communities on (1958), H.A. Gleason (1952: ill), Asa Gray (1950), F.H. the north side of Conception Bay. In the following year Montgomery (1964), O.A. Olsen (1972), Ernest Rouleau Mount Pearl obtained a second dance school when Wanda (1978), H.J. Scoggan (1979: IV), P.J. Scott (1973b; 1977). Allix opened the Wanda Allix Dance Studio. In 1980 there CFH were approximately 2,000 students attending dance schools in DANIEL, REV. HENRY (1807- Newfoundland and Labrador. See THEATRE. Wanda Allix 1896). Clergyman. Born Penzance, (interview, Oct. 1981), Phyllis Angel (interview, Oct. 1981), Cornwall, England. Henry Daniel, Susan Chalker (letter, Apr. 24, 1979), Barbara Chalker (inter­ who entered the Methodist Church view, Oct. 1981), Ann Fagan (interview, Oct. 1981), Geri in the then New Brunswick-Prince Hill (interview, Oct. 1981), Gail Innes (interview, Oct. Edward Island District of the British 1981), Joanne King (interview, Oct. 1981), Judy Knee (inter­ Wesleyan Methodist Conference in view, Oct. 1981), Linda Lane (interview, Oct. 1981), Mi­ 1830, served the Methodist Church chele Newhook (interview, Oct. 1981), Yanda O'Grady (in­ in Newfoundland for only three terview, Oct. 1981), Josephine Walsh (interview, Nov. years, on the St. John's (Gower Rev. Henry Daniel 1981), Sharon Walsh (interview, Oct. 1981). EPK Street) circuit, from 1857 to 1860. DANDELIONS (l'araxacum of Compositae). Native and intro­ During the whole of this period he was also the Chairman of duced naturalized herbs of the Province. The dandelions are the Newfoundland District of the recently constituted ( 1855) generally characterized by the following: large flower heads Methodist Conference of Eastern British America. Transfer­ which are borne singly on long, hollow leafless flower stalks ring to Prince Edward Island in 1860, during the next twelve and which bear perfect, yellow, ligulate flowers; the achene years he served a number of circuits there and in Nova Scotia or fruit, which is produced usually by parthenogenesis and until his retirement in 1872. During 1869-70 he was President which is ribbed and somewhat spindle-shaped or somewhat of the Conference of Eastern British America, thus renewing oblong and slightly widest below the middle; and the pappus his connection with Newfoundland, which, as noted above, which crowns the fruit and which is light-coloured and hair­ was a District of that Conference. D.W. Johnson (n.d.), J.W. like. The involucra! bracts surrounding the head are in two Nichols (1915), D.G. Pitt (1966). BGR rows, the inner ones erect and the outer usually more or less DANIELLE, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1902). Thespian; reflexed. The plants of Taraxacum are perennials and bienni­ dance master; hotelier. Born Baltimore, Maryland. C.H. als and bear basal leaves which are often deeply incised or Danielle or "Professor" Danielle, as he was more popularly cleft (runcinate or pinnatifid). known, was a frequent visitor to St. John's before 1885, at The best-known of the dandelions is the common dande­ which time he took up permanent residence. He bought the lion, T. officinale Weber, also known as dumbledor or face­ old Victoria Rink, where he held dance classes and balls and clock in the Province. It is a wide-spread introduced and natu­ catered to various social functions. When the rink was de­ ralized weed found on lawns, roadsides and other open stroyed by fue in 1878 he operated the elegant Royal Restau­ places. Although a troublesome pest to the lawn-tender, this rant on Water Street. The 1892 fire destroyed this building dandelion, like the others, can be used to advantage. Almost and "Professor" Danielle opened another restaurant, the every part of the plant may be consumed: the flower heads Small Royal, at Beck's Cove on Water Street. His talent in in­ make a good basic ingredient in wine: the young leaves, terior decorating was somewhat lavish in the eyes of the local crowns and roots, when boiled, are nutritious vegetables and people and when he decorated the Small Royal he purported the roots when roasted may serve as a coffee substitute. to have "adorned it so tastefully, making it a veritable bower As well as the common dandelion, the following species of of beauty," that he "was called a fool and [his] satins and Taraxacum are found in the Province, according to Ernest laces were styled 'refuse,' and that too, by an M.P." Rouleau (1978): T. ambigens Fern., the doubtful dandelion, a Danielle was also a serious dancing instructor and held native of southern Labrador and Newfoundland, where it is classes in St. John's and communities in Conception Bay. found on shorelines and in meadows; T. arctogenum Dahl- The Harbour Grace Standard of April25, 1890 described one 590 DANIELL£

Charles Henry Daniel/e in full costume Danielle in his casket

of the costume balls he held for a number of his pupils in that Professor Danielle, noted as an eccentric, displayed to community: " The array of magnificent costumes was daz­ guests his own magnificent, glass-lidded casket at the Octa­ zling . As the customers came in it seemed as if a scene of gon Castle. One newspaper described it as " the most elabo­ eastern splendor had suddenly burst upon their astonished rate casket that was ever seen in these parts. It was covered gaze." The "Professor" arrived at the ball bedecked as " The with black satin beautifully embroidered with gold, while the Prince of the Orient," while the others sauntered in arrayed in interior was upholstered with nearly eight thousand white such extravagant costumes as " The Moorish Queen," satin shells. A fluted satin pillow lay at the head, while a " Prince Lavender," "Prince of the Yellow Empire," and white satin shroud and golden slippers lay within, ready for " Queen of Diamonds." the body of this strange man. ' ' On the side of the coffin was Danielle afterwards built the Royal Pavilion at Quidi Vidi embroidered an Orphean lyre . At his funeral in May 1902 Lake, but while there the Professor was, as he described it, hundreds of people thronged the streets for a last view of Pro­ " harrassed, hooted at, groaned at, and barked at, and suffered fessor Danielle. The funerary march proceeded through St. nightly acts and vandalish destruction, and my servants were John's to the Forest Road Cemetery where Professor Dan­ assaulted when getting water from the public, and all by the ielle's walnut coffin was placed in its marble vault. very man from whom I leased the land, and why? Why! Be­ His beloved Octagon Castle, which was destroyed by frre cause I ran a similar business to his and because I ran it thou­ in 1915, was the most celebrated resort around St. John's. sands of miles superior to his.'' Fraternal organizations held banquets there, and each year the Then, in 1895, as he put it, "being unable to endure the Professor gave an " Outing" for the children, as he was very persecutions at Quidi Vidi Lake and longer remain outside of fond of children and was especially charitable towards or- the insane asylum," Danielle tore down the Pavillion and built as a guest house the magnificent Octagon Castle on the Topsail road. The " Castle," decorated by the Professor with curious murals and embroideries, contained rooms 4.5 m to 7.5 m (15 to 25ft) square and a bridal chamber of satin lace and plush in silver and gold. On the bridal bed was a quilt, patterned with small shells overlapping each other on a back­ ing of 78 m (85 yds) of multi-coloured satin. The quilt, de­ signed by Danielle, was valued at eight hundred dollars and took him two years to complete. However, despite the class and comfort, the room was occupied by only one honeymoon couple. On this occasion, when the receipts from the labour and attention he had lavished upon his guests had amounted to only eight dollars for a period of two days, he said, "it so nearly broke my heart that [my] suite of rooms is no longer on the market as a resort for newly wedded loves ... I am going to rear a couple of pigs in the bridal suite. It will pay me bet­ ter." Danielle funeral train DANIELL£, DANIEL'S HARBOUR 591

their own homes, often out of driftwood which could be car­ ried from the shore. They also cleared land to grow vegetables and it was the custom until the 1950s to winter in cabins back in the woods where fuel and game were more readily avail­ able. The settlers dried and salted their own fish and took it to Bonne Bay to sell. The settlement was small, having no clergy until 1872, and no school until 1880. In 1885 the first school teacher arrived from St. John's. In the late 1890s livestock was introduced and in 1916 Daniel's Harbour got its first horse. Lumber mills flourished in the 1930s and 1940s and the horses were used to haul wood from the mills to the shore. After the highway went through in 1960 the isolated and self-sufficient community came to rely on contact with the outside world for ninety per­ cent of its goods (both food and equipment).

Octagon Castle Perhaps the most famous resident of Daniel's Harbour has been Myra Bennett qv (nee Grimsley) who came to the settle­ phans. Guests who once dined at the Castle complained that ment in 1921 as one of the first of the Nonia (Newfoundland the milk supplied by Danielle's cows was watered down, but Outport Nursing and Industrial Association) nurses. She the Professor, in protest against the accusation, pointed out in stayed to serve not only the people of Daniel's Harbour but a letter to the press that rain water must have seeped some­ anyone within a two-hundred-mile area. where into the cows. Then to remedy the "leaky bovines" he In 1963 a mainland prospector, Mike Labchuck, discov­ built a series of shingled roofs and attached them to the backs ered zinc mineralization northeast of Daniel's Harbour. Ten of his cows. His antics and wit were the delight and entertain­ years later commercial reserves had been proven and in 1975 ment of the St. John's public for many years. DN (Apr. 13, construction began on a mine. The Newfoundland Zinc Mine, 1956), The Daily News Magazine (May 1, 1971). GL jointly owned by Teck Corporation and Amax Incorporated DANIEL'S COVE (pop. 1966, 13). A resettled fishing com­ (both Canadian corporations), invested $18,000,000 in mine munity which was located on the northwest tip of the Bay de excavation, construction of a mill, warehouses and other fa­ Verde Peninsula, north of Old Perlican qv. Despite its isolated cilities. The mine began operation on June 1975 and by 1978 and barren location it is probable that Daniel's Cove was set­ the open pit phase had been abandoned and 16 km (10 mi) of tled about the same time as Old and New Perlican, in the late underground tunnels had been opened up. It is one of two 1600s. Daniel's Cove was first reported in the Census of 1836 mines in Canada which produce only zinc, as the ore lacks the as having twenty-seven inhabitants, all Roman Catholic, in usual presence of lead or copper. Thirteen hundred and sixty three houses. The small-boat inshore cod fishery was the eco­ tonnes (1500 tons) were produced daily in 1981 and with nomic base of the community, which numbered thirty-six in proven reserves of 4.1 million tonnes (4'h million tons) the 1857 including two Irish-born residents. Hutchinson's New- mine could continue to be productive into the mid-1980s. foundland Directory for 1864-1865 (1864) listed six planters Zinc is the Province's second most valuable mineral but in in the community: Thomas Gorman, Jeremiah, John and Jo­ 1977-78 the market price dropped ten cents and the company seph Howard, Michael Kelly and Martin Phillips. The name laid off thirty of its 170 employees. The zinc concentrate is Howard was listed in New Perlican in 1675 (Berry Manu­ stored at Hawkes Bay, then shipped to smelters in Quebec script: C.O. 1:35) and, according to family tradition, aMi­ (two-thirds goes to Valleyfield, Quebec) and the United chael Kelly settled at Daniel's Cove in 1810 (E.R. Seary: States. Limestone from the tailings has been used for agricul­ 1976). tural purposes; in 1977 the Provincial Department of Agricul­ The population of Daniel's Cove did not exceed fifty until ture as an experiment distributed 1814 tonnes (2000 tons) to 1935, when a population of seventy-three was reported. There farmers on the west coast. was no church or school reported in Daniel's Cove, which Since the Newfoundland Zinc Mine began operation many was partially resettled without government assistance by natives of Daniel's Harbour have returned to their home to 1954. The remaining thirteen residents in one family resettled work in the mine. The community now has a complete water in Old Perlican after 1966. E.R. Seary (1976), Census (1836- and sewerage system, a new subdivision, a large community 1966), Hutchinson's Newfoundland Directory for 1864-1865 centre, a curling club, an indoor hockey rink, several new (1864). Map H. JEMP stores and a CBC relay transmitter. However, the subdivision DANIEL'S HARBOUR (inc. 1965; pop. 1976, 579). Tradi­ did not develop as planned. The land (enough for double the tionally a fishing settlement on the St. Barbe coast on the west number of existing houses in Daniel's Harbour) was expro­ side of the Great Northern Peninsula, Daniel's Harbour is priated by the Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corpora­ about half way between Bonne Bay and Point Riche. It is tion for $1000 an acre but a building lot (six per acre) sells for probably named after an Englishman, Daniel Regan, who in $6,500 to $12,000. In 1977 only twenty-six lots in the subdi­ the 1820s sought refuge from a storm in the shelter provided vision were serviced (at about four times the cost of servicing by a spur of rock which offers bare protection to the small har­ the town) and most of them were occupied by mobile homes. bour. Daniel's Harbour was settled a few years later by James Townspeople have preferred to build outside the subdivision, Biggin and his wife Keturah Payne. The early settlers built along the main highway, at a cheaper rate. In 1980 twenty 592 DANIEL'S HARBOUR , DARCY fishermen still set out their lobster pots and the townspeople prepared for the trouble met with from the Inuit. However, he anticipated returning to their former occupations of fishing returned to Labrador the following year with 180 men, in a and lumbering when the mine ceased production. W.O. Fog­ newly formed partnership with Michael Miller. His Cape will (1975), Wayne Payne (1973), Amy Zierler (1980) , DA Charles fishery ended abruptly in 1767 when a band of Inuit (Aug. 1977), ET (Aug. 14, 1975), The Humber Log (Aug. attacked a crew , killing three of the men and stealing £4,000 10, 1977), Municipal Directory (1979) , The Rounder (June worth of equipment. (According to W.G. Gosling: 1910, 1978). MAP L. PMH p. 201, Darby's men ware killed by " New England whalers DANIEL'S POINT. See TREPASSEY. ... who, not being able to distinguish between different par­ DANISH SEINE. See FISHERIES. ties of white men, in revenge treacherously attacked Darby's DANTZIC (pop. 1945, 11). An abandoned fishing settlement establishment, slew three of his men, and made off with his that was situated close to and south of Dantzic Point, the boats.") Darby suffered great financial loss but in 17 69 he southwest tip of the Burin Peninsula qv, Dantzic (recorded by made another attempt to establish a fishery at Labrador; this James Cook, 1764) has also been recorded as Danzig and effort proved successful for a short while but ended when his Danzick; the origin of the name is unknown but it is possible goods and equipment were confiscated on the grounds that he that Dantzic Point and Little and Great Dantzic Cove were was illegally employing Frenchmen. It is not known whether named for the town of Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland). The Darby visited Labrador after 1770. According to his daughter settlement was first recorded in the Census of 1869 as Dant­ Mary (Darby) Robinson (sometime mistress of the Prince Re­ zick Cove, with a population of twenty-nine, all Methodists gent, later George IV, she was known as " Perdita" for the born in Newfoundland. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory role she played in Shakespeare's A Winter's Tale) her father (1871) reported that " Danzick Cove" was occupied by fish­ entered the Russian army about 1782 and died in Russia a few ermen Matthew Hudson, William Shawner and Joseph years later. W.G. Gosling (1910), DCB (IV), DNB (XVII). Squires. The settlement was not again reported in the Census EMD until 1911 , when a population of nine was recorded. It is DARBY, REV. DR. THOMAS B. (1862-1940). Clergyman. probable that Dantzic's exposed location, poor holding Born Burin. Darby entered the Methodist Ministry in New­ ground and anchorage limited the population and fishing ac­ foundland in 1886 and served many circuits in the Confer­ tivity; in any event, the population of Dantzic never exceeded ence, including Greenspond, Musgrave Harbour, Epworth, sixteen. In 1928 two families were reported in Dantzic: Ayres Fortune, Harbour Grace, and Cupids. He served as Secretary and Donne (List of Electors: 1928). The settlement had no of the Newfoundland Conference of the Methodist Church, school or church for the residents who were Roman Catholic 1909-1910, and as President for 1910-1911. From 1916 to or members of the Salvation Army . Census (1869-1945),List 1932 he served as Guardian and Chaplain of the Methodist of Electors (1928), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) . College Home, St. John's. Centennial Souvenir The United Map I. JEMP Church of Canada Twillingate Newfoundland (n.d.), New­ DARBY, LAURA WOOD (1896-1978). Missionary. Born foundland Conference United Church of Canada 56th Session Burin. Daughter of Rev. T.B. Darby qv. Educated Mount Al­ (1980: II). BGR lison University, Sackville, New Brunswick; College of Edu­ DARBY'S HARBOUR (pop. 1945 , 26) . A fishing settlement cation, Methodist National Training School, Toronto, On­ located in a small, sheltered cove on the northwest side of tario; Columbia University, New York. After training for the Placentia Bay , south of Swift Current qv, Darby's Harbour overseas missionary service Laura Darby was commissioned was first reported in the Census , 1836, with Eastern Bight, an as a missionary from Gower Street Methodist Church in 1924. adjacent fishing settlement that was not reported in subse­ She was appointed to Szechaun Synod of the Church of Christ quent censuses. In 1836 thirty inhabitants (all Roman Catho­ in China where she worked as an instructor in religious educa­ lic) in seven houses were reported prosecuting the small-boat tion and as a helper at local churches until the Communist inshore cod fishery. In 1845 only one family was reported in takeover forced her to return to Canada in 1951. In 1952 she Darby's Harbour and the community was not recorded in a went as a missionary to Japan and taught in various girls' census again until 1945, when twenty-six inhabitants were re­ schools until her retirement in 1964. Back in Canada she be­ ported, all Roman Catholic. In 1928 two families- Lakes came a tutor for new Canadians wishing to improve their Eng­ and Dunphys- were reported as registered voters in Darby's lish. She also developed a United Church Women's Lending Harbour (List of Electors : 1928), and in 1936 there were Library at Metro United Church in Toronto. She died in eleven fishermen, all named Dunphy and Lake, reported in Toronto on September 28, 1978 where she was cremated. Her Darby' s Harbour. The community, which had no church or ashes were brought back to Newfoundland and interred at the school, resettled without government assistance between General Protestant Cemetery, St. John's. The Clerical Caller 1945 and 1951. Census (1836-1945), List of Electors (1928), (June 1979). BGR Newfoundland Directory 1936 (1936). JEMP DARBY, NICHOLAS (c .1720-1785). Adventurer. Born St. DARCY, REV. BROTHER JOSEPH B. (1920- ). Cler- John's? Darby was involved in the Newfoundland fishery at gyman. Born St. John's. Educated St. Bonaventure' s Col­ an early age as a ship's captain. In 1765 he became involved lege, St. John's; St. Mary's Training College, West Park, in a scheme to establish a fishery at Labrador. With a promise New York; Fordham University , New York. Darcy taught of assistance from Sir Hugh Palliser, he proceeded to carry school at St. Bonaventure' s College, St. John's, from 1940 to out his plans. He set up headquarters at Chateau Bay and later 1947, and from 1947 to 1953 he taught at various schools in moved to Cape Charles, where he built lodgings, a work shop the United States. He returned to Newfoundland in 1956 and a fishing stage. Darby lacked the technical skills neces­ and became principal of St. Bonaventure's. He was Vice­ sary to carry on a winter fishery at Labrador and he was un- President of the Newfoundland Teachers' Association from :iL DARCY,DARTMOUTH 593 1958 to 1959 and President from 1959 to 1960. He was a age to Darling's reputation had already been done. In Febru­ member of the Advisory Council on Education and of the ary, 1857 Darling was appointed Governor of Jamaica and American Catholic Philosophical Association. He became left Newfoundland in the late spring of 1857 for his new post. first Provincial of the Christian Brother's Order in Canada In 1863 he was given the governorship of Victoria, where he about 1960. In 1981 Darcy was Vicar General of the World served until 1866. He was created K.C.B. in 1862. He died in Wide Order of Christian Brothers. Brother Holden (interview, England. G.E. Gunn (1966), D.W. Prowse (1895), F.F. June 198l),Newfoundland Who's Who 1961 (1961?). EMD Thompson (1961), DCB (IX), DNB (V). CFH DARK COVE. See GAMBO. DARTMOUTH. A town in Devon, England, Dartmouth was DARLING, SIR CHARLES once very dependent on the Newfoundland fishery and was HENRY (1809-1870). Gover­ considered to be the most important Devonshire town in­ nor. Born Nova Scotia. Edu­ volved. After John Cabot's qv discovery of the Newfoundland cated Royal Military College, area in 1497 he returned to England with the news of the new Sandhurst, England. Complet­ land and the rich fishing grounds surrounding it. England was ing his military education in not immediately interested in pursuing the fishery at New­ 1826, Darling embarked upon a foundland, and while it delayed, France, Spain and Portugal career in the military which took advantage of it. Not until the late 1500s was England re­ took him to various places in gularly sending out vessels, almost entirely from the West the British Empire, during Country of England, carrying fishermen who became in­ which time he rose to the rank volved in the Newfoundland fishery. of Captain. In 1841 he left the Although England was slow in the beginning, by 1604 it army and from 1843 to 1847 he Sir Charles Darling had gained the greatest control of it, and had established a mi­ served in various governmental gratory fishery. The fishery was largely organized from the positions in Jamaica and in 1847 was appointed Lieutenant­ county of Devon (which included the towns Exeter, Dart­ Governor of St. Lucia, a post he remained in until 1851, mouth, Barnstaple, Bideford and Plymouth), the county of when he took up the temporary and short-lived position of Dorset and the city of Bristol qv. Lieutenant-Governor of Cape Colony, South Africa; he reoc­ Although no relevant records exist before 1565 it was be­ cupied this office from May to December, 1854. lieved that Dartmouth was sending some vessels to New­ At the end of 1854 Darling was sent to Newfoundland to foundland for the fishery before that date, and by the end of fill the position of Governor of that Colony. Arriving in time the 1500s was regularly sending out vessels. to open the first session of the newly constituted Responsible Dartmouth carried on a migratory fishery at Newfound­ Government in the Colony, Darling began his term on a land. These fishing ships carried a crew of men from England happy note. A possible source of friction between the new to Newfoundland and returned home at the end of the season. Governor and the House of Assembly sprang up soon after the Once the ship reached Newfoundland the fishermen would inauguration of the new government, when P.F. Little qv, fish over the side of the vessel. This type of vessel differed who headed the party in majority, the Liberals, made it from the sack ship qv also involved in the fishery, which car­ known that he would select the members of a new administra­ ried fish to the market, holding only enough crew for naviga­ tion, a task constitutionally assigned to the Governor. The tion and defense. Governor, however, simply reminded Little of the impropri­ Preparations for the fishery got underway in December and ety of his move and went along with Little's choices. The next the ships would leave their port by March or April to reach two sessions of the Legislature were both productive and har­ Newfoundland by May. They would finish at the end of monious, and during this time Darling enjoyed a happy work­ August and return home to England. ing relationship with the House, something which was quite Dartmouth was a free port, allowing everyone to fit out his uncommon in Newfoundland throughout much of the Nine­ ship and recruit his crew. (In other countries the trade was teenth Century. often controlled by chartered companies.) Dartmouth In contrast to the peace of the first two sessions, acrimon­ operated under a sharing system whereby the proceeds of the ious relations coloured the next one, after the Anglo-French year's voyage were divided into three equal parts, one to the convention of 1857 was tabled in the House of Assembly. The ship owner, one to the merchant and one amongst the master convention, the product of negotiations between France and and crew. England concerning the *French Shore qv, gave France exclu­ The period between 1580 and 1640 was one of high pros­ sive rights to use the strand for its fishery on certain parts of perity for Dartmouth. In 1589 the number of vessels entering the French Shore. Newfoundland had never agreed that the the port of Dartmouth from Newfoundland was the largest French had exclusive rights on the shore, though the French then known in any single year. However, the civil war had a had always asserted them. Not only did Newfoundlanders feel devastating effect on the fishery; in 1652 of the 200 ships betrayed by the British who had negotiated the agreement, but operating in Newfoundland, Dartmouth sent only thirty-five, they felt that Darling had been something of a traitor when and by 1667 Dartmouth was unable to send out even twenty they learned that he had sent a dispatch to the Colonial Office ships. Until 1675 civil and international war disrupted the stating that in his opinion the French did hold exclusive rights fishery and at a time when most places were changing their on the French Shore. Although the Convention never became method of fishing, Dartmouth remained with the traditional binding, because the Secretary of State for the Colonies, ship fishery. Between 167 4 and 1684 Dartmouth had more Henry Labouchere, conceded that the Newfoundland Legisla­ ships in the Newfoundland ship fishery than any other port ture would have to agree to it before it became law, the dam- had. This adherence to an outmoded method of fishing almost 594 DARTMOUTH,DAVEY

ruined Dartmouth. By 1720, however, Dartmouth had ceased DASHWOOD, MAJ. GEN. RICHARD LEWES (1837- using this method and had adopted the use of the banker ship. ?). Soldier; sportsman. Born Stratford, England. Carne to (Bankers were small, carried crews of at most eleven or Canada 1862 as a captain in the British Army (XV Regiment). twelve men, and were much cheaper to operate.) Despite set­ He enjoyed many hunting trips in New Brunswick and Nova backs caused by frequent wars Dartmouth was again one of Scotia and on his return voyage to England spent some time the most important ports during the 1700s. In 1775 it sent 106 hunting in Newfoundland. His book Chiploquorgan or, Life ships directly to Newfoundland: by the Camp Fire in Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland In the late 1700s and early 1800s the population of New­ is an account of his fishing and hunting trips. Also published, foundland was growing. The residents were becoming an im­ was a lecture, "The French in Newfoundland." R.L. Dash­ portant part of the fishery and were developing other indus­ wood (1871), J.R. Smallwood (1975). PMH tries to occupy them all year round. The seal hunt, logging DAUGHTERS OF PROVIDENCE. See ROMAN CATHO­ and shipbuilding were carried out during the fall, winter and LIC CHURCH. spring, and St. John's was growing in importance. By 1840, DAUNTLESS. The Dauntless was a paddle-wheeled steam tug the migratory fishery had completely collapsed and Dart­ which piloted ships through the St. John's Narrows in the mouth and other English towns were losing their importance 1850s. It was 27m (89ft) long with a 4.5 m (15ft) beam and to Newfoundland. By this time those who had been involved displaced 69 t (76 st) of water. It was owned by David Steele from Dartmouth remained home or settled in Newfoundland. of Scotland. In April 1858, after taking the Spray out through See DARTMOUTH INN AND NEWFOUNDLAND TAV­ the Narrows, it returned too close to the south side. It struck ERN; POPULATION. G.T. Cell (1969), H.A. Innis (1940), Cahill's Rock and sank, but all on board were rescued. It was R.G. Lounsbury (1934), Keith Matthews (1968; 1971), Percy subsequently bought by C.F. Bennett qv and in July he had it Russell (1950), W.B. Stephens (1956). EMD refloated and taken up to the dock at Riverhead. In October it DARTMOUTH INN AND NEWFOUNDLAND TAVERN. broke its moorings and sank again. It was raised, however, From the late 1500s to the early 1800s hundreds of Devon­ and repaired, and by the spring of 1859 was seaworthy. New­ shire men came out each spring for the seasonal fishery in foundland Historical Society (Dauntless). BGR Newfoundland. They were stationed at bases on the South DAVENPORT, JEAN (1829- ?). Actress. Jean Davenport, Side and in Maggoty Cove of St. John's, Torbay, Bay Bulls, in the company of her parents, arrived in St. John's on July Petty Harbour, Harbour Grace and other places as fishing ser­ 27, 1841 from Halifax on the last leg of a North American vants for such bye-boatkeepers qv as Rowell, Boden, Bulley, tour which had begun in 1838. Known as the "Infant Phe­ Mudge and Job. According to the Hon. Stephen Rendell qv nomenon'' because of the complexity of roles she interpreted (D.W. Prowse: 1895), who came to Newfoundland from Cof­ while only a child, she began performing at the Amateur finswell, Devon, as a clerk, the regular place for shipping ser­ Theatre in St. John's on August 2, 1841. In the six weeks that vants in Newton Abbot, (an inland market town which was followed she played to packed houses and rave reviews the one of the centres of emigration in Devon) was the hostelry title role in Richard III , Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, called The Dartmouth Inn and Newfoundland Tavern. The inn Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, seven roles in The Manager's served as the scene for the friendly "impressment" of the Daughter, Diana Vernon in Rob Roy and others. would-be servants year after year where "the engagement" As a result of an editorial attack in the newspaper The Pa­ was "wetted" with cider, strong beer and potent Jamaica triot (Aug. 18, 1841) which stated that "the press have given rum. This spring scene, also enacted in other taverns in far too high an estimate of the dramatic talents of this young Devon and Dorset, was an annual ritual. Rendell reported fur­ lady," a public debate ensued. On September 14, 1841 the ther that the rural people of Devonshire ''reckoned the time managers of the Amateur Theatre turned the Davenports away by the old Church of England lectionary: 'Jan! the Parson be and closed the building claiming as the reason the illness of in Proverbs, the Newfanlan men will soon be coming several members of the theatre keeper's family who lived on whome!' " See CONSCRIPTION AND IMPRESSMENT. the building's ground floor. W.G. Handcock (1977), C.G. Head (1976), D.W. Prowse They advised the Davenports to go across Conception Bay (1895). JEMP and perform for the people there. They went to Harbour DARTS ASSOCIATION, NEWFOUNDLAND. This associa­ Grace, performed for several weeks and returned to St. John's tion was founded in 1956 in St. John's to establish regional on October 9, 1841. When Mr. Davenport approached the and provincial competitions of dart players from the Island managers to rent the Amateur Theatre again, "they kept him and Labrador. In its early days the association's membership in suspense for upwards of an entire month, and at the expira­ was drawn only from the eastern part of the Island, but by tion of six weeks they bluntly refuse to give him possession of 1981 there were approximately 20,000 members of the asso­ the Theatre at all and thus has Miss Davenport been denied to ciation in all parts of Newfoundland and Labrador. To carry give her farewell performance, notwithstanding that every­ out its objectives the association yearly elects local or sec­ thing has been prepared, expenses incurred, and even tickets tional executives, an executive for each of the eastern, cen­ sold" (The Patriot: Nov. 3, 1841). Soon after, the Daven­ tral, western and Labrador regional divisions as well as a Pro­ ports and the Infant Phenomenon left Newfoundland for Eng­ vincial executive. The association is funded by registration land, never to return. Y.S. Bains (1980), Paul O'Neill fees of the divisions' membership and by the association's (1975). BGR sponsor, which is usually a brewery or cigarette company. DAVEY, EDWARD H. (1854-1911). Politician. Born St. Baxter Brown (interview, July 1981), Louis Skanes (inter­ John's. Educated Central School, St. John's. Edward Davey view, July 1981). CFH entered the construction business with his father as a carpenter DAVEY, DAVIS COVE 595

in 1879. After his father's death in Edward Riley and Co., London. Between 1903 and 1920 1894 he and his brother started the Davies became a Fellow of the Chemical Society, the Geolog­ firm E.H. & G. Davey, Contractors ical Society and the Institute of Chemistry for Great Britain and Builders. He was responsible and Ireland. for the construction of the British In 1920 he was installed as Justice of the Peace for the Hall and the Church of England Or­ Colony of Newfoundland and representative for Newfound­ phanage and after the fire of 1892 land at the Imperial Forestry Conference in London that year. began the restoration of the Church Later that year he was appointed to be a representative for of England Cathedral. In 1900 he Newfoundland on the International Committee for Scientific entered politics as a Liberal sup­ Edward H. Davey Research in connection with the West Atlantic coast fisheries porter of Sir Robert Bond. He was for the years 1921 to 1930. elected by the people of Burin district in four succeeding elec­ During the 1924-25 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley tions (1900, 1904, 1908, 1909) and remained a loyal sup­ Davies served as Exhibition Commissioner. According to porter of Bond. He died March 10, 1911. H.M. Mosdell J.R. Smallwood (1931) Davies was one of the original found­ (1923), H.Y. Mott (1894), ET (Mar. 11, 1911). BGR ers of the Newfoundland *Tourist and Publicity Association DAVEY, JOHN (1865-1940). Member of the Legislative qv which was established c .1926. In 1930 Davies served as a Council. Born St. John's. Educated Church of England Aca­ member of the Newfoundland delegation to the Imperial Con­ demy (Bishop Feild College). Davey entered public life in ference in England. That year he became Acting High Com­ April 1922 as a Member of the Legislative Council, a position missioner in London for Newfoundland. In 1933 he vacated he held until the dissolution of Responsible Government in this position to become Chairman of the Newfoundland Fish­ February 1934. Before his death at St. John's on October 23, ery Board, a position he held until 1934. 1940 Davey was an active member of the Sons of England So­ By 1936 he had served as Newfoundland Representative at ciety in Newfoundland and the Church of England Institute. the British Commonwealth Scientific Conference, and in N.J. Richards (interview, 1980), "Necrology" (1967), 1937 Davies retired to England to take up residence in Lon­ Who's Who in andfromNewfoundland 1937 (1937?). WCS don. Positions and honours held by him before his death on DAVID SMALLWOOD PARK. See PARKS, PROVIN- March 31, 1946 included: member of the Governing Body of CIAL. the Imperial College of Science and Technology, member of DAVIDSON, SIR WALTER the Executive Council of the Agricultural Bureaux, member EDWARD (1859-1923). Gov­ of the Council of Higher Education, Officier D' Academie ernor. Born Ireland. Educated (France), member of the Mining and Metallurgical Club Cambridge, England. He be­ (London), member Institute of Chemistry, Geological and came a British Civil servant in Chemical Societies. C.B.E. (1927); F.I.C., F.G.S., and 1880 with his appointment in F.C.S. J.R. Smallwood (1931), "Necrology" (1967), Who's Ceylon, where the positions he Who in and from Newfoundland (1927; 1930?; 1937?). WCS held included Chairman of the DAVIES, MARGO T. ( ?-1972). Broadcaster. Born St. Municipal Council and Mayor John's. Daughter of D. James Davies. Educated Bishop of Colombo. In 1901 he was Spencer College. About 1934 she moved with her family to sent to Transvaal where during England. In 1940, at the outbreak of World War ll, the well­ his tour of duty he filled various known B. B.C. radio programme Calling from Britain to New­ positions. From May 1904 until Sir Walter Edward Davidson foundland was begun under the direction of Max Littlejohn of December 1912 he was Gover­ St. John's and was continued by Davies until her death. This nor of Seychelles Islands. In 1913 he became Governor of programme originally broadcast songs, music and poetry Newfoundland, a position he held until 1917. On August 17, readings performed by Newfoundland servicemen stationed in 1914 Davidson was elected Chairman of the Newfoundland Britain, but Davies expanded the programme after the war *Patriotic Committee, which later became the Patriotic Asso­ and sought out Newfoundlanders living in England to speak ciation of Newfoundland qv. His final appointment before his over the radio to their families and friends at home in New­ retirement in 1923 was to New South Wales in 1918. In addi­ foundland. She helped thousands of young and lonely service­ tion to his activities as a civil servant he wrote two books on men and her name became a legend, respected and revered Ceylon and edited six volumes of Seychelles's papers. among the isolated outport families in Newfoundland. She Among the awards and honours he received were the Rosette died in London in May, 1972 and a plaque was erected to her of the Acadelnie from the Republic of France c. 1900; memory in the Confederation Building, St. John's. J .R. C.M.G., 1902; K.C.M.G., 1914; and a gold watch from the Smallwood (1975), Remarkable Women of Newfoundland Patriotic Association of Newfoundland, 1917. Gordon Duff and Labrador (1976). GL (1964), G.W.L. Nicholson (1964), S.J.R. Noel (1971), EC DAVIS COVE (pop. 1966, 247). A resettled fishing settlement (lll), NQ (Apr. 1913; July 1914; Oct. 1917; Oct. 1923). that was located on the west side of Placentia Bay qv in a ELGM small sheltered cove, Davis Cove, which was probably named DAVIDSVILLE. See MANN POINT. for an early settler, was first reported in the Census (1845) DAVIES, DANIEL JAMES (1880-1946). Civil servant; scien­ with a population of thirty-five, mainly Roman Catholic, in­ tist. Born Llangeler, Wales. Educated Pencader Grammar cluding twelve fishermen engaged in the small-boat inshore School; University College, Cardiff; Chemistry training at fishery. The early population of Davis Cove included two 596 DAVIS people born in England and two born in Ireland; only one DAVIS INLET (pop. 1976, 274). A settlement on the south­ family was reported to be Church of England in 1845 and west part of the bay separating Ukasiksalik and lluikyak Is­ 1857, and the population, which did not exceed 100 until lands in northern Labrador. In 1876 Governor Elliot in­ 1935, was reported to be exclusively Roman Catholic in later structed the naval officer assigned to Labrador, Captain censuses. Family names listed in Davis Cove in 1928 were Thomas Graves, to visit its coast and harbours. His specific Brewer, Caul, Connors, Davis, Emberly, Greene, Hickey and orders were to explore Davis Inlet to ascertain whether it was Palfrey (List of Electors: 1928); according to E.R. Seary connected with Hudson's Bay or any other inland bay. (1976) most of these names were common in the Placentia A trading post had been established in the settlement in Bay West area by the 1850s and 1860s. 1831 by A.B. Hunt and Company, and was purchased in 1869 The economy of Davis Cove was based almost entirely on by the Hudson's Bay Company, who operated it until 1942. the inshore cod fishery from the earliest days of settlement. In At that time the post was turned over to the Newfoundland the late 1950s the majority of the labour force was engaged in Government under the auspices of the Northern Labrador the fishery, with a small number reported to be working out­ Trading Operations which was formed by the Department of side the community. Davis Cove had a Roman Catholic Natural Resources. In 1951 the post was transferred to the Di­ school to serve a growing population of 183 in 1956 and 206 vision of Northern Labrador Affairs (Division of Northern in 1961; however, the lack of roads and the isolation led to the Labrador Services), Department of Public Welfare. resettlement of the majority (209) of the residents of Davis The population of Davis Inlet comprises mostly Naskaupi. Cove by 1969, with six households reportedly remaining in There is a record of ten inhabitants in the settlement in 1884, that year (Bonavista Peninsula Study Regional Study 1969- with no mention of any population figures again until 1921, 1979: 1969). A total of 282 Davis Cove residents had reset­ when eighteen people were living there. This number had tled in St. John's, Swift Current, Jerseyside, Freshwater, grown to eighty-one by 1935 and 152 in 1966. In 1980 the Southern Harbour, Arnold's Cove, Long Harbour and Ste­ settlement's main occupations were hunting and fishing. CN phenville by 1975. E.R. Seary (1976), Bonavista Peninsula Marine provide a weekly boat service during the navigation Study Regional Study 1969-1979 (1969), Census (1845- season while Labrador Airways provide weekly float or ski 1966), List of Electors (1928), Statistics: Federal-Provincial airplane service for the balance of the year. In 1980 there Resettlement Program (1975?). JEMP were in the settlement a post office with weekly delivery, an DAVIS COVE (pop. 1976, 34). This community is located be­ International Grenfell Association nursing station, a general tween the communities of Meadows and Summerside on store, a Roman Catholic Chapel and a primary school. A.P. Humber Arm of Bay of Islands on the west coast of New­ Dyke (1969), W.G. Gosling (1910), R.A. Mackay (1946), foundland. There were only three or four families living there in 1980. It was settled approximately 120 years ago by the Davis family. Most of the present inhabitants commute to jobs in nearby Corner Brook. W .H. Brake (interview, Oct. 1980). CMB DAVIS, DAVID J. (1943- ). Pro- vincial Archivist. Born Harbour Grace. Educated Presentation Con­ vent School, Harbour Grace; Me­ morial University, St. John's. Davis taught at Norris Point Regional High School, Bonne Bay during 1964-65. In June 1970 he joined the Provincial Archives as a research officer and on July 10, 1979 he was David J. Davis appointed Provincial Arc hi vi st. Davis has also served as Newfoundland representative on the National Archival Appraisal Board. D.J. Davis (interview, May 1981), Week in Review (July 10, 1979). DPJ DAVIS, REV. ERNEST (fl.1912-1938). Clergyman. Educated Wesleyan Theological College, McGill University, Montreal. Davis was admitted as a candidate to the Methodist ministry in 1912 and served his probationship on the Millertown­ Badger and Long Island-Pilley's Island charges. Completing his theological studies at Wesleyan College in 1917, he was ordained and stationed on the Little Bay Islands circuit. His subsequent charges included Bay of Islands and Carbonear. He served as President of the Newfoundland Conference of the United Church of Canada in 1930-1931. By 1938 he had left Newfoundland. Derek Butt (interview, Aug. 1981), D.G. Pitt (interview, Apr. 1981), Newfoundland Conference United Church of Canada 56th Session (1980: II). BGR Davis Inlet :; DAVIS, DAWE 597 Sailing Directions Labrador and Hudson Bay (1979). Map C. tors of Rotary International to be the official delegate at the CMB United Nations conference on the human Environment in DAVIS ISLAND. See PORT ELIZABETH; RED HAR­ Stockholm. In 1977 he formed the Ontario Rent Control As­ BOUR. sociation in an attempt to control rent increases for the disa­ DAVIS, JENNIFER (1950- bled citizens of that Province. In 1980 he was appointed ). Broadcaster. Born St. Chairman of the National Advisory Committee on the Interna­ John's. Daughter of Walter H. tional Year of the Disabled Persons under United Nations Davis qv. Educated United Jun­ sponsorship. Walter Davis (interview, Sept. 1981), New­ ior High School, St. John's; foundland Who's Who (1952?; 1961 ?). EMD Fisher Park High School, Ot­ DAVYS, JOHN (c .1550-1605). Explorer. Born Sandridge, tawa; Alma Ladies College, St. Devon, England. A misspelling of this famous navigator's Thomas, Ontario; Memorial surname is found in the names of Davis Strait and Davis Inlet, University, St. John's. In 1970 in spite of Davys's own signature. she began working as a weather Davys had long believed in a North West Passage through person and interviewer at the Canadian Arctic but, in spite of his moderate fame as a C.B.C.-TV St. John's. In 1972 seafarer after the late 1570s, he did not receive support for Davis became the host of the this venture until 1585. Then Sir Francis Walsingham (secre­ Jennifer Davis Newfoundland regional net­ tary to Queen Elizabeth I) and William Sanderson, a London work show Here and Now (1972-1977). In 1975 she was co­ merchant, helped to outfit two ships for Davys's first expedi­ host of In the Present Tense, a network current affairs pro­ tion. For three months of 1585 Davys traversed the Davis gramme broadcasted weekly from Toronto. She left Strait and charted part of the Greenland coast. Sailing up the Newfoundland in 1978 and became the host of her own public Straits again in 1586, he lost one of his four ships and another affairs series, Thursday Night with Jennifer Davis, on had to turn back because of ice conditions. During this jour­ C.B.C.-TV Halifax. Davis returned to Newfoundland in 1979 ney Davys made his first stop in Labrador (near Hamilton and worked on her own radio series, Focus on Living, and as Inlet) to restock the ships' larders with codfish. a freelance journalist. In the same year she was appointed On his third explorative voyage, in 1587, Davys completed Public Information Officer for Memorial University. In 1980 his charts of the coasts of Greenland, Baffin Island and Labra­ she became the host-interviewer of On Camera, a weekly cur­ dor in one ship while the other two in his party fished. He as­ rent affairs programme on CBNT in Newfoundland. Over the signed such place-names as Hope Sanderson, Cumberland years she has been a contributor to a number of national Sound, Cape Walsingham and Lord Lumbey's Inlet (now C.B.C. programmes including Take Thirty, Ombudsman, Frobisher Bay); as well he travelled in Hudson's Strait and Marketplace, Morningside, and Sunday Morning. In 1976 she Hamilton Inlet. Although the maps that he compiled of these was a finalist for the Association of Canadian Television and areas are lost, records of his voyages were preserved on a Radio Artists's award for the best television current affairs world map by Edward Wright (c .1598) and the Molyneux qv broadcaster. Jennifer Davis (interview, Apr. 1981), MUN globe (1592). Gazette (Mar. 7, 1980), T.V. Topics (Sept. 20, 1980). EPK Throughout the remainder of his career Davys achieved DAVIS, WALTER H. (1919- ). Administrator. Born considerable distinction as a navigator on various voyages, Freshwater, Conception Bay. Educated Memorial University especially in the East Indies. He was killed by pirates on De­ College; Acadia University, Nova Scotia; Columbia Univer­ cember 27, 1605, near Bintan Island, Malaya. sity, New York; St. Mary's University, Halifax. From 1939 In spite of his later journeys to the East Indies by more con­ to 1945 Davis was a school principal in Cupids, Burin and ventional routes, Davys had never lost sight of the possibility Channel-Port aux Basques. In 1945 he was appointed Execu­ of a North-West Passage. In 1595 he wrote The worldes hy­ tive Secretary and Administrator of the newly formed New­ drographical discription, a much lauded work because of its foundland Tuberculosis Association. In 1956 he was ap­ accurate detail, though it never did generate the intended sup­ pointed Provincial Co-ordinator of Rehabilitation for the port for the North West endeavour. His Traverse book, in Handicapped. From 1965 he was Programme Consultant for a which he described Eskimos as well as navigational and geo­ group of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Associations graphical features that he had observed during his three Arctic in Ontario and later Programme Director of the York-Toronto expeditions, was widely used as a model for ships' logs. Sea­ Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Association. In 1978 men's secrets, published in 1599, was used for decades as a he was appointed Director of Special Services for the Depart­ manual for navigation, and at about the same time Davys in­ ment of Rehabilitation and Recreation in Newfoundland and vented a device for finding latitudinal measures, the Davis in 1980 Director of Rehabilitation for the Department of So­ quadrant, which continued to be used until the development cial Services. of the reflecting quadrant in 1751. Paul O'Neill (1976), J.R. In 1956 he was President of the Rotary Club of St. John's Smallwood (1967), DCB (I), DNB (V). LAP and in 1957 he represented Canada at the White House Con­ DA WE, CAPTAIN CHARLES ( 1845-1908). Master mariner; ference on the Handicapped in Washington. He was a founder politician. Born Port de Grave, Conception Bay. Noted as of the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Educa­ "one of the most successful and respectable of Newfound­ tion Television and a founder of the World Health Founda­ land's mariners" (H.Y. Mott: 1894), Charles Dawe captained tion, an arm of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both sailing ships and steamships to the Labrador cod fishery 1964. In 1969 he was President of the Canadian Leprosy and the annual seal hunt for over a quarter of a century. CounciL In 1972 Davis was appointed by the Board of Direc- Among the ships he commanded were the Huntsman and 598 DAWE Rolling Wave, both of which were sailing ships, and the being called to the Bar in October 1939. He became a partner steamships Greenland, Aurora, Iceland, Thetis, Bear, Van­ in the law finn of Curtis and Dawe, and as of August 1980 guard and Terra Nova. During twenty-two springs at the was the senior member of the firm Curtis, Dawe, Russell, front, 1874-1898, Dawe's crews killed a total of 318,290 Bonnell, Winsor and Stokes. In May of 1951 Dawe was seals for an average of 14,467 a year. created Q. C. In 1980 he was the Chairman of the Board of Charles Dawe was also involved in the exporting of fish, Governors of the College of Fisheries, Navigation, Marine and along with his brother Azariah ran the large supplying Engineering and Electronics and director of several New­ outlet C. and A. Dawe of Bay Roberts. Dawe entered politics foundland companies. D.W.K. Dawe (interview, 1980), in 1878 and sat as a Conservative member for the district of Newfoundland and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition Harbour Grace, a seat he occupied until 1889. He was again (1968),Newfoundland Who's Who 1952 (1952?). DCM returned to office in 1893, this time for his home riding of DAWE, CAPTAIN ELI (1843- Port de Grave. The following year he was appointed to the 1930). Politician. Born Port de Executive Council as a member of the Goodridge Executive. Grave. Educated Bay Roberts; Three years later, in 1897, he became a member of the Winter Coley's Point. Dawe began his executive. Defeated in the 1900 election, Charles Dawe was extensive political career in elected again to the House in 1906, becoming the Leader of 1889 when he was elected as the Opposition after the resignation of A.B. Morine qv. Dawe M.H.A. for the district of Har­ resigned shortly thereafter. He died on March 29, 1908. L.G. bour Grace, an office to which Chafe (1923), M.E. Condon (1925), H.Y. Mott (1894), he was re-elected in all suc­ S.J.R. Noel (1971). DCM ceeding elections until 1909. DAWE, CHESTER E. (1904- He was, during that time, a ). Businessman. Born Bay member of the Railway Com- Roberts, Conception Bay. Son mission qv, Stipendiary Magis- Capt. Eli Dawe of Captain William qv. Edu­ trate to enforce the *Bait Act qv cated Church of England Aca­ in his riding (1891), Financial Secretary in the Whiteway Lib­ demy, Bay Roberts; Bishop eral Administration (but resigned in 1894), Chairman of the Feild College, St. John's. Dur­ Board of Works in 1895, Minister of Agriculture and Mines ing his early working years during the Bond Administration, and a member of the Execu­ Dawe was associated with the tive Council from 1903 to 1907. family finn of William Dawe After 1909 Dawe continued as a director of a coal company and Sons Limited. In 1945 he at Coley's Point and in 1922 was appointed to the Legislative formed his own company, a Council. He died in June, 1930. H.Y. Mott (1894), D.W. building supplies finn called Chester E. Dawe Prowse (1895), E ofC: N, NQ (Sept. 1902; Mar. 1903; Oct. Chester Dawe Limited, and be- 1904), Who's Who in and from Newfoundland 192 7 ( 1927). LAP came the company's President and Managing Director. Over DAWE, ERIC N. (1921- ). Businessman; politician. Born the years the business has expanded from its head office on Bay Roberts. Educated United Church School, Bay Roberts; Topsail Road to branch outlets in St. John's, Dunville and Bishop Feild College, St. John's. In 1940 Eric Dawe entered Placentia. his father's business, Dawe's Nail and Hardware, Limited, Dawe contributed to the lumber industry in ways which and took over management of the company in 1946. He was were to benefit many people. He built the Newfoundland one of the people who spearheaded the drive to incorporate Hardwoods plant, as well as the Canada Bay Lumber Com­ the town of Bay Roberts. He was elected as a councillor in pany with mills at Roddickton. Dawe was involved in the de­ 1952, and became mayor in 1956. He was Mayor of Bay Rob­ velopment of gyproc and fiberply in Newfoundland. In 1957 erts for eight years and was instrumental in initiating many he was successful in his campaign to get Central Mortgage services and benefits for his town. In the Provincial general and Housing to extend their services to the people of Bell Is­ election held in 1962 Dawe was elected as the Liberal land. The following year he and James A. McGrath qv per­ member for the district of Port de Grave and was re-elected in suaded the government to allow CMHC facilities in rural 1966. He retired from the House of Assembly in 1971 but was areas of Newfoundland to introduce low cost housing and subsequently re-elected to represent Port de Grave as a long term financing. Dawe has been affiliated with such com­ member of the Liberal Reform Party in the provincial general panies as Avalon Coal Co. Ltd., West Coast Building Sup­ election in 1975 and served until 1979. plies Ltd., and Newfoundland Engineering and Construction In 1969 Eric Dawe became Minister of Municipal Affairs Co. Ltd. In 1980 he was a member of the Newfoundland and Housing in the Smallwood Administration. He served as Board of Trade and had been retired from active business minister until 1971 and was instrumental in introducing the since 1970. C.E. Dawe (interview, June 1980), "Chester shell housing concept to Newfoundland. He also served as Dawe" (1967), Newfoundland Who's Who 1952 (1952?), President of the Newfoundland Federation of Mayors and Newfoundland and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition Municipalities 1969-70. After his retirement from politics in (1968). DCM 1979 he became Managing Director of A val on Coal, Salt, and DAWE, DONALD WILLIAM KITCHENER (1914- ). Oil Limited in Coley's Point. E.N. Dawe (interview, Apr. Lawyer. Born Montreal. Educated Cupids High School; 1981), Ron Pumphrey (1981). BGR Prince of Wales College; Memorial University College, St. DA WE AND SON LIMITED, GEORGE. See FISH John's. Dawe read with the Hon. L.R. Curtis, Q.C., before PLANTS. DAWE 599

DAWE, HAROLD A. (1898- ). land Conference United Church of Canada 56th Session Fisheries Administrator. Born Ship (1980: II). BGR Cove, Port de Grave. Educated St. DAWE, HUGH MAXWELL (1899-1970). Businessman. Luke's High School, Ship Cove. He Born Bay Roberts, Conception Bay. Educated Bay Roberts worked for eight years as an accoun­ Academy. Upon leaving school in 1918 Dawe went to work tant with Ayre and Sons Ltd. of St. with the Bank of Nova Scotia. In 1921 he became associated John' s, but in 1928 entered the em­ with his father's firm , William Dawe and Sons Ltd. of Bay ploy of the Fishermen's Union Roberts. When this company was established in 1934 in St. Trading Co. Ltd., Port Union, as John's Dawe became the office manager and secretary of the the company's secretary. The fol- HaraldA. Dawe company. He was later appointed director of A val on Coal and lowing year he was given the posi- Salt Co., Veneer and Lumbering Co. Ltd., and later Avalon tion of Assistant Manager and in 1933 he was again pro­ Coal, Salt and Oil Ltd. He died August 18, 1970. Mrs. H.M. moted, to General Manager and Director, and eventually to Dawe (interview, June 1980), Who's Who in and from New- President. Harold Dawe was also active in other areas of the foundland (1937?). DCM fisheries as a director of the Newfoundland Associated Fish DAWE, JANET C. See GARDINER, JANET C. Exporters Ltd., a member of the 1951 seven-man Newfound­ DAWE LIMITED, H.B. See FISH PLANTS. land Fisheries Development Committee, and in 1962 as the DA WE, RONALD GILBERT (1944- ). Politician. Born Chairman of the Newfoundland Fisheries Commission. That Topsail, Conception Bay. Educated Prince of Wales, St. same year he retired as President and General Manager of the John's; Memorial University of Newfoundland. After leaving Fishermen's Union Trading Company Ltd. and moved to university in 1970 Dawe taught at Baie Verte Integrated High St. John's, but remained on the Board of Directors until School, United Junior High, St. John's and Belanger Memo­ 1966. rial High in the Codroy Valley. He also worked as the Parks During the years 1966-1968 Dawe travelled to six foreign and Recreation Director of Stephenville and Recreation Con­ countries on separate trips on behalf of the Government of sultant for the Department of Rehabilitation and Recreation. Newfoundland and Labrador. On the first trip he conducted a On June 18, 1979 Dawe was elected to the House of Assem­ study of the fisheries of Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Portu­ bly for the District of St. George's and was appointed Minis­ gal, while on the second, a year later, he conducted the study ter of Tourism, Recreation and Culture on January 17, 1980. in Peru and Mexico. H.A. Dawe (interview, July 1980), New- On August 19, 1980 Dawe was appointed Minister of the En­ foundland Who's Who (1952?; 1961 ?), Who's Who in and vironment while retaining his other portfolio, which was re­ from Newfoundland (1937?). DCM named Culture, Recreation and Youth. He was reassigned to DAWE, CAPTAIN HENRY (1850?-1921). Master mariner; the Ministry of Transportation on March 31, 1981. R.G. politician. Born Bay Roberts, Conception Bay. Like his Dawe (letter, Sept. 1981). DPJ cousin Charles Dawe qv, Henry Dawe was a successful Lab­ DAWE, THOMAS (1940- ). rador planter and a prominent sealing captain. He distin­ Author; artist; educator. Born guished himself as a captain of both the wooden and steel Long Pond, Manuels, Concep­ sealing steamers and was chosen captain of the Adventure, the tion Bay. Educated Salvation first of the steel ships used in the Newfoundland sealing fleet. Army School, Long Pond; During twenty-nine springs from 1879 to 1908 Dawe's ships Queen Elizabeth Regional High killed 435,909 seals for an average of 15,301 a year. Henry School, Foxtrap; Memorial Dawe entered politics in 1893 and represented the district of University of Newfoundland. Harbour Grace for one term. He died at Bay Roberts on De­ From 1962 to 1969 Tom Dawe cember 17, 1921. L.G. Chafe (1923), M.E. Condon (1925), taught at Pentecostal Central H.M. Mosdell (1923), Yearbook (1896). DCM High in Lewisporte and at other DAWE, REV. DR. H. MAXWELL (1905- ). Clergyman. outport schools. In September Born Cupids. Educated Cupids; McGill University and 1969 he was appointed to the Thomas Dawe United Theological College, Montreal. Dawe was ordained a Department of English at Me- minister of the United Church in 1934 and served the Britan­ morial University. His first book of poetry (with Tom Moore) nia and Heart's Content charges before being appointed entitled Connections was published in 1972. In that year Superintendent of Missions and Field Secretary for Christian Dawe was also awarded the Elizabeth Burton Poetry Prize. Education of the Newfoundland Conference of the United The following year he was presented with a special gold Church, in 1938. This dual post he occupied until 1955, after medal from th.e Arts and Letters Committee for entries in the which date he continued as Superintendent of Missions only, category of visual arts. Dawe's first public exhibit in the vi­ until 1959 when he was transferred to the Maritime Confer­ sual arts was Boat Nest. In 1975 he appeared in Poetry Inter­ ence. In the Newfoundland Conference he also served as national's Who's Who and released his second volume of po­ President in 1944-45. etry, Hemlock Cove and After. In the Maritime Conference he was appointed Secretary of By 1978 his third book of poetry In A Small Cove was pub­ the Division of Missions and Maintenance and later Superin­ lished. From January to May 1980 Dawe's radio script series, tendent of Home Missions, a post which he held until his re­ Newfoundland Ghost Stories, was aired on C.B.C. radio. He tirement in 1973. In 1981 he was living in Sackville, New published his fourth bookLandwash Days in November 1980 Brunswick and still serving as an occasional supply minister and Island Spell and The Loon in the Dark Tide in 1981. in that area. H.M. Dawe (interview, Apr. 1981), Newfound- Dawe's art and poetry have appeared in several publica- 600 DAWE, DAWSON'S COVE tions, including The Newfoundland Quarterly, The Atlantic W. DAWE-ATTORNEY & SOLICITOR respect­ Advocate, Fiddle head Press, Voices Down East, Doryloads, fully informs the inhabitants of Newfoundland, that he and 31 Newfoundland Poets. Tom Dawe's art and literary has opened an office on Church-Hill, St. John's. works have also appeared in the Newfoundland and Labrador Having been regularly bred to and upwards of six­ *Arts and Letters Competition qv. One of the founding teen years of the profession, he trusts he is competent members of Breakwater Books, Tom Dawe has also worked to conduct all business committed to his care, to the as one of the founding editors of Tickle-Ace, a Newfoundland satisfaction and interests of his clients. creative-writing magazine launched by Memorial University Letters from the outports duly attended to. Extension Division. His art works in the mediums of oil and When the Barristers' Roll (the list of lawyers in the Law water colour and his sketches have appeared in exhibitions in Society of Newfoundland entitled to practise law in New­ galleries throughout Newfoundland including the St. John's foundland) was begun in 1826, Dawe was one of the first to Arts and Culture Centre gallery. Deborah Collins ( 1980), have his name enrolled. He joined the Society on April 7, Tom Dawe (interview, Nov. 1980). WCS 1826. It has been claimed that Dawe had been practising law DAWE, W. GORDON (1938- ). Politician. Born St. as Newfoundland's first native-born lawyer. Barristers' Roll John's. Educated Topsail; Kelligrews; Queen Elizabeth Re­ (1826- ), Newfoundland Historical Society (Dawe Fam­ gional High School, Foxtrap. Gordon Dawe worked for Sun ily). DPJ Life Insurance Company, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics DAWSON, EMMA CHURCIDLL (1862-1957). Founder of and for seventeen years as a surveyor before entering politics. the *Salvation Army qv in Newfoundland. Born Portugal He was first elected to the House of Assembly as a Progres­ Cove. Emma Churchill was in Toronto when two converts sive Conservative member for the dual riding of Harbour from England introduced Gen. William Booth's ideas there. Main in the general election of October 28, 1971. He was re­ Subsequently Churchill became one of the Salvation Army's elected in the general election held March 27, 1972 after hav­ early adherents and she attended the first officers' councils in ing been appointed Minister of Supply and Services in the 1883. In 1885 she and another Salvation Army officer, Cap­ Moores Administration on January 18, 1972. He became tain Charles Dawson, were married. While on their honey­ Minister of Manpower and Industrial Relations in April 1972 moon they visited her parents in Portugal Cove where Emma and Minister of Provincial Affairs and Environment in 1973. Churchill Dawson held prayer meetings in one of the local He was defeated as the Progressive Conservative candidate in homes. It was shortly thereafter that the first meetings of the the newly-created district of Conception Bay South in the Salvation Army were held in the Temperance Hall on Victoria general election of 1975. He was also unsuccessful as an In­ Street, St. John's. The arrival of Col. D.O. Young and a dependent Progressive Conservative in the general election in small group of officers in January, 1886 marked the official 1979. Canadian Parliamentary Guide (1974), Who's Who beginning of the work of the Salvation Army in Newfound­ Newfoundland Silver Anniversary Edition (1975). BGR land. In the mid-1960s Dawson Elementary School, St. DAWE, WILFRED G. (1892-1963). John's was named in her honour. K.E. Brown (1937), Neville Businessman; politician. Born Butler (interview, 1981), Roy Chaytor (1975), EC (IX), ET Coley's Point. Educated Church of (Jan. 20, 1886; Apr. 9, 1965; Apr. 1, 1979), Sixtieth Anniver­ England Academy, Bay Roberts. sary Review The Salvation Army Temple Songster Brigade, Wilfred entered his father's business St. John's, Newfoundland (n.d.). ELGM at age thirteen and became manager DAWSON'S COVE. (pop. 1976, 148). A fishing community four years later. Upon the incor­ located on the shores of two small coves on the north shore of poration of the family firm of Wil­ Connaigre Bay, Fortune Bay, Dawson's Cove has an excel­ liam Dawe and Sons Ltd. in 1920 he lent anchorage and waterfront. According to C. G. Head was made Managing Director. (1976) Dawson's Cove was one of the earliest English fishing Wilfred G. Dawe Dawe later became Managing stations on the South Coast because of its suitability as a shore Director of Veneer and Lumber Co. Ltd., Western Arm site. On James Cook's 1765 map he shows a fishing stage at Lumber and Trading Co. Ltd., Baie Verte Lumber Co. Ltd., "Dawsson's Cove." Head speculates that the fish caught at and Newfoundland Wood Exporters Ltd. He was elected Dawson's Cove was shipped to markets via St. Jacques, President of William Dawe and Sons Ltd. in 1928. Wilfred which was one of the main fishing centres on the South Coast, Dawe was an active public figure as well, serving as one of and that the population of Dawson's Cove was probably far three Newfoundland representatives at the Imperial Economic greater in the summer months. Head postulates that it was ap­ Conference at Ottawa in 1932. He was elected a member of proximately three times the winter population. Dawson's the *National Convention qv for Bay Roberts on June 21, Cove was reported on the Census of 1845 with a population of 1946. Dawe is also remembered for being instrumental in the seventeen; all were members of the Church of England. The establishment of a barter system of Newfoundland *pit props year-round population grew slowly: by 1874 Dawson's Cove qv for coal, a system which helped reduce unemployment in numbered forty-three and by 1891 the population was ninety­ the 1930s. Wilfred Dawe retired in 1960. He died on August six. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) reported three 31, 1963. Eric Dawe (interview, July 1980), "Chester Dawe resident fishermen: Samuel Crew, Martin Rose and Robert Limited" (1967), Who's Who in and from Newfoundland Wells whom E.R. Seary (1976) reports was a resident of (1927; 1930?; 1937?). DCM Dawson's Cove in 1857. Other families who later moved to DA WE, WILLIAM (fl.1790-1840). Lawyer. In the January the community included the Andersons, Herritts, and Love­ 28, 1817 edition of the Royal Gazette the following notice ap­ lesses. peared: The early economy of Dawson's Cove was based on the in- DAWSON'S COVE, DE ALBERTI 601 --;;~ shore cod fishery and the salmon fishery. From 1871 to 1883 hours behind Universal time (four hours in Labrador). The Dawson's Cove fishermen S. Green and Samuel Crew were idea of putting clocks ahead to take advantage of the seasonal referred to in Salmon Warden Henry Camp's yearly reports; variation in the number of hours of sunlight appears to have their salmon catch was sold to Bowring Brothers, Gorman been first suggested by Benjamin Franklin in a 1784 essay en­ and Newman and later Newman's of Harbour Breton qv (JLC titled ''An Economic Project.'' A similar idea was suggested 1871-1883, quoted in J. Dollimount: 1968). At the turn of the to the Government of Great Britain in 1907 by William Wil­ century there was a number of family-owned lobster factories lett, a London building contractor, and in the same year Wil­ in the settlement, as well as a Church of England school. The lett explained his plan for giving people more daylight hours population of Dawson's Cove has remained fairly constant at during the summer months to John Anderson qv, a New­ around 150, approximately twenty families. Dawson's Cove foundland businessman and member of its Legislative Coun­ was connected by road to Seal Cove and Hermitage qqv and a cil since 1904, who was in London on a business trip. Great breakwater was built to improve harbour facilities, which in­ Britain and a number of other European countries adopted cluded a government wharf and a small boat wharf in 1981. daylight saving time in 1916 in an effort to conserve fuel dur­ C.G. Head (1976), E.R. Seary (1976), Census (1845-1976), ing World War I. After 1907 Anderson became a proponent List of Electors (1928), Sailing Directions Newfoundland of daylight saving time in Newfoundland and he introduced (1980). Map I. JEMP Bills into its Legislative Council in 1909 and 1910, but nei­ DAY BOOK. The first copy of this newspaper was issued on ther of the Bills was passed. However, he introduced a third January 1, 1862 from the office of the Public Ledger in the Bill in 1917, the Daylight Saving Act (8 Geo. V, c. 9), which basement of the Exchange Building. A month later the office was passed and became law on June 17 of that year, making was moved to Water Street, then opposite Baine, Johnston Newfoundland the first area in North America to adopt day­ and Company. In October of the same year the Day Book re­ light saving time. The Bill stated that at nine o'clock in the located for the last time, to the old Morning Post office on the evening of the second Sunday in June clocks would be put corner of Duckworth and Cathedral Street. ahead to ten o'clock and would not be turned back until the The Day Book, which was issued daily, was founded by last Sunday in September. For many years afterwards daylight Francis Winton on October 31, 1861. In addition to being the saving time in Newfoundland was known as "Anderson's paper's proprietor Winton became the publisher and editor as Time.'' During World War II clocks were put ahead two well. On August 24, 1865 the last edition of the Day Book ap­ hours to allow people to carry out their daily activities before peared. The name of the paper was changed to the Morning the nightly blackout. Daylight saving time remained under Chronicle qv which began publication on August 30, 1865. Provincial jurisdiction after Confederation in 1949, and by Day Book (Jan. 1, 1862-Aug. 24, 1865 passim), Archives GN 1952 it was the time between midnight of the last Sunday in 32/22. DCM April and midnight of the last Sunday in September. By 1970 DAY CARE CENTRES. See CHILD WELFARE. the daylight saving time period was extended to midnight of DAY, JOHN ifl. 1497). An English merchant, whose corre­ the last Saturday in October. J. Penny (interview, Sept. spondence with a Spanish notable, believed to be Christopher 1981), The Evening Herald (June 9, 1917), ET (Jan. 28, Columbus, provided recent evidence of John Cabot's qv 1497 1962), The Georgian (Feb. 25, 1981), NQ (Summer, 1977), voyage. The letter was brought to light in 1956 by Dr. L.A. Where & When (Mar. 1979). EPK Vignerais; it had been written either late in 1497 or early in DE AGRAMONTE, JUAN. See AGRAMONTE, JUAN DE. 1498 and contained detailed information on Cabot's voyage. DE ALBERTI (D'ALBERTI) TRANSCRIPT. In 1902 a dis­ According to Day, Cabot set sail from Bristol in 1496 but be­ pute occurred between Newfoundland and Quebec over the cause of difficulties encountered with his crew namely, a ownership of Labrador (see LABRADOR BOUNDARY DIS­ shortage of food and bad weather, he had to turn back. Cabot PUTE). The controversy lasted for twenty-five years until it left England toward the end of May and sailed thirty-five days was finally settled by the British Privy Council in 1927. In before sighting land. Day's letter also contains evidence that order to prepare its case for presentation to the Privy Council, North America was discovered by men of Bristol before the Government of Newfoundland in the 1910s hired (through Cabot: "It is considered certain that the Cape of the said land a sub-contract) the well-known British paleographist Leonora was found and discovered in the past by the men from Bristol De Alberti (1870-1934) and her sister Amelia (1872- ?) to who found Brasil, as your lordship knows. It was called the search through the handwritten documents from the Colonial Island of Brasil, and it is assumed and believed to be the Office Records in the Public Records Office in London and mainland that the men from Bristol found." Day also had in transcribe correspondence and documents relating to New­ his possession a copy of a map which outlines the area discov­ foundland and Labrador. Their work lasted intermittently for ered by Cabot which he sent to Spain. Nothing is known of several years and the data they gathered covered the period Day but what is revealed in his letter. G.A. Williamson 1780-1825. A typescript was made of the documents and oc­ (1962), DCB (1). EMD cupied thousands of pages. In 1981 there were bound copies DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME. The time used in Newfoundland of the transcript in thirty-three volumes at the Centre for New­ and Labrador between midnight of the last Sunday in April foundland Studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland and midnight of the last Sunday in October, which on the Is­ and a collection of the command papers and microftlm copies land is two and one-half hours behind Universal Time (the at the Newfoundland Public Archives. mean solar time at the prime meridian in Greenwich, Eng­ The De Alberti sisters were sisters-in-law of St. John's land) and in Labrador three hours behind, as distinct from the business man and musician Sir Charles Hutton qv. They were time used in the Province throughout the rest of the year descended from the London branch of the family of the Fif­ (Newfoundland Standard Time) which is three and one-half teenth Century Florentine sculptor Leon Alberti lfl. 1472). 602 DE ALBERTI, DE RUYTER Little is known of Amelia but Leonora was a very prominent towed in to the port of Horta. He did not arrive in Rome until pioneer in the suffragette movement and a member of the June 16 and the mail from Newfoundland did not reach the Catholic Women's Suffrage Society. In 1915 she founded, Rome Post Office until June 22. There some of the letters and for several years edited, The Catholic Citizen, a publica­ were backstamped June 16, others were postmarked June 22 tion of the Catholic Woman's Suffrage Society. For six years and some were given both postmarks. Twenty letters sent in after 1920 she also served as Honorary Secretary of the Coun­ care of the United States consulate in Rome were additionally cil for the Representation of Women on the League of Na­ stamped with "American Consulate General June 23, 1927- tions. An expert paleographist with a wide knowledge of Rome." However, the mail did eventually reach its intended Spanish and Italian documents she (and her sister) made a destinations. valuable contribution to Newfoundland's case in the Labrador Four of the three hundred specially overprinted stamps Boundary Dispute. She died in London March 27, 1934. were damaged and subsequently destroyed by the Post Office. " Correspondence with Governor's Office in Newfoundland The remaining stamps were distributed as follows: (D' Alberti Transcripts)" (1-11, IV-XXXIV), The London 258-sold over the counter Times (Mar. 28, 1934), The Veteran (July 1934). BGR 20--presented to De Pinedo DE BEAUBASSIN, MICHEL LENEUF DE LA VAL­ 2-presented to C. Harvey, Italian Consul in Newfound­ LIERE. See LENEUF DE LA VALLIERE ET DE BEAU­ land BASSIN, MICHEL. 2-sold to Walter S. Monroe, Prime Minister of New­ DE BROUILLAN, JOSEPH DE MOMBETON DE SAINT­ foundland OVIDE. See MOMBETON DE SAINT-OVIDE DE 7-sold to W.J. Woodford, Minister of Post and Tele­ BROUILLAN, JOSEPH DE. graphs DE GRAU. See CAPE ST. GEORGE-PETIT JARDIN­ 5- sold to J .S. Hodder, Deputy Minister of Post and GRAND JARDIN-DE GRAD-MARCHES POINT­ Telegraphs LORETTO. 2-sold to W.J. O'Neill, Private Secretary to W .J. DE LA VALLIERE DE BEAUBASSIN, MICHEL LEN­ Woodford. EUF. See LENEUF DE LAVALLIERE ET DE BEAUBAS­ 296 total available SIN, MICHEL. (W.S. Boggs: 1942, p. 143) DE MOMBETON DE SAINT-OVIDE DE BROUILLAN, Of the stamps sold over the counter 225 were used on let­ JOSEPH. See MOMBETON DE SAINT-OVIDE DE ters; the other 33 were unused. Prime Ministe' Monroe used BROUILLAN, JOSEPH DE. one of his on a letter to Premier Benito Mussolini. In 1981 a DE MONTIGNEY, JACQUES TESTARD. See TESTARD mint condition (unused) copy of the "Airmail De Pinedo DE MONTIGNEY, JACQUES. 1927" (Newfoundland C4) was valued at $25,000 on the in­ DE PINEDO, COL. FRANCESCO (1890-1933). Aviator. ternational philatetic market. In a stamp auction held by East­ Born Naples, Italy. Educated Naples; Royal Military College, ern Auctions Ltd., Bathurst, New Brunswick on April 25-26, Rome. De Pinedo entered the Italian navy during World War I 1981 , a used cover (stamp still on envelope) of the De Pinedo and later became a naval aviator. With the organization of the issue sold for $16,500. W.S. Boggs (1942), Lyman's Stan­ Royal Air Force of Italy after the end of World War I, De Pin­ dard Catalogue of Canada-BNA Postage Stamps (1981), edo became Chief of Staff. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean Canadian Stamp News (June 23 , 1981), ET (Sept. 4, 1933), twice, but was killed during a third attempt when he burned to New York Times (Sept. 3, 1933). BGR death beneath the wreckage of his monoplane Santa Lucia in DE ROBERVAL, JEAN FRANCOIS DE LA ROCQUE. See Floyd Bennett Field, New York City on September 3, 1933. ROBER VAL, JEAN FRANCOIS DE LA ROCQUE DE. He had planned to fly to Baghdad, but the plane could not lift DE RUYTER, ADMIRAL. off, left the runway and exploded. {f1 .1665). Naval Officer. In During his flight across the Atlantic in 1927 De Pinedo 1665 France and England em­ landed at Trepassey, Newfoundland. He was approached by barked on a war with the Dutch. the Government of Newfoundland with a request to convey That same year Dutch Admiral mail from Newfoundland to Europe. Though reluctant to do De Ruyter successfully attacked so De Pinedo agreed to take a limited number of letters. A St. John's and on June 6, 1665 special stamp was needed for the historic voyage. The Post captured the city. G. S. Graham Office officials in a gesture to De Pinedo because of King ( 1946) maintains that De Henry VII's charter to John Cabot, qv who was an Italian, de­ Ruyter's fleet were responsible cided to overprint three hundred (three sheets of 100 stamps for the destruction of fishing per sheet) copies of the 60¢ denomination Cabot Comme­ rooms at Bay Bulls and Petty morative Issue of 1897 bearing the portrait of King Henry VII Harbour during the June coastal Admiral De Ruyter with the words " AIR MAIL/DE PINED0/1927." The over­ raids. D.W. Prowse (1895) in- print was in three lines of red ink and was done at the offices dicates that because France was involved in the war Plaisance of the Daily News. Letters were accepted at the General Post was also subject to attack. Prowse notes successful raids by Office by W.J. Woodford, Minister of Posts and Telegraphs the Dutch against the French community of Newfoundland as and postmarked "St. John's May 20, 1927" and "Trepassey late as 1676. Three years earlier the Dutch had sacked the May 21, 1927. " community of Ferryland and were repelled at St. John's by De Pinedo left Trepassey on May 23 , 1927 but was forced Captain Christopher Martin qv from the brig Elias Andrews . down two hundred miles off the Azores qv and had to be Martin's company erected cannon on the site of Sir David DE RUYTER, DEAFNESS 603 ~..., Kirke's qv old batteries at St. John's harbour. Prowse notes and the catch was sold at Port au Choix although traditionally that De Ruyter felt the attack on St. John's would not have Deadman's Cove has maintained close family and commer­ been attempted (in 1665) if the harbour had been defended by cial ties with Anchor Point. In 1980 cod, herring and scallops cannon. G.S. Graham (1946), D.W. Prowse (1895). WCS were the main catches at Deadman's Cove. Church and DE TERNAY, CHARLES-HENRI-LOUIS D'ARSAC. See school facilities were shared with Flowers Cove qv. Robert ARSAC DE TERN A Y, CHARLES-HENRI-LOUIS D'. Genge (1973), C.G. Head (1963), Canon J.T. Richards DEAD ISLANDS. See CHARLOTTETOWN, LABRADOR. (1953), Roy Russell (interview, Dec. 1980), Census (1874- DEADMANS BAY (pop. 1976, 218). A fishing community 1976), JLC (1877). Map D. JEMP northwest of Lumsden qv on the "Straight Shore" of Bona­ DEAF, NEWFOUNDLAND SCHOOL FOR THE. Estab­ vista Bay. The first record of settlement of Deadman's Bay lished in 1964. In 1981 the Newfoundland School for the was in 1845 when twenty-four people, two of whom were Deaf was the only facility in the Province specifically aimed born in England, were reported in the Census. These settlers at educating children with impaired hearing. Before the open­ were members of the Church of England, and fishermen. ing of this school, children had to be sent out of the Province There was one Labrador banking vessel reported. By 1857 the to institutions on the mainland. (From the age of six to the age population had doubled and twenty acres of land had been of sixteen they could attend a school at Amherst, Nova Sco­ cleared as families moved to Deadman's Bay from Lumsden, tia.) The basic facilities were made available with the closing Bonavista qv and Cape Freels qv. In 1901 the population had of the United States base at Fort Pepperrell and the Royal dropped to thirty-six, and the population continued to decline Canadian Air Force station near Torbay. The first school until after 1921, when it again increased steadily to nearly I 00 opened in the Fall of 1965 at Pepperrell (Pleasantville) but people in 1945 and 180 people in 1956. By 1901 the people of was later transferred to the Torbay facility where it was still Deadman's Bay had converted to Methodism and in 1981 the located in 1981. community was principally United Church and Salvation In 1981 the school was operated by the Department of Edu­ Army. cation, Special Services Division. The school took children Although Deadman's Bay may have first been settled as a up to the age of eighteen and provided residence for approxi­ base for the Labrador fishery, the inshore fishery mainly sup­ mately one hundred students. The number of students occupy­ ported the community after 1869. Deadman's Bay is close to ing the residence in that year was seventy-eight with a total excellent fishing grounds and, despite its location on an ex­ enrolment of one hundred and sixteen. The total teaching posed, sandy stretch of the coastline, and severe fall storms, staff, including the principal, was thirty. the fishery has been diverse and successful. C. G. Head Services were provided for parents of deaf pre-schoolers in (1963) reported a thriving fishing community of 211 in 1963, the form of workshops and special instructions in the home. sixty of whom were full time fishermen. Winter employment Itinerate teaching services were also provided to schools had been mainly trapping and logging until the devastating under the Avalon Consolidated and R.C. School Boards. The forest fire of summer 1961 destroyed much of the timber of school attempted to train and educate the deaf to perform any Northeast Newfoundland. job that did not directly depend on the sense of hearing. Ro­ In 1963 electricity was available for the first time in Dead­ salind Whiteway (interview, May 1981), Janet Dicks et al man's Bay. The community had its own elementary school (1981), F.W. Rowe (1976; 1980), DA (June 1978). EMD and sent its high school students to Lumsden. By 1981, 72 DEAF, NEWFOUNDLAND TELETYPWRITERS ASSO­ hectares (178 acres) of the area had been turned into a public CIATION FOR THE. The Teletypwriter (TTY) is a tele­ beach called Deadman's Bay Beach. In 1981 the fishermen of phone system which enables the deaf to communicate with Deadman's Bay landed catches of cod, flounder, catfish, her­ each other. The TTY Association was formed in 1974 by ring, mackerel, salmon, squid and lobster. C. G. Head (1963), Hammond Taylor and Bill Snow in an effort to provide and Roy Russell (interview, Dec. 1980), Census (1845-1976), maintain the TTY communication system. The original TTYs Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Tourism, Recre­ were donated by Canadian National Telecommunications ation and Culture Provincial Parks Statistics 1978 (1979). (Terra Nova Tel). There were approximately sixty TTYs in Map G. JEMP Newfoundland in 1981, most of them located around St. DEADMAN'S COVE (pop. 1976, 33). Fishing settlement lo­ John's. Jack Jardin (interview, May 1981). EMD cated between Flowers Cove qv and Anchor Point qv. Dead­ DEAFNESS, NEWFOUNDLAND CO-ORDINATING man's Cove is situated on a flat coastal plain "at the edge of COUNCIL ON. Founded in 1975, it was in 1981 one of the the open waters of the Strait of Belle Isle" (C.G. Head: ten provincial councils that made up the Canadian Co-ordinat­ 1963). Although it is near excellent fishing grounds, Dead­ ing Council on Deafness. The Council, located in St. John's, man's Cove has a poor harbour, with shallow waters and served the entire Province. Membership consisted of the vari­ shoals that extend out into the Strait on both sides of the cove. ous Provincial Government departments and agencies which Canon J.T. Richards (1953) reports that James Chambers, a dealt with the deaf and of two voluntary associations, the St. seal fisherman, was the first known seasonal inhabitant of John's Association of the Deaf and the St. John's Parents As­ Deadman's Cove. The first recorded settler was Issac Genge sociation. The objectives of the Council were to co-ordinate (JLC: 1873) from Hardington, Somerset, and the son of Wil­ the efforts and services of all member groups, to develop pro­ liam Genge of Anchor Point. In 1874 one family (Genge) grammes for the deaf at the provincial level, to educate the prosecuted the cod, herring and seal fisheries. These seasonal public about deafness, to identify and collate service and re­ fisheries were supplemented by winter logging, the operation search programmes for the deaf and hard of hearing, to advise of the Genge family business and some trading with Blanc and consult with member groups on programmes and opera­ Sablan. In 1960 shrimp and scallop dragging was introduced tional development, to act as a general advocacy group for the 604 DEAFNESS, DECKER hard of hearing, and to obtain funds necessary for achieving a duty of one to eleven per cent on the estates of all persons their objectives. They also arranged for such services as trans­ dying after the passing of the Act. In I934 the revised Act of lation in the courts. Laurie Cashin (interview, June I98I), March 3I, I934 (Death Duties Act: I934, no. 7) provided for Janet Dicks et al (198I). EMD the waiving of death duties on the estates of those who were DEARIN, JOHN J. (I8I8?-I890). Druggist; politician. As killed in military service during World War I. In I940 a sec­ early as I864 John Dearin and his brother George operated a ond revision provided for an increase in duties by a surtax. drug and apothecary shop in St. John's. The store, known as Death and Succession (Inheritance) duties continued to be the St. John's Medical Hall, was located at I62 Water Street collected by the Newfoundland Government as a part of the and provided numerous conveniences for the general public, income tax laws established in I929. including dental extractions and other dental work. According In I949 Death Duties were suspended after estate and suc­ to Paul O'Neill (I975) the shop later invested in a popular da­ cession taxes were transferred to the Government of Canada guerrotype portrait service for customers. John Dearin contin­ under section 27 (I) of the Terms of Union of Newfoundland ued the business after the death of George, sometime before with Canada. From 1949 to I958 succession duties were ad­ I885. ministered under the Dominion Succession Duty Act. From Eliz. II, Chapt. 29, I958) controlled all death duties under an amended formula. On January I, I972 the Newfoundland Government passed the Newfoundland Succession Duty Act (1972, no. 40) which governed the administration of death, estate and succession taxes, until April 9, I974 when the Succession Duty Repeal Act (I974, no. 76) came into force. On February I, I980 Newfoundland death duties legisla­ tion was officially suspended in the Province although no duties of succession or estate had been enforced after I974. PROPRIETOR ANO llfPORTER, Angus Adams (interview, I98I), Gus Sinnott (interview,

Kc~ps const.1ntly for 1<1lc nt hi• E •t.1blishmcnt n complct

l'h ys i c i nn~' P rrc::rri ptions cnr,.fnlly i:Omponnded, Rnd orders R.ns wered with the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, the St. c&rc nnd t.l cc;; r'"h~ h . F arm t· r~ n.n1l Ph,\· ~i c-i nn " from the country '•ill find my s tock of ,\l('dicincs complett>, Wn.rmnlcll Genuine, n. nd of the Ueat Quality. John's Jaycees, and by League members themselves. The Paynes' and Ayer's Family Medicines, Johnson's Anodyne Newfoundland Federated League of Debaters promotes debat­ .. Liniment, Sugar Coated Pills, Parson's Rat Exter· mlnator, Brown's Bronchial Troches, ing and public speaking in Newfoundland high schools, and Davie' P11ln Killer, co-ordinates tournaments and workshops for high-school stu­ nud 1\ll pn)miAr I'ATMHT MJIJDW INJI:I\. Agrnt f(Jr lbc pr incipllll Pate at Medicines, both of EnglAn d nnd America. ManufncLurt r of Pure Cod Linr Oil dents. It also arranges for speakers to participate in national for Medicinal uses, h.Y Wholesft)('l nnd Rrtnil. competitions and workshops sponsored by the Canadian Stu­ dent Debating Federation. Marie Dowden (interview, Oct. ST. .JOHNS, N. F. I980). JEMP DEBT. See ECONOMY; FINANCE. Advertisement 1865 DECIMAL COINAGE. See CURRENCY. DECKER, GEORGE (1895- I963). Fisherman. Born L'anse D. W. Prowse (I895) reported that Dearin had entered pub­ au Meadow qv. Educated L'anse au Meadow. Decker was a lic life by November I873 as a member of the House of As­ descendant of the first white settler at L'anse au Meadow, sembly for St. John's East. Dearin was defeated in St. John's William Decker. George Decker grew up in the community East in November I878 but was returned to the district in No­ and was a fisherman for most of his life. In the I920s and vember 1882. He did not occupy a seat in the House of As­ I930s he served as postmaster for the area. In the late I950s sembly from October 1885 to his return to the District of St. Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad qqv came to Newfoundland to John's East in November I889. On July 26, I890 Dearin died investigate possible sites of Viking settlement. Decker and at St. John's. Thomas Hutchinson (1864), J.A. Rochfort many of the residents of L'anse au Meadow knew of a site (1877), John Sharpe (1885), Newfoundland Historical Soci­ which had been popular in local stories. The stories, passed ety (J.J. Dearin), Yearbook (I880; 1882; I889; I890). WCS on from generation to generation, told of an Indian burial DEATH DUTIES. In an effort to generate additional revenues ground close to the community. Decker contacted the Ing­ for Newfoundland an Act was passed on September 7, 19I4 stads and they came to Newfoundland in I959. The Ingstads with respect to death duties (5 Geo. V, c. 11). The Act, ad­ were very interested and the Premier, J.R. Smallwood, gave ministered by the Minister of Finance and Customs, imposed Decker the authority to prevent trespassing on the site. The ar- ""j:, DECKER,DEEPBAY 605 cheological dig was begun in July 1960 and was fully under and the magazine was printed by Robinson-Blackmore Print­ way by 1961. Decker's son, Lloyd, broke the first section of ing and Publishing Limited of St. John's. Funding for the ground in 1960 and during the summer of 1961 worked for the publication, which continued to be distributed free to resi­ Ingstads on the dig. George Decker did not live to see the dents of the Province, was provided through the Extension completion of work on the site in 1968 and the fmal confirma­ Service of Memorial University and through advertising tion of the find as a Viking settlement. He died on October which was carried in the publication from early 1981; a 19, 1963. Lloyd Decker (interview, Sept. 1981), A.S. lng­ charge of $6 per year is applied to all subscriptions from peo­ stad (1977), Helge Ingstad (1969). DPJ ple living outside the Province. Wayne Stockwood (inter­ DECKS AWASH. Both a television programme and a magazine view, Oct. 1981), Decks Awash (1962-1981), Decks Awash publication of the Extension Service of Memorial University ... Annual Report 1964 (1964?), MUN Gazette (Feb 22, of Newfoundland. In January 1962 the Extension Service of 1980), Outline of Decks Awash (1961-1965), Produced for the University initiated a series of television programmes Television by the Extension Service, Memorial University dealing with the fisheries in the Province. The series, which (1966), Report of the President, Memorial University of New- consisted of half-hour-long shows aired weekly for about thir­ foundland (1963?-1980?). CFH teen weeks each year on the Newfoundland Broadcasting DEEP BAY (pop. 1976, 150). A fishing community located on Company network, continued until the spring of 1977, when the southwest shore of Hare Bay; a small, deep bay on the Extension Service decided that the content of the show was west side of Fogo Island, south of Fogo, Deep Bay was called too closely matched by the material presented in another se­ Hare Bay until it was renamed after 1956, possibly to avoid ries aired on the Canadian Broadcasting Company's network confusion with Hare Bay qv in Bonavista Bay. Hare Bay was in the Province. settled early in the Nineteenth Century by English settlers In the meantime a written publication, also called Decks who came to Fogo, probably via the Slade Company based in A wash, was begun by Extension as the newsletter to accom­ Newfoundland at Trinity and Fogo. E.R. Seary (1976) rec­ pany the television show. The newsletter was mailed periodi­ ords a William Hare bin or Harbin at Hare Bay in 1841, a Jane cally to a large number of fishermen around the Province and Kennedy in 1847 and a James Nippard in 1857. Hare Bay was in it were carried summaries of the television programmes. first recorded in the Census, 1845, with a population of The newsletter was abandoned, however, and was replaced in twenty-three, all Church of England adherents. The settle­ July, 1968 by a publication of the same name which was inde­ ment reported eight fishermen and one sealing vessel. By pendent of the television series. Distributed free of charge, 1857 the population had grown to seventy (including three the new publication dealt with a variety of matters of interest, English-born residents) in fourteen families and by 1869 the especially to rural Newfoundlanders. Included in the issues population had risen to 107 with the addition of several were articles on rural development associations, co-opera­ Roman Catholic families. In addition to the names recorded tives, fisheries developments and news of rural communities by Seary, Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) reported in the Province. Although plans were made as early as Febru­ that by 1871 there were also the Coates, Cole, Downer, ary 1970 to tum the publication into a regular bi-monthly Eason, Mullens, Painter (Paynter), Snow and Waterman fam­ magazine, Decks Awash continued to be issued sporadically; ilies in Hare Bay. Hare Bay was advantageously situated on the tip of Fogo by December 1972 only eleven issues had been published. In Island for both the inshore cod fishery and the Labrador seal 1973 a number of changes were made to the publication: the hunt and cod fishery which were the economic mainstays of page size of the magazine was increased and the number of ar­ the settlement until the 1930s, when the inshore fishery be­ ticles contained in each issue was increased; the format of the came the only fishery. Other natural advantages were also magazine was changed to include a large feature section deal­ recognized early: in 1876 it was reported that Hare Bay had a ing with a broad major topic in each issue as well, and in Oc­ "fine anchorage; small boats from ten to twelve quintals; no tober of the same year the publication began publishing every seines used; squid and herring bait plentiful'' (JHA: 1877, ap­ second month. In August, 1974 a final major change was pendix p. 276). The settlement had a Church of England made when every second issue's feature section was devoted School by 1891 to serve Hare Bay's twenty-two families and to a geographic area of the Province. The newly-styled publi­ later the Good Shepherd Anglican church was built. cation increased circulation and by late 1974, 12,500 copies Deep Bay was the last community on Fogo Island to be of each issue were being mailed out. Since 1974 essentially linked (by the 1960s) to other communities by road. The pop­ the same format has been maintained and has continued to be ulation has remained fairly constant: in 1956 Deep Bay num­ successful. The special sections in each issue have been de­ bered 106 inhabitants (down from 148 in 1951); however, de­ voted to such topics as the news media, Conception Bay spite the resettlement of ten households totalling forty-nine North, the Railway, sawrnilling, agriculture, the Southwest people (mainly to Fogo) between 1966 and 1975, Deep Bay's Coast and tourism. Each issue also contains shorter articles on population rose after 1971. A co-operative organization once more narrowly defined topics, which vary from issue to issue, operated in the settlement and in 1978 it was the site of a such as the marketing of salt cod, and the government swine branch fishplant operated by Notre Dame Bay Fisheries. Deep breeding programme; a few regular columns are also carried. Bay also had a motel and a small multi-grade school serving In 1981 circulation amounted to over 24,600. The staff of Kindergarten to Grade Seven. Fishing and plant work were the publication included an editor, two writers, a production the main employments in Deep Bay. Some bakeapples were and advertising manager and a circulation manager. Re­ also picked for sale. E.R. Seary (1976), Robert Wells (1960), search, writing and photography for each issue was performed Census (1845-1976), DA (Aug. 1978), JHA (1877), Lovell's by the editor and the two writers; photographic development Newfoundland Directory (1871), Statistics: Federal Provin­ and printing was conducted by ETV at Memorial University, cial Resettlement Program (1975?). Map F. JEMP 606 DEEP BRIGHT, DEEP SEA MISSIONS DEEP BIGHT (pop. 1976, 209). A lumbering community lo­ 1905 continued to operate (although by alternate power) until cated on the western shore of the northwest ann of Trinity the early 1970s, when it was reported to be structurally sound Bay, Deep Bight was one of several small settlements which and in very good condition. The mill, one of only two intact grew up in the area in the 1850s and 1860s (others included waterwheel sawmills remaining in Newfoundland (the other Milton, Piston Mere, Maggotty Cove and Foster's Point qqv) being the large mill near Avondale qv, Conception Bay), be­ based on small-scale logging operations. Although the name came the object of tourist and concerned-citizen interest Deep Bight implies deep water, these depths are found off­ though sawmilling had ceased to be the basis of the Deep shore. Around the community itself are mud and sand flats Bight economy, which, in 1981, relied mainly on construc­ which provide safe anchorage for small boats. Deep Bight tion work and service industry jobs in addition to some sea­ was chosen as a millsite because of its fast-flowing stream, sonal sawmilling. A society for the Preservation of the Deep level land and excellent timber stands. Deep Bight and the Bight Water Wheel was formed c .1978 and they presented a other small-scale lumbering operations dotting the wooded brief to the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador urg­ inlets of Trinity Bay were originally established to supply ing the restoration of the mill, which had fallen into disrepair. lumber for the prosperous fishing settlements of Old Perlican, By 1980 the Chamber of Commerce in Clarenville was inter­ Hant's Harbour and Grates Cove qqv which were situated in ested in constructing a replica of the Deep Bight sawmill in prime fishing sites where the limited supply of timber had Clarenville using parts from the old mill, which had continued been exhausted. According to E.R. Seary (1976) a Job Pelley to deteriorate. James Hiller (1981), Alexander Robertson was granted land at Deep Bight in 1858. In 1874, 417 inhabi­ (1979), Census (1874-1976), JLC (1882; 1883; 1884), New­ tants were reported in Northwest Arm, having come from foundland Historical Society (Deep Bight). Map H. JEMP Trinity, Bonaventure, Hant's Harbour, New Harbour and DEEP COVE (pop. 1945, 20). A resettled fishing community Scilly Cove (Winterton) qqv to exploit the forest resources at located on the west side of Placentia Bay, Deep Cove was set­ settlements such as Deep Bight, Adeytown and Foster's tled by the mid-Nineteenth Century. Hutchinson's Newfound­ Point. A Samuel Short was granted land at Deep Bight in land Directory for 1864-1865 (1864) listed John Hickey and 1882. That year a Methodist school was reported, with Martin Ryan as planters of Deep Cove; however, the commu­ twenty-two pupils taught by a C. Ansford, Jr. (JLC: 1883). nity was not reported in census returns as an independent The following year it was reported that the Deep Bight stream community until 1891, when a population of twenty-seven had a sawmill. was recorded, all Roman Catholics, who prosecuted the In 1891 Deep Bight was reported in the census, for the first small-boat inshore cod-fishery. The population of Deep Cove time, as an independent settlement, with a population of remained at about twenty (Collins, Canning, Dunphy, twenty-eight, all Methodists. Fishing and farming were also Hickey, Johnston and Leonard families) until the community important sources of employment (homesteaders planted the resettled after 1945. Census (1891-1945), Hutchinson's New­ fields and gardens of Deep Bight with apple trees); however, foundland Directory for 1864-1865 (1864), List of Electors the building of the trans-Newfoundland railway created a ( 1928). JEMP boom in the lumber industry and at the turn of the century DEEP SEA MISSIONS (ROYAL NATIONAL MISSION there were an estimated 150 water-powered sawmills operat­ TO DEEP SEA FISHERMEN). During a visit to the Labra­ ing in Newfoundland (Alexander Robertson: 1979). In the dor coast in 1891 H.S. Hapwood of the British Board of spring of 1905 William A very and his sons and a brother Trade (who later became Director of the Mission to Deep Sea James A very constructed a waterwheel sawmill almost en­ Fishermen) and a Moravian Missionary who accompanied tirely of local spruce (with the exception of the pit-wheel teeth him observed the abject poverty and lack of adequate facilities which were birch) that measured 4.3 m (14 ft) from the in the area. wooden pilings to the corrugated tin roof. The waterwheel Upon their return to England the formation of the Royal had a diameter of 5.8 m (19ft). Wood cut at the Avery and National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen was proposed. In other mills was bought by schooner traders who paid approxi­ June of 1892 the first Superintendent, Dr. Wilfred Grenfell qv mately $7 per 305 m (1 ,000 ft) and who resold the lumber to sailed from Great Yarmouth with a staff of nine aboard the companies in St. John's and Carbonear for use in the con­ 97-ton hospital ship Albert to treat an estimated 900 cases on struction of boats, furniture, biscuit boxes, and fish casks. At the Labrador coast that year. The vessel established its first peak operation about 3,000 logs were reportedly sawed at the Labrador port of call at Domino qv and later travelled to mill in one year (Newfoundland Historical Society: Deep Moravian qv Mission stations as far north as Hopedale and Bight). By 1911 there were three sawmills reported in Deep settlements in Red Bay on the Southern Labrador coast. The Bight valued at $800. The mills cut 18,000 logs, mainly three-month visit to coastal Labrador was documented in a birch, for logs, staves, shingles and firewood, but none of the brief to Sir Terence O'Brien qv who had made provision for eleven families reported any fishing. In 1921 one vessel was the pilotage of the vessel in Newfoundland and Labrador reported to be engaged in the Labrador fishery, which em­ coastal waters. ployed six men; however, sawmilling (ten sawmills reported) D. W. Prowse ( 1895) notes the absence of a concentrated remained the economic mainstay of the community. assistance system before the establishment of the Deep Sea By 1921 the settlement had a Methodist Church and a Missions on the Labrador coast, with the exception of chance school and by 1935 numbered seventy-nine inhabitants. Al­ visits from military surgeons from British war vessels and a though some farming and inshore fishing were still reported, yearly visit from a doctor from the Newfoundland Govern­ Deep Bight remained, until the 1970s, mainly a logging com­ ment. Missions, however, had been established by the Mora­ munity with three or four sawmills operating at any one time vian Brethern as early as 1771 to assist the native inhabitants in the community. The waterwheel sawmill built by A very in and provide a Mission base to the Inuit population. DEEP SEA MISSIONS, DEER ISLAND 607

The specific aim of the Royal Mission to Deep Sea FishJA! sixty-eight people were reported in Deer Harbour, many of men "was neither sectarian nor political, but simply a philan­ whom had moved from Conception Bay and southeast Trinity thropic work . .. alleviating the condition of the poor Labra­ Bay (Census: 1857). According to Randolph Ivany (1970) dor fishermen and their families , and preaching the Deer Harbour was settled by 1862 by three families from gospel. .. . " (Prowse: 1895). On the second voyage to the Bradley's Cove (Western Bay), Conception Bay. These fami­ coast of Labrador in June 1893 Grenfell was given a small lies, Crockers, Whalens and Kings, were joined by Pennys steam launch, Princess Mary, with which to visit the Mora­ from English Harbour qv and Marshes, Baileys, Newtons, vian coastal stations. Walter Baine Grieve qv donated the fust Purchases and Kelleys from Trinity Bay. In 1871 Lovell listed hospital building to the Mission at Battle Harbour that year, the inhabitants of Deer Harbour (population fifty-three) as which was eventually expanded to accommodate twenty-five Evely, King, Mesh (Marsh), Newton, Penney, Purchase and patients. Efforts by Doctors Grenfell and Bobardt to obtain Whealon (Whalen), all fishermen. subscriptions in Canada and the U.S. for the Mission pro­ The early economy of Deer Harbour was based exclusively grammes resulted in the construction of a second mission hos­ on the small-boat inshore cod, herring and salmon fisheries, pital at Indian Harbour in 1894. Further results of subsequent and by the 1890s Labrador seal hunt and cod fishery were also fund drives included the donation of the steam launch Sir undertaken. In the early 1900s Deer Harbour residents were Donald (donated and maintained by Sir Donald A. Smith) and successful in exploiting their rich timber resources by boat­ the Urelia McKinnon (donated by Dr. Roddick) in 1895, the building (including schooners), and family sawmills which steam launch Julia Sheridan in 1897, the Lord Strathcona in became a feature of the settlement and a major winter employ­ 1899-1900, Daryl in 1906-07, and the P omiuk in 1908. ment. Four sawmills were reported in 1947 (Newfoundland During this period the fust co-operative community store Fisheries Survey: 1952). The Deer Harbour catch was sold to was started at Red Bay (in 1896) in accordance with the mis­ the fish merchant at nearby Thoroughfare qv and in 1952 Deer sion policy "to protect North Sea fishermen from the evil in­ Harbour was reported to have been ''the only settlement in fluence of contraband traders' ' (Rev. P. W. Browne: 1909). In Newfoundland where a man works a cod trap singlehanded" 1909 Grenfell (cited in Browne) maintained that the mission and the average catch was reported to have been seventy to programmes cost an estimated $40,000 per year. With the ex­ seventy-five quintals per man (jl/ewfoundland Fisheries Sur­ ception of annual private subscriptions and small grants from vey: 1952). There was also subsistence farming, mainly pota­ the Newfoundland Government the Mission operated autono­ toes, since the first days of settlement, and eventually a mously to generate its own funds. As a result Grenfell em­ church, a two-room school (which began as a one-room barked on an elaborate series of ventures to fund the mission. school built in the 1880s), a post office and an Orange Lodge. P. T. McGrath (quoted in Browne) noted that "All the enter­ After the beginning of the 1950s a government wharf was prises, co-operative stores, saw mills, fox farms, reindeer, built and in 1955 a new school was built. etc., are deeded over [by Grenfell] to the mission, and be­ Despite Deer Harbour's many natural advantages as a fish­ come its property as they prove profitable.' ' ing and lumbering community it remained connected to other As a result the mission programmes expanded in the early communities on Random Island by trails only. In 1961 a road 1900s to accommodate the establishment of the St. Anthony was started but abandoned a few miles short of completion Hospital in 1900-1901, two additional Co-op stores at West and the lack of a road ultimately prompted Deer Harbour's St. Modeste and Flowers Cove in 1903, an orphanage at St. forty-six families to resettle under the Fisheries Household Anthony by 1904, and schools at St. Anthony, St. Mary's Resettlement Program, mainly to Hickman's Harbour, and to River, Cartwright and Northwest River. Harcourt, Summerside, Little Heart's Ease, Lower Lance In 1905 a third hospital was started in Harrington, Labrador Cove, Winterton, Petley, Southport, Hants Harbour, Random and in the next three years a permanent nurse was stationed at Island, St. John's and Britannia qqv. Deer Harbour fishermen the Forteau Mission. continued to fish their traditional fishing grounds and for sev­ By 1908 Grenfell's efforts had been successful in establish­ eral years after resettlement Deer Harbour supported a small ing an annual fund of $37,000 donated to the Mission by the summer population. Randolph Ivany (1970a), Crystal King Carnegie Foundation. In addition Grenfell had been success­ (1980), Robert Wells (1960), Census ( 1845-1966), Lovell's ful in subscribing staff and assistance from Johns Hopkins, Newfoundland Directory (1871), Newfoundland Fisheries Princeton, Yale and Bowdoin medical and research facilities. Survey (1952), Statistics: Federal-Provincial Resettlement In 1912 the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen Program (1975?). JEMP began phasing out its support for the Mission and it was sub­ DEER ISLAND (pop. 1945, 67). Abandoned fishing commu­ sequently resolved to transfer $5,232.37 of assets to the nity 6.5 km (4 mi) inland from Ramea qv on the south coast newly formed International Grenfell Association qv at its for­ of Newfoundland. The Deer Island settlement was actually mation in Boston, Massachusetts in March 1914. H.M. Mos­ spread over two adjacent islands: Deer Island, 1.6 by 1.2 km dell (1923), F.W. Rowe (1964), Missions in Labrador (1 by .75 mi), and the nearest to the mainland coast, and Bear (1831), Among the Deep Sea Fishers (Apr. 1978), Imperial Island, 4 by 2.5 km (2.5 by 1.5 mi). The first settlers, named Oil Review (1974, No. 3), NQ (Autumn 1940). WCS Strickland, James and Mitchel, came to Deer Island in the DEER HARBOUR (pop. 1966, 171). A resettled fishing com­ 1830s from Fox Island qv , Red Island qv, and Ramea. The ex­ munity located in an almost landlocked, bowl-shaped harbour cellent fishing grounds near Deer Island and the fine stands of on the east side of Random Island, south of Ireland's Eye qv timber on the mainland coast attracted these and later settlers. in Trinity Bay. Deer Harbour's excellent harbour, access to Deer Island's economy was based on the inshore cod, salmon close, favourable fishing grounds, fresh water and good and lobster fishery, and winter fur trapping. The settlement timber stands made it an attractive place to settle, and by 1845 maintained close commercial ties with Ramea and Rencontre 608 DEER ISLAND, DEER LAKE West qv until c.1950 when the salt process of making fish de­ Between 1922 and 1925 the Newfoundland Products Cor­ clined. poration Limited (originally created as a Reid Newfoundland Deer Island had no post office, telegraph line or coastal Company subsidiary in 1915) and Sir W.G. Armstrong boat services. A new Church of England school, used also as Whitworth and Company, Limited constructed a Hydro Elec­ a chapel, was built in 1923, but retaining teachers continued tric Station at Deer Lake. The original proposal noted in the to be the major problem it had been when the original school Journal of the House of Assembly and Legislative Council was built in 1903. In 1916 the Government of Newfoundland (1923) provided for a 100,000 hp. power plant at Deer Lake. built a bridge connecting the two islands of the community. In The plant system would consist of a dam 23 m (75 ft) high 1930 families discontinued their practice of wintering in and 336 m (1200 ft) long along Junction Brook to contain to 3 3 White Bear Bay, and from 1943 to 1954 Deer Island was 8 490 504m (30,000,000 ft ) of water at Grand Lake. The gradually abandoned. Most families chose to resettle in the overall length was reduced to 244 m (800 ft) in construction. Channel-Port aux Basques area under the Fisheries Household The Main Dam at Junction Brook was constructed by the firm 3 3 Resettlement Programme. Donald Crewe (1976), R.J. of W .I. Bishop who poured a total of 25 995 m (34,000 yd ) 3 3 Fletcher (1975), Census (1836-1945). JEMP of concrete along an excavation of 61 164 m (80,000 yd ). DEER ISLAND (BONAVISTA BAY). See BRAGG'S IS­ The dam's five sluice gates drain into a man-made canal LAND, DEER ISLAND AND GREEN'S ISLAND. which displaces some 3 822 775 m3 (5,000,000 yd3) of earth DEER LAKE (inc. 1950; pop. 1976, 4,546). The community is on a strip excavated from Grand Lake, to Glide Brook Lake, located at the eastern end of Deer Lake, northwest of Grand to Deer Lake. Two separate earth banks were proposed to Lake. The lake which is approximately 27 km ( 17 mi) long contain the flow of water at a level 1.5 m (5 ft) below Grand and 6.5 km (4 mi) wide received its name from the migratory Lake until the water in the canal flowed a total distance of ap­ herd of Deer (caribou) which crossed the lake annually from proximately 11 km (7 mi) to a gatehouse above the nine the Northern Peninsula to the interior of Newfoundland. In electric-powered penstocks run down a 76-82 m (250-270 ft) 1867 a Cape Breton Islander named George Nichols began a elevation for 1 219 m (4,000 ft) to the main power house at woods operation at Nicholsville 4.8 km (3 mi) from the pres­ Deer Lake. The powerhouse which was constructed in 1923 is ent community. The Nichols family settled in the area and 122m (400ft) long, 20m (63 ft) wide, and extends 8 m were contracted to cut giant pine for Nova Scotia ship­ (26ft) below ground. On August 24, 1925 the Newfoundland builders. According to Roberta Prowse (1959) the area at­ Power and Paper Company, officially opened the Station. In tracted many agricultural and mineral speculators around the 1924 the immediate area of the site became a permanent set­ turn of the century. In 1890 government geologist J.P. How­ tlement to house construction workers. With the completion ley and his assistant A.J. Bayly surveyed the area for coal de­ of the project, however, the plant employees, which season­ posits. Upon completion of the study Bayly established the ally number between thirty and sixty, settled at the commu­ first farm in the area approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) from nity. The canal system facilitating the transportation of pulp­ Nicholsville. With the construction of the Railway route in wood to Deer Lake caused the escalation of woods operations 1898 he surveyed a road from his farm to the siding at Glide in the area. Deer Lake during the period was the division Brook. From 1900 to 1905 a sawmill was operated by the headquarters for Number Three Territory Woods Operation Humber Lumber Company at Trout Brook 6.5 km (4 mi) (Humber Arm, south of Corner Brook south, Parsons Pond above Nicho1sville. The original owner, Mr. Chisholm, sold west to north and Grand Lake east to the Gulf of St. his timber rights and a river scow named the Swallow to Job Lawrence). The town became division headquarters of Dis­ Brothers of St. John's. In 1910 the area above Nicholsville trict One in 1950. This area extended from Grand Lake to was the site of a bituminous coal enterprise which was to last White Bay. With the establishment of escalated woods opera­ a mere three months producing seven rail cars of coal, accord­ tion, and Deer Lake being made the collecting point for Grand ing to Prowse. Two years later Mr. Myston, a Newfoundland Lake and Hampden Road timber, the expanding community government surveyor, obtained a grant of land stretching from incorporated on April 27, 1950. the Humber River to the railway in the vicinity of the Glide The community has undergone many developments as a re­ Brook. Myston and Tibbits, a New Zealand farmer, planned sult of its strategic position near the Bay of Islands and the to raise sheep in the area. Prowse attributed the failure of the Great Northern Peninsula. The first hospital was started at scheme to the high mortality rate of the livestock and there­ Dear Lake in 1922-23. Samuel Sheehan opened the first non­ turn of both men to military service in World War I. company affiliated supply store c. 1925. It was during 1927 During the war years Oxley mining interests sent T. Land­ that the route of Bayly road was incorporated into the Bonne ings Mills to the area to search for oil shale deposits. Al­ Bay Highway. The highway between Deer Lake and Corner though the three-year prospecting scheme collapsed in 1919 Brook was built and upgraded for automobiles from 1935 to because of falling prices in the world market, the British High 1939. Since the construction of the Department of Highways Commission Report on Resources in 1921 confirmed over 388 depot in 1941 Deer Lake has become an important service km2 (150 mj2) of oil shale in the area with a high percentage centre for highway maintenance in both the Bonne Bay and of crude oil and sulphite of ammonia. In the period from 1915 Northern Peninsula areas. In 1955 an R.C.M.P. detachment to the beginning of the next decade forest resources and hydro was established at Deer Lake, and construction began on a potential were evaluated. Initial surveys were conducted in Permanent Ministry of Transport airstrip. The completion of 1915 to establish the site for a chemical mill in the post-war the airstrip in June 1957 was closely followed by recreational period. The mill was eventually built at Corner Brook as a developments in the community. In September 1958 the Hon. pulp and paper venture which later came under the ownership J .R. Smallwood officially opened the Deer Lake Pool facility. of Bowaters in 1938. During 1960-61 Eastern Provincial Airways and Newfound- DEER LAKE, DELBY' S COVE 609 ~; land Labrador Air Transport Limited began regular service DELANEY, JOHN(? -1883). Politician; amateur meteorol- from Deer Lake; E.P.A. introduced jet service in 1969. ogist. Born Ireland. Delaney arrived in Newfoundland in In 1967 Deer Lake opened a highway tourist chalet service, 1831 where he eventually became Keeper of the House of As­ and a fifty-site municipal camping facility on the Nicholsville sembly. He was the member of the House of Assembly for Road two years later. In 1970 the community upgraded the Placentia and St. Mary's District from 1848 to 1852, 1855 to Hodder Memorial Centre which was started as a centennial­ 1859, and 1859 to 1861, and in 1860 he was appointed Post­ year project. That year an ice plant facility was installed at the master General. Delaney, who had built a meteorological ob­ recreational facilities. Many other advantages have come to servatory in his home at 2 Monkstown Road in St. John's, the area in recent years. Since the early 1920s when a white was the first meteorological observer in Newfoundland, and railway car, number 159, was used as an ambulance, medical he reported his findings to Canadian and United States author­ services have advanced substantially. In 1972 a new hospital ities. Paul O'Neill (1975), J.R. Smallwood (1975). EPK clinic was constructed at Deer Lake complete with dental, DELBY'S COVE (pop. 1945, 23). A fishing settlement situ­ X-Ray and laboratory facilities. The current branch of the ated in a small cove surrounded by hills and cliffs at the en­ Western Regional Library at Deer Lake was opened in Jan­ trance to Smith's Sound, Trinity Bay, this community first uary 1975. That same year Gulf Steel Limited opened a steel appeared in the Census from 1857 to 1874 as Selby's Cove. fabrication plant at Deer Lake. In 1980 the town plan included According to E.R. Seary (1976) Delby is a Newfoundland the expansion of an industrial park, new schools, a post of­ family name which originated in Yorkshire and Leicestershire fice, and other recreation and service facilities. Jamie Hollett and appeared after 1850 in Fortune Harbour qv, Notre Dame {1969-70), Roberta Prowse (1959), John Sharpe et al (n.d.), Bay. The name Del by is unknown and unrecorded as a New­ D.B. Simmons (letter, June 1975), James R. Thoms (1967), foundland family name (E.R. Seary: 1976) and it is possible W.C. Wonders (1951), Municipal Directory (1979), The that Delby is a corruption of the Selby family name. In the Rounder (Apr. 1980), WS (Sept. 13, 1965). WCS first Census to report the community, in 1857, four families DEER LAKE AIRPORT. See AIRPORTS AND AIR- of sixteen people were recorded. These four families were all STRIPS. born in Newfoundland, and it is possible that they moved DEER LAKE HYDRO. See DEER LAKE; ELECTRICITY. from other communities in Trinity Bay to be near new fishing DEFENCE. See WAR MEASURES. berths in Random and Smith Sounds (Census: 1857). E.R. DEGRA T. A deserted French fishing station. It was located Seary (197 6) lists· a Phillip McGrath as a fisherman at Selby's south of Cape Degrat in a sheltered harbour midway on Quir­ Cove in 1857, at Rider's Harbour qv, Trinity Bay, in 1859, pon Island, south of Cape Bauld qv. The earliest documents and Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) lists a Philip examined by Patricia Thornton (1981) indicate that Degrat McGrath as a fisherman at Del by's Cove in 1871, in addition was the site of French fishing activity in 1675, when two to a John McGrath. Seary also lists a Nathaniel Valkey or ships were reported stationed in Degrat Cove. In 1765 it was Vokey, fisherman, of Selby's Cove in 1856, and also a John the site of a larger station that numbered 170 men in thirty­ Wiseman, fisherman, in 1860. Lovell (1871) lists these men seven boats and three large ships. In the Nineteenth Century and also an Aaron Vokey, fisherman, at Delby's Cove which Degrat (or DeGrats) was a frequently-visited French station of he describes as "a small fishing station." These five fisher­ moderate size; the station was occupied year-round from 1869 men and their families formed the nucleus of a community to 1874 by seal hunters who were presumably engaged by the that never exceeded thirty-two people (Census: 1921) and fell French as gardiens. In 1858 there were no French rooms re­ to twenty-three people in the 1950s when H.A. Woods (1952) ported at DeGrats; however, the 1869 Census reports three reported that there were "only two families left. They plan to French schooners with an aggregate weight of 115 tons, in ad­ leave shortly." dition to one Church of England family, numbering seven The economy of Delby's Cove was based on the small-boat people, who were engaged in the seal hunt. Lovell's New­ in-shore cod fishery undertaken in the sheltered waters of foundland Directory (1871) describes "Degrats" as "a fish- nearby Smith Sound, and by the early 1900s the fishery had ing station" and lists James Lawyer and Francis Pierce as res­ broadened to include some herring, salmon and lobster fish­ ident fishermen. In 1872 DeGrat was the site of two French ing. There were also opportunities for berths on the Labrador rooms, twelve boats and eighty-one men, and in 1873 it was vessels leaving British Harbour qv and Ireland's Eye qv. Be­ reported that in addition to the rooms, a French barque and tween 1891 and 1901 a Church of England School was brig were moored in the cove (JHA: 1874) . In the Census of erected in Delby's Cove, providing the first opportunity for an 1874 DeGrat was reported to have had a population of six education for the children of the community's six families. (one family), and "two French rooms" were reported. By The nearest church was in British Harbour, which was con­ 1876 the station had diminished; a fisheries officer reported nected to Delby's Cove by trail, and Delby's Cove fish was "One English Family, Good fishing ... three men, two sold through the merchant at Thoroughfare qv, Ireland's Eye. hundred and twenty Quintals. One French room; two vessels; By 1945 the school was closed and Delby's Cove had no post eighty men" (JLC: 1877, p. 342). Degrat is not listed as a office, telephone, church, school, road, or shop, although the settlement in the 1884 Census and it is probable that, when economic base of the community had broadened to include the cove ceased to be used by the French as a fishing station, some lumbering and one sawmill. The natural abandonment the gardien moved or was engaged elsewhere. According to of the community continued and by 1956 the two remaining Thornton there was no further cod or lobster fishing by the families of Delby's Cove resettled in other Trinity Bay com­ French reported at Degrat by 1893. Patricia Thornton (1981), munities without government assistance. E.R. Seary (1976), Census (1869-1874),JHA (1877),JLC (1877),Lovell'sNew­ H.A. Wood (1952), Census (1857-1945),Lovell's Newfound­ foundland Directory (1871). JEMP land Directory (1871). JEMP 610 DELIGHT, DENTISTRY DELIGHT, THE. The Delight was one of the five ships which 1849 by Dr. Samuel Carson, who also practised in St. John's. Sir Humphrey Gilbert qv in 1583 used to sail in to Newfound­ Outside St. John's, however, except for Harbour Grace, there land on a reconnaissance mission for Queen Elizabeth I of were no dentists, and until 1893 there were no laws or regula­ England. Sir Humphrey's patent from the Queen gave him tions regarding the few dentists there were. Although the first rights to settle a community and provide for its government Dental Act was passed in 1893 (56 Vic. , c. 13) there were and administration. Having landed at St. John's he pro­ delays in setting up the Governing Board of three dentists and claimed England's sovereignty over Newfoundland and sur­ four medical men which was finally accomplished in 1900. veyed the surrounding countryside for samples of mineral In the early Twentieth Century Corner Brook, Grand Falls wealth. and Harbour Grace were the only towns outside of St. John's With the intention of exploring farther south, he sailed into where practising dentists resided. Even then, in order to get unknown waters along the coast. The Delight sank off Sable enough work, dentists travelled the Island, but their numbers Island, east of Nova Scotia. All people on board were lost, were few and dental services were inadequate. During World and with them all the maps, charts and geological samples War II regular in-service dental clinics were established on which were to convince Queen Elizabeth of Newfoundland's the United States and Canadian Armed Forces bases. The worth to England. J.B. Black (1959), Robert Turnbull Grenfell Mission at St. Anthony also provided dental care (1966). CMB when young American graduates formed part of their staff. DEMASDUIT (c.1796-1820). A After Confederation there was a brief influx of dentists who Beothuk Indian captured by had received assistance for their training and who were sent to John Peyton Jr. at Red Indian some of the smaller communities around the Island. At this Lake on the Exploits River, De­ time, after Confederation came, the Newfoundland Govern­ masduit (also called Waunath­ ment also expanded its health care services to include free oake) was named Mary March dental care for children in Grade One (in those towns where after the month in which she there were dentists). The programme gradually expanded over was taken. Demasduit was the the years to include most dental services (orthodontal work aunt of Shanawdithit qv and being a general exception) for children up to their thirteenth wife of Nonobawsut qv who is birthday. In 1979 approximately 66,000 visits were made reputed to have been the last under this programme. chief of the Beothuk. She was In 1951 , when the rate of tooth decay in Newfoundland was conveyed to Twillingate and one of the highest in Canada, the Junior Red Cross inau­ Demasduit placed under the care of the gurated a travelling dental clinic on the St. Barbe coast in the Rev. John Leigh qv who obtained from her a short vocabulary west of the Island. The clinic was to provide an educational of the Beothuk language. Later, in the spring of 1819, she programme in dental hygiene as well as dental services such was taken to St. John's, but realizing the poor condition of her as extractions and fillings . This five-year pilot project pr-oved health (she had already contracted tuberculosis) it was de­ to be a great success; in the first year of operation 5,670 visits cided to return her to her tribe. Demasduit was taken on board were made to the clinic and at the end of five years a great im­ the sloop Grasshopper in command of Captain Buchan qv but provement had been made in oral hygiene. By 1955 nine den­ died on January 8, 1820 while the ship was tied up for the tal clinics subsidized by the Government had also been set up winter in Peter's Arm on the Exploits. Her body was taken to around the Island for free service to children aged seven and Red Indian Lake where Buchan left it on a scaffold in a burial up. This scheme was supported by the Newfoundland Dental house which may have been made for her husband. John Association which had been formed about the time of Confed­ Hewson (1978) , J.P. Howley (1915) . GL eration. In 1950 the Newfoundland Dental Association had DEMOGRAPHY. See POPULATION. joined the Canadian Dental Association and Dr. D.K. Peters, DEMONSTRATION FARM. See FARM, DEMONSTRA­ a Newfoundland dentist, served a term of office as President TION. of the latter body. In 1969 the Newfoundland Dental Assistant DENOMINATIONAL EDUCATION. See SCHOOLS. Association was formed and two years later it was legally in­ DENOMINATIONAL POLICY COMMISSIONS. See corporated. As a voluntary association its purpose is to serve SCHOOLS. as a means of further education for its members and to pro­ DENTAL ASSOCIATION, NEWFOUNDLAND. See DEN­ mote dental health by working with other bodies, such as the TISTRY. Dental Association, during the annual Dental Health Month. DENTAL TECHNICIANS. See DENTISTRY. Dental assistants in Newfoundland in 1980 could receive DENTISTRY. Dentistry in Newfoundland was no doubt first training through an independent study programme offered by practised by British naval surgeons and it was not until the the National Association of Dental Assistants, or they could mid-Nineteenth Century that medical men specializing in den­ take a formal course at a trades college in one of the other tistry began to advertise in St. John's. According to Paul provinces. The Government of Newfoundland provided a bur­ O'Neill (1975) a Dr. Dearin, apothecary and Member of the sary programme for the training of dental hygienists and den­ House of Assembly, advertised that he performed ''All opera­ tists only. In 1979 the south coast of the Island and Labrador tions in dentistry" about this time. Dr. Plimpton, claimed to were still the areas where dental services were not totally ade­ be the first dentist to practise in Prince Edward Island in 1850, quate. Of the approximately 120 registered dentists in New­ was known to have spent the preceding decade in Newfound­ foundland in 1979 forty worked on the Avalon Peninsula. In land and may also have been the first actual dentist to practise the same year there were sixteen registered dental hygienists in the colony. Chloroform was first used for extraction in and twenty-nine members of the Dental Assistants Associa- DENTISTRY, DENYS 611 ;,~ tion. These figures may be compared to the 1930s, when however, permit them to deal with a client who had live teeth twelve dentists were resident in Newfoundland and even to in his mouth. The Bill also provided for the setting up of a the 1960s when in 1969 there were only fifty-three dentists in denturists' board to regulate and license denturists; the board the Province. was to be made up of three denturists, one dentist, and three DENTAL TECHNICIANS. Originally a dentist's assistant was oth.ers representing the public. hired by a dentist and trained in the making of artificial den­ The denturists in the Province were to be represented by the tures, bridges, and other dental appliances. The early dental Denturists Society of Newfoundland and Labrador which was technicians or dental mechanics worked closely with the den­ formed by four denturists in 1970. Its first president was Ted tist and often accompanied him when he travelled to the Skakum, and in 1981 the Society had twelve members. smaller communities in Newfoundland. The dentist would ex­ See HEALTH. Bruce Bowden (letter, Oct. 1918), John amine a patient and if partial or full upper and lower dentures Browne (interview, July 1981), Peter Browne (interview, were required he would take an impression of the patient's Sept. 1981), Devine and O'Mara (1900), Jim Finch (inter­ mouth (this was also known as a bite registration) and give the view, Sept. 1981), Robert M. Hall (letter, Sept. 1981), E.P. impression to the technician who would manufacture dentures Kavanaugh (1967), Paul O'Neill (1975, 1976), Elizabeth Pur­ in a workshop, which was usually adjacent to the dentist's of­ chase (interview, 1980), Dr. J.E. Russell (interview, 1980), fice. The dentures were completed in a couple of days andre­ Gerald White (interview, Oct. 1981), DN (Oct. 22 1956; turned to the dentist, who fitted them to the patient. In later Nov. 2, 1956; Feb. 15, 1977), ET (Oct. 16, 1952; May 2, years, as dentistry became more specialized, the dental tech­ 1973; Mar. 2, 1978; July 7, 1981; July 8, 1981), Historical nicians moved out of the dentist's office and formed small Statistics of Newfoundland (1979), WS (June 19, 1951). PMH factories or dental laboratories which produced dental appli­ and EPK ances for most dentists. The first dental laboratory in New­ DENTURISTS. See DENTISTRY. foundland was the Canadian Associated Laboratories Ltd., DENYS, JEAN (fZ.1504-1506). Mariner. A Captain from Hon­ which was set up in 1953; by 1981 there were three dental la­ fleur in Normandy, Jean Denys came to the North American boratories in Newfoundland. coast in 1506 on a fishing trip. He is said to have made a map The Dental Act of 1968 (no. 82) required all practising of Canada in this year and it is possible that he stopped in dental technicians in the Province to register with the New­ Newfoundland since the early name for Renews qv was Le foundland Dental Association. In 1981 there were approxi­ Havre de Jean Denys (Jean Denys Harbour). DCB (1). GL mately thirty dental technicians in Newfoundland and they DENYS, JOSEPH (1657-1736). Priest. Born Trois-Rivieres, were represented by the Dental Technicians' Association of Quebec. In 1677 Denys became a novice in the Franciscan Newfoundland, which was formed in 1976. The Associa­ order and the first priest to serve his noviciate in Canada. He tion's first president was Jim Fowler. went to France around 1678, studied theology, was ordained DENTURISTS. The dental technicians working in New­ there in 1682, and returned to Canada to devote himself to the foundland were not permitted to deal directly with the public; duties of the priesthood. In 1683 Father Joseph went to Perce, however, some technicians learned how to take a bite registra­ served there for six years, and in 1689, when the Recollets tion and fit dentures, and began illegally to supply inexpen­ opened a mission at Plaisance (Placentia) in Newfoundland, sive dentures directly to the public. The dental technician who he was appointed parish priest for that mission. When forty­ dealt directly with the public became known as a denturist, five English privateers attacked Plaisance in 1690 Father and one of the first denturists in Newfoundland was George Joseph asked for the relief of the nearly thirty French families Hierlihy, who was convicted at the Magistrate's Court in St. who were subjected to the alleged cruelties of the English. In John's on October 25, 1945 of practising dentistry illegally. 1692 Louis XIV recognized the establishments of the Recol­ In the early 1970s the denturists who had been operating lets in New France, Acadia, Newfoundland and Saint Pierre, surreptitiously for years began to open offices and clinics. In and Father Joseph, with instructions to found an establish­ 1973 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police carried out a ment at Montreal for the Recollets, became the founder of the number of raids on denturists' offices and homes and, after first Recollet convent, at Ville-Marie. In 1696 he was nomi­ seizing equipment used in manufacturing dentures, charged nated to direct the community of Quebec's Recollet mission the denturists under the provisions of the 1968 Dental Act. and in 1709 was appointed guardian and priest of the parish of The raids by the police led to a great deal of public attention Trois-Rivieres. He served at several other missions until, in being focused on denturists, and the question of whether or 1727, he became Vicar-general to Bishop Saint-Vallier on Ile not their work should be legalized was debated in the House Royale (Cape Breton Island). Father Joseph returned to Que­ of Assembly later in that year. In the same year the House ap­ bec in 1729 and died there on January 25, 1736. DCB (ll). pointed a select committee to investigate the whole question GL of denturists in the Province. The committee, which reported DENYS, NICHOLAS (1598-1688). Governor. Born Tours, in February 1974, recommended that the practice be legal­ France. Nicholas Denys came to the New World as part of a ized, and a second committee was set up under the chairman­ party of three hundred men in 1632. After a dispute with ship of George Parsons to help formulate the actual legisla­ Charles de Menou d' Aulnay he returned to France in 1635, tion. The second committee completed its report but it was where he organized various fishing and trading voyages along not until 1981 that a Bill covering the activities of denturists the coast of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. By was introduced into the House of Assembly. The Bill, an Act 1645 he had returned to Acadia and was operating a trading Respecting Denturists (no. 42), followed the recommenda­ post at Miscou. D' Aulnay died in 1650 and soon Denys was tions of the 1973 select committee and permitted denturists to in control of the region. prescribe, dispense, and fit complete dentures. It did not, During a visit to France in 1653 he bought the rights to the 612 DENYS, DEPRESSION AND DESTITUTION coasts and islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Cap dents who converged on the Colonial Building protesting an Canso to Cap des Rosiers in Gaspe from the Compagnie de Ia alleged reduction of relief expenditures in January 1935 NouveJJe-France. This area included what is now Cape Bre­ amounting to $13,000.00. The demonstration (the report was ton, Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island and parts of denounced as an exaggeration by Dominions Secretary, J. H. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Gaspe. This purchase also Thomas, in the British House of Commons) was repeated in included a monopoly of the fur trade. May. Received unfavourably, the citizens resorted to violence On January 31, 1654 he received letters patent from King and were beaten off by armed police. In April1935 Meaney's Louis XIV of France appointing him Governor and Lieuten­ accounts appearing in the British press reported widespread ant-General over this area and over Newfoundland. The let­ destitution, where people "clad in overalls without under­ ters patent carried a monopoly of the established and seden­ clothing, many with feet wrapped in sacking and paper in tary fishery as well as the power to re-affirm the authority and worn-out shoes and cast off rubbers'' lined up for dole in tem­ jurisdiction of the king and to demand allegiance to him from peratures of -18 to -l2°C (0° to 10°F)." Meaney's accusa­ the settlers. Denys was also given the right to make treaties, tions were far from unfounded; newspaper headlines reported to appoint and dismiss officers, and to instruct "in the knowl­ several deaths from starvation and other deaths from suicide. edge of the true God." His monopoly of the fur trade was ex­ Some improvements in the condition of the population tended to include Newfoundland. were recorded in Commission of Government reports between In 1668 Denys began a new career as an author. He wrote 1934 and 1938. For the year March 1934 to March 1935 the Description geographique et historique des costes de l'Ameri­ reports indicate a decrease in relief of almost 13,318 families, que septentrionale: avec I' histoire du pais (1672) in two vol­ this being attributed to a successful inshore fishery. By 1937- umes. One of the most valuable works written in and about 1938 the Commission Government reported the largest reve­ North America in the seventeenth century, it includes an ex­ nue in the history of Newfoundland ($12,275,000) and a defi­ cellent description of the Grand Bank and of cod fishing at cit of $3,949,000, the smallest since the establishment of the that time. Denys, one of the first Governors of the whole is­ Commission in 1934. In spite of the commission's improved land of Newfoundland, died in 1688. W.F. Ganong (1908), economic outlook, which they attributed to an increase in em­ DCB (I). BGR ployment in local industry, by 1938 F.P.U. president, K.M. DEPARTMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC EXPAN­ Brown, reported " hundreds of cases [where] families were SION. See REGIONAL ECONOMIC EXPANSION, DE­ not only undernourished but were practically naked. Those re­ PARTMENT OF. ceiving dole were often days without food just before the next DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT. See GOVERN­ issue of rations" (Fishermen- Worker's Tribune: May 13, MENT. 1938). David Alexander (1977) notes that salt fish (the major DEPRESSION AND DESTITUTION, EFFECTS OF (THE export) prices declined substantially from $8.60 a quintal in GREAT DEPRESSION). Newfoundland, like the rest of the 1924 to $4 by 1939. The average annual wage of a fisherman western world, suffered greatly from the financial colapse of in 1936 was $200. A sealer could expect $50 a voyage in 1929 known as "The Great Depression," and conditions fur­ 1936, compared to $105 in 1930. ther deteriorated in the early 1930s. In the fiscal year 1931- Although the number on able-bodied relief had decreased, 1932 the Government of Newfoundland's expenditure on abject poverty still predominated in many Newfoundland able-bodied relief totalled a mere $50,000. In the winter of communities. In the winter of 1936-1937 the Department of 1933 a total of 61 ,638 were in receipt of able-bodied relief. Health undertook a free milk distribution service to school With the increasing number of persons applying for relief the children in Newfoundland. In that year 30,000 tins of milk newly inaugurated Commission of Government, under the and 909 L (200 gal) of cod liver oil were dispensed to chil­ guidance of Commissioner Thomas Lodge, embarked on an dren. Of that total over 59 098 L (14,000 gal) of milk was experimental land settlement programme in May 1934. The given to 25% of the school children of St. John's. programme eventually established over 200 families in Mark­ Unemployment and relief statistics of the Commission of land (1934), Maricot (1935), Lourdes (1934), Browns Arm Government indicate that St. John's was one of the slowest (1936) and Midland ( 1936). It further provided a community areas to recover from the effects of the Depression. In 1934, restoration programme for six communities in the Cape St. 975 City families were receiving able-bodied relief. By Mary's area during 1938. Many communities, including St. March the following year that figure had escalated to 1 ,856 John's, were not as fortunate in their receipt of public assis­ families. Infant mortality rates recorded for the year 1937 in­ tance. In 1933-1934 the relief budget of the Commission was dicated St. John's had a mortality rate of 96.5 (the outport fig­ in excess of $1,550,000 mostly dispensed in the form of dole ure was 103). In the fall of 1936 a diphtheria epidemic broke rations. Although the dole expenditure dropped to $1,300,000 out in St. John's, further compounding the community's the following year a decrease in the fish trade, particularly in problems. Italy, and the advent of the civil war in Spain further depleted The effects of this depression was felt in many Newfound­ Newfoundland exports in 1936, although in that year fish ex­ land outport communities in 1939. According to Gerald Riggs ports were only 24% of the total exports from Newfound­ (1968) residents of Bay de Verde received so little relief that land. winter that they threatened to demolish the home of the local In spite of an improvement in world conditions by 1935 the "dole" officer. (Only a medical emergency saved his house Newfoundland population was largely unaffected. Economic from demolition by a mob who had converged on it to demand and social conditions in Newfoundland remained the same relief.) and attracted some international attention. On April 17, 1935 Comparative Department of Health figures for the period the London, England Daily Herald reporter, J. T. Meaney, 1938 to 1945 reveal a peak of 52,023 persons on able-bodied broke a news story concerning two thousand St. John's resi- relief in April 1938. This figure had declined to a mere 265 by DEPRESSION AND DESTITUTION, DEVELOPMENT 613 May 1945 and was eventually eliminated between June and December that year. "Wayfarer" (1964) reported that able­ bodied relief (the 6¢ a day dole) disappeared about 1941. See EXPORTS; FINANCE; FISHERIES; GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT AID; HEALTH. C.R. Fay (1956), S.J.R. Noel (1971), Department of Health and Welfare Newfound­ land (1949), JHA (passim), Reports of the Commission of Government (1934-1945). WCS DERMER, THOMAS(? -1621). Born Plymouth, England. Dermer accompanied Captain John Smith on two voyages in 1614 and 1615 to New England, and between 1616-18 was at Cupids qv in Newfoundland with his associate, Governor John Mason qv . Dermer was interested in the commercial ex­ ploitation of the Island's natural resources and he probably participated in exploration voyages around the Island on that account. While in Newfoundland Dermer encountered the New England Indian Tisquantum or Squantum qv. Dermer persuaded Tisquantum, who had a knowledge of English, to act as an interpreter between the New England Indians and the colonists. In 1619 Sir Ferdinando Gorges, favouring Dermer's plan to establish peaceful relations with the Indians, commissioned him to command his 1619 expedition to New Paul Guy Desmarais England. Tisquantum also took part in the expedition and was taken to his own people among whom he worked as an inter­ preter. Desmarais was attending Osgoode Law School in 1950 when Dermer remained in New England to promote the interests his family decided to sell the transportation business begun by of Gorges and prospected for gold from Cape Cod to Virginia. Desmarais's grandfather in 1916. Desmarais took over the In 1621, while in Virginia, he died as a result of wounds he business in the summer of 1950. He gave up thoughts of con­ received from the Indians. DCB (I). GL tinuing law school and began concentrating on expanding and DES VOEUX, SIR GEORGE consolidating his various businesses. By the late 1970s Des­ WILLIAM (1834-1909). Gov­ marais was Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Of­ ernor. Born Baden, Germany. ficer of the Power Corporation of Canada, Shawinigan Indus­ Educated Charterhouse, Uni­ tries, Ltd., and Trans-Canada Corporation Fund. He was also versity of Toronto. In 1839 Des Chairman of the Board of Canada Steamship Lines (1975) Voeux moved to England with Ltd., Power Corporation International, Wabanex, Ltee. Des­ his family and in 1856 he came marais also held various office positions in other companies, to Canada with the intention of including Hilton Canada, Ltd., Great West Life Assurance becoming a farmer; however, Co., Montreal Trust, and The Investors Group. On March 24, he settled in Toronto where he 1979 Desmarais was installed as fourth Chancellor of *Me­ studied and practised law. His morial University of Newfoundland qv at a special convoca­ career in the British Colonial tion held at the Arts and Culture Centre in St. John's. As well Service, which lasted until as being Chancellor of Memorial University, Desmarais was 1891, began with an appoint­ Sir George W. Des Voeux associated with the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Insti­ ment (in 1863) as "stipendiary Magistrate and superintendent tute de Cardiologie de Montreal, the St. John Ambulance As­ of Rivers and Creeks" in British Guiana. His request for sociation and the Montreal Cancer Institute. Judy Foote (let­ transfer (because of some disagreement with the planters) was ter, Oct. 1981), P. C. Newman (1979), Centre for granted in 1869 and he assumed the position of Administrator Newfoundland Studies (Paul Desmarais), ET (Feb. 28, 1979; in St. Lucia. Leaving his position as active Governor of Trin­ Mar. 26, 1979), MUN Gazette (Mar. 23, 1979). DPJ idad in 1880 he became Governor of Fiji and High Commis­ DETECTIVES. See POLICE. sioner of the Western Pacific, positions he held until 1885. DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS, REGIONAL. See RE­ The following year he was made Governor of Newfoundland, GIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATIONS. where he became an advocate of the Bait Act qv. Following DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, NEW­ his tour of duty in Newfoundland he was Governor of Hong FOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. The Newfoundland and Kong from 1887 until his retirement_in 1891. In 1893 Des Labrador Development Corporation Limited (NLDC) was ini­ Voeux was awarded G.C.M.G. and in 1903 he published his tiated in 1970-71 by the Smallwood Administration and car­ autobiography, My Colonial Service in British Guiana, St. ried on actively by the Moores and Peckford Administrations. Lucia, Trinidad, Fiji, Australia, Newfoundland and Hong A five-year agreement between the Newfoundland and Cana­ Kong. He died in London in 1909. Sir G. William Des Voeux dian Governments, negotiated in 1971, was signed in 1972, (1903), Gordon Duff (1964), R.A. Mackay (1946), Paul bringing the Corporation into effect. (The life of the agree­ O'Neill (1975; 1976), DN (1901-1911), EC (III). ELGM ment was extended in 1979 for a further five-year period.) An DESMARAIS, PAUL GUY (1927- ). Businessman. Born agency which worked closely with both levels of government, Sudbury, Ontario. Educated University of Ottawa, Ontario. the NLDC provided both technical and financial assistance to 614 DEVELOPMENT, DEVINE small and medium-sized businesses which were established in appointed to the post of Controller of Liquors for which he va­ the Province or which wished to be. This assistance was given cated the post of Commissioner of the Newfoundland Agri­ in the belief that development of this sector would ultimately culture Board which he had held since at least 1911. Accord­ aid the growth of employment opportunities and allow for a ing to the Newfoundland Quarterly (Dec. 1917) he held a better utilization of resources in the Province. similar post in the Department of Fisheries from the period of Financial assistance from the Corporation took two forms. 1908 to 1917 but this posting does not appear in yearbook en­ Term loans were offered to businesses which were not able to tries for the period up to the time of his death at St. John's on secure adequate financing from other sources and which met October 4, 1920. Devereaux was an active debater in the Aca­ the requirements of the Corporation. Loans for developments demy Club at St. John's. H.M. Mosdell (1923), NQ (Dec. with $2,500,000 or less in capital costs (excluding working 1917; Oct. 1920), Yearbook (1908-1920). WCS capital requirements) were made available and were made to DEVIL'S COVE. See JOB'S COVE. businesses in the fisheries, manufacturing, agriculture, for­ DEVINE, JOHN M. (1876-1959). estry, tourism, mining, processing industry and specialized Businessman; trade commissioner. services, and remanufacturing and assembly. Equity financ­ Born King's Cove, Bonavista Bay. ing was also provided to selected applicants. Investments by Educated parochial school, King's NLDC were limited, however, so that the corporation was Coye. Devine began his business always a minority shareholder in the business in which it in­ career as an employee of Philip vested. From its inception in 1973 to March 31, 1980 NLDC Templeman in Bonavista from 1898 received 377 applications for financial aid. Of these, 184 ap­ to 1901. He then went to St. John's plications for loans were approved for a total of $26,550,000, where he became a salesman for and fifty-one applications for equity loans were approved, in­ Marshall Brothers. In 1909 he re- John M. Devine volving $2,224,000. Developments thus helped to create ap­ signed his position there to start his proximately 2,000 full-time and 600 part-time jobs. own business, The Big Six. In 1920 Devine was appointed In 1981 the Corporation maintained a 2,500-book and 200- trade commissioner to the United States by the Newfoundland periodical library in St. John's for use by businessmen and Government. Upon his return to Newfoundland be continued others interested in business. It also operated a research ser­ to operate his dry goods store. He died February 28, 1959. vice, co-sponsored seminars on business with interested peo­ Paul O'Neill (1975; 1976), J.R. Smallwood (1967), New­ ple, and provided a business advisory service. foundland Who's Who 1952 (1952?), Who's Who in and from In 1981 these services were offered by four offices, one Newfoundland 1927 (1927). CMB each in St. John's, Corner Brook, Grand Falls and Goose DEVINE, MAURICE A. (1857- Bay. The latter three were each manned by one trained staff 1915). Editor; writer. Born member and the St. John's office was operated by nineteen King's Cove , Bonavista Bay. personnel. The Corporation was administered by a Board of Educated St. Bonaventure's Directors, the members of which were nominated by the College. Maurice Devine Newfoundland and Canadian Governments, and consisted of worked with a firm in St. both businessmen and civil servants. The Provincial nominees John's after graduation until, in were always with a majority of one. This body also approved 1886, he began a career in jour­ or rejected applications for financial aid. Operating costs were nalism with an appointment to provided equally by the Federal and Provincial Governments. the staff of the Colonist. In The loan fund was provided by the Canadian Government, 1892 with M.J. O'Mara qv he and the equity fund was provided by the Newfoundland Gov­ founded and became the editor ernment. M. J. Handrigan ( 197 5), Heddie Peddle (interview, of the Trade Review, a newspa­ Maurice A. Devine Oct. 1981), Agreement between the Government of Canada per which quickly became the and the Government of the Province of Newfoundland July 17 commercial journal for the country. ln September 1899 De­ 1972 (1972?), Annual Report: Newfoundland and Labrador vine wrote the first message to be transmitted by wireless tele­ Development Corporation Limited (1976/1977 - graph in Newfoundland. 1979/1980),DA (Dec. 1972; Apr. 1977), The Facts about the Devine was a candidate in St. George's district for the Newfoundland and Labrador Development Corporation Lim­ House of Assembly in 1898, and in St. John's East in 1908 ited (n.d.), Stephenville and Bay St. George Area (1977). and 1909 but was never elected. About 1900 he was ap­ CFH pointed Supervisor of Debates in the House and held that po­ DEVEREAUX, R.J. (1865?-1920). Politician; controller of li­ sition until 1905. He died in 1915, shortly after his appoint­ quors. Born Trepassey. Educated St. Bonaventure's College, ment to the Central District Court. He also wrote poetry and St. John's. After his graduation in 1881 he entered the fish ex­ songs, amongst them, " Who Stopped the Gun?" ; "Outport port firm of D. and J. Ryan at Bonavista. Devereaux left the Member's Family Comes to Town" and "Those Nights on firm in the early 1900s and was elected a member of the Peo­ Burton's Pond." Paul O'Neill (1975; 1976), J.R. Smallwood ple's Party to the House of Assembly for the district of Pla­ (1975), Yearbook (1899-1909). RDP centia and St. Mary's on May 8, 1909 after an unsuccessful DEVINE, PATRICK KEVIN (1859-1950). Journalist; educa­ attempt to contest the district for the newly-formed People's tor. Born King's Cove, Bonavista Bay. Educated St. Francis Party in 1908. Devereaux was re-elected to the District Oc­ Xavier College. Following several years (1887-1891) as tober 1913. By 1910 he had also been appointed Justice of the teacher and principal at Harbour Grace Academy he returned Peace at St. John's. On November 1, 1917 Devereaux was to King's Cove, where he was Justice of the Peace and Com- DEVINE, DIALECTS 615 missioner of Affidavits. Devine D'HAUSSONVILLE, COMTE D'HAUSSONVILLE, JO­ acted as Clerk of the House of As­ SEPH-LOUIS-BERNARD DE. sembly from 1911 to 1923 and again DI PAZZI, MOTHER. See MULLOCK, MOTHER MARY from 1928 to 1932. Meanwhile, MAGDALEN DI PAZZI. from 1912 to 1918, he was editor of DIABETES. See HEALTH. the Trade Review, a publication es­ DIABETES ASSOCIATION, CANADIAN. The Canadian tablished by his brother Maurice Diabetes Association (C.D.A.) consists of people working to­ Devine and M.J. O'Mara qqv in gether to help diabetics, their families and friends. The Asso­ 1892. He was a contributing editor ciation's aim is to help the diabetic and others interested in the to several local newspapers (at one Patrick Kevin Devine disease through education, informing the public about the dis­ time he was senior reporter at the ease, and providing for fellowship, research and publicity. Telegram) and he contributed to the Canadian Fisherman. In The Canadian national office is located in Toronto and there addition to his journalistic achievements he wrote several are branches all across Canada. books. Among the best known are Ye OldeSt. John's (1935) Branches of the C.D.A. were formed in Newfoundland in and Newfoundland Folk-Lore (1937). ELGM 1957-1958 at Corner Brook, Grand Falls and St. John's. The DEVON. See POPULATION. St. John's branch was sponsored by the Tangiers Group of the DEVON ROW. Built for James H. Martin by Devonshire archi­ Rotary Club of St. John's at the instigation of Dr. Ian Rusted. tect, James Southcott c.1875, Devon Row was a fashionable In 1979 the Newfoundland Division was formed with head­ rental property in St. John's. Located at the east end of Duck­ quarters in Corner Brook. worth Street on the site of Fort St. George, the row originally The Newfoundland Division operates summer camps for consisted of five attached dwellings, one of which has since children; the first one was operated in 1964 at Burry Heights been torn down (but see R.F. Hand: 1976). The row has a full and the camp has been held there each year since, with chil­ basement, is four stories high with a mansard roof, dormer dren attending from all parts of the Province. In 1981 a per­ windows and is built of local red brick. manent camp was under construction at Foxtrap. By that year branches had been established in Labrador City, Stephenville, Botwood, Channel-Port aux Basques, Bishop's Falls and Gander. Douglas McKay (interview, June 1981), "Diabetes .. . some answers" (1980). EMD DIALECTS. SOCIAL VERSUS REGIONAL DIALECTS. Traditional studies of dialect have concentrated on regional differences in speech. Thus an investigator would interview older persons who had always lived in the local area so as to minimize pos­ sible influences from other regions; he would also ensure that his speakers were poorly educated and of the working or "peasant" classes so that the influence of the standard lan­ guage would be minimal. However, something of a revolu­ tion took place in dialect studies in the 1960s when William Labov turned his attention away from rural regional dialects towards urban social dialects. In his now classical study of New York city speech (1966) Labov showed that several vari­ Devon Row able features of New York English correlated closely with such factors as the age, sex, socio-economic class and ethnic Devon Row in 1884 housed one of the first telephones in origin of speakers. Newfoundland at the terminus of a single line running . 8 krn At almost exactly the same time a dialect survey of Carbon­ (.5 mi) between Archibald's Furniture Factory and the man­ ear, Newfoundland (Harold Paddock: 1966) showed that ager's home. During the great fire of 1892 the houses of many variants in Carbonear English were closely related to Devon Row were among the very few which survived, such social factors. The main conclusion was that socio­ through the efforts of its tenants who swept sparks from the economic class and age were the two factors that correlated roof and kept it wet while the neighbouring buildings burned. most strongly with speech variation in Carbonear. Thus the It is, as a consequence, one of the oldest edifices in the area. main dialect "boundary" divided all of the lowest class along Devon Row was chosen for Honourable Mention by Heritage with the older half of the middle class, on the one hand, from Canada in 1977 and for a St. John's Heritage Foundation all of the highest class and the younger half of the middle Award in 1978 in recognition of the extensive restoration ren­ class, on the other hand. This reflected perfectly the social ovations which had been carried out by the owner, Dr. David and economic changes since Confederation qv with Canada in Gough. J.M. Ball et al (1975), R.F. Hand (1976), K.W. 1949, for the younger people of the middle class had by 1965 Hoffman (1978), Paul O'Neill (1975; 1976), Kathleen Par­ acquired the education and ambitions of the highest socio­ sons (interview, Nov. 1981). RDP economic class in Carbo near. The effects of sex (male vs. fe­ DEWBERRIES. See RASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES male) and ethnic origin (Irish vs. English) were found to be AND PLUMBOYS. much smaller. D'HAUSSONVILLE, JOSEPH-LOUIS-BERNARD DE However, if a study of Carbonear when it was first settled CLERON D'HAUSSONVILLE, COMTE. See CLERON had been possible it would undoubtedly have found that eth- 616 DIALECTS nic origin was the chief correlate of language variation, be­ idly in a rapidly changing society, such as Newfoundland has cause the Irish (from south-eastern Ireland) and the English become since Confederation. In summary, since Confedera­ (from south-western England) must have sounded very dif­ tion the regional, ethnic, and sex differences in Newfound­ ferent from one another when they first arrived in Newfound­ land English have been reduced, whereas the socio-economic land. But in Conception Bay the more than three centuries of class differences have no doubt been elaborated with the de­ contact between Irish and English have led (despite religious velopment of several new middle classes in Newfoundland and cultural differences) to the blending of Irish and English society. And to a certain extent we have seen the conversion elements into distinctly Newfoundland dialects. For example, of certain regional, ethnic, sex, and rural/urban dialect fea­ sturdy "English Protestants" from Conception Bay have tures into social dialect features. Thus an English ethnic fea­ complained that they were always identified as being Irish ture, such as the giving of masculine grammatical gender to when travelling outside Newfoundland. inanimate count nouns such as coat (" He looks some good on From more recent evidence, it appears that greater sex dif­ ya! Why don't you buy ' en?") may now be regarded merely ferences in language would have been found if the study had as a lower class or incorrect way of speaking. But as recently been made of a Newfoundland community which was more as 1965 an ' 'Irish'' informant in Carbon ear pointed out sev­ rural than Carbo near. This evidence comes from research eral such features as being distinctively " English." done by two Memorial University graduate students (Gerald HISTORICAL SOURCES OF REGIONAL DIALECTS . The work Reid; 1981; Wade Colbourne, in preparation) in two widely being done by human geographers at Memorial University separated rural communities on the east coast of Newfound­ (see for example J .J. Mannion: 1974; 1977) has suggested land. Both students found unusually wide dialect differences that it might be possible to find evidence to support their find­ between men and women of the older generations. This ings on patterns of migration to Newfoundland and within makes perfect sense because it is known that in rural New­ Newfoundland .. foundland the normal social difference between the sexes was In 1974 a Canada Council Research Grant was secured to reinforced by social distance (compare Peter Trudgill: 1974, undertake a preliminary dialect mapping of the Island of New­ pp. 84-85). In other words, most men in rural communities foundland. Brenda Renaud and Harold Paddock investigated were forced to leave home for several months each year in sixty-nine coastal communities by listening to tape recordings order to make a living. As George Story (1967) has correctly from which they extracted information on forty-six linguistic pointed out, men in rural Newfoundland were very mobile in­ features (twenty-one on pronunciation, and twenty-five on deed. In the spring they went "swilin" (either sealing locally grammar). Mostly older, rural speakers were chosen for study or to the "seal fishery " at the "front") and, more recently, because the origins of Newfoundland's regional dialects were "in on the drive" (getting pit-props and pulpwood down the of particular interest to this project. In 1976 (with Philip rivers in the spring runoff). In summer many went north to the Hiscock) the survey was expanded to seventy-two communi­ seasonal cod fisheries "down on the French Shore," "down ties and many gaps in information were filled. on the Labrador," or in the Strait of Belle Isle. "The fall of From the data twenty-one features were chosen for map­ the year," the time of the "making" and "shipping" of fish, ping (twelve of pronunciation and nine of grammar) which was the only season of the year that some men were at home. seem to reveal significant regional patterning: The winter would see them off again cutting firewood and timber ' 'in the country'' or building vessels on some well­ PHONOLOGY MAPS forested bit of coast and, more recently, "workin' in the P 1. Contrasts of the loy-ay I type lumber woods." This seasonal mixing of men from various (Does toy rhyme with tie?) parts of Newfoundland and Labrador must have done much to P2. Diphthongs of the lay I type blend the different dialects of the original settlers into distinc­ (The vowels of bright, bride, etc.) tively Newfoundland dialects. It also led to an extremely non­ P3. Diphthongs of the lawI type standard type of men's speech which women often tried to (The vowels of clout, cloud, etc.) correct in their children. One type of men's speech was so P4. Contrasts of the leH-eyl type rapid that outsiders would never recognize it as English (see (Does made rhyme with maid?) Robert Hollett: 1977). The remarkable mobility of New­ P5. Fate of Middle English Long ld and le:l and short III foundlanders has been largely a matter of economic necessity (Does sea rhyme with see? Do heal, heel, hill rhyme?) which has persisted into the present, as is confirmed by the P6. Fate of Middle English Short lei 1980 Economic Council of Canada report on the Newfound­ (Does bet rhyme with bit?) land economy. However, such forces as centralization, gen­ P7. Fate of Middle English Long lo:/ and short lUI eral education, new patterns of employment, and new socio­ (Doesfool rhyme withfull?) economic roles for women have all helped to reduce the P8. Fate of Middle English Long 1-::J:I difference between the language of males and females in the (The vowels of boat, home , etc.) younger generations. P9. Lip Rounding of Vowel Phoneme I A/ It is apparent, then, that social dialects may differ as much (Rounding of vowel in cut, punt, etc.) as do regional dialects. Indeed, in General Canadian English PlO. Post-vocalic 111 allophones (i .e. from Ontario to British Columbia) the range of social (The pronunciation of' 1' after vowel~) dialects may be greater than the range of regional dialects. We P11. Occurrence of [h) have seen that social dialects are related to such factors as (Is 'h' added, or "dropped," orvoth?) age, sex, ethnic origin, degree of ruralness, and socio­ P12. Voicing of Non-Initial Anterior Fricatives economic class (the latter being based on education, income, (The voicing of flv, th, s/z in medial and final posi­ etc.). We have also seen that social dialects can change rap- tions) DIALECTS 617

(!I} 04 fi r-" ~8 r;'57 l

02

jig. I

GRAMMAR MAPS TA3 Comer Brook Area G 1. Referents of Masculine Singular Pronouns D5 Northern West Coast (Do he and 'en refer to things which have no natural Numerical Key to the 72 Primary Communitie~ gender?) G2. Stress Contrasts on Object Pronouns I. St. Lunaire 34. St. Shotts 2. Conche 35. St. Joseph's (Are subject forms used as stressed objects?) 3. Hooping Harbour 36. Mount Carmel G3. Form of the Perfect Aspect of Verbs 4. Brown's Cove 37. Coli net (Forms such as: I've done, I've a done, I bin done, I'm 5. Baie Verte 38. Branch 6. Brent's Cove 39. Placentia after doin) 7. Shoe Cove 40. Argentia G4. Present Tense of HAVE 8. Beaumont 41. Fox Harbour (Main verb haves, auxiliary verb have/'ve, etc.) 9. Norther(n) Harbour 42. Little Harbour East 10. Twillingate 43. Harbour Buffet G5. BE forms as Surface Finite Verbs with initial /b/ II. Durrell 44. Tack's Beach (Uses of present be/bees and past bin/been as apparently 12. Boyd's Cove 45. Little Bay finite verbs) 13. Change Islands 46. Burin 14. Musgrave Harbour 47. Long Cove, Burin G6. Forms of Past Tense of COME 15. Greens pond 48. Lamaline (Distribution of came and come) 16. (Locker's) Flat Island 49. Grand Bank G7. Forms of Past Tense of GIVE 17. St. Chad's 50. St. Bernard's 18. Salvage 51. Sagona Island (Distribution of gave, gove, gid, give) 19. Bona vista 52. Harbour Breton G8. Forms of Past Tense of KNOW!GROW 20. Champneys 53. Round Harbour (Distribution of knew/grew, knowed/growed, know/ 20A. Trinity 54. Push through 21. Deer Harbour 55. Ramea grow) 22. Green's Harbour 56. Burg eo G9. Forms of Past Tense of SEE 23. Old Perlican 57. Millville (Distribution of saw, seen, seed, see) 23A. Grate's Cove 58. Highlands 24. Kingston 59. Sandy Point 25 . Victoria 60. Stephenville When all twenty-one maps were compared it was found 26. Cupids 61. Black Duck Brook that several maps revealed the same or similar boundaries be­ 27. Bell Island 62. Long Point 28. Portugal Cove 63. Curling tween regional variants. This Jed to the conclusion that the 29. Flat Rock 64. Comer Brook eight main regional dialect areas along the coast of the island 30. St. John's, Freshwater Valley 65. Rocky Harbour of Newfoundland are as follows: 30A. St. John's City 66. Cow Head 31. Witless Bay 67. Daniel's Harbour 32. Calvert 68. Port Saunders Dl English-North 33. Portugal Cove South 69. Flower's Cove TAl Conception Bay and/or St. John's Area (roughly com­ munities 24 to 30A) The letter D indicates focal dialect areas whereas T A indi- D2 Irishized A val on Peninsula cates transitional areas between certain pairs of focal areas. TA2 Placentia Bay (roughly communities 39 to 47) The three main T A areas are due either to greater standardiza­ D3 English-South tion of English within the T A or to different sources of settlers D4 Southern West Coast across theTA or to both. The gradual yielding of one dialect 618 DIALECTS variant to another across a TA emerges clearly on some maps. words and expressions have survived in the southern Avalon. A good example for TAl appears on Map PlO (reproduced in The "clear" L symbols (stars on Map PlO) in area D4, the fig. 2) where the pronunciations of L after vowels changes southern West Coast, represent two different non-English gradually from all "dark" English types at community 21 sources of settlers. These are speakers of Highland Scots an­ (Deer Harbour on Random Island, Trinity Bay) to all "clear" cestry in communities 58 and 59 (Highlands and Sandy Point) Irish types at community 30 (Freshwater Valley of St. and of French ancestry in communities 61 and 62 (Black John's). The reverse change from all "clear" Lin community Duck Brook and Long Point, both on the Port au Port Penin­ 38 (Branch) to all "dark" L in community 48 (Lamaline at sula). the foot of the Burin Peninsula) occurs across T A2. The pre­ ' 'Clear'' pronunciations of L after vowels (post-vocalic L) dominance of "clear" pronunciations of L after vowels (in were brought to Newfoundland almost exclusively by non­ words like bill, belt, full, bulk, call, salt) between TAl and English settlers (i .e . Irish, Scots and French), while " dark" T A2 helps define the dialect area D2, the Irishized A val on. In pronunciations were brought almost exclusively by settlers particular, the fact that the "clear" pronunciation is the prin­ from England. Though most of the English settlers brought cipal one from community 33 (Portugal Cove South on the " dark" post-vocalic L with them they brought two rather dif­ Southern Shore) to community 40 (Argentia) concurs with ferent "dark" pronunciations of this L. One was a " dark" Mannion's claim (1974, p . 23) that this stretch of the south­ contoid (sounding like a true consonant) and the other was a ern Avalon coast was settled almost exclusively by " dark" vocoid (sounding more like a vowel or semi-vowel, south-eastern Irish, though the Irish did settle in significant often like w). In Newfoundland the former is more common at numbers elsewhere on the A val on Peninsula and in smaller the ends of words (as in bill, full, call) whereas the latter, enclaves outside the Avalon (see W.G. Handcock: 1977, which we might call the vocalization or loss of L, is more pp. 30-32). One such Irish enclave is represented by commu­ common before consonants (as in belt, bulk, salt). However, nity 2 (Conche) on Map PlO. Evidence exists (F.G. Foster: a glance at Map PlO shows that a higher frequency of the 1977) that many of the Irish spoke no English when they ar­ " dark" vocoid (circle symbol) was found in area D3, Eng­ rived in Newfoundland and that the last (bilingual) speakers lish-South, than in area Dl, English-North. This can be ex­ of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland died early in the Twentieth plained in the following way. Century. Virginia Dillon ( 1968) confirms that many Irish In England the " dark" vocoid L has been advancing for a long time from the southeast of England (where it is very

MAPPIO ALLOPHONES OF POSTVOCAUC L (The pronunciation of /1/ after vowels)

fig. 2

•

LEGENDS

* Clear Contoid: lateral [1] common in Cockney and other dialects) into the southwest of 0 Dark Contoid: lateral [.tJ England, the area which provided nearly all the English ILLUSTRATION 0 Dark Vocoid: various semivowels settlers in Newfoundland. It is also known that the vocoid L N .B. Main allophone shown as solid Clear Contoid [!]as in " Irish" would spread first to the urban areas in the West Country from milk as [mljk] I after high-front vowels which it would subsequently spread out into the rural areas Dark Controid [-1.] as in " Canadian" ~ after mid-front vowels (Trudgill: 1974, pp. 158-160). In fact, by the middle of the milk as [mHk] after low vowels twentieth century the "dark" vocoid L still had not penetrated 0 after mid-back vowels most of the rural areas of south-western England (Harold Dark Vocoid [ l , 0, U, etc.] as in u after high-back vowels " Cockney" !!J.iJt as [m€lk] y before Vowels: hence in V-V context Orton et al: 1978). This linguistic evidence allows Handcock c before Consonants: inV-C context to be supported on three important points. DIALECTS 619 a distinctly later date than that to the east coast. Since vocoid L has been spreading gradually into the West Country over a long period of time, it can be assumed that settlers who came at later dates would bring more vocoid L than those who came at earlier dates. To summarize, the "dark" vocoid English L can be associated with three factors: more eastern sources of settlers in the West Country, more urban sources, and later dates of migration to Newfoundland. Sometimes the distribution of a dialect feature is exactly the opposite of what might be expected. For example, on Map G2 (reproduced in fig. 3) we note that the two areas with fewest English settlers, namely D2, the Irishized Avalon, and D4, the Southern West Coast, have a more standard rule of gram­ mar for pronouns than do the two areas with most English settlers, D 1 and D3 . Thus in the more English areas the sub­ ject form of the pronoun used as a stressed object is often heard as in: " Don't give it to he, give it to she!" This kind of unexpected situation is found elsewhere in the English-speak­ ing world. For example, the English of Cornwall is in many ways more standard than that of Devon (M.F. Wakelin: 1972, p. 16), despite the fact that the Cornish Celtic language was MAPG2 spoken until the eighteenth century in Cornwall. Another ex­ STRESS CONTRASTS ON OBJECT PRONOUNS ample is found in Scotland where Highland Scottish English (subject forms used as stressed or unstressed objects). is more standard than Lowland Scottish English (Trudgill: fig . 3 1974, pp. 63-64), despite the fact that the Highlanders have LEGEND been speaking English for a much shorter time than the Low­

U = Unstressed pronoun same word as stressed landers. It seems that when a people give up their language (as Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, and French speakers did in S = Stressed pronoun different word from stressed Newfoundland) to learn English they are likely to learn the ILLUSTRATION OF S-TYPE DIALECTS most standard form of it which is available to them. This gives them advantages (or at least a moral advantage) over Unstressed Stressed the native speakers of English with whom they are forced to Give X to 'er. Give X to she. compete. In this context, it may be noted that the district of Tom kicked en. Tom kicked he. Newfoundland which has had the highest rate of literacy It done us good. It done we good. throughout our history is St. John's East (David Alexander: PRELIMINARY DIALECT MAPPING 1980) and that this district has strong Irish origins. These OF NEWFOUNDLAND facts, and the concentration of the Irish on the Avalon Penin­ sula, explain the distinct Irish flavour in many older speakers by of what Professor William Kirwin of Memorial University calls Newfoundland Regional Standard English. The weaken­ Harold Paddock ing of this flavour in Newfoundland Standard English repre­ Brenda Renaud Philip Hiscock sents both a loss of independence and a loss of beauty. and MYSTERIES OF DIALECT MIXING. As indicated above, other Michael Taft (tape index) linguistic evidence (besides the pronunciation of L after First, Handcock claims that many English settlers in New­ vowels) indicates that the more westerly half of south-western foundland were not rural "peasants" but rather townspeople England (i.e . the Cornwall-Devon-West Somerset peninsula) with skilled trades. This is supported by the rather high inci­ was not the major source of English settlers in Newfoundland. dence of "dark" vocoid L, which, as we have explained One piece of evidence is the rarity of the distinctively Devon above, was a more urban type of pronunciation in the West rounded palatal vowel in words like school and moon. This Country. Secondly, Handcock claims that Newfoundland re­ vowel, which sounds much like the vowel in French lune ceived more settlers from the eastern part of the West Country "moon" or lutte "struggle", might be expected to make (i.e . Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire) than from school sound like skule or skew! in Newfoundland. The Pre­ the western part (i.e. Devon and Cornwall). The minority liminary Dialect Mapping of Newfoundland found only ten presence of vocoid L in area D2, English-North, supports (widely scattered) speakers out of ninety-three with such Handcock's claim because it was into the eastern parts of the Devon-type pronunciations. Vocabulary evidence also sup­ West Country that vocoid L first penetrated (Orton et al: ports the theory of heavier migration from the eastern half of 1978). There exists additional support from other pronuncia­ south-western England (i.e. from Dorset, East Somerset, tion and grammar features, as well as from vocabulary (Orton Wiltshire and Hampshire). For example, of the forty-four and Wright: 1974). Thirdly, the majority presence of vocoid maps which show an east-west vocabulary distinction in the L in parts of area D3, English-South, supports Handcock' s West Country in A Word Geography of England (Orton and claim that the migration to the south coast reached its peak at Wright: 1974) a majority show that Newfoundland has the 620 DIALECTS more eastern word rather than the more western word. ln having two opposed meanings. Perhaps this explains why this some cases, of course, Newfoundland has both words such as writer has recorded sentences like the following in Newfound­ western haps and eastern latch. But we should treat such evi­ land English: "I don't know what to be after doin to please mi dence with caution for several reasons. new boss.'' Here we see the English meaning of 'trying to do' One is that more often a linguistic feature is shared by most rather than the Irish meaning of 'having done'. of the West Country. For example, the word pooks was still As Virginia Dillon (1968) has pointed out, Anglo-Irish has used for "haycocks" in most of the rural West Country of a very rich vocabulary of insult and sympathy. Of all these England in the mid-Twentieth Century. Another reason is that words perhaps the one which was adopted most quickly by the the regional variants are not always divided into east and west English in Newfoundland was the word angishore (from the in the West Country. For example, The Linguistic Atlas of Irish Gaelic aindeiseoir or ainniseoir 'an unfortunate, a England gives both noon and noan as southern pronunciations wretch'). No doubt this was due to its sound because to the of "none" in the West Country of England and we do find English, who dropped and added H quite regularly, it seemed both these pronunciations in Newfoundland. In addition, we a highly appropriate name for weak and miserable men who note that some distinctively Dorset features are rare in New­ " hang ashore" instead of going out fishing. foundland English. One is the use of the unstressed auxiliary It therefore appears that any linguistic element (whether verbs da ''do'' and did for making general statements such as word, pronunciation, or grammatical form) survived or the following: flourished in Newfoundland English only if it served some (1) Ida wear a heavy shirt all year round. real purpose or could be fitted into the developing systems of (2) My father did wear a heavy shirt all the time. the local dialects. One elegant system which developed in Instead, Newfoundland vernacular tends to use "I Newfoundland out of English and Irish elements was the split­ wears ... " in sentence 1 and "My father usta wear . . . " in ting of each of the verbs do, have and be into two verbs­ sentence 2. No doubt Dorset da lost out to the suffix -s in one full or lexical verb, the other an auxiliary verb. In the Newfoundland because -s was used in most of the other West Newfoundland vernacular, the lexical verb takes -s in the Country counties as well as in Anglo-Irish of southeastern present tense while the auxiliary does not. This yields the fol­ Ireland. Finally, we note that the Devon settlers were often lowing patterns: early settlers in Newfoundland and that they concentrated in the St. John's area where their linguistic influence was weak­ Lexical Auxiliary ened by numerous other and later settlers and by standardiza­ DO They doos their work. Do Mary work here? (present tense) does tion. Yes, she do . When various dialects mix as they have done in Newfound­ No, she do n't. land the results are often quite unpredictable. For example, DO They done their work. Did Mary work here? the mix along much of the north shore of Conception Bay has (past tense) Yes, she did. produced a loss of R after vowels (before consonants and at No, shedidn'. the ends of phrases) whereas in most of Newfoundland there HAVE I haves a lot of colds Have she finished? is no such loss of R. Perhaps four factors combined to weaken (present) has R in that area. One was that parts of the West Country deleted most winters. Yes, she have . R before certain consonants (particularly sand th)-for exam­ No, she haven't. ple, William Barnes (1886) reports this fact for Dorset. A sec­ OR: No, she (h)an't. She've done it before. ond factor is that Jersey French deleted R before a different set of consonants (particularly land n: see N.C.W. Spence: HAVE I had a lot of colds Had she finished? (past) last winter. 1960, p. 12) and Handcock notes (1977, p. 29) that Concep­ Yes, she had. tion Bay received a significant number of Channel Islanders No, shehadn' t/hadn'. as settlers. A third factor may have been Irish: a uvular R sim­ She'd done it before. ilar to the standard French R has been reported from Water­ BE It bees cold here in 'Tis cold here now. ford, a main Irish port for the Newfoundland trade, and R­ (present) the winter. dropping dialects are reported from Dublin itself. A fourth Do it be cold here? Is it cold here? Yes, it do (be). Yes, 'tis . (etc.) factor may have been the knowledge that Standard British No, it don't (be). No, ' tidn' . (etc.) English and New England English both "drop the R" after vowels. CONCLUSION . This article gives the barest sketch of New­ Some Irish features have gained wide usage in Newfound­ foundland dialects of English and of the kinds of insights into land English. One of them is the after form of the perfect Newfoundland's past and present which they can provide. For aspect of the verb as in "Look what I'm after doin now!" further information the reader is referred to the following which has spread rapidly despite its several English rivals items listed in the bibliography at the end of this entry: Story such as "I've done " , "I've adone", "I bin done". Strangely (1967); Paddock (1966 and 1977); Dillon (1968); Seary, enough, it appears that its rapid spread was partly due to the Story, and Kirwin (1968); Noseworthy (1971); Kirwin (1968 fact that the West Country English brought to Newfoundland to 1980); Reid (1981), Clarke (forthcoming), and Colbourne an identical form with an opposite meaning. Thus in Ireland (forthcoming). We particularly look forward to the publica­ "He's after insultin you" means that he has insulted you tion (expected in 1982) of the Dictionary of Newfoundland whereas in the West Country of England it means that he English by George Story, William Kirwin, and John Wid­ wants to insult you or is trying to insult you. It appears then dowson. that Newfoundland English found itself with the same form What of the future of Newfoundland English? Despite DIALECTS, DICKENSON 621 some evidence (see Clarke, forthcoming) that Newf~~­ deposits which were examined in 1934 and 1965. In 1934 landers have more language loyalty than do most linguistic trenches were dug and pit samples of pyrite, arsenpyrites, minorities, continuing erosion of Newfoundland dialects can gold and gold-bearing minerals were taken. In 1965 a quartz be expected. It seems that the vocabulary is most vulnerable. deposit was surveyed and it was estimated that there were re­ If a word no longer refers to anything, because of changes in serves estimated at 907 18_? tonnes (1,000,000 short tons) our way of life, it will disappear quickly. Certain striking (Mineral Occurrence Tables Newfoundland: 1976). The min­ non-standard features of pronunciation are also dropped eral deposits have not been mined, however, and the local in­ quickly if speakers are conscious of them. One example is the shore fishery has remained the economic mainstay of the set­ pronunciation of born, form, etc. to rhyme with barn, farm, tlement, although the number of fishermen in the community etc. This was such a widespread feature of Newfoundland has declined in the last decade. In 1978 it was reported that English that it was found among older speakers in fifty of the there were one long-liner and two Cape Islanders at Diamond seventy-two communities in the preliminary survey described Cove employed in the cod fishery in addition to several small above, but it is now disappearing rapidly. Because of its boats employed in the salmon fishery . The Diamond Cove highly systematic, useful, and economical nature, the local catch was processed at the T .J. Hardy fish plant in Rose grammar seems most resistant to change. Thus one hears Blanche. The remaining work force was employed in Port aux haves and doos being changed to has and does without any Basques or in service industry jobs in Rose Blanche (DA: change in their grammatical functions. One also hears ''Give Apr. 1978). In 1981 school was attended in Rose Blanche. 'en to me" being changed to "Give 'im to me" rather than to Robert Wells (1960), Census (1945-1976), Mineral Occur­ "Give it to me" when referring to an inanimate object such as rence Tables Newfoundland (1976). Map K. JEMP a book, pencil, or shovel. DIAPENSIA. Diapensia lapponica L. (Diapensiaceae) Native Even if Newfoundland speech becomes homogenized with plant of Newfoundland and Labrador, known in the Province General Canadian, Newfoundlanders will still have the dialect by two names: the ground ivory flower or the moss lily. A evidence fossilized in place names (see Seary: 1971) and sur­ semi-woody evergreen plant, the diapensia grows in low, names (see Seary and Lynch: 1977). But I do not believe that dense cushion-like tufts in "alpine habitats - wind-swept these dialects will ever be reduced to such relics. They will barrens, headlands, cliffs and mountain-tops, throughout have to be soaked for centuries in the fresh water of General most of Newfoundland and Labrador" (A.G. Ryan: 1978, Canadian before "ivery las' bidda salt laves ' urn ." p . 23). Its leaves are leathery, narrowly spatulate, crowded David Alexander (1980), William Barnes (1886), Sandra on the stem and imbricated. The flowers are solitary, white, Clarke (forthcoming), Wade Colbourne (forthcoming), Vir­ bell-shaped and have five stamens. Although they usually ginia Dillon (1968), F.G. Foster (1977), Gordon Handcock bloom during June and from late July to mid-August, they (1977), Robert Hollett (1977), W.J. Kirwin (1968-1980), have been reported to bloom as early as mid-May and as late William Labov (1966), J.J. Mannion (1974; 1977), R.G. as early October. The fruit is a cartilaginous capsule with a Noseworthy (1971), Orton and Wright (1974), Harold Orton few seeds. R.T. Day (1978), H.A. Gleason (1952: ill), Asa eta! (1978), H.J. Paddock (1966; 1977), Gerald Reid (1981), Gray (1950), Oleg Polunin (1969), Ernest Rouleau (1978), E.R. Seary et al (1968), E.R. Seary (1971; 1977), N.C.W. A.G. Ryan (1978), P.J. Scott (1978), "Cape St. Mary's" Spence (1960), G.M. Story (1967), Peter Trudgill (1974), (1979). CFH M.F. Wakelin (1972), Economic Council of Canada (1980). D'IBERVILLE, PIERRE LE MOYNE. See LE MOYNE Harold J. Paddock D'IBERVILLE, PIERRE. DIAMOND DRILLING. See MINING. DICKCISSEL. See GROSBEAKS. DIAMOND COVE "(pop. 1976, 124). A fishing settlement lo­ DICKENSON, ETHEL G. (c .1880-1918). Teacher; nurse. cated in a small cove immediately west of Rose Blanche qv on Born St. John's. Educated Methodist College, St. John's; the south coast approximately 40 km (25 mi) east of Channel­ Mcdonald College, Guelph, Ontario. After studying hygiene Port aux Basques, Diamond Cove was included in Census fig­ and dietetics in Guelph Dickenson returned to St. John' s to ures with Rose Blanche until 1945, when for the first time it conduct the Domestic Science School, but left again for Eng­ was reported as an independent community, with a population land in 1915 to visit relatives. Her graduate training qualified of 126 (124 Church of England adherents). It is probable that her to become a volunteer nurse during World War I at the Diamond Cove was settled about the same time as Rose Wandsworth Hospital, London and in the Ascot Hospital for Blanche, and Diamond Cove fishermen have traditionally the duration of her stay. fished the Rose Blanche banks and disposed of their catch Her health deteriorating, she returned to St. John's in Au­ through the Rose Blanche merchants and fish plants. The pre­ gust 1918 for rest and to resume her duties at the Domestic dominantly Anglican community numbered eighty-five (fif­ Science School. However, the school was closed because of teen families) in 1956 and it was reported that the labour force the Spanish influenza epidemic, so once again she volun­ was variously engaged in the local inshore fishing or "work­ teered her nursing services to the emergency ward set up in ing away" (Robert Wells: 1960). Diamond Cove, which is the King George the Fifth Institute. Almost all of those whom approximately 3 km (2 mi) from Rose Blanche, maintained she worked with were stricken with the influenza but recov­ its own school but as Wells stated in his 1960 report, " it is ex­ ered. Dickenson, already in poor health, was the only nurse pected that the school will close shortly;' ' by 1971 there was who succumbed to the disease. She died on October 26, 1918, no school reported in Diamond Cove, whose population had just two days after her symptoms became visible. dropped to forty-six in 1961. The population has risen stead­ Following her death nearly $4,000 was collected for a mon­ ily since 1961: it was sixty-five in 1966 and 119 in 1971. ument to her. The work, which stands in Cavendish Square, Diamond Cove, as its name suggests, is the site of mineral St. John's, is an octagonal shaft with a Celtic cross at its pin- 622 DICKENSON,DIEFENBAKER business c .1840 when Robert Dicks took over the binding shop of a Mciver, who retired from the trade. In 1846 Mrs. Robert Dicks established the company's first stationery shop in premises west of the Court House, St. John's. From 1864 until 1877 City Directories indicate that the company operated from 202 Water Street. John Rochfort (1877) reported that the company was known as Dicks & Brace in that year, although by 1885 Robert Dicks had died and his wife controlled the business from 269 Water Street. The nature of the "Dicks & Brace" partnership in business is not known. According to Paul O'Neill, a partner named McKenny en­ tered the firm before the great fire of 1892. Might & Co's Di­ rectory, St. John's, Harbour Grace, and Carbonear (1890), however, recorded the premises of Dicks & Co. in 1890 at 263 Water Street. H.M. Mosdell (1923) notes the establish­ ment of Dicks & Co. on August 22, 1890. In the early 1890s John Leamon assumed control of Dicks & Co. which had moved to Merchant's Block on Water Street by 1897. In 1910 the company began expanding its operations by the addition of a printing shop, which resulted in the incorpora­ tion of Dicks & Co. Ltd. in 1912 and the purchase of another shop formerly occupied, according to A.B. Perlin, by Mr. J. Daymond at the comer of Bell and Duckworth Streets in 1913. From the time of incorporation the expansion and su­ pervision of the printing shop was managed by Edward Froude, who lost his life on the Florizel in 1918. The control of the company shifted in 1939 on Leamon's death. G. Douglas Rogers became manager with controlling interest after some thirty years experience with the company. Rogers, a former Methodist schoolmaster from Nova Scotia, had be­ come a stockholder in Dicks & Co. Ltd. in 1919 and joint Monument erected to Ethel G. Dickenson manager with John Leamon three years before Leamon's nacle, sculpted from grey Aberdeen granite with a native death. granite sub-base. Lady and Governor Sir Charles Harris un­ G.D. Rogers retired in 1955 and was succeeded by James veiled the monument on October 26, 1920. Austin, an employee with the company since 1943. Austin Inscriptions on two opposite sides of the shaft read: had been appointed assistant manager in 1951 and had be­ THIS SHAFf, SURMOUNTED BY THE WORLD EM­ come a shareholder and joint manager with Rogers. Another BLEM OF SACRIFICE, IS SET UP BY A GRATEFUL company employee, George T. Baggs, who had joined the PUBLIC IN MEMORY OF ETHEL DICKENSON VOL­ company in 1942, became assistant manager in 1952, with re­ UNTEER NURSE WHO IN THE GREAT EPIDEMIC OF sponsibility for the book and stationery departments. 1918 GAVE HER LIFE WHILE TENDING PATIENTS By 1975 the firm had passed to the control of James Austin, AT THE KING GEORGE THE FIFfH INSTITUTE, ST. Jr. who became President. The following year Austin, Sr. JOHN'S. IN HONOUR ALSO OF THOSE WHO died. In 1980 the executive staff of Dicks & Co. Ltd. con­ NURSED WITH HER IN THE IMMINENT SHADOW sisted of James Austin, President, John Austin, Vice-Presi­ OF DEATH. dent, George T. Baggs, Allan Cook, and Mrs. M.A. Austin, And on the other two sides: Directors. James Austin (interview, 1980), A.B. Perlin BE THOU FAITHFUL UNTO DEATH (1958?). wcs AND I WILL GIVE THEE A CROWN OF LIFE. DICKS, ROBERT. See DICKS & CO. LTD. Paul O'Neill (1975), J.R. Smallwood (1975), ET (Apr. 1, DIEFENBAKER, JOHN GEORGE (1895-1979). Prime Min­ 1979), Remarkable Women of Newfoundland and Labrador ister of Canada. Born Grey County, Ontario. Educated Saska­ (1976). LAP toon Collegiate Institute, Saskatchewan; University of Sas­ DICKS & CO. LTD. Printers and Booksellers. The firm had its katchewan. In 1916 as a member of the Officer's Training beginnings in the sail making premises of William Dicks. Dur­ Corps he joined the 196th Battalion as a Lieutenant and ing the late 1830s Robert Mciver operated a small book­ served overseas before being invalided out of service in 1917. bindery in the Dicks premises "located in the block on the He graduated with a law degree in 1919 and was called to the North side of Water Street between the present Court House Bar of Saskatchewan on June 30, 1919. Diefenbaker was and McBrides Hill" (A.B. Perlin; 1958?). P.K. Devine, cited elected leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party in in Perlin and Paul O'Neill (1975; 1976), names at least four 1936 but resigned in 1940 and in that year was elected to the separate locations before the establishment of the company Canadian House of Commons as the member for Lake Centre. premises at 247 Water Street in 1897. He was re-elected in the general elections of 1945 and 1949. The Dicks family became involved in the book-binding In 1953 Diefenbaker ran in the seat of Prince Albert and was ;;_, DIEFENBAKER, DILDO 623 elected. (He was subsequently re-elected for Prince Albert in merly came and went with the fishing fleets tried to stay on all general elections from 1957 to 1979.) the Island and were often aided by their employers, who pre­ In December 1956, when the. National Convention of the ferred not to pay the expense of the passage home. Unem­ Progressive Conservative Party was held in Ottawa, Diefen­ ployed and with the population of Newfoundland growing baker was chosen as Leader of the party. From January to rapidly, many dieters were destitute during the winter. Some April, 1957 Diefenbaker served as Leader of the Opposition were able to pledge their services for the following year to but on June 10, 1957 the Progressive Conservatives were planters who would provide board and shelter to them in the elected to office and Diefenbaker was sworn in as Prime Min­ interim, but for many, theft and vandalism were the only re­ ister of Canada on June 21, 1957. His party was re-elected on sort. March 31, 1958 with the greatest majority in Canada's his­ Noting these "unruly behaviours" and perhaps apprehen­ tory. It was with Diefenbaker that Newfoundland had one of sive that the Irish in Newfoundland were rebellious, Governor its greatest constitutional disputes. The disagreement was Waldegrave (c .1799), Lieutenant Governor Richard Barton over the stand that the Federal Government took on Term 29 (1801) and Governor Gower (1805) attempted to have the in the *Terms of Union qv. When the terms for Confederation dieters deported or the houses that harboured them either re­ qv with Canada were being worked out in 1948 and 1949 the moved or kept unfinished. For example, Waldegrave decreed delegates realized the need for Newfoundland to have extra fi­ that all dwellings within two hundred yards from the shore nancial resources to handle its transition from being a self­ should not be permitted to have chimneys or hearths, as this governing country to a province and having to offer provincial would encourage winter habitation. services relatively similar to those in the rest of Canada. Term Very little else is recorded of the dieters in Newfoundland, 29 was considered the solution to Newfoundland's loss of rev­ but some, at least, became permanent residents. P.K. Devine enues (such as excise taxes and customs *tariffs qv) a loss (1937), A.H. McLintock (1941). LAP which would occur when Newfoundland joined Canada. DffiTETIC ASSOCIATION, NEWFOUNDLAND. Founded Term 29 granted the newly created Province a grant (eight in St. John's in 1965, the membership of the Newfoundland million dollars for the first three years, then an annually de­ Dietetic Association (N.D.A.) grew from five to over fifty creasing amount for the remaining five years) and limited it to dietitians and nutritionists by 1979. N.D.A. is a professional eight years, at which time a Royal Commission was to look at association which provides assistance to members with pro­ the Province's financial situation and recommend further fi­ fessional problems and offers a programme of continuing edu­ nancial assistance if necessary. Before the eight-year period cation during its regular monthly meetings. was up Newfoundland set up its own Royal Commission One of the major functions of the Association is to act as a (with Phillip J. Lewis as Chairman) which recommended that registrar for all dietitians who meet the professional require­ the Province receive $15 million a year in grants to continue ments specified in the Provincial Act, and who wish to work adequate services. A Royal Commission (chaired by John B. in the Province. N.D.A. is affiliated with the Canadian Diete­ McNair) was sent to Newfoundland by the Federal Govern­ tic Association. LAP ment, under Term 29, and it recommended that the grant be DIGBY, MARGARET {fZ.1934-36). kept at the original $8 million a year until 1962. Diefenbaker Co-operative consultant. From accepted the McNair recommendation, and added that 1962 April 19 to July 20, 1934 Margaret would be the termination of all obligations the Federal Gov­ Digby visited Newfoundland and ernment had under Term 29. Newfoundland's Premier, J.R. Labrador coastal communities to Smallwood, was outraged and started a nation-wide campaign ascertain the feasibility of establish­ to change the decision. It took several years and a new Prime ing co-operatives in the country. Minister before the Canadian Parliament agreed to continue to The suggestions submitted in her give Newfoundland grants under Term 29. Report on The Opportunities for Co- Diefenbaker's party was re-elected in June 1962 but lost in operative Organization in New- Margaret Digby the election of April 1963. From 1963 to September 1967 foundland and Labrador in 1934 Diefenbaker served as Leader of the Opposition. He resigned prompted the Commission of Government to form a Co-oper­ as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party on September ative Division in the Department of Natural Resources in 25, 1967 but continued as a Progressive Conservative 1937, and establish a Co-op Act in Newfoundland. According member of the House of Commons until his death on August to Lawrence Cashin (1975) Digby's work was instrumental in 16, 1979. Richard Gwyn (1968), P.C. Newman (1979), promoting Government interest in co-operative participation S.J.R. Noel (1971), Canadian Parliamentary Guide 1978 which survived until1962, when the Newfoundland Co-Oper­ (1978), Who's Who in Canada 1977-78 (1977). DPJ ative Union assumed responsibility for Co-op programmes. DIETERS. During the Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Cen­ The Newfoundland Commission of Government, however, turies crews of "dieters" signed on to the vessels of West had established a Land Development Association in 1934 to Country fishermen to fill the shortage of labour at the annual alleviate the chronic effects of the Depression. C.C. James Newfoundland fishery. They came mainly from ports in Ire­ (1967) notes that Digby's co-operative suggestions were later land and, usually destitute, agreed to work for their bed and introduced to the Association stores at Lourdes and Midland. board (their "diet:" OED: sb1 5b). The first week of May was R.A. MacKay (1946). See CO-OPERATIVES. WCS thereafter in Newfoundland often marked by the expression, DILDO (pop. 1976, 858). A community situated in a deep, nar­ "Out dogs and in dieters." row cove at the entrance point of Dildo Arm, Dildo and With the United Irish rebellion in 1798 the number of Irish nearby South Dildo (pop. 1976, 278) at the head of the arm, immigrating to Newfoundland rose. Those dieters who for- on the south side of Trinity Bay, are some 96 km (60 mi) 624 DILDO, DINGLE from St. John's. Possibly named after Dildo Island which lies books on the British Empire, including Problems ofA Greater 1 km out from Dildo Arm, Dildo was first settled in the early Britain (1890) and The British Empire (1899), which have 1800s by Reids, Prettys, Smiths and Newhooks and in the specific sections on Newfoundland. In them he again advo­ 1980s these were still the predominant names among the in­ cates the rights of Newfoundland fishermen with regard to the habitants. Dildo is close to good fishing grounds and the cod fishery on the French Shore. Charles Dilke (1890; 1899), J.R. fishery has always been the primary basis of the economy, Smallwood (1 937), Who Was Who (1920). BGR supplemented until the 1950s by subsistence farming. In the DINAH {fl.1815?). Slave. Probably one of the last negro slaves 1850s herring fishing began and some years later a sawmill in Newfoundland, Dinah may have been brought to St. John's and then a butter factory opened. These did not last and in the by her owner John Ryan qv. Ryan was originally from Rhode latter part of the Nineteenth Century Dildo was well-known Island but, a Loyalist, he left the United States at the end of for its squid, and Americans and Canadians came regularly to the Revolution and settled in Parr Town (Saint John, New purchase bait. Brunswick), where he founded a newspaper. Dinah probably In 1889 a permanent fisheries commission was set up for came to Newfoundland about 1807 when Ryan moved to the the Colony and a fish hatchery was established on Dildo Is­ Island to begin Newfoundland's first newspaper, The Royal land under the direction of A. Neilson, Superintendent of the Gazette and Newfoundland Advertizer qv. At his death in Oc­ Fisheries. The hatchery, one of the most modem and largest tober 1847 Ryan left a will in which Dinah was mentioned: " I of its type in the world, was designed to hatch between two will and bequeath my female slave Dinah her freedom imme­ and three million cod in a season. A spawning pond was diately after my decease, and that her two children, Cornelius added in 1891 and a 5.5 m (18ft) high windmill provided the and Rachel, be retained in the service of my farnil y, or bound power to pump sea water into the pond. In 1891 , 39,550,000 out to some creditable person until they come to the age of cod and 541 ,195,000 lobster were hatched. Two years later twenty-one years, then to enjoy their freedom" (quoted in 201 ,435,000 cod and 517,353,000 lobster were propagated. W. J. Carroll: 1906). What became of Dinah and her children Twenty people were employed in the hatchery in the summer is not known, but with the abolition of slavery in Britain and but despite its seeming success the hatchery was discontin­ its possessions in 1833 they would have been emancipated if ued, perhaps because of the fmancial crisis of the Colony in they were still on British soil. If this was the case Ryan' s free­ the 1890s. During the same period a lobster-packaging fac­ ing her in his will would have been unnecessary. (It is pos­ tory had been set up but it too was abandoned by the tum of sible, however, that Dinah was no longer living as the follow­ the century. ing appears in the burial records of the Church of England In the Twentieth Century Dildo was a flourishing whaling Parish in St. John' s for March 18, 1816: "Dinah aged 39 centre but a ban on whaling in the early 1970s brought this in­ years of this Parish a negro woman was buried.'') It is likely dustry to a close. It also aided the demise of mink ranches in then that the will had been drawn up before 1833. The will the area which depended on whale meat (from pothead was, however, completed in Newfoundland because it bore whales) as a cheap source of food. In 1955 an entire mink the signature of two Newfoundland notaries, George Lilly and farm had been transported from Lester Island, near Van­ George Burton. Dinah and her children were thus likely couver, to Dildo but in the late 1960s rising feed prices forced amongst the very few negro slaves ever in Newfoundland. it and other ranches to close. The Newfoundland Fur Farmer (One other such record, of a ' 'covenant negro servant valued Co-op, incorporated in 1955, still exists but in the 1970s it worth £60" who was kept by Thomas Oxford c .1679, exists converted to fresh fish processing. Although in the post-Con­ in Newfoundland records. See D.W. Prowse: 1895, p. 176). federation period the inshore fishery diminished, in 1950 a W.J. Carroll (1906), D.W. Prowse (1895), Barristers' Roll fresh-fish plant was established in South Dildo. There are (1826- ), The Morning Courier (Oct. 9, 1847). RDP now three fish-processing plants in South Dildo and two in DINGLE, MOLLY (1892- ). Educator. Born St. John's. nearby New Harbour qv which provide employment for four Educated Presbyterian Hall; Holloway School, St. John's; to eight months of the year. Dildo also boasts the only sealing Teacher's College, Truro, Nova Scotia. Dingle was asso­ plant in Newfoundland, operated by the Norwegian firm ciated with Holloway School first as a student. In 1908 after Carino. Three small sawmills operate in the area as well as completing the school programme she became a teacher­ one shipbuilding concern, a commercial farm, two long assistant to the Kindergarden class at the school. She held this liners, and eight trap-skiffs. Although neither Dildo nor South position for six years. She then attended the Teacher's Col­ Dildo has a town council they have good municipal services, lege in Truro, Nova Scotia, completing the training course for and in Dildo there are four schools employing thirty-five Kindergarden teachers in one year. The next year, 1915, she teachers. Although Dildo is fortunate in the number of em­ returned to Holloway School and taught the Kindergarden ployers in the area, as it is not far from St. John's some people class there until her retirement in 1952, with the exception of do commute there to work. See CO-OPERATIVES. R.F. 1933-34 when she went to Scotland as an exchange teacher. Goose (n.d.), Woodrow Reid (interview, Apr. 1980), DA She went to England in 1952, but her retirement did not last (Apr. 1977), ET (Apr. 28, 1975; Jan. 12, 1980). PMH long. DILDO RUN PARK. See PARKS, PROVINCIAL. In 1953 upon her return from England she was approached DILKE, SIR CHARLES (1843-1911). Politician. Born United by Vera Perlin qv who wanted her to become part of a new Kingdom. As a member of the British House of Commons, programme she was developing to help educate mentally Dilke was often referred to as ' 'the Newfoundland member'' handicapped children. Dingle accepted the offer and became for his constant and staunch defense of Newfoundland. He the first professional teacher of the mentally handicapped in was a loyal advocate of Newfoundland's position in the Newfoundland. Over the next two years she visited other *French Shore qv dispute, and strongly protested the British schools in Truro, Montreal and England to become ac­ Government's stand on the issue. He also wrote a number of quainted with their methods and programmes. DINGLE, DISCOVERY DA Y 625 For the next three years Dingle taught these children in a but was intended to serve the same purpose as the original. classroom set up in the United Church Orphanage in St. Diocesan Magazine (1892; 1893 passim). EMD John' s. In 1956 the class moved into a former dwelling house DIPHTHERIA. See HEALTH. on Patrick Street which had been converted to a school. Ten DIRECT UNITED STATES CABLE COMPANY. See years later they moved to the new Vera Perlin School on TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES. Pennywell Road. Dingle retired from her second career in DIRIGIBLE C-5. See AVIATION. 1969_at the age ~f seventy-seven. DISASTERS FUND, PERMANENT MARINE. The Marine In 1949 she received an M.B.E. for her dedication as an Disasters Fund was established in 1908 after the wrecking of educator. She received certificates of merit from both schools the Effie M and Alma in 1907. The Effie M, owned by Joseph upon her retirements and is also an honorary life member of Morris of Trinity, was wrecked at Great Brook near Old Perli­ the Newfoundland Teachers' Association. Molly Dingle (in­ can during a storm on September 19 , 1907. There were no terview, Dec. 19 , 1980). BGR survivors and the loss of lives was estimated to be between DINN, JEROME W. (1940- sixteen and twenty-four. (A plaque to the memory of the vic­ ). Politician . Born St. tims of the Effie M was placed in St. Matthew' s Church, John' s. Educated St. Patrick's Trouty, Trinity Bay. The Fund was established to provide for Hall School, St. John's; Radio the dependents of those lost in the disaster. A committee was and Telecommunication appointed by Prime Minister Sir Robert Bond to administer School, Clinton, Ontario. Dinn the funds. It is possible that the money was received from do­ joined the Royal Canadian Air nations. An advertisement appearing in the Newfoundland Force in 1958 and served for Quarterly , July 1912, on behalf of the committee of the ten years. After leaving the Marine Disasters Fund, made an appeal for donations to deal Forces he was employed by the with the losses resulting from marine disasters. National Aeronautic and Space In 1913 an Act (3 Geo. V, c. 28) was passed to provide as­ Administration, IBM Canada sistance to sufferers from marine disasters. It provided that Ltd., and the Newfoundland any fisherman or seaman killed ' 'through drowning or other­ Jerome W. Dinn Telephone Company Limited. wise on high sea or within territorial waters of the colony' ' his He was also a member of the Board of Directors of the RCAF family or representatives were to receive out of the Consoli­ Association, serving as Chairman of the sponsoring commit­ dated Revenue Fund the sum of one hundred dollars when the tee for Air Cadets. proof of his death was given to the Governor in Council, and Dinn served as Vice-President and President of the St. when the Governor in Council was satisfied that the deceased John's East Extern Progressive Conservative District Associa­ had left surviving one or more relatives dependent upon him tion before being elected to the House of Assembly as the Pro­ for support and were in need of assistance. gressive Conservative member for Pleasantville District in the Marine disasters of 1914 resulted in the loss of 250 lives Provincial election of 1975 . He was re-elected in 1979, ap­ and because of this, Legislation was passed in 1915 enacting pointed Party Whip in 1975, and held this position until his the Permanent Marine Disasters Fund. Under this Act (6 Geo. appointment to Cabinet as Minister of Municipal Affairs and V, c . 17) a committee consisting of nine members appointed Housing on September 9, 1976. He became Minister of by the Governor in Council was established. The committee Transportation and Communication on October 20, 1978 and had the power " to raise, establish and administer a permanent Minister of Labour and Manpower on March 27, 1979. J. W. fund out of which they may, at their discretion, allocate funds Dinn (letter, Apr. 1981). BGR for relief of dependents of any fisherman or seaman' ' injured DINN, REV. MICHAEL FRANCIS (1891-1954). Clergy­ or killed in a marine disaster. The funds were to be gathered man. Born Carbonear. Educated St. Bonaventure's College, by public or private appeals, from subscriptions, legacies, do­ St. John's; University College, Dublin; All Hallows College, nations, gifts and otherwise. Dublin. Dinn was ordained to the Priesthood in 1918. He was By an Act (19 Geo. V, c. 10) passed in 1928 the committee attached to the Cathedral at Harbour Grace from 1913 to of the Marine Disaster Fund was to pay over the funds raised 1925, appointed parish priest of Bonavista in 1927 (where he by public subscription to the permanent Marine Disasters was a close friend of Sir William F. Coaker qv, leader of the Fund Committee and that committee was to take over and in­ Fishermen's Protective Union), and in 1924 to North River, corporate "The Marine Disasters Fund of 1914" with its own where he built a church. While at North River he was visited funds and thereafter to administer it as part of the Permanent by Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. Dinn was also Marine Disasters Fund. An Act Respecting the Assistance of a missionary to the Montagnais. J .R. Smallwood (interview, Sufferers in Marine Disasters (3 Geo. V, c. 28), An Act Rep­ Sept. 1981), Who's Who in and from Newfoundland 1937 resenting the Establishment of a Permanent Marine Disasters (1937?). EMD Fund ( 6 Geo. V, c. 17), An Act Respecting Permanent DIOCESAN MAGAZINE. The Newfoundland Diocesan Mag­ Marine Disasters Fund (19 Geo. V, c. 10). EMD azine was a monthly publication of the Church of England, DISCO (DOMINION IRON AND STEEL COMPANY). See started in 1889. The magazine reported the various church ac­ BELL ISLAND; MINING. tivities of the communities of the diocese (which included all DISCOVERY. See EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. of Newfoundland) and provided reading for its subscribers. DISCOVERY DAY. June 24 is celebrated in the Christian The monthly issue also included a supplement printed in Lon­ Church Calendar as St. John the Baptist Day. It is believed to don called The Dawn of Day. be the day in 1497 that John Cabot qv made landfall in New­ In January 1959 the magazine changed its name to The foundland and has been celebrated under the name St. John's Newfoundland Churchman which was in the form of a tabloid Day in the capital city for many years. In 1963 it became a 626 DISCOVERY DAY, DISTILLERIES

Province-wide holiday for Newfoundland and Labrador, and Labrador where he remained until 1852 when he returned to the name was officially changed to Discovery Day. Hours of Northern Ireland. He died at Newtownhamilton Rectory, July Work Act (1963, no. 69). BGR 11, 1854 of malignant typhus fever. T.G. Ford (1935), C.F. DISEASE. See HEALTH. Pascoe (1901). BGR DISNEY, REV. HENRY PURDON ( ?-1854). Clergyman. DISTAFF, THE. A paper published by the Royal Gazette, The Born Ireland. Edward Feild qv, Church of England Bishop of Distaff was designed to obtain funds for the Red Cross Branch Newfoundland, visited the Labrador part of his diocese in of The *Women's Patriotic Association qv during World War 1848 and saw a need for missionary-clergy on the coast of I. Edited by Mabel W. LeMessurier, the paper gave an ac­ Labrador. When he appealed to the Society for the Propaga­ count of the work done by women in Newfoundland for the tion of the Gospel in London for aid Henry Disney was one of cause. The first publication was probably in 1916 and evi­ the volunteers who agreed to help establish missions in Labra­ dence of its success as a fund raising venture was recorded in dor. The Society provided him with £60 for his passage and the second edition in 1917. The Distaff(1916; 1917). EMD provision and in 1850 he set sail for Newfoundland. He ar­ DISTILLERIES. In an article written in 1907 by J.W. Withers rived in St. John's and was promptly dispatched to Battle Har­ (cited in H.M. Mosdell: 1923) entitled "St. John's Over a bour qv, Labrador. There he adapted to the hard life, visiting Century Ago" he reports that the residents of St. John's in his parishioners along the coast by rowing a whaleboat. As 1807 consumed a great deal of alcohol: "The imports of rum well as clergyman, he was also teacher and doctor. He estab­ alone for a population of about 20,000 were about 220,000 lished a school at St. Francis Harbour which had mainly Inuit gallons [91 000 L] or about 11 gallons [50 L] per head for students. From October 8, 1850 to June 1, 1851 Disney everyone in Newfoundland, besides brandy and gin, wine, served at the mission at Harbour Grace. He then returned to beer and cider. .. . '' (Mosdell: p. 145). It was not long be-

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•DtT'ED BY ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND. Pl.-BLISH~D BY H&BEL lV'. LzHESSURIER. TUE HOYA.I. G~ZETTE.

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Donovans Industrial Park. the establishment of the St. John's Metropolitan Board Don­ the House of Assembly for the District of Harbour Main. In ovans gradually developed into an industrial and manufactur­ the following year he was re-elected to that district and ap­ ing centre. Numerous secondary industries located there pointed Minister of Mines, Agriculture and Resources on Jan­ created a solid economic base. uary 18, 1972. On December 1 he assumed the portfolio of In 1971 many of the people of Donovans joined with others Economic Development, which changed to Industrial Devel­ in the area to form the town of Paradise. This accounts for the opment on April 21, 1973, and added the duties of President rapid population decline for Donovans from 655 in 1966 to 41 of the Treasury Board on October 1, 1974. On October 10, in 197 6. Those people to the north of the Trans-Canada High­ 1975 he was appointed Minister of Finance and vacated all way at its intersection with Topsail Road but outside the legal previous portfolios but retained the Presidency of the Trea­ boundaries of Paradise continue to consider themselves the sury Board. community of Donovans. On February 6, 1978 he was appointed President of the Ex­ Donovans should not be confused with Donovans Industrial ecutive Council, Minister of Transportation and Communica­ Park, which is on the south side of the Trans-Canada High­ tions, and Minister of Inter-governmental Affairs, and as­ way farther west. It is a large industrial park established in the sumed the Ministry of Public Works and Services on April4, 1970s as part of a planned industrial expansion for Metropoli­ 1978. On October 20, 1978 Doody was appointed Minister of tan St. John's. As well as the location of various manufactur­ Industrial Development and retained Inter-governmental Af­ ing plants, wholesale outlets and warehouses, it also contains fairs. the headquarters for the St. John's Detachment of the Royal Doody held the Mines and Energy portfolio from March Canadian Mounted Police. Paul Perry (interview, Jan. 1981), 27, 1979 until the general election of June 18, 1979, which he E.R. Seary (1971), Census (1966; 1976). Map H. BGR did not contest. He was ap'pointed to the Senate on October 4, DOODY, WILLIAM CYRIL (1931- ). Politician; busi- 1979. W.C. Doody (interview, 1980), N.J. Richards (inter­ nessman. Born St. John's. Educated St. Bonaventure Col­ view, 1980), "Ministeral Portfolios Since 1949" (n.d.), lege, St. John's. Who's Who Newfoundland Silver Anniversary Edition (1975). Doody resigned his position of managing director of J .J. wcs Duff's supermarket and associated companies to enter public DOOLEY, WILLIAM MICHAEL (1875- ?). Journalist. life in October 1971 as Progressive Conservative Member of Born Battle Harbour, Labrador. Educated St. Patrick's Hall DOOLEY.DOTCHON 637 ;;~ School, St. John's. After working with the editorial depart­ By 1974 the membership had dwindled from the stipulated ments of the Saint John Telegraph, Saint John Times, and twelve women to six. and in view of the great increase in gov­ Campbellton Graphic and as a correspondent for Associated ernment social assistance it was felt that the society was no Press, Dooley returned to Newfoundland in 1907 and became longer needed. Hence members voted that the society's re­ the editor of the west coast newspaper, the Western Star. His maining monies be put in a trust called the St. John's Dorcas greatest journalistic accomplishment while editor was the ex­ Society Custodianship. In November 1974 this trust was clusive interview he had with Admiral Perry at Battle Harbour closed. and in March 1975 St. Luke's Home, St. Patrick's while Perry was returning from the North Pole. Dooley also Home and the Agnes Pratt Home each received donations of founded The Miner, a Bell Island paper, in March 1918 and $5,991 .48 for the care of the elderly. A brass plaque com­ wrote articles concerning Newfoundland for international memorating these donations can be seen in each Home as a publications. His attempt to start a Sunday newspaper in St. memorial to the Dorcas Society's 151 years of continuous ser­ John's met with immediate failure, after just one issue. vice in Newfoundland. The Society's last officers were Mrs. Dooley was also an adventurer and explored much of northern Walter Marshall, President, Mrs. H.P. Carter, Treasurer and Labrador. H.M. Mosdell (1923), J.R. Smallwood (1975). Mrs. George C. Crosbie, Secretary. The Dissenting Church of BGR Christ at St. John's I 775-1975: a History of St. Dm·id' s Pres­ DORCAS SOCIETY. A charitable organization founded in the byterian Church St. John's, Newfoundland ( 1976?), ET (Mar. fall of 1824 by Sarah Ward, wife of the Rev. Daniel Spencer 22, 1975), Archives P8/A/29. JEMP Ward, minister of the Congregational Meeting House in St. DORMSTON QUARRY. See PULP AND PAPER MAK­ John's. The society was named for the Biblical Dorcas of ING. Acts 9 who was full of "good works and alms-deeds" and DORRILL, CAPTAIN RICHARD (c. 1719-1762). Governor. who sewed coats and garments: thus the Dorcas Society's first Dorrill began his naval career in 1732. By 1739 he had at­ aim was to provide clothing for "the honest and industrious tained the rank of lieutenant on the Royal Oak and in 1746 he poor. .. Membership was by invitation and limited to twelve commanded the sloop Jamaica. When Dorrill was appointed Protestant ladies, and the society executive consisted of a Governor of Newfoundland in May 1755 he was in command president, a secretary and a treasurer. Sarah Ward was the of the Pen::.ance and on August 5 he arrived in St. John ·s to first president of the Dorcas Society (The Dissenting Church assume his position. Political and religious animosities pre­ of Christ at St. John's 1775-1975: a History of Sr. David's vailed for the duration of his Governorship. Religious tolera­ Presbyterian Church St. John's, NeHfoundland: 1976?). tion was virtually non-existent and Dorrill attempted to ensure Members yearly canvassed local businesses and firms and that penal laws which discouraged Roman Catholics from re­ the society was also left many bequests in wills. These maining in Newfoundland were strictly enforced. Among amounts were invested by the Eastern Trust Company (later some of the penalties faced by Roman Catholics or those who called the Canada Permanent Trust), and the interest from befriended them were fines, destruction of their homes. stages these investments provided for the Dorcas Coal Tickets which or flakes, and deportation. Dorrill left Newfoundland toward the society distributed. Holders of these tickets could redeem the end of the year, and he may have been in Lisbon during them at the value of 14 ton of soft coal each. The society also the great earthquake on November 1. 1755. Newfoundland's relied on other volunteer subscriptions and donations raised next governor was Captain Richard Edwards ql' who assumed by donors such as the Amateur Theatre who in I 827, after the position in 1757. See ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. mounting a production of ''the celebrated melodrama Rob Gordon Duff ( 1964), DCB (III). ELGM Roy,'' donated the ticket proceeds of £5. A Grand Amateur DORSET, ENGLAND. See POPULATION. Concert was held the same year which raised£ 11 and in 1847 DORSET ESKIMO. See PALAEO-ESKIMO TRADITION. a performance of the New York Circus Company netted £26. DORY. See WATERCRAFT. In 1855 the House of Assembly voted £100 for the society, DOSCO (DOMINION STEEL AND COAL CORPORA­ and in 1897 the Sons of Temperance lent their hall to the TION). See BELL ISLAND: MINING. Dorcas Society for dispensing purposes. The Dorcas Society DOTCHON, REV. WILLIAM H. (1862-1951). Clergyman. met yearly in the home of a member to make white clothing Born Whitby, Yorkshire. England. Educated private schools. and underwear which were then given to the needy who had Whitby. Dotchon entered the work of the Methodist Church Dorcas tickets. The poor would also be provided with grocer­ in 1883 as a local preacher while working for an engineering ies and, as stove oil replaced coal, the coal tickets could be firm in Hartlepool. In 1889 he offered himself as a candidate exchanged for an equivalent amount of stove oil. for the Methodist ministry overseas and in the following year The early successes of the Dorcas Society led to the found­ ing of Dorcas Societies in Harbour Grace, Carbonear and was sent to Newfoundland. Completing his probationary can­ Twillingate (the latter by Georgina Stirling qv), and it was re­ didacy in 1893 he was ordained by the Newfoundland Confer­ ported that much of this success was the result of effective ence of the Methodist Church. His many circuits included canvassing, the publishing of annual reports, and the fact that Burin, Musgravetown. Bay of Islands. Moreton's Harbour. "no inquiry whatever is made into the reli gious creed of the Pouch Cove, Elliston. and Exploits. During the course of his applicant-but all are indiscriminately relieved'· (The Dis­ thirty-seven years in the active ministry he held many of the senting Church of Christ at St. John 's 1775-1975: a History District and Conference offices, including District Chairman, of St. David's Presbyterian Church St. John's, NeHfound­ and, in 1909-10. the Presidency of Conference, when he was land: 1976?). Unfortunately most of these annual reports and also a delegate to the General Conference of the Methodist records of the Dorcas Society were burnt in the fires of 1846 Church in Victoria. British Columbia. Dotchon was also a and 1892. prolific writer of religious verse, including From Ocean unto 638 DOTCHON,DOUTNEY Ocean, written during his journey to the Victoria Conference, from August to June (population 1966, four); and Ely Cove, a and a sequence entitled Flowing Grace. His chief work, how­ salmon fishing station located on the southern shore of the en­ ever, was a compendious metrical life of Christ on which he trance to Double Mer, was occupied by three fishermen from laboured for many years. Entitled Chronicles of the Christ, it Goudie's Cove (A.P. Dyke: 1969). In 1979 Ploctors Cove first appeared in The Methodist Monthly Greeting in lengthy was also reported near Goudie's Cove (Sailing Directions instalments, and in 1937 was published by A.H. Stockwell, Labrador and Hudson Bay: 1979). A.P. Dyke (1969), R.H. London, England, in a volume of more than four hundred Jordan (1977), J.G. Taylor (1977), Census (1945-1966), Sail­ pages. Superannuated in 1926, he settled in Brigus, where he ing Directions Labrador and Hudson Bay (1979). Map C. died on December 18, 1951. W.H. Dotchon (1937), D.W. JEMP Johnson (n.d.). D.G. Pitt DOUGH-BIRD (ESKIMO CURLEW). See WOODCOCK. DOTING (DOATING) COVE. See MUSGRAVE HAR­ DOUGLAS, CAPT. JAMES (1703-1787). Commodore. Born BOUR. England. A captain in the Royal Navy by 1744, Douglas com­ DOUBLE MER (pop. 1966, 9). Double Mer is a deep inlet ex­ manded the Mermaid at the seige of Louisbourg in 1745. He tending approximately 72.5 km (45 mi) west of Rigolet qv in continued at Louisbourg in 1746 in command of the Vigilant, Labrador. The inlet, which has steeply wooded shores, is en­ the largest war-ship then at that station, until appointed by tered between Palliser Point and Double Mer Point, a promi­ Vice-Admiral Townsend as Commodore in Newfoundland. nent headland which rises from treed slopes to a bare rock (Because of the war with France a new Governor had not been summit that commands an excellent view of the lower sur­ appointed when the governorship of Richard Edwards qv rounding land. Double Mer Point was the site of an Inuit set­ ended in 1745.) Douglas was to "go and protect the fishery at tlement from approximately 1700 to 1900 which reflected the Newfoundland'' and send a report to London answering the changing lifestyle of the Inuit when they came into contact "Heads of Inquiry relating to the Trade and Fishery of New­ with Europeans. From c .1600 to c .1760 the winter settle­ foundland" (C.O. 194:12, p. 41). ments occupied by the Inuit (principally on Eskimo Island) Douglas compiled his report from the answers to questions were abandoned in favour of a new settlement at Double Mer he sent to justices in the principal harbours from Placentia to Point, which was advantageously situated for trade and de­ Twillingate. His "General Scheme" of the fishery and inhab­ fense. During the 1700s trade between the Inuit and Europe­ itants (C.O. 194:12, Q18) reports the number of ships and ans had become more frequent: in 1743 a trading post was es­ people in each community and the catch for 1746. As Com­ tablishing at North West River qv by Louis Fornel, and other modore, Douglas did not have authority to administer the civil trading establishments were founded in the Hamilton Inlet re­ government of Newfoundland, and the administration of jus­ gion, mainly for trade in oil and baleen (whalebone). Double tice in the Colony suffered in the years without a Governor. Mer Point was situated at the crossroads of this trade; its By April 1747 Douglas had left Newfoundland and had sent height also enabled the Inuit to see enemies approaching from his report to London. No commodore was sent that year; the Groswater Bay and Double Mer. At sites investigated on Es­ next Governor Charles Watson qv, was appointed in 1748. kimo Island and at Double Mer Point there was abundant evi­ Douglas was knighted after his participation in the capture dence of the remains of trade goods and of the fierce competi­ of Quebec in 1759 and, after a distinguished career, was made tion that this trade occasioned. Archeologists found evidence an Admiral in 1778. He was created a Baronet in 1786 and of three winter sod-houses and five summer tent rings; the for­ died the following year. Robert Beatson (1804, Vol. ill), mer were subterranean multi-family, communal homes occu­ R.G. Lounsbury (1934), DNB (XIX), Archives (C.O. pied from about 1760 to 1800, but no specific date could be 194:12). RDP ascertained for the tent rings (R.H. Jordan: 1977). DOUTNEY, REV. WILLIAM P. (1845-1919). Clergyman. From 1771 to 1784 these homes were apparently semi­ Born St. John's. Educated St. Bonaventure's College, St. permanent; however, they were abandoned some time around John's; All Hallow's College, Ireland. W.P. Doutney was or­ 1800 when the Inuit reoccupied their earlier house site onEs­ dained by Right Rev. Dr. Power at St. John's on June 29, kimo Island. In the Nineteenth Century the Inuit population 1871 upon his return from college in Ireland that year. was seriously decimated by disease, and Double Mer was de­ First assigned to the Roman Catholic clerical charge of St. serted until some plank houses, some of them permanent and Lawrence he was later transferred to St. Kryan' s c. 1872 all of them occupied by Inuit, were erected in the late 1800s where he became parish priest and was responsible for the on the shores of Double Mer. Archeologists posit that there erection of a permanent stone church in that community. The were at least several houses in the area: one is positively Newfoundland Quarterly (July 1919) reported that Doutney known to have been at Double Mer Point, belonging either to was responsible for the charge of Placentia Bay, St. Kryan' s an Inuit or a white settler (J. G. Taylor: 1977). In the twentieth and Placentia West, a parish over 96 km (60 mi) long, for the Century Double Mer became the site of a winter settlement next forty years. supporting several summer fishing stations situated in small In 1913 Doutney was transferred to Renews parish and was indentations along its steep shores. In 1945 the Census re­ subsequently appointed Dean upon the death of Dean Roche ported nine inhabitants in two Church of England families. In in 1916. By April 1919 ill health had forced Doutney into re­ 1966 Double Mer was the winter home of four fishermen tirement and convalescent care at St. John's. He eventually from Bluff Head Cove and Mullins Cove, salmon stations on returned to Renews in early July of that year where be died on Hamilton Inlet, and reported a year-round population of five. July 14, 1919. At the time of his death be was the oldest In Double Mer Inlet there were two small fishing stations: Roman Catholic priest in Newfoundland. H.M. Mosdell Goudie Cove, located on the north shore close inside the en­ (1923), Evening Advocate (Apr. 5, 1919; July 7, 1919), Eve­ trance to Double Mer, was a small winter station occupied ning Herald (July 14, 1919). WCS DOVE, DOVER 639

DOVE, REV. DR. JAMES (1826- settlers of Shoal Bay were William Collins, William Noble, 1908). Clergyman. Born Darling­ William Keats, and Charles Parsons from Shoe Cove, approx­ ton, England. James Dove entered imately 32 km (20 mi) from Shoal Bay. By 1901 the popula­ the Methodist ministry in New­ tion had grown to sixty-six people in twelve families, and the foundland in 1855, and during more number of fishermen, with catches of mainly cod, salmon and than thirty years in the active min­ herring, had risen to nineteen, the same number as full-time istry served many of the larger cir­ lumbermen, who exploited the area's rich forest and who cuits in the Island. These included brought the wood to sawmills in Hare Bay qv . Men also Burin, Bonavista, St. John's fished in Labrador during the summer, selling their catches in (Gower Street), Carbonear, Harbour Rev. Dr. James Dove St. John's; the inshore fishermen disposed of their catch Grace, Blackhead, Cupids, and through Greenspond merchants. The lumber industry was Brigus. He held many District and Conference offices, in­ conducted by many families who summered in nearby loca­ cluding the Presidency three times: in 1876-77, 1879-80, and tions where sawmills owned by Abe Stanford (at Three 1883-84. He was a delegate to the General Conference of the Brooks), Robert S. Collins (Chald Head Cove) and Arthur Methodist Church in 1878 and 1883, and to the Ecumenical Collins (Bear Cove) operated. In winter, logging, trapping Congress in London in 1881 . He retired in 1888, becoming a and sealing were sources of extra income. Supernumerary minister at George Street Church in St. During the early Twentieth Century the population of John's. In 1893, in recognition of his many years of service to Dover grew from 157 in 1911 to 203 in 1921 as new fami­ the Church, "the Nestor of Newfoundland Methodism" (as lies- Willises, Pellys, Hunts, Fords, and other families - The Methodist Monthly Greeting, July 1893 described him), moved from such places as Shambler's Cove and Newport was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by qqv, at first to winter at Shoal Bay and eventually to live there Mount Allison University. He died in St. John's on January 2, year-round. This influx of people also brought changes: origi­ 1908. D.W. Johnson (n.d.), A Century of Methodism in St. nally a Church of England and Congregationalist community, John's, Newfoundland (1915), The Methodist Monthly Greet­ by 1921 Shoal Bay was pred:lminantly Salvation Army. The ing (July 1893). BGR corps came to Dover in 1908 and that spring construction was DOVEKIE, COMMON (BULL BIRD). See AUKS. started on a church, with Martin Ford, formerly of Shambler's DOVER (inc. 1971; pop. 1976, 960). An incorporated fishing Cove, the driving force behind the construction. This church and lumbering community, Dover is located in a small cove at was replaced in 1925 with a new citadel in the community the head of Freshwater Bay, Bonavista Bay, northeast of centre, which was in turn replaced by a new building in 1957. Gambo qv. Dover's former name was Shoal Bay (probably The earliest Salvation Army Church also served as the com­ derived from the numerous shoals common in the harbours munity school until a one-room school was built in 1917; this and coves of the north shore of Bonavista Bay). From the was replaced in 1943 with a new school. In 1966 a high 1950s to 1970 Shoal Bay was referred to as " Wellington school was built, which later became the senior high school (Dover Post Office)" although it was locally referred to as for both Dover and Hare Bay. A new elementary school was Dover. Local tradition maintains that it was initially changed constructed in Dover in 1977; junior high school students at­ to Wellington to avoid confusion with other Newfoundland tended school in Hare Bay. communities also called Shoal Bay. An unpublished paper on By the early 1920s the economic base of Dover had also the history of the community states that the name Dover was shifted. While the number of full-time fishermen had grown added to avoid further confusion after Confederation, when a steadily, the lumber industry had experienced the greatest new postal service was offered with the stipulation that the growth. Between 1911 and 1921 there were over twenty full­ name of the town be changed again, this time to avoid confus­ time lumbermen, who in 1921 cut wood for two sawmills ing the mail with that of Wellington in the other provinces of which employed seven men and produced 35,000 logs and Canada. A general meeting was held and a list of names " in­ sawn timber, most of it used for fenceposts and firewood. cluding the very popular Port Charles was decided upon. Fishing and lumbering remained the main occupations in From the submitted names the authorities chose Dover" Wellington (Dover) until the devastating forest fire of 1961 (Newman Willis: letter, Mar. 1979). The double name " Wel­ which destroyed most of the forest of the north shore of Bon­ lington (Dover) ,'' by which name the community was offi­ avista Bay. Although clearing the area provided some woods cially called was also confusing, and in 1973, in a ceremony work in the early 1960s, and although some sawmills contin­ conducted by the Lieutenant Governor, the name was offi­ ued to operate, the work was short-lived. The inshore cod cially declared Dover in conjunction with the name change fishery also failed in the early 1960s and after that time resi­ made by the Provincial Nomenclature Board " on petition of dents were employed in seasonal construction, or summer the people" whereby seventy-five per cent of the voting pop­ contract work in St. John's or commuted to Gander to work. ulation of the community had requested the name change Local wholesale and retail stores provided some other em­ (D. Hopkins: interview, May 1981). ployment but overall unemployment was high in the area and Shoal Bay was settled in the early 1890s by people from the the population of the community steadily decreased from 709 headland and island communities of Bonavista Bay who were (1956) to 552 (1961) and 395 (1966). In 1979 Seawater drawn to the north shore of the Bay by the fishing and lumber­ Fisheries was founded in Dover with assistance from the Fed­ ing potential of the area. The first census of the community, eral and Provincial Governments. In 1981 this plant closed taken in 1891, reported a population of seventeen people, because of operating difficulties and disputes with the owners; seven of whom were full-time fishermen and two of whom the plant was opened several months later under new manage­ were full-time lumbermen. According to local history the first ment. In 1977 a boat yard, building wooden fishing vessels up 640 DOVER, DOWNING to 20 m (65 ft) and e:nploying from twenty-five to thirty peo­ DOWNEY, JOSEPH F. (1852-1933). Politician. Born St. ple, was established. Between 1977 and 1981 a sawmill also John's. Educated St. Bonaventure's College, St. John's. began operation and a forge, which handled fish-plant equip­ Downey was a clerk in the Crown Lands Office and also ac­ ment and general machine and propellor repairs, was opened tive in the lumbering business with H.J. Crowe qv for many in 1978. Since Dover's incorporation in 1971 community ser­ years before he entered politics in 1908. He was elected to be vices have included street lights, garbage collection, water the People's Party member for the district of Bay St. George and sewerage, community playgrounds and a skating rink. In in that election which ended in a tie. He was re-elected in the 1981 the community had three churches: Salvation Army, 1909 and 1913 elections and for ten years served on the Agri­ Anglican and Roman Catholic. The last two churches were cultural Commission. With the break-up of the People's Party established in 1960. Between 1957 and 1961 twelve families in 1919 he supported the Liberal-Progressive Party led by Sir from Silver Fox Island resettled in Wellington (Dover); these Michael Cashin but was defeated in the general election that families, all Anglican, constructed a church using parts of the year. In 1923 Downey changed allegiance and was the suc­ old Salvation Army Citadel which they had purchased, in­ cessful candidate in St. George's for Sir Richard Squires's tending to move the whole structure to a new site; however, Liberal Reform Party. After Squires resigned in July 1923 during the move the building collapsed and instead some sal­ Downey was invited into the Cabinet by the new Prime Min­ vaged parts were used in a new structure. In the 1960s ten ister, W.R. Warren, as Minister of Agriculture and Mines and Roman Catholic families from Burnt Island resettled in held the position until the downfall of the Warren Administra­ Butcher's Cove, Dover; the Burnt Island church was taken tion in May, 1924. Later that month he was reappointed to the down and rebuilt at Dover where it served as both a church Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Mines by Warren's and a school until 1968 when all schools integrated. D. Hop­ successor, A.E. Hickman. In the election held June 2, 1924 kins (interview, May 1981), Stanley Noble (interview, May he was defeated, in a close race, by thirty-eight votes. A dura­ 1981), Theresa Slaney (n.d.), Newman Willis (interview, ble politician, in 1928 Downey became a candidate for office May 1981; letter, Mar. 1979), Census (1891-1976),DA (Dec. once more. He was elected in the district of St. George's as a 1976). Map G. JEMP supporter of the Liberal Party, and the new Prime Minister, DOVES (F~mily Columbidae). Two members of this large and Sir Richard Squires, re-appointed him to the position of Min­ diverse family are found in Newfoundland: the Mourning ister of Agriculture and Mines, but without Cabinet rank. He Dove, Zenaidura macroura, a common fall visitor to the Is­ served until 1932 when he retired from politics. He died Feb­ land and reported several times from the Labrador coast as far ruary 15, 1933. M.W. Graesser (1977), S.J.R. Noel (1971), north as Nain; and the Rock Dove, Columba Livia, a common Who's Who in and from Newfoundland 1927 (1927), ET. resident breeding on the Island but not known in Labrador. (Feb. 16, 1933). BGR Both are known as pigeons, are about the same size, 30 em DOWNING JR., JOHN (jl.1676-1682). Planter. Born in New­ (12 in) long, and have the characteristic small head in com­ foundland, the son of John Downing, a London merchant who parison to body size. The Rock Dove, introduced from was appointed deputy governor of the Colony in 1640. John Europe by the establishment of feral domestic stock, is now Jr. became active in the affairs of the Colony and in 1676, found abundantly in towns and cities and around human habi­ when the conflict between the Island's settlers and the western tation generally. Its colouration varies greatly but two dark fishing merchants culminated with an order for the settlers to wing patches and the white rump are usually noticeable in leave the Colony, he went to London to plead the planters' flight. The Mourning Dove has a long pointed tail, is grey­ case. His main arguments were that the fishermen were the brown above, buffy beneath, with a purplish metallic colour ones who committed abuses while the planters brought order at the neck and shoulders. Doves are seed eaters and both to the Island, and that if the planters were removed the French parents tend the young. W.E. Godfrey (1966), Peters and might take over the Island and its fisheries. His representa­ Burleigh (1951), W.E.C. Todd (1963), Tuck and Maunder tions delayed the enforcement of the order and prompted the (1975). PMH . Privy Council to have the situation investigated by the convoy DOWER, THOMAS B. (1918- ). Mariner. Born Conche, Commodore. He returned to Newfoundland c .1677 and was White Bay. Educated Grand Falls; Dalhousie University, still living in St. John's in 1682. J .R. Smallwood (1975), Halifax. After completing six years of active military duty, DCB (1). EPK including four years with the Royal Navy submarine contin­ DOWNING SR., JOHN (jl.1640). A London merchant who gents, Dower resumed civilian life in 1946 as a mariner and settled in Newfoundland, John Downing Sr. was sent to New­ obtained his Second Officers' Certificate in 1950. In 1958 he foundland to act as deputy governor of Sir David Kirke's qv successfully completed his Masters' Certificate after pre­ Colony. D.W. Prowse (1895) gives Downing's instructions viously completing his Chief Officer's Certificate in 1955. which gave Downing Kirke's house, and further: In addition to pursuing an extensive career with such com­ We would have you inform yourself in the best man­ panies as C.P.R., Bowater, Western Canada Steamships, and ner you can conferring with Sir David Kirke and other the C.N.R. coastal service, Dower travelled a total of 16,000 wise, what course is best to be taken for planting of nautical miles on two separate voyages in which he sailed people in the country, and for the reducing the Indians across the Atlantic alone to British West Africa and to the that live in Newfoundland into civility, that soe they Caribbean, the Bahamas and Florida. Dower also made an ex­ may be brot in time to know God. pedition to search for the celebrated *Cocos Island Treasure Downing died in Newfoundland after many years of service. qv. Newfoundland Who's Who 1961 (1961?), Newfoundland D.W. Prowse (1895). GL and Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition ( 1968). WCS DOWNING, WILLIAM ( ?-1681). Brother of John Down- DOWITCHERS. See WOODCOCK. ing Jr. qv. In 1679 William, a planter's agent, took up his DOWNING, DOYLE 641

brother's proposals in England for the fortification of certain salesman in Canada until World main harbours in Newfoundland and the appointment of gov­ War IT broke out; he joined the ernors to protect the settlers from the violence committed by United States Corps of Engi­ the seasonal fishermen. His suggestion of a governor to pro­ neers and served in the Euro­ tect the settlers who agreed to support the governor was ac­ pean, African and Mediterra­ cepted, provided that the money could be raised voluntarily. nean theatres. He was William Downing left England for Newfoundland in 1681 but meritoriously decorated and he died at sea on the voyage. The plans were subsequently awarded the Purple Heart. After abandoned. D.W. Prowse (1895), DCB (I). GL the war he became manager of DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION. The the Boon-Strachan Coal Com­ Downtown Development Corporation (DOC) was begun on pany in Canada and became a October 25, 1966 as an association of retail businesses in the one-third owner. He held the downtown area of St. John's. The aim of the Corporation was record of being one of the most John c. Doyle to encourage co-operation, growth and economic well-being successful coal marketers in as well as to promote the development of the downtown area. Canada, having either the highest or seco'nd-highest record, The original organizers of the DOC included Lewis Ayre, selling up to five million tonnes a year. He and the noted Eng­ James W. Parker, John J. Murphy, Edgar Hickman, Leonard lishmen Sir Harold and Alex Mitchell became partners in the C. Outerbridge, Richard Price, E. Pratt and Derek Bowring. operation of a coal mine in Alberta and a lignite mine in Sas­ In 1981 the DOC was involved in the annual St. John's Day katchewan. He formed Canadian Javelin Foundries and Ma­ and continued to organize various promotional events during chine Works in Quebec and then turned his attention to iron the year. Walter Noel (interview, Oct. 1981). DPJ ore resources in Labrador, where his company spent over $15 DO-X. See AVIATION. million in surveying and drilling. He was instrumental in DOYLE, GERALD S. (1892- bringing about an iron ore development by a consortium of 1956). Born King's Cove, Bon­ nine steel companies in the United States, Germany and avista Bay. In his youth Doyle Italy- now known as Wabush Mines- to develop the iron was a tra veiling salesman for a ore that his efforts had drilled and delineated. Wabush Mines drug firm in St. John's which at City of Wabush, Labrador, had by 1981 produced upward carried the Chase patent medi­ of 80,000,000 tonnes of ore. Through his efforts his com­ cine line. In 1919 he estab­ pany, of which he was the largest shareholder (approximately lished his own agency for pat­ 20%), had become active in El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, ent medicines on Water Street Chile and Ethiopia. His career has been considerably affected and distributed his products to by numerous law-suits in which he was either the accused or the outlying areas of the the accusor, some of which, by 1981, had not been settled. country. He gradually ex­ JRS panded the business to include DOYLE LIMITED, GERALDS. See GERALDS. DOYLE GeraldS. Doyle the manufacturing and bottling LIMITED. of cod liver oil. DOYLE NEWS. The Doyle radio news went on the air Deeply interested in the folklore and culture of the New­ November 18th, 1932 and ran daily for 34 years. It was the foundland people, Doyle collected songs, music and poetry, longest aired radio programme in Canada, and the most popu­ and subsequently published them in Old-Time Songs and Po­ lar in Newfoundland. For twenty years the bulletin originated etry of Newfoundland (1927, 1940, 1955, 1966 and 1978). In from the Dominion Broadcasting Company station on 1929 *Gerald S. Doyle Limited qv was incorporated, and in McBride' s Hill, then moved to the Broadcasting Corporation November 1932 he inaugurated the daily *Doyle News qv of Newfoundland studios in the Newfoundland Hotel. In I 952 which broadcast local news, weather reports and personal the studios occupied the Total Abstinence Building on Duck­ messages across Newfoundland. worth Street. Gerald S. Doyle qv and William Fintan devised Gerald S. Doyle was awarded several honours for his devo­ the format for the programme which included news and public tion and services; among these were a Papal Knighthood of service announcements. An agent in St. John's for several the Order of St. Gregory the Great, Officer of the Order of the patent medicines, including the later famous " Doyle's Cod British Empire, and Commander Brother of the Order of St. Liver Oil," Doyle prepared commercials for his products, John of Jerusalem. He served also on the executive councils and the news was written, edited and read by William F. Gal­ of many community projects, and before his death was a gay qv. In 1943 a special West Coast edition was broadcast in member of the Royal Commission to prepare the Newfound­ Corner Brook, and during the sealing season an extra late land case for the Revision of the Terms of Union. He died in night bulletin relayed messages to and from sealing ships. St. John's in July 1956. A.B. Perlin (1958?), J.R. Smallwood Doyle's bulletin handled an average of eighty messages a day, (1975). GL aired about 1 ,500,000 personal messages during its thirty­ DOYLE, JOHN CHRISTOPHER. (1915- ) Industrialist. four years, and operated by popular demand until 1966 when Son of a noted Canadian mining engineer. Born Chicago. the Doyle sponsors dropped the programme. See GERALDS. Educated University of Chicago; France. Doyle began his ca­ DOYLE LIMITED. J.R. Thoms (1967). GL reer in the United States coal industry in Kentucky, West Vir­ DOYLE, PATRICK (c. 1777-1857). Mariner; politician. In ginia and Chicago. He became export manager for the South­ 1837 Patrick Doyle and J. V. Nugent successfully contested ern Coal Company of Memphis, Tennessee and then a coal the district of Placentia-St. Mary's. Doyle was defeated in 642 DOYLE, DRAKE 1842 and was subsequently Stipendiary Magistrate of the Doyle appeared on CBC's television programme All Around Court of Sessions at St. John's until his death on June 14, the Circle, and hosted his own programme Welcome Home on 1857. G.E. Gunn (1966), H.M. Mosdell (1923), D.W. CBC in 1966. His wife Christine (nee Baron) performed with Prowse (1895). BGR him on many of his albums. W.J. Doyle (interview, Apr. DOYLE, THOMAS MERSHAN (1932- ). Businessman; 1981). DPJ politician. Born St. John's. Educated St. Bonaventure's Col­ DRACHART, CHRISTIAN LARSEN (1711-1778) . Mission­ lege; St. Michael's College, University of Toronto. Studied ary. Born Denmark. Drachart had been a Moravian mission­ business marketing in Great Britain 1952-53. ary in Greenland for twelve years before he joined Jens Haven In 1954 Doyle entered his father's business, *Gerald S. qv in 1765 in establishing a mission in Labrador. It was the Doyle Ltd. qv at St. John's where he wrote, proof-read and second attempt by the Moravians qv to found a mission in edited manuscript for the GeraldS. *Doyle News qv Bulletin Labrador; the fust one had been led by Christian Erhart qv in and edited the publication Family Fireside. He eventually as­ 1752. (He was killed by the Inuit.) sumed the executive positions of Director and Vice-President Haven, Drachart and two other Moravian Brethren set out of Marketing with this firm by 1971. He was appointed to for Labrador in 1765 and when they arrived Haven and Scho­ serve on the Provincial Royal Commission on Youth and Edu­ lezer went north, but Drachart was detained by Hugh Palliser cation, 1965-1967. He entered public life as a city councillor qv, the Governor of Newfoundland. Drachart could speak the for St. John's in 1965, a position he held until 1969. language and Palliser wanted him to tell the Inuit that they On October 28, 1971 Doyle was elected member of the should stop trading with the French and harassing the British. House of Assembly for Ferryland and was subsequently re­ Though Drachart was upset with the role of government agent elected in the district in March 1972. In January 1972 he was forced upon him by Palliser, he was able to make friends with appointed Parliamentary Assistant to Premier F.D. Moores. the Inuit and began preaching religion to them as soon as Pal­ On December 1, 1972 Doyle was appointed Minister of Sup­ liser left. ply and Services. He was appointed the following year as In 1770 the missionaries returned to Labrador and Drachart Newfoundland's first Minister of Tourism, beginning on convinced the Inuit to sell them land so that they could live April 21, 1973 and as Minister of Rehabilitation and Recre­ among them. In 1771 they set up their first mission at Nain. ation on May 2, 1973. Drachart remained with the Inuit there until his death. W.G. During the years 1973 and 1975 Doyle was appointed Gosling (1910), J.K. Hiller (1967; 1977), DCB (IV). EMD Chairman of the Provincial Government Committee to co­ DRAFT. See CONSCRIPTION AND IMPRESSMENT. ordinate activities for the Silver Anniversary of Confederation DRAGGER. See WATERCRAFT. and as Provincial Government Director of the Canada Sum­ DRAGON (pop. 1921, 23). An abandoned fishing station lo­ mer Garnes scheduled for 1977. cated in a long, narrow inlet at the entrance to Hermitage Bay, After his defeat at the polls in September 1975 he retired called Dragon Bay; this Bay was noted on James Cook's 1764 from active politics and pursued his business interests, form­ map but no settlement was indicated at that time. Dragon was ing Doyle Brothers Enterprises Ltd. in 1978. first reported in the Census of 1857 with a population of In addition to holding membership in several clubs and so­ seven, one Roman Catholic and six Church of England resi­ cieties, such as the Rotarians, the Junior Chamber of Com­ dents who were all born in Newfoundland. Like nearby Cha­ merce, Knights of Columbus and the Royal Canadian Legion, leur Bay, Dragon was probably fished mostly in the summer, Doyle assumed the position of Provincial President of the with fishermen returning to winter bases at Francois and Newfoundland Alcohol and Drug Addiction Foundation in McCallum qqv. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) de­ 1979-80. In February 1981 he was appointed Finance Direc­ scribed Dragon as a ''fishing station'' and listed a Charles tor for the Newfoundland Progressive Conservative Party. Cairns and a James McDonald (reported to be a resident of T.M. Doyle (interview, 1980), DN (Feb. 25, 1981), "Minis­ Dragon in 1857, E.R. Seary: 1976), as fishermen at the sta­ terial Portfolios Since 1949" (n.d), Newfoundland Who's tion. From 1874 to 1891 Dragon was not reported in the Who 1961 (1961?), Who's Who Newfoundland Silver Anni­ Census Returns. In 1901 four residents reported a catch of versary Edition (1975). WCS twenty quintals of cod and four tierces of salmon. In 1921 DOYLE, WILFRED (WILF) Dragon was reported in the Census for the last time, with a JOSEPH (1925- ). Musi­ population of twenty-three, all Church of England. Inshore cian. Born Conception Har­ cod fishing had remained the main industry in the settlement, bour, Conception Bay. Edu­ which had no school or church. E.R. Seary (1976), Census cated Academy School, (1857-1921), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871). Map Conception Harbour. Doyle J. JEMP began his career in music at the DRAKE, SIR BERNARD (c.1537-1586). Naval Commander. age of eight or nine playing ac­ Born Devon, England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert qv first inter­ cordian for local dances. His ested Drake in American ventures, but it was not until 1585 first orchestra was formed in that he participated in any foreign voyages. In June of that 1944 under the name " Wilf year Drake was ordered by Queen Elizabeth to abandon his Doyle and his Orchestra" and proposed voyage to Virginia with Sir Walter Raleigh and sail in was still existence in 1981. Wi/fDoyle for Newfoundland where he was commissioned " to proceed Doyle recorded approximately thither to warn all English vessels about the seizures in Spain, ten albums, the first in 1956. His recording "The Alphabet and prevent them making sale of their fish there, and to take Song" was a 1972 Canadian best seller. In the late 1960s all Spanish ships and subjects, and to bring them into some of DRAKE. DRAMA SOCIETY 643 the Western ports of England, without disposing of any part cially transformed into a new corporation under the Canada of the lading until further orders." (quoted in D . W. Prowse: Corporations Act, with the title of Theatre Canada. This new 1895, p. 79) In command of the Golden Riall Drake pro­ format had competitive showcases, with no adjudicators, ceeded to Bay Bulls where he met with George Raymond, awards or prizes. who was also commissioned by the British government in the In 1978 Newfoundland withdrew from the national organi­ same enterprise, and together they captured several Spanish zation and now maintains its own drama festival. See and Portuguese fishing vessels in Newfoundland waters. The DRAMA SOCIETY, NEWFOUNDLAND. Betty Lee two commanders then sailed to the Azores, where Spanish (1973), EC (X) . CMB and Portuguese fishing and cargo ships were captured, includ­ DRAMA SOCIETY, NEWFOUNDLAND. The Newfound­ ing about three Portuguese Brazilmen laden with sugar. Drake land Drama Society consists of a number of amateur drama returned to England and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth at groups throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. The first Greenwich, London on January 9, 1585/86 for his services. Province-wide drama festival was held in 1950 at the USO Despite this honour, Drake was brought to trial for imprison­ Building, now part of the College of Fisheries in St. John' s. ing thirty-eight Portuguese from one of the ships. The prison­ Five groups entered the play-offs, representing Comer Brook, ers were all seriously ill and suffering from malnutrition due Harbour Grace, Fort Pepperrell and St. John's. to Drake's neglect and ill-treatment. They were present at Newfoundland then went on to enter the Dominion *Drama Drake's trial and within a few weeks Baron Flowerdale (the Festival qv in 1951, and in 1952 the St. John's Players Work­ judge), eight J.P.s, eleven of twelve jurors, and some of the shop Group was invited to participate in the Final Festival, Court officials were all dead of an infection contracted from held in Saint John, New Brunswick. That year every region of the Portuguese. Sir Bernard Drake himself fell victim to the the Dominion Drama Festival received a trophy to be awarded disease and died on April 10. An epidemic of what may have to the winning group in each particular region. Newfound­ been typhus flourished in Devonshire for more than a year land's trophy was named "Charity." after the trial, though it is not known for certain that it was a The Newfoundland Regional Drama Festival was held in consequence of the Newfoundland raid. D.W . Prowse St. John's, Grand Falls, Gander, Comer Brook and Stephen­ (1895), DCB (1), DNB (V). GL ville over the following years. There are plans to hold the Fes­ DRAKE, FRANCIS WILLIAM tival in Labrador in 1982. The Newfoundland Drama Society ( ?-1789?). Governor. A descen­ has always encouraged all amateur groups who wish to take dant of Sir Francis Drake (1540- part in the annual festivals. 1596), Francis William pursued a In 1967, Canada's Centennial Year, the Dominion Drama career in the Royal Navy before his Festival's Final Festival was held in the new Arts and Culture appointment as Governor of New­ Centre in St. John's. Not only was the Arts Centre christened foundland in 1750. Drake was the with the prestigious Final Festival, but it could also boast of first governor permitted to conduct a being the first Final in the Dominion Drama Festival's history Court of Oyer and Terminer, but to feature six all-Canadian full-length plays. with some restrictions. He was not In 1978 the Canada Arts Council reduced its funding to the Francis William Drake authorized to try cases of treason Festival, causing Newfoundland to reassess its position in the nor was he to grant reprieves to persons found guilty of newly-revised version of the Dominion Drama Festival, the murder without approval from the Crown; sessions of the non-competitive Theatre Canada. In an effort to maintain a court could only be held during the months that the Governor festival in Newfoundland under these financial restraints, was in residence. His tour of duty ended in 1752. Gordon John C. Perlin led the joining of Newfoundland' s forces with Duff (1964), Paul O'Neill (1975), Charles Pedley (1863). those of the Atlantic Drama Festival, whose patron is the ELGM Governor-General. DRAMA. See THEATRE. Newfoundland's trophy " Charity" was withdrawn from DRAMA FESTIVAL, DOMINION. The Dominion Drama competition in 1971 , when the Dominion Drama Festival Festival was initiated by the Earl of Bessborough (Governor­ changed its format to the non-competitive Theatre Canada. General of Canada 1931-35) in October 1932. The first festi­ The Newfoundland Government commissioned the Provincial val was held in Ottawa in April 1933. It was an annual event sculptor, Hans Melis, to create an original piece of work as a until 1939, which was discontinued during the war, and replacement. The new trophy was a bronze statuette called started again in 1947. Having joined Confederation in 1949, " Camina," which is known as the Government of New­ Newfoundland was entitled to participate in the Festival and foundland and Labrador Drama Festival Award. entered first in 1951. There is an impressive number of awards presented in rec­ The pattern of the Festival was one of regional elimination ognition of superior work in the Festival: the Government of contests leading to a Final Festival featuring adjudicators, Newfoundland and Labrador Drama Festival Award, the Oscar-like trophies, and cash prizes. There were separate tro­ Neala F. Griffm Trophy, the W .F. Galgay Memorial Cup, the phies for each region; Newfoundland's award was named Honorary Chairman's Cup, the Chairman's Cup, the Johnson " Charity." Cup, the H .A. Morrissey Jubilee Drama Festival Award, the In 1967 the Final Festival was held in St. John's to christen Thompson Trophy, the VOCM Scholarship A ward, the La­ the city's new Arts and Culture Centre. For the first time in batt' s Canadian Play Award, the D.A. Matthews Memorial the Festival's history only Canadian full-length plays were Scholarship and the Hans Tode Trophy. staged during that, the Centennial year. Nineteen-eighty saw a change in the chairmanship of the On May 22, 1970 the Dominion Drama Festival was offi- Society. Arthur W .F . Barrett replaced John C . Perlin, who 644 DRAMA SOCIETY, DRWERS' UCENCES

had served in that post for fourteen years. In order to qualify issuing of drivers' licences from the St. John's Municipal for the Festival a group must do at least one production be­ Council to the Commission. In that year The Highway Traffic tween Festivals. There is also a screening process during Act (15 Geo. V, c. 51? made examinations mandatory for which the plays submitted are judged for their suitability for anyone applying for a driver's licence. In the 1920s and early presentation in the Festival. Betty Lee (1973), J.C. Perlin (in­ 1930s driving tests were carried out in St. John's by C.H. terview, Apr. 1980), Sylvia Wigh (1967). CMB Hutchings, the Inspector General of the Constabulary, who DRASKOY, GEORGE FERENC (1930- ). Civil Servant. required applicants to perform a forward and reverse figure Born Budapest, Hungary. Educated in Hungary by the Pre­ -8 on the square of Fort Townshend. Outside St. John's driv­ monstratensian and Jesuit fathers. Draskoy holds a forest en­ ing tests were carried out by junior members of the Constabu­ gineer's degree from University of Sopron (Hungary) and a lary, who were to be present in the car at the time of the test. B.S.F. from U.B.C. (Vancouver). He received his Master's By 1925 there were 1, 927 licensed drivers in Newfoundland. degree in the Recreational Use of Forest Lands from U.N.B. The Public Works Act of 1932 (22 Geo. V., c. 21) made He left Hungary after the 1956 Revolution, and went to Brit­ that department responsible for the issuing of drivers' li­ ish Columbia, from where he arrived in Newfoundland in cences, and The Highway Traffic Act (22 Geo. V, c. 22) of 1961. He first worked with the Department of Education and that year allowed an individual learning to drive to operate a was the founder of the Humber-Bonne Bay 4-H District. car on the highway when a licensed driver accompanied Since 1963 he has been working with Provincial Parks, De­ him. partment of Culture, Recreation and Youth, in 1981 as the In 1934 the method of testing changed inside St. John's, head of Park Interpretation Section, and as such he was re­ when the Motorcycle Division of the Constabulary became re­ sponsible for the natural and cultural history education of park sponsible for road tests. In the following year the Newfound­ visitors. He is a pioneer of interpretation publications and land Ranger Force assumed responsibility for the testing and noted photographer. George Draskoy (interview, Oct. 1981). issuing of drivers' licences in communities outside St. John's. EMD Up to 1940 the examination for a driver's licence had con­ D.R.E.E. See REGIONAL ECONOMIC EXPANSION, DE­ sisted primarily of a road test, but in that year a written test PARTMENT OF. was added. In 1941 licences were issued for three classes of DRESS, NEWFOUNDLAND FOLK. See FOLKLORE. vehicles and each was valid only for its class. The classes DRIVE, RIGHT-HAND. By the Act to Regulate the Use of were ''Motor vehicles of all kinds other than traction engines Motor Vehicles on Highways passed on May 10, 1906 all and other than vehicles having less than four wheels; motor motor vehicles in Newfoundland were required to "Keep to cycles including motor tricycles; and traction engines" (The the left of approaching cars, trucks, carriages, cabs, horses or Highway Traffic Act, 1941: 5 Geo. VI, no. 3). any vehicle of any description corning from the opposite di­ In 1950 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.), rection and by passing on the right when proceeding." which had their Newfoundland headquarters on Kenna's Hill Left-hand drive remained in effect until January 2, 1947 in St. John's, and detachments in communities around the when the status of left-hand drive was changed requiring all Province, became responsible for testing and issuing drivers' vehicles to drive on the right side of the road under an amend­ licences outside of St. John's. One member of each detach­ ment to Section 25 of the 1941 Highway Traffic Act. H. ment was detailed to carry out drivers tests, which were only Moores (interview, 1980), Act to Regulate the Use of Motor carried out on standard shift vehicles. For applicants who Vehicles on Highways (6 Ed. VII, c. 18), Act Regulating the could not read or write, the written part of the examination Use and Operation of Vehicles on Highways and for other was explained orally and the applicants were requested to Purposes (1941, no. 3). WCS identify the road signs. In 1950 there were 21,741 licensed DRIVERS' LICENCES. The first legislation passed in New­ drivers in the Province. foundland which made it illegal to drive a motor vehicle with­ In 1957 the Department of Highways became responsible out a driver's licence was the Motor Car Act of 1906 (6 Ed. for issuing drivers' licences. However, in 1960 the responsi­ VII, c. 18). The Act, which created two classes of drivers' li­ bility for drivers' licences was transferred to a Motor Regis­ cences, stated that any one eligible for a driver's licence could tration Division set up in the Department of Finance. By that obtain one simply by applying to the St. John's Municipal year there were 67,250 licensed drivers in the Province. Council, the body made responsible for issuing drivers' li­ In 1962 The Highway Traffic Act (no. 82) was amended cences. Under the Act anyone who was seventeen years of and consolidated. By this Act the Registrar of the Motor Reg­ age or older could obtain a licence, and anyone over the age istration Division could require an applicant for a driver's li­ of fourteen years of age could obtain a licence for automobiles cence to produce a birth certificate, to undergo a medical ex­ under five horsepower, and for motorcycles. By 1907 it ap­ amination, both physical and mental, and to take oral, written pears that at least seven drivers' licences had been issued in or other examinations to determine his competency to operate Newfoundland, and by 1910 at least twenty-nine licences. a motor vehicle. The Registrar could also refuse to issue a li­ In 1911 an amendment to the Motor Car Act of 1906 stated cence to anyone who was an ''habitual drunkard or an addict that a driver's licence would not be issued unless the applicant to narcotic or other drugs" (The Highway Traffic Act, 1962, first obtained a certificate from the Inspector General of the no. 82). Constabulary which stated that the applicant was "a person of The Act also set up different types of licences for operators reliability and experience in the operation of motor vehicles'' of passenger vehicles, for chauffeurs, tractor operators, in­ (2 Geo. V. c. 3). The Act also set a fee of $6 for the issuing structors, motorcycle drivers, and beginners. and renewal of licences. The Highroads Commission Act of By The Highway Traffic Amendment Act of 1966-67 (no. 1925 ( 15 Geo. V, c. 5) transferred the responsibility for the 68) anyone not younger than seventeen years of age could ];_, DRIVERS' LICENCES, DROVER 645 apply for a beginner's licence, valid for thirty days, during elected to a municipal council. Moreover, she received the which time he was permitted to drive on the highway under highest number of votes cast, beating out eight men including the direction of a licensed driver. her husband and, according to Newfoundland tradition, In 1969 the Motor Registration Division became part of the should have become mayor. At their first council meeting Department of Highways, and in 1973 it was transferred to held on November 19, 1957 the members of the new council the Department of Transportation and Communications. In rejected Drover's claim to the mayor's chair and elected for­ the following year the Motor Registration Division became mer Mayor Boyce Smith to the position by a vote of 6-3. responsible for the examination of drivers throughout the Harold Drover, her husband and fellow councillor began a pe­ Province, except for St. John's, where the Newfoundland tition against the council members, insisting that she be made Constabulary continued to conduct drivers' tests until 1976. mayor. At a public meeting held November 26, 1957 the peti­ In 1980 all driver examinations were carried out by a staff tion containing 216 signatures was presented to the council. of approximately thirty examiners employed by the Motor Rather than submit, Mayor Smith and the five councillors Registration Division and stationed in the larger centres who supported him resigned. The three remaining were Mr. throughout the Province. In that year there were seven classes and Mrs. Drover and Lewis Moore. The Citizens Committee of drivers' licences: class 1 for operators of semi-trailer proclaimed Blackie Drover to be Mayor of Clarenville and trucks, and vehicles in classes 2, 3, 4, and 5; class 2 for oper­ left the matter to be decided by the Department of Municipal ators of buses having a seating capacity of over twenty-four Affairs. passengers, and vehicles in classes 3, 4, and 5; class 3 for op­ On December 31, 1957 Hon. B.J. Abbott, Minister of Mu­ erators of tandam-axle trucks, other than semi-trailer trucks, nicipal Affairs declared the Municipal Election held in and vehicles in class 5; class 4 for operators of taxis, ambu­ Clarenville to be null and void because the nomination day lances and other emergency vehicles and buses having a seat­ had been postponed when only two persons were nominated ing capacity not exceeding twenty-four passengers and vehi­ on the first day. This postponement was termed ultra vires to cles in class 5; class 5 for operators of passenger cars, station the Municipal Government Act as there was no provision for wagons, single axle trucks, and passenger cars pulling trail­ postponing a nomination day (although the same thing had ers; class 6 for operators of motor cycles and mopeds; and happened in several other communities their elections were class 7 was a learners' licence for operators of vehicles in allowed to stand). Abbott dismissed the three-person council classes 5 and 6. Also an endorsement on the driver's licence of Drover, Drover and Moore, and invited the six councillors was necessary for individuals who operated vehicles equipped who had resigned on November 26 and Councillor Moore to with air brakes. In 1980 there were 252,628 licensed drivers form an interim council until new elections could be held. in Newfoundland and Labrador. Philip Dowden (letter, May New elections were held on May 8, 1958 and Blackie Drover 1981), Michael Haire (interview, Sept. 1981), Bill Hillier (in­ finished in sixth place. Of the five men who received more terview, April 21, 1981), R.E. Holdright (letter, July 1981), votes than she did, none had run in the previous election. A.L. White (letter, July 1981), Acts and Statutes of New­ Blackie Drover acted as Mayor of Clarenville from November foundland (1906-1980passim). EPK 26 to December 31, 1957, a total of thirty-five days in office; DROGIO. In the Fourteenth Century, two Venetian brothers, she was the first female mayor in Newfoundland. DN (Nov. Antonio and Nicolo Zeno qv, claimed to have discovered sev­ 13, 1957; Nov. 27, 1957; Jan. 3, 1958; May 9, 1958), ET eral islands in the North Atlantic c .1380. The story of their (Nov. 13, 1957; Nov. 20, 1957; Nov. 27, 1957; Dec. 9, voyage was written by a member of the Zeno family and was 1957; Dec. 31, 1957). BGR published in 1558 under the title De/lo Scoprimento dell' is ole DROVER, SAMUEL (1911- ). Politician. Born Hodge's Frislanda, Eslanda, Engrouelanda, Estotilanda e /cariafatto Cove. Educated Public School, Hodge's Cove; Memorial sotto I Palo artico da' due fratelli Zeni, M. Nicolo il K.e M. University. Samuel Drover taught school in several New­ Antonio. One of their discovered islands was called Drogio, foundland communities from 1929 to 1938, when he resigned said to be southwest of Estotiland (thought to have been Lab­ to join the Newfoundland Constabulary. He left the police rador). There has been speculation as to whether Drogio was force in 1942 to enlist in the Royal Air Force but was not suc­ Nova Scotia or Newfoundland. cessful. He subsequently enlisted in the Newfoundland One of the most noteworthy aspects of the book was a map Ranger Force and served with the Force until 1949, when he which accompanied the manuscript; for decades later it was decided to enter provincial politics. He was elected as the Lib­ used by geographers and explorers. Later historians proved eral member from White Bay district to the first House of As­ the map, and indeed the whole account of the voyage, to be a sembly after Confederation and was re-elected in 1951. Be­ fabrication. However, before the fabrications were proved fore the provincial general election of 1956 Drover left the centuries later, the map may have been responsible in part, for Liberal Party and crossed the floor of the House of Assembly the beginning of the search for the Northwest Passage. E. C. to sit as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Feder­ Brewer (1899), DCB (I). DPJ ation (C. C. F., later the New Democratic Party), the only time DROVER, BLANCHE (BLACKIE) (1920- ). Mayor. a member of that political party sat in the Newfoundland Born Seldom-come-by. Educated Seldom-come-by; St. Legislature. In the 1956 election Drover ran as the C.C.F. John's schools; Memorial College. A very active sports­ candidate in White Bay South but was defeated. He retired woman and coach during her years at Memorial University, from politics and entered into private business in Hodge's Blanche "Blackie" Drover went into the hotel business with Cove. J.R. Smallwood (1967), Canadian Parliamentary her husband after she left university, first at Bonavista, then Guide (1953). BGR Clarenville. On the night of November·12, 1957 she made DROVER, TED (1907-1980). Artist. Born Green's Harbour, history in Newfoundland by becoming the first woman ever Trinity Bay. Educated Methodist College, St. John's; Ontario 646 DROVER, DRY DOCK College of Art, Toronto. Drover entered his family business and for a number of years managed a sawmill and lumberyard at Alder Harbour in Rocky Bay. He later moved to Twillin­ t gate, where he owned and ran a charter boat, the Jessie Cull. Drover acquired his love of the sea and of sailing vessels at an early age. He first came to the attention of the public with his drawings of the Commissioners in The Book ofNewfoundland in 1937. In 1966 Drover was appointed by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador to research, and sketch accurate drawings of, the coastal schooners. The sketches covered the period from 1850 to 1975 and comprised a pictoral history of Newfoundland's schooners. Drover was awarded the Fellow­ ship of Heritage in 1978 by the Newfoundland Historical So­ ciety. He died on February 20, 1980. An exhibition of his ship drawings was shown at the October, 1980 Festival Jeunesses et Mer (Youth and the Sea) at Dinard in Northern France. Centre for Newfoundland Studies (Ted Drover), DN (Apr. 7, 1980), Newfoundland T.V. Topics (Oct. 18, 1980). DPJ DROVER, WILLIAM {f7.1963). Bo?'er. Born Newfoundland. Drover was an amateur heavyweight boxing champion. He won the Central Army Eastern Ontario title, Canadian Army Three-masted schooner being repaired at St. John's dry dock Central Command title, and the Canadian Army heavyweight title in 1963 and 1964. He turned professional and won the on the management of the dock. This lease was terminated Eastern Canada heavyweight title from Earl Pilgrim. His most c .1890 by the Newfoundland Government who managed the notable fight was with Joe Bugner, the British Empire and Eu­ dock until 1894, when Messrs. Angel and Harvey were ropean heavyweight champion in London. JRS awarded the second lease on the dock facilities. In 1898 the DRUG ABUSE. See HEALTH. Dry Dock became a Reid Newfoundland Company affiliate at DRUG OFFENCES. See POLICE. DRUGGISTS. See PHARMACY. DRY DOCK, ST. JOHN'S. During 1882 the Honourable J.I. Little and the St. John's Harbour Master, Commander G. Ro­ binson, were sent to survey dry docks in Boston, Philadel­ phia, Baltimore and New York and report on them to the Newfoundland Government. The report submitted December 20, 1882 led to the passing of a Bill to construct a dry dock in 1883. The wooden construction dry dock was completed in 1884 by the firm of Messrs. J .E. Simpson and Sons of New York at a cost of $550,000. At the time of completion in De­ cember the dock was approximately 190 m (625 ft) long, 40 m (132 ft) wide, and drew 8 m (26 ft) of water at the gate sill. The first vessel to enter the dry dock was H.M.S. Ten­ edos, a British warship stationed at Halifax. Originally the firm of Messrs. J.E. Simpson and Sons held a ten-year lease Concrete dry dock under construction, 1926 a cost of $325,000. From 1898 to 1923 the dry dock served as the junction of the Reid Newfoundland Railway and "the Bay Boats," eight 350-ton coastal vessels of the Reid fleet. In 1924, after the dry dock had again reverted to the control of the Government of Newfoundland, the wooden pine-deal con­ struction was judged unsafe. The firm of W .I. Bishop Com­ pany Limited was contracted to construct a concrete and steel structure which was completed in the summer of 1926 at a cost of $1,104,000, the last major construction project of Re­ sponsible Government in Newfoundland. The structure was substantially smaller than the original dock, with overall di­ mensions of 174.88 m (570.5 ft) in length, 23.31 rn (76.5 ft) in width in the basin and an 8. 22 m (27 ft) draft to the gate sill. At the time of Confederation with Canada, Newfound­ land transferred the control of the dry dock to Canadian Na­ Wooden dry dock at St. John's c./890 tional Railways, later Terra Transport. See SHIPYARDS. "'j:, DRY DOCK, DUCKS 647 Vic Murrin (interview, Apr. 1980), ET (Mar. 14, 1975; Apr. bernicla, smaller than the Can­ 3, 1979), JHA (1883), NQ (Apr. 1926). WCS ada Goose and lacking the DU PERRON, THALOUR (? -1663). Governor of Plai- white face-patch, was once sance (Placentia). Born Nantes, France. As a young man Du more commonly seen in the Perron was appointed Governor of Plaisance. He left for Province. It changed its migra­ Newfoundland in July 1662 on the ship Aigle d' or. Du Perron tion pattern after 1932 when an and his brother arrived at Plaisance in October while a friend, epizootic attack destroyed the Nicolas Gargot, continued on to Quebec. A few months after eelgrass it relies on during mi­ their arrival Du Perron and his brother were killed by a group gration. It is now seen only of their men who had come with them to Newfoundland. By rarely. The White-fronted the time their rampaging ended, in addition to Governor Du Goose, Anser albifrons, and the Perron, his brother and the Chaplain (who was axed to death) Snow Goose, Chen caerule­ more than a dozen of the group were dead. Gargot's second in scens, have been seen occasion­ command, Captain Guillon, arrived in Newfoundland with ally in spring and fall during Canada Goose fresh supplies in the spring of 1663. Learning of the massa­ migration. cre, he captured fifteen of the murderers and brought them to SURFACE-FEEDING Gargot in Quebec. Their trial led to controversy between Gar­ DUCKS (subfamily An­ got and the Conseil Souverain as to who held authority over atinae). Ducks of this the prisoners. Gargot claimed the jurisdiction and court-mar­ subfamily feed on the tialled Du Perron's men. J.R. Smallwood (1975), DCB (I). water surface, on land DPJ or just below the water DUCHESS OF RICHMOND. In the spring of 1940 the troop­ surface by tipping

ship H.M.S. Duchess of Richmond transported the first 400 their bodies perpendi­ , vi 1 Newfoundland soldiers of the Royal Artillery across the At­ cularly, leaving only lantic to England. She served as a troop ship until the end of the tail above water. Black Duck World War II and was later renamed the Empress of Canada. They are also charac­ On January 26, 1953 while lying in Gladstone Dock, Liver­ terized by bright coloured, iridescent speculae (wing pool, England she caught fire and was destroyed. ET (Mar. patches). Three species are common residents which breed in 31, 1979). GL Newfoundland: the Black Duck, Anas rubripes; Pintail, Anas DUCK GULL. See GULLS. acuta; and Green-winged Teal, Anas carolinensis. Blue­ DUCK HAWK (PEREGRINE FALCON). See FALCONS. winged teal, Anas discors, also breeds in the Province but is DUCK ISLAND, LABRADOR. See MARY'S HARBOUR. not resident in winter. The Black Duck, brownish black above DUCKS, GEESE AND SWANS (Family Anatidae). This is a with white underwing surfaces visible during flight, is com­ cosmopolitan family of waterbirds with round-tipped, lamel­ monly known in Newfoundland, and is found widely through­ late and generally flattened bills, short tails (usually), out Labrador, nesting in marshy areas. It feeds primarily on moderately long pointed wings, short legs set far back and grasses, grains, sedges and seeds and berries, although it also three fully-webbed toes with the fourth elevated. The range of eats insect larvae and crustaceans. The Pintail is less common their habitat includes rivers, lakes, marshes and seacoasts. on the Labrador coast and in insular Newfoundland, where it Many species are gregarious and most fly well. After the breeds along the west coast. It is a large duck, about 64 em breeding season they are flightless for some weeks while the (25 in) long, with brown head, greyish upper body, white flight feathers moult. Thirty-five species have been seen in breast and long pointed tail. The female is generally brown. the Province, including several European drift migrants and The Green-winged Teal, about 33 em (13 in) long is one of the now extinct Labrador Duck. the smallest ducks and is distinguished from the other teal by SWANS (subfamily Cygninae). The Whistling Swan, its bright green speculum and lack of blue on the forewing. Cygnus columbian us, a large, white bird with black legs and The female is a speckled brownish colour (other than the spe­ bill, has been seen only rarely in Newfoundland and Labrador culum) while the male in breeding plumage has a cinnamon as its migration route to its northern breeding grounds is head, greyish back and speckled breast. It is the second most usually through the central and western provinces. From common breeding duck, after the Black Duck, with which it bones found at the Port au Choix Indian burial site, however, associates on the breeding grounds and in the autumn. It nests it appears that swans were common in Newfoundland in pre­ near ponds, is an expert swimmer and diver as well as a historic times (L.M. Tuck: 1975a). speedy flyer. A rare visitor to Newfoundland is the European GEESE (subfamily Anserinae). The Canada Goose, Branta Green-winged Teal, or Common Teal, Anas crecca, in ap­ canadensis, is a common resident in both insular Newfound­ pearance similar to the North American species. The Blue­ land and Labrador. It is a largish bird, about 80 em (32 in) winged Teal, about 38 em (15 in) long, has a bluish head long, greyish-brown above and paling to white at the breast with a white crescent in front of the eye and a blue speculum. and under tail coverts; its head and neck are black with a Females are similar to female Green-winged Teal. It breeds in white face-patch. The young migrate south with their parents, the southwest portion of the Island but there are no records who mate for life, and return with them in the spring, only that it bred in or even passed through, Labrador. The Mallard separating from them at the nesting grounds. The Canada is one of the most common ducks, widespread through the Goose is probably the most familiar of the geese seen flying in rest of Canada, but in Newfoundland and Labrador it is seen V formation, and honking during migration. Brant, Branta less frequently; on the Island single males are sighted in 648 DUCKS winter (L.M. Tuck: 1975). The European Widgeon, Mareca plumages, one for winter and one for summer. In winter the penelope, and the American Widgeon, M areca americana, male's head and neck are white with a dark patch on the side are both casual visitors to the Island and have not been reput­ of the face; the female's face is also white but her back is ably reported from Labrador. The Shoveler, Spatula clypeata, more uniformly brown whereas the male has large white primarily a Western Canada bird, has been documented by patches. The male has a long pointed tail and longer neck than two specimens in Newfoundland (L.M. Tuck: 1975a) and in a the female. In summer both sexes are darker with only a small report by Dr. Grenfell from Labrador (W.E.C. Todd: 1963). amount of white on the face (male) and neck (female). Old­ The Wood Duck, Aix sponsa, essentially a southern bird, is a squaw nest on the ground, often amongst grasses at the edge straggler to Labrador but since 1963 has been documented of ponds. They breed in Labrador and are common birds off each year on the Island during spring or fall migration. With the coast of insular Newfoundland in fall, winter and spring. its colourful breeding plumage, the Wood Duck is one of the Oldsquaw, le canard kakawi in French, is known as "Ka­ most handsome ducks. kawi" or "Hound" in Newfoundland. It is a hardy duck, lik­ DIVING DUCKS (subfamily Aythyinae). Ducks of this sub­ ing rough sea-water and often diving to great depths. The family dive below the surface for food, and their hind toes are Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus, is named for its typically lobed. Three species are rare, casual or accidental unmistakable variegated plumage. The drabber female, visitors to the Province: the Redhead, Aythya americana, re­ mostly brown, lacks the fancy patterning and colouring of the corded for the first time in 1979 in the interior of the Island male. Also known as "Lords and Ladies" in Newfoundland, (The Osprey: Dec. 1979); the Canvasback, Aythya valisin­ the Harlequin is now known to breed in the Province in nests eria, recorded in 1973 at Quidi Vidi (L.M. Tuck: 1975); and along swift-flowing streams. A female and four young were Lesser Scaup, which have been reported from St. John's. reported in 1976 in Gros Mome. (R.D. Lamberton: 1976). In THE RING-NECKED DUCK, Aythya collaris, a blackish-look­ fall, winter and spring it is found on the sea along the coasts ing duck (the female is greyish brown) with gray-white where the waters are most turbulent. flanks, breeds throughout the Island exception on the North­ Little is known about the Labrador Duck, Camptorhynchus ern Peninsula. It nests at the edges of bogs and ponds, prefer­ labradorium. Its origins are uncertain and the reasons for its ring acid water, and feeding on small aquatic animals and disappearance in the second half of the Nineteenth Century plants. Once exclusively a bird of the prairies, the Ring­ are unclear. It is probable that Sir Joseph Banks qv did collect necked Duck has been extending its range eastwards and is skins of these ducks (W.E.C. Todd: 1963) and its name is now found in Labrador though breeding records remain to be therefore not necessarily a misnomer. It was never, in histori­ established. The Greater Scaup, Aythya marila, similar to, cal times at least, seen in great numbers and it was perhaps but slightly larger than, the Lesser Scaup, is about 46 em simply more susceptible than other species to the severe hunt­ (18 in) long with a greenish head, black chest and tail, ing and egging practices of the mid-Eighteenth century. greyish back and large white wing patch, clearly seen in THE COMMON EIDER, Somateria mollissima, about 50- flight. The female is brown with a white patch between the 60 em (20-26 in) long is a common resident of Newfound­ eye and the bill. The Greater Scaup breeds on the Avalon land, breeding, often in colonies, on islands along the Prov­ usually near ponds and may breed south of Lake Melville in ince's coastline. The female is speckled brown while the male Labrador. It is a year-round resident on the Island. has a black flat forehead and black underparts, tail and outer THE COMMON GOLDENEYE, Bucephala clangula, is an­ edges of the wings with white elsewhere. Elders are sea other year-round resident, well-known in Newfoundland and ducks, staying through the winter on the water, roosting on Labrador by the nicknames "Pie Duck," "Pied Duck" or rocks or ice at night. They feed on mussels and other small "Whistler." The male has a greenish head with a white spot marine life. Also known as "Gam-birds" and "Shoreyers," at the base of the bill, is white below and black above with Eiders were once far more abundant than they are now. In white patches on the wing. The female is grey above, with a Labrador and in the outports of Newfoundland they were con­ brown head. These birds breed in both insular Newfoundland sidered a legitimate source of fresh meat and fresh eggs, and and Labrador in natural cavities in trees. The female alone the growing populations of gulls, as well as foxes, dogs, seals raises the young, pushing them out of the nest two or three and polar bears all preyed on· the nests and young of the days after birth and staying with them until they can fly. This eiders. Their flight appears slow but it is strong; they fly close hardy species feeds on aquatic plants and molluscs. Barrow's to the water with the bill held pointing slightly downward. Goldeneye, Bucephala islandica, supposed to breed in Labra­ The Eider may often be found far from the coast, out at sea, dor, is only occasionally seen in Newfoundland except during and those seen in winter are usually a more northern subspe­ the summer. It is distinguished from the Common Goldeneye cies replacing the summer population which winters farther by the white crescent on its face and less white on its upper south. The King Eider, Somateria spectabilis, about the same body. The Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola, is a small bird, size as the Common, has a large yellow-orange bill, bluish­ about 33 em (13 in) long, with a dark head with a large white white head with less white along its back. It is seen off the patch covering the side and back of the head, a dark patch southwest coasts of insular Newfoundland except in summer running down the back, black-tipped wings and otherwise a and may breed in northern Labrador as well as in more north­ white body. (The female is greyish brown.) It is also called erly latitudes. It is thought to be the most handsome of the "Butter-ball" in Newfoundland. It too nests in holes in trees Eiders. but does not breed in Newfoundland though it is commonly According to Peters and Burleigh (1951) the White-winged seen on the Island in fall, winter and spring. Todd does notre­ Scoter, Melanitta deglandi, the Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspi­ port it for the Newfoundland portion of the Labrador penin­ cillata, and the Black Scoter, Oidemia nigra, were uncom­ sula. mon residents. Twenty-five years later the Field Checklist THE OLDSQUA w, Clangula hyemalis, has two distinct lists the first two as common residents and the third as breed- DUCKS, DUCKWORTH 649

ing on the Island. Scoters are mostly black (females dark surrender of Minorca (1798). Duckworth was promoted to brown, thick-necked with a largish head and bill raised at its Rear-Admiral of the White in 1799 and in the following year base). All three have common local names in Newfoundland: he is said to have amassed as much as £75,000 by capturing a "Brass-winged Diver," or "White-wing Diver" for the Spanish fleet off Cadiz. He was named Commander-in-Chief White-winged; "Bottle-nosed Diver" for the Surf Scoter; of the Leeward Islands in 1800 and of Jamaica in 1803. Duck­ "Sleepy Diver" or "Black Diver" for the Black Scoter. Mi­ worth was knighted in 1801. In 1804 he became a Vice-Ad­ grating flocks follow the coastline in long lines or in large un­ miral and with Rear-Admiral A.F. Cochrane in 1806 seized a organized groups. The White-winged Scoter is favoured for French convoy near San Domingo which netted him an annual food. The Surf Scoter likes the turbulent waters near the shore pension along with other honours. while the Black prefers the open waters of the ocean. An Admiral by 1810, Duckworth was sent to the New­ RUDDY AND MASKED DUCKS (subfamily Oxyurinae). foundland station in that year as Governor. Throughout his These are small freshwater ducks with broad flat bills and stiff career his actions had been both praised and criticized and no upright tails. Only one species is found in Newfoundland and less so on the Island. During his first year in Newfoundland that is the Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, a smallish, Duckworth offered a reward to further the efforts of the Gov­ chunky rust-coloured duck with a black head and white ernment in establishing peaceful relations with the Beothuk qv cheekpatches (female is dull brown with similar markings). It and he commissioned David Buchan qv to travel up the Ex- / is primarily a western bird but has been seen about ten times ploits River in search of them. While travelling northward on the Island. around the coast of the Island and up to Labrador Duckworth MERGANSERS (subfamily Merginae). These are longish warned the residents not to fence in any lands for private use ducks with slender hooked bills with sharp tooth-like lamel­ and repeated his proclamation that they treat the local Indians lae, used for catching and holding fish. The Hooded Mer­ with consideration. ganser, Lophodytes cucullatus, is an uncommon spring and This former point became a subject of controversy during fall migrant. It is distinguished by the white fan-shaped crest, Duckworth's term of office. The *Merchants' Society qv in otherwise black face, black back and rufous-coloured flank. St. John's had been trying to have legislation passed which The female is generally brown. The Common Merganser, would allow city residents to erect permanent buildings and, Mergus merganser, is a common resident known locally as concurrently, William Carson qv was battling for Representa­ "Gossard." It is about 50-63 em (20-25 in) long with a red tive Government. While Duckworth agreed that new building / bill, green head and upper back, black and white wings and regulations were needed for the growing local population who pale pinkish breast. The female also has the red bill but her could not conduct an adequate resident fishery under the old head is cinnamon and the rest of her body generally gray. It system (which allowed the summer fishing ships to appro­ breeds in both Newfoundland and Labrador, in nests in tree priate the best "rooms" first), he was opposed to the Society, cavities and on the ground usually near water. The Red­ stating that they were acting only in their own interests. breasted Merganser, M ergus serrator, also known as ''Shell However, in 1811 and in 1812 he advised the British Gov­ Bird,'' is very similar in appearance to the Common but has ernment to grant rental tenures to lands. Thus construction more black on its back and a more noticeable crest. The fe­ would be allowed on the ship's rooms in St. John's and in male is very similar. Also a common resident in the Province, other areas of the Island where summer occupation by fishing the Red-breasted Merganser nests on the ground under ships was sparse. In 1813 Governor Keats qv was authorized bushes. It prefers salt water most of the time, whereas the to carry out his predecessor's recommendations. Common Merganser likes fresh. Mergansers "walk" along Among his other noteworthy acts in Newfoundland, Duck­ the water in their efforts to get air-borne but once aloft are worth taxed the merchants and the crews of vessels arriving at powerful fliers. While these fish-eating ducks are disliked by St. John's so that a citizen's hospital could be built for the / fishermen they often eat species which prey on game fish. town. He also issued an order that all shipowners recognize The young are reared by the female alone except for the Red­ and use the harbour's pilot service and instigated a regular po­ breasted whose drakes may be seen guarding the ducklings. lice force in St. John's. W.E. Godfrey (1966), Peters and Burleigh (1951), W.E.C. Always active in military defense, Duckworth was instru­ Todd (1963), Tuck and Maunder (1975). PMH mental in the revitalization of the Corps of Loyal Volunteers DUCKWORTH, ADMIRAL of St. John's. At the end of 1810 he received a report from JOHN THOMAS (1747/48- Francis Moore qv that the members of the Corps were merely 1817). Governor. Born Leath­ meeting at night in order to draw their assigned rations, and erhead, Surrey, England. Edu­ seldom trained for combat. Acting on this information in 1811 cated Eton. Duckworth joined Duckworth declared the Corps defunct, recalled all of their the British n·avy in 17 59 at the arms and equipment, and requested that the residents of St. age of twelve and by the end of John's consider alternatives for their defense. 1771 he had received a Lieuten­ Mter the 1812 declaration of war between Britain and the ant's commission. In his career United States, Duckworth began in earnest to create such an he was distinguished for his alternative. The Volunteer Corps was enlarged from 250 to participation in battles off 500 men and, after consulting the local commanding officers, Grenada ( 1779) under Admiral a new plan was devised and approved for the St. John's Vol­ John Byron qv, on the coast of unteer Rangers. This included a complete hierarchy of mili­ John Thomos Duckworth Ushant during the 1793 war tary positions and a guaranteed clothing allowance of £4 per with France (for which he was given a gold medal), and in the man per year. 650 DUCKWORTH, DUEL Following his nomination as M.P. for Romsey in 1812, Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo. In 1960 he Duckworth returned to England where he was created a was appointed Head of the Commonwealth Division, Depart­ baronet. Early in 1817 he moved to Plymouth where he ac­ ment of External Affairs in Ottawa. cepted the office of Commander-in-Chief of Plymouth once After he retired from the diplomatic service in 1966 Duder more, but this was to be a short tenure: Duckworth died on was appointed assistant to the President of Loyola College in August 31 of that year. D.J. Davis (1971), C.R. Fay (1956), Montreal and was later appointed assistant to the Vice-Rector J.P. Howley (1915), G.W.L. Nicholson (1964), Paul O'Neill when Loyola College amalgamated Sir George Williams Uni­ (1975; 1976), DNB (VI), ET (Mar. 4, 1968). LAP versity to form Concordia University. He held this post until DUDER, CHARLES R. (1862-1922). Businessman. Born St. his retirement about 1973. In 1976 the Memorial University John's. Duder was Manager of the Standard Manufacturing of Newfoundland honoured Duder with an honorary Doctor of Company from 1908 to 1922. He was Vice-President of the Letters degree at its Spring Convocation. He died in Montreal Board of Trade and also the District Grand Master of local in April 1980. J .R. Smallwood (1975), DN (April 10, 1980). Freemasonry under the Scottish Charter. He drowned in July JEMP 1922. H.M. Mosdell (1923),NQ (Oct. 1922). EMD DUDER, THOMAS C. (1850- DUDER, EDWIN JOHN JR. (1853- 1912). Politician; magistrate. ) . Businessman. Born St. Born St. John's. Educated John's. Educated Church of Eng­ Wesleyan Academy, St. land Academy, St. John's; Mansion John's. Thomas Duder worked House School, Exeter; King's Col­ for his cousin Edwin Duder Jr. lege School, London. Duder was qv as an accountant at a St. the son of E.J. Duder Sr., owner of John's firm after finishing his a large mercantile firm in St. schooling. In 1874 Thomas John's. In 1871 Duder Jr. joined his Duder went to Fogo as local father's business and on his death in Edwin John Duder agent for the Duder company, 1881 took control of the business, and the next year he was ap­ expanding it to Twillingate, Fogo, Herring Neck and Change pointed Justice of the Peace for Thomo.s C. Duder Islands. At the time the firm owned a large number of ships the northern district. In 1895 he and was believed to have the largest number of any company started his own business at Fogo. Duder entered politics as the in the World. Conservative candidate in Fogo district in the general election Duder' s success did not last long, however, and by 1894 he held in 1893. He was elected and served as Financial Secre­ was hopelessly in debt to the Commercial Bank; following the tary and later Chairman of the Board of Works in the short­ Bank Crash of 1894 his company went bankrupt. Duder van­ lived Goodridge Administration of 1894. Re-elected in 1897, ished from the business world and his premises were quickly he became Minister of Agriculture and Mines in the Winter taken over by others. J.K. Hiller (1971), Paul O'Neill (1975), Administration. In 1900 he was appointed magistrate at H.Y. Mott (1894). EMD Bonne Bay and held that position until his death in 1912. DUDER, RUDOLPH (1912- H.M. Mosdell (1923), H.Y. Mott (1894). BGR 1980). Diplomat; educator. DUEL, THE LAST. The last duel in Newfoundland which re­ Born St. John's. Educated sulted in death occurred on March 30, 1826 at West's Farm in Bishop Feild College; Memo­ a clearing below what is now Robinson's Hill (adjacent to rial University College; McGill Rennie's River), St. John's. The combatants, an Irish Captain University (B.A. 1932); Oxford named Rudkin and his second, the assistant surgeon of the University (Rhodes Scholar; garrison at Fort Townsend, Dr. Strachan, met Lieutenant (En­ B.A. 1935; M.A. 1938); Uni­ sign) Philpot and his second, Captain Morice, master of a versity of Dijon (1937); Har­ British war frigate, between 1:00pm and 3:00pm. Although vard University (M.A. 1943). the duel, according to W.J. Carroll (1901), was originally From 1935 to 1944 Duder was a caused by a competition between the two friends over a lady's lecturer and a professor at the hand, Colonel McCrea (1869) observed that Rudkin's honour Memorial University College. Rudolph Duder had been challenged by Philpot. After a heated card game He was commissioned a captain Philpot had accused Rudkin of cheating and had thrown a in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment qv and then was trans­ glass of hot drink in his face. When Rudkin had attempted to ferred to the British Army where he served in the Education retire from the gaming room Philpot had tried to kick him. On Branch of the Military Government in Berlin in 1946, and as the day of the duel Rudkin was reluctant to harm Philpot but the British representative on the Quadra-Partite Committee on angered the Ensign when he discharged his pistol into the air. Education of the Allied Commadatura until 1950. Duder McCrea credited Philpot with good marksmanship yet it is as­ joined the Canadian Department of External Affairs as a sumed, because of his actions, that Rudkin was the superior Foreign Service Officer in 1950. He was appointed First Sec­ shot. M.J. O'Mara (n.d.) cites the fact that Rudkin had con­ retary to the Canadian Embassy, in Belgrade in 1953, and the siderable military experience and had been decorated at Wa­ Canadian Commissioner of the International Advisory Com­ terloo under Wellington. Philpot demanded a second volley mission for Cambodia in 1954. During his sixteen-year ser­ and the two Wallis & Banks pistols were reloaded by the sec­ vice with the department he held posts in Austria and Indo­ onds. On the second volley Philpot was instantly killed when China and also served as the Charge d'Affaires and later he either accidentally stepped or jumped into Rudkin's line of DUEL, DUFF 651 DUFF, ROBERT ( ?-1787). Governor. Robert Duff entered the British Navy and in 17 44 was promoted to the rank of Commander. He commanded the Anglesea on the coast of Ire­ land until the treaty of Aix-la­ Chapelle between France and England in 1748, and in 1755 was appointed to the Rochester on the coast of France. In 1758 Duff accompanied Commodore Howe to command expeditions Robert Duff against St. Malo, Cherbourg and St. Cas. In 1762 he participated in the destruction of Mar­ tinique, and in 1775, as Rear-Admiral, was appointed Gover­ nor of Newfoundland where he served for one year. In 1777 he commanded the Panther on the Mediterrean and in 1777 was involved with the garrison at the seige of Gibraltar. Duff Thl· llun l>r )u"·ph H !->m"ll"uu;\ was appointed to the rank of Vice-Admiral in 1778 and in l'rcmin nl '''" fuunJiand Duelling pistols used in the Last duel 1780 he returned to England where he died on June 6, 1787. Gordon Duff (1964), D.W. Prowse (1895), DNB (VI). GL fire. Three days later he was interred at the Church of England DUFF, ROBERT (1868- ?). Politician; businessman. Born Cemetery near Church Hill, St. John's. Captain Mark Rudkin Carbonear. Duff was a successful businessman before he ran went into hiding for nearly a week, realizing that a murder for public office. He was President of William Duff and Sons, charge would be laid against him. After the arrest of James Ltd., President of Public Service Electric Co., Ltd., President Strachan and George Morice, Rudkin surrendered himself and of the Harbour Grace Marine Rail way Dock Co. , Ltd., Presi­ stood trial. The group were acquitted of murder on April 17, dent of the Conception Bay Mutual Marine Co., Ltd., and 1826 much to the displeasure of presiding ·:=hief Justice Director of the Newfoundland Savings Bank. Duff ran as a Tucker who, according to Carroll, had rejected the jury's first Liberal under Albert E. Hickman in the election of 1924 and verdict of "Guilty - Without Malice." The actual fate of became the Member of the House of Assembly for Carbonear Captain Rudkin and the two seconds is uncertain. Rudkin was District. The Administration of W. S. Monroe introduced a reported by McCrea to have resigned his commission and de­ controversal Bill for financial reform in February 1925 and voted his shattered life to the maintenance of Philpot's mother Peter Cashin crossed the floor in opposition to the Bill. This who was a widow. M.J. O'Mara (n.d.) maintains that he be­ action began a wave of opposition to Monroe and his stand on came the caretaker of Dr. William Carson's farm "Rostel­ finances. In the spring of 1926 five other supporters of the lan" in the St. John's area. The garrison doctor died within government crossed the floor of the House to join the Opposi­ the next year, according to McCrea. The dueling pistols, tion. They included two cabinet ministers, F. Gordon Bradley however, were preserved and are on permanent display at the (Minister without portfolio) and C.E. Russell (Minister of Newfoundland Military Museum, on loan from the owner, Public Works) as well as three members, P.F. Moore (Ferry­ Hon. Joseph R. Smallwood. W.J. Carroll (1901), R.B. land), Lewis Little (Bonavista) and H.B.C. Lake (Burin). McCrea (1869), M.J. O'Mara (n.d.), The Mercantile Journal With the crossings of the floor of the House both the (Apr. 20, 1826). WCS Monroe Administration and the Hickman Opposition had DUFF, GORDON (1918-1973). Author. Born St. John's. Edu­ seventeen members, with the Speaker in the chair. The cated Prince of Wales College, St. John's; Kings College, Monroe Administration was kept in power by William R. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Duff began his hockey career at school Warren, an Independent member for Fortune Bay. On June and continued by playing for teams in Halifax. During the 29, 1926 the Monroe Administration strengthened their slight Second World War Duff served overseas in 1940 with the majority by enticing Duff, member of the Opposition, to join Sixth Naval Contingent. He served as Quartermaster on HMS with Monroe, becoming Minister without portfolio, the posi­ Somali and was aboard when the ship escorted allied troops to tion vacated by Bradley. Duffs crossing the floor kept the Norway. After the war Duff was active in the Royal Canadian Monroe Administration in power until August, 1928. S.J.R. Legion as one of the organizers of naval reunions. At the time Noel (1971), Who's Who in and from Newfoundland 1927 of his death Duff was Secretary of the Legion's National Con­ (1927). DPJ vention which had been scheduled for St. John's in 1974. He DUFF (nee FRECKER), SUZANNE (SHANNIE) (1936- also wrote historical works, including "A Biographical Dic­ ). Nurse; businesswoman; politician. Born St. John's. tionary of the Governors of Newfoundland,'' and compiled Educated College of Our Lady of Mercy, St. John's; Memo­ "Governors I Have Known,'' excerpts from the Newfound­ rial University of Newfoundland, St. John's; Royal Victoria land Quarterly written by A.A. Parsons. Duff died at Portu­ Hospital, Montreal. From 1957 to 1958 Duff worked as a gal Cove on January 20, 1973 at the age of 54. Mrs. Gordon welfare officer for the Newfoundland Department of Public Duff (interview, July 1981), G.W.L. Nicholson (1969), ET Welfare. She lived in Europe from 1958 to 1961, when she (Jan. 22, 1973). DPJ returned to St. John's and became a nursing instructor with 652 DUFF, DUGGAN the General Hospital. In 1962 majority of only two votes. The return was declared void be­ she moved to Montreal and cause of voting irregularities, and Duffy was defeated in a by­ lived there until 1966, when she election held the next year. In 1956 he was elected in St. returned to St. John's. Duff be­ John's Centre as a Progressive Conservative but broke with came very active in volunteer that party in 1959 over its stand on Term 29, and with John R. work in -St. John's and served O'Dea qv founded the United Newfoundland Party. He and with various organizations, in­ O'Dea were both elected in 1959 but by 1962 the party had cluding the Board of Heritage practically disappeared from politics with Duffy's defeat in Canada from 1971 to 1976, the St. John's Centre that year. He died on July 26, 1966. N.J. National Arts Centre from 1972 Richards (interview, 1980), "Necrology" (1967), Newfound­ to 1978, and as President of the Land Who's Who 1961 (1961?). WCS Newfoundland Historic Trust, DUFFY, REV. JAMES (c.1797-1860). Clergyman. Born Ire­ and Member of the St. John's Shannie Duff land. Duffy went to Newfoundland in 1833 with a group of Heritage Foundation since priests who volunteered to assist Bishop Fleming qv. Duffy's 197 5. She was also a member of the Canadian Institute of first appointment was as curate to Father Brown of Ferryland Child Health. In 197 5 A val on Cablevision began operations Parish. Fleming was so pleased with Father Duffy's work that and Duff became its president. She ran for City Council in he appointed him first parish priest in St. Mary's qv, a post 1977 and was elected; after her election she served on such Duffy held for sixteen years. Shortly after he arrived in St. committees as the Zoning and Planning Committee, the Hous­ Mary's he began construction of a church, choosing a site on ing and Finance Committee and the Beautification Commit­ the beach close to the settlement. However, John Hill Martin, tee. Duff was re-elected Nov. 3, 1981 to City Council. Duff the manager of the Slade and Elson store and fishing premises also wrote several articles including ''A Brief Biography of on the beach (and the local magistrate) disapproved of the site William Carson, M.D." published in the 50th Anniversary for the church. Duffy ignored Martin's threats and the church Edition of the Newfoundland Medical Journal. Shannie Duff was built while Martin was away in St. John's. To retaliate, (interview, Oct. 1981), Newfoundland Herald T.V. Week Martin ordered a fish flake to be built directly in front of the (May 16, 1979). DPJ door and running the length of the beach, blocking off en­ DUFF, WILLIAM (1872-1953). trance to the church, and the path to Riverhead and Mall Bay. Senator. Born Carbonear. Edu­ Duffy asked Martin to remove the flake and when he refused, cated Carbonear; Falkirk, Scot­ Duffy ordered the men of the community to destroy it. Duffy land. William Duff left New­ was arrested shortly after and charged with leading a riot and foundland in 1895 and settled in destroying the property. Duffy travelled to St. John's to have Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, his case heard, only to learn that it was postponed until the where he became a fish mer­ next session, which was the spring. chant and ship owner. He be­ Throughout the year Duffy made several trips back and came President of the Lunen­ forth to St. John's on foot, and on one trip he came upon a burg Marine Railway Company spring in the woods between Riverhead and Holyrood. He Limited, the Chester Basin found the water cool and refreshing and he began to rest by it, Ship-building Company and the often camping overnight. (When others heard of Duffy's well Lunenburg Mutual Marine In- William Duff they began visiting it also, believing that he had blessed the surance Company. From 1904- well and that it was holy. In 1925 the well was visited by 1916 he was municipal clerk and treasurer for Lunenburg. Members of the British Parliament who were on a world Defeated in his first bid for elected office in a by-election for tour.) the Nova Scotia Legislature in 1911, he was later elected When Duffy's case was finally heard in court he was found Mayor of Lunenburg and held that position for six years, until not guilty, and he returned to St. Mary's. This and other in­ 1922. In 1917 he entered federal politics and was elected as cidents made Father Duffy's stay in St. Mary's an eventful the Liberal M~mber of Parliament for Lunenburg in the gen­ one. He left St. Mary's in 1851 and died in 1860 in Charlotte­ eral election that year. He was re-elected in 1921 and 1925 town, Prince Edward Island. The area around his well was and in May 1926 was appointed Deputy Speaker of the House later made a Provincial Park named Father Duffy's Well. of Commons. He was defeated in Queens-Lunenburg (redis­ M.F. Howley (1888), The Monitor (Feb., 1980; Mar. 1980; tribution had changed the name of the district in 1924) in 1926 Apr. 1980), NQ (Dec. 1926). EMD but returned to the House of Commons in a byelection in Jan­ DUGGAN, HON. JAMES (1903-1980). Senator. Born River­ uary 1927 held in Antigonish-Guysborough as a result of the head, Harbour Grace. Educated St. Joseph's School, River­ death of the sitting member. He was re-elected from that dis­ head; Roman Catholic Academy, Harbour Grace. In 1925 trict in the general elections of 1930 and 1935. On February James Duggan was appointed railway agent with the Reid 28, 1936 he was called to the Senate and served there until his Newfoundland Company at Gambo after working several death on April 25, 1953. Canadian Parliamentary Guide years as a telegraph operator with the company at Lewisporte. (1952-1953). BGR By 1947 he was transferred to the St. John's office as railway DUFFY, AUGUSTINE MICHAEL (1905-1966). Politician; dispatcher. As an avid supporter of the Confederation Move­ businessman. Born St. John's. Educated St. Bonaventure's ment Duggan served as Vice-President of the Newfoundland College. In the general election of 1951 Duffy was elected as Confederate Association. the Progressive Conservative member for Ferry land but with a In 1954 Duggan took an official leave of absence to accept DUGGAN,DUNCAN 653

the position of Chairman of Di­ DULEY, CYRIL CHANCEY (1890-1952). Businessman. vision 85, Transportation and Born St. John's. Educated Methodist College, St. John's. Communication Employees' Duley entered his family's jewelery and optical business be­ Union. He was summoned to fore World War I. He returned to the business after serving in the Canadian Senate July 8, Gallipoli and France with the Newfoundland Regiment. He 1966 where he served as Sena­ received an M.B.E. (Military Division) for his activity and tor until Feb. 28, 1978. Before was subsequently given a medical discharge in 1918. his death at St. John's on Aug. In 1920, after the death of his father, Duley incorporated 13, 1980 he had held executive T .J. Duley and Company and assumed the position of Presi­ positions with the Newfound­ dent. According to J.R. Smallwood (1931) Duley was one of land Legislative Committee In­ the founding members of the *Tourist and Publicity Associa­ ternational Railway Brother­ tion qv serving as Second Vice-President c. 1927. G. W. L. hood (as Chairman), the James Duggan Nicholson ( 1964) reported that Duley served as paid Secretary Newfoundland Labour Rela- Manager to Colonel Leonard Outerbridge who was responsi­ tions Board, and the Review Committee of the Workman's ble for organizing and co-ordinating a comprehensive Air Compensation Act. Canadian Parlimentary Guide (1979), Raid Precautions Programme for St. John's during World DN (Aug. 14, 1980), ET (Aug. 14, 1980),Newfoundland and War II. Duley died on August 15, 1952. G.W.L. Nicholson Labrador Who's Who Centennial Edition (1968). WCS (1964), J .R. Smallwood (1931), "Necrology" (1967), Who's DUGGAN, KENNETH Who in and from Newfoundland 1927 (1927). WCS FRANCIS, (1923- ). Edu­ DULEY LAKE PARK. See PARKS, PROVINCIAL. cator. Born Halifax, Nova Sco­ DULEY, MARGARET (1894- tia. Educated St. Patrick's High 1968). Writer. Born St. John's. School, Halifax; Dalhousie Educated Methodist College, University; Nova Scotia Tech­ St. John's; drama school in nical College. After serving England. She was one of New­ with the Royal Canadian Air foundland's first native-born, Force and Canadian Army, he professional novelists whom became an assistant professor in Professor George Story de­ electrical engineering at Nova scribed as "a fully articulate, Scotia Technical College in self-conscious voice,'' which 1956. He served there until his Kenneth Francis Duggan ''was for a long time one of the appointment on July 1, 1963 as rarest things in Newfoundland tiiii//II//J.. first Principal of the new College of Trades and Technology writing.'' Although she read Margaret Duley in St. John's. He became the College's first President with the extensively and travelled in creation of that position in September 1970, a position he still Canada, the United States and Europe, Margaret Duley re­ held in 1980. Among other positions he served as Chairman garded Newfoundland as her home and as the source of inspi­ of the Provincial Task Force on Integration of Academic and ration for her writing. Despite her affection for Newfound­ Vocational Education, President of the Association of Profes­ land, which provided the setting for nearly all her novels, she sional Engineers of Newfoundland, Chairman of the Man­ once described her native land as "a country I both love and power Training and Certification Board of Newfoundland and hate.'' Her novels received extensive critical acclaim in the member of the Board of Governors of Nova Scotia Technical United States, Canada and Britain as well as a wide audience College. Paul O'Neill (1976), Newfoundland and Labrador in Newfoundland. Among her best known works are The Eyes Who's Who Centennial Edition (1968). MHR ofThe Gull (1936), Cold Pastoral (1939), Highway to Valour DUGGAN'S COVE (pop. 1921, 59). A small abandoned fish­ (1941) and Novelty on Earth (1942), her last novel. In addi­ ing settlement that was located in South White Bay near tion Duley wrote the Caribou Hut (1949), a history of the Hooping Harbour qv, Duggan' s Cove was first reported in the famous Newfoundland hostel at the King George V Institute Census of 1874 with a population of fifteen (including one on Water Street in St. John's (where soldiers, sailors and air­ person born in England), all members of the Church of Eng­ men during World War II found a home away from home), land. Despite its isolation and location on the *French Shore and some short stories. Margaret Duley died at St. Luke's qv, Duggan's Cove attracted new settlers, who came to the Home in St. John's in March 1968. A plaque was erected to cove to prosecute the salmon and cod fisheries and the land­ her memory at Memorial University of Newfoundland in based seal hunt. By 1884 the population had grown to fifty­ 1981. Alison Feder (interview, 1979), Remarkable Women of one residents in six families, including some Methodist resi­ Newfoundland and Labrador (1976). GL dents. Duggan's Cove remained with about fifty people DUMBLEDOR. See DANDELIONS. engaged primarily in the cod, salmon and herring fisheries. DUMPLING. See SEPARATION POINT. By 1921, the year of the last census of the community, Dug­ DUN FISH. This Newfoundland term denotes insufficiently gan's Cove had a one-room Church of England school but no dried cod which is covered with a dark mould. No amount of church. In 1928 the following family names were reported in sun can improve it and it is economically worthless. PAG Duggan's Cove: Cassell, Ropson and Ricketts. Census (1874- DUNCAN, NORMAN (1871-1916). Writer. Born Brantford or 1921), List of Electors (1928). JEMP Norwich, Ontario. Educated University of Toronto. Duncan DUKE OF YORK BATTERY. See SIGNAL HILL. left the University of Toronto in 1895 before graduating, to 654 DUNCAN, DUNFIELD

become a journalist with the Bulletin in Auburn, New York. Canon Dunfield, a Church of England clergyman, was given He joined the New York Evening Post in 1897, and a series of December 1912 (Royal Gazette: March 1913). Oral tradition sketches he wrote for the paper on the Syrian population of maintains the name Cuckhold's Cove is derived from the New York were compiled and published in 1900 under the abundance of a small shellfish called "cuckhold mussel" title The Soul of the City. Duncan became a correspondent for found along the shoreline in shallow shoal water (Barry McClure's Magazine in 1900 and he journeyed to Newfound­ Clarke: 1978). The name Island Cove probably derives from a land and Labrador for the first time on assignment from the small island which lies southeast of the cove. magazine. Originally set to go to St. Anthony, Duncan, prone The English Pilot The Fourth Book 1689 (1967) observed to seasickness, stopped at Exploit's Island in Notre Dame Bay that "From Bonaventure-Head to Trinity Harbour . . are and decided to remain there. For three summers he returned to some Bays, but not for Ships to ride in unless the Wind be off Exploit's Island talking with the residents and writing. His the Shoar." Cuckhold's Cove and Island Cove were badly ex­ work appeared in such leading periodicals as Harper's and posed; a mussel bar noted in the English Pilot, lay across the The Atlantic Monthly. His The Way of the Sea, a collection of entrance to the south west arm of Trinity Harbour and also ten stories of Newfoundland, was published in 1903. In that made access to the community difficult. On Captain James year Duncan did get to St. Anthony and there he met Dr. Cook's map of Trinity Harbour, 1764, he shows this ledge or Wilfred Grenfell qv. He wrote a series of articles on Gren­ bar in heavy lines across the "West Arm" leading to "Island fell's work and they later appeared in the book Dr. Grenfell's Cove." It is likely that these obstacles were the barriers to Parish (1905). A book he wrote in 1904, Doctor Luke of Lab­ early settlement in Cuckhold's and Island Cove. Trinity Har­ rador, was inspired by Grenfell. bour, acknowledged to be one of the finest in Newfoundland, Duncan visited Newfoundland in the summers but during had ample room for stages and flakes in the level areas found the winters, from 1901 to 1906, he was Professor of Rhetoric scattered around its many arms, and until this space became at Washington and Jefferson College, in Washington, Penn­ crowded at the end of the Eighteenth Century and the fishery sylvania. He became the Middle East correspondent for grew larger and increasingly competitive, Cuckhold's Cove Harper's and travelled to such places as Egypt. Arabia, Aus­ remained unoccupied. tralia, New Guinea and Malaya from 1907 until the end of the A Thomas Hurdel (or Hurdle) was listed as a fisherman of First World War. From 1909 to 1911 Duncan was Professor Cuckhold's Cove in 1757 and of Trinity in 1763, and a James of English at the University of Kansas. His visit to Australia Moores was a resident in 1791, having moved from Trinity resulted in Australian By Ways, a work published in 1915. (E.R. Seary: 1976). Neither of these men was reported in His other works include The Mother (1905), The Adventures Cuckhold's Cove in other than these years and it is likely that of Billy Topsail (1906), Going Down From Jerusalem (1909), they stayed for a few seasons only, although a Thomas Hurdle Christmas Eve at Topmast Tickle (1910), The Bird Store Man reportedly moved to Cuckhold's Cove in the early 1800s. Ac­ (1914), Billy Topsail M.D. (1916), Battles Royal Down North cording to the Trinity Parish Records a Robert Clarke moved (1918), Harbour Tales Down North (1918). Duncan died at to Cuckhold's Cove from Trinity early in the 1800s, where he Buffalo, New York on October 18, 1916. Two of his novels died in 1819 "age 103." His son, also named Robert, had were published posthumously. The Atlantic Advocate (Sept. moved to Cuckhold's Cove, and his son John, born March 6, 1981), Creative Canada: A Biographical Dictionary ofTwen­ 1803, was the first birth registered in the community. Accord­ tieth Century Creative and Performing Artists (1972: II), EC ing to W.G. Handcock (n.d.), "One Robert Clark resided on (ill). DPJ the northside of Trinity in 1753, and owned a store, and in DUNDEE, S.S. One of the Reid Company's *Alphabet Ships 1801 the Census records the families of Robert Clark Sr. and qv, the 439-ton Dundee was built by A. & J. Inglis at Glas­ Jr. Evidently Robert Clark Sr. was one of the few planters res­ gow in 1900 and registered in Newfoundland in the same ident in Trinity in 1753 who was still surviving there in year. It carried mail and passengers around Bonavista Bay 1801." The Clarke family must, therefore, have moved to and to points north until Christmas Day 1919, when it went Cuckhold's Cove between 1801 and 1803. E.R. Seary (1976) aground on Noggin Island. The passengers and crew were lists other early residents: Joseph Morice or Morris (1808), stranded on the ship for two days because heavy seas and slob Thomas Wiseman, planter (1811), George Ball, planter ice made rescue impossible. On the second day, when the (1824), Alexander Fleet, born at Cuckhold's Cove (1826), ship began to take on water, the Clyde was able to reach the John Way, planter (1828) and William Spurrell, planter floundering Dundee and remove the passengers and crew be­ (1833). The first census of the community, in 1836, reported fore the ship sank. The S.S. Dundee was the second ship lost 120 people engaged in the small-boat inshore fishery . Some by the Reid Company in December 1919: the S.S. Ethie qv, Cuckhold' s Cove men owned or skippered vessels for the the sister ship of the S. S. Dundee, had sunk on December 11 Slade company of Trinity to Labrador for the seal hunt in the near Bonne Bay. Harry Bruce (1977), DN (Dec. 28, 29, early 1800s. Joseph Morris, owner of the schooner Almira, 1919), Archives TlO (1913-1946). EPK "sail'd from Cuckhold's Cove on sealing adventure" and DUNFIELD (pop. 1976, 208). A fishing community located in took his ship to St. John's to sell the pelts (quoted in Hand­ two adjacent coves southwest of Trinity qv Trinity Bay, Dun­ cock: 1981). By 1845 the population had grown to 180 and by field has access to the sea from these coves, called Island 1900 the settlement had spread to adjacent Island Cove. The Cove and Cuckhold's Cove, and also by the south arm of physical growth of the settlement was somewhat hampered by Trinity Harbour, which borders the settlement on its south the high hills which bounded the settlement on the north and side. The community, formerly called Cuckhold's Cove, was the south. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871) noted the officially renamed Dunfield by a proclamation issued March spectacular scenery of the area, describing it as "of a nature 1913: the first notice of the change of name, which honoured very bold and rugged, and incapable of agriculture," and -;;:, DUNFIELD, DUNN 655 listed Ball, Clarke, Fleet, Hurdle, Ivany, Morris, Spurrie Synod, 1913- ?; rpirector of the Newfoundland Tourist As­ (Spurrell), Wey (Way) and Wiseman as fishermen and plant­ sociation, 1926; Director of La Manche Mining Syndicate ers of Cuckhold's Cove. Limited; Chairman of the enquiry into the cause of the fire in The settlement's first school, a Church of England institu­ the *Knights of Columbus Hostel qv (in December 1942); tion, was established in 1843, and in 1847 the school inspec­ Chairman of the St. John's Housing Corporation, 1944- tor complained that "The schools of Cuckhold's Cove and 1949. Trinity have only the divided attention of one master who at­ Dunfield also edited three volumes of Newfoundland law tends three days alternatively to each "(JHA: 1848). The reports and was joint editor of the Newfoundland Consoli­ Cuckhold's Cove school was held in a house, while the dated Statutes, 1916. In 1949 he was created Knight Bache­ Trouty school was held in a loft, both taught by a Mr. Gover. lor. D.C. Jamieson (1967), J.R. Smallwood (1975), O.L. In 1858 it was reported that "The last year he [Mr. Gover] has Vardy (1967), This is Newfoundland (1949). ELGM been obliged to give up Cuckhold's Cove for want of a house DUNLIN. See WOODCOCK. to use as a school room" (JHA: 1859, appendix p. 258). DUNN, P. DOUGLAS H. {fl.1935-1945). Commissioner for Cuckhold's Cove and Trouty continued to share school mas­ Natural Resources. In December 1935 Dunn came to St. ters and, later, buildings until the 1870s. In 1876 a Cicely John's from Scotland to assume the post of Chairman of the Morris was reported to be the teacher of the first Methodist Board of Customs and later Chairman of the Liquor Control School at Cuckhold's Cove and it was reported that "At Board in the Newfoundland Commission of Government. Cuckhold's Cove ... [a] new Schoolhouse has been built" After Commissioner John H. Gorvin qv returned to England (JLC: 1877, p. 639). A Church of England church, the in April 1941 Dunn was chosen as his successor as Commis­ Church of the Good Shepherd, was erected after World War I sioner for Natural Resources. According to David Alexander and by this time a Methodist school-chapel was also built. (1977) Dunn advocated joint fisheries control between New­ Both Anglican and United Church schools operated in Dun­ foundland and the Dominion of Canada as early as 1940, field until 1969 when, with integration, students attended re­ through the Newfoundland Fisheries Board. gional schools in Trinity and Port Rex ton qv. Dunn's major contributions to resource development were The small-boat inshore cod-fishery had been the economic manifested in his attempts to stabilize the fisheries and he was mainstay of the community until the 1940s and 1950s, when instrumental in the establishment of a shipyard at Clarenville the industry declined and the number of full-time fishermen (to take advantage of the Bonavista rail line and the ocean was halved, although the population remained stable at access to Trinity Bay). Under Dunn's administration the first around 200. A trend to seasonal employment in Ontario soil survey department was set up to monitor and assist agri­ aboard lake boats started at this time and the remaining cultural development. On January 21, 1944 he announced a workers were employed outside the community as skilled proposal to promote a fresh-frozen fish trade from Newfound­ workers and labourers. In the late 1970s there were several land to United States markets in response to a predicted de­ herring and salmon fishermen in the community and winter cline in the salt fish trade between Newfoundland and Euro­ woods work was a part-time activity. Eric Adey (1973), Barry pean markets in the post-war period. Dunn subsequently Clarke (1978), W.G. Handcock (n.d.; 1981), Census (1836- returned to the United Kingdom and was succeeded by Com­ 1976), The English Pilot The Fourth Book 1689 (1967), JHA missioner W.H. Flinn. David Alexander (1977), J.G. Chan­ (1844; 1848; 1859), JLC (1877), Royal Gazette (Mar. ning (interview, Dec. 4, 1980), MacKay and Saunders 1913).Map G. JEMP (1946), Newfoundland Historical Society (P.D.H. Dunn), DUNFIELD, SIR BRIAN E.S. John Parker (1950), St. John's Directory 1936 (1936?). (1880-1968). Judge. Born St. wcs John's. Educated Bishop Feild DUNN, REV. DR. WALTER College, St. John's; London T.D. (1856-1928). Clergyman. University, London. Called to Born London, England. Edu­ the Bar 1911. From 1911 until cated Mount Allison Univer­ 1918 he was a partner in the law sity, Sackville, New Bruns­ firm of Morris and Dunfield wick. Dunn began his work in after which he became Director the Methodist Church in New­ of Job Brothers and Company foundland in 1882 as a proba­ Limited, a position he held until tionary minister in the old Her­ 1923 when he joined the firm of ring Neck-Change Islands Hawes and Company (London) Sir Brian E.S. Dunfield marine missidn field. After two Limited in the same capacity. years there he was sent to com­ In 1927 or 1928 he became Council to the Justice Department plete his mandatory three-year Rev. Dr. Walter T.D. Dunn and Acting Deputy Minister of Justice. He was appointed probationship as an assistant to Deputy Minister of Justice in 1932 and in 1939 he was ap­ the Rev. Jeremiah Embree qv at Twillingate. Having com­ pointed to the Bench of the Supreme Court. In addition to his pleted his theological studies in 1887 and having been or­ legal and business career Dunfield was an active participant in dained, he was posted to Musgrave Harbour, where he re­ the religious and secular affairs of his community. Some of mained for one year. During the next thirty-six years of his the offices he held included the following: Director of the active ministry he served in more than a dozen Newfoundland Church of England College, 1913, and Honorary Secretary­ circuits, including Wesleyville, Bay Roberts, Brigus, Har­ Treasurer, 1913-1923; member of the Church of England bour Grace, St. John's (at both Gower and George Street cir- 656 DUNN, DUNVILLE cuits), Carbonear, Lewisporte, Grand Falls, and Bell Island. Newfoundland Directory (1871) reported, "A large number In the course of his long career he held at various times most of [Broad Cove] inhabitants spend the summer at Labrador.'' of the District and Conference offices, including the Chair­ From 1884 to 1921 the Labrador seal hunt and cod fishery de­ manship of the Carbon ear ( 1902) and Twillingate Districts clined, as did the population of Duntara, which fell from 237 (1910-1915), and the Presidency of the Newfoundland Con­ in 1891 to 165 in 1935. Although cod remained the main fish­ ference of the Methodist Church (1902-03). A scholarly man ery, lobster fishing (and processing) commenced in the 1890s and a learned theologian, he was for many years one of the and some salmon and herring fishing was also reported. chief mentors and examiners of candidates for the Methodist Broad Cove, renamed Dun tara in 1951 (when its population ministry in Newfoundland. He was awarded an honorary doc­ had dropped to 151), depended almost entirely on the cod and torate degree from Mount Allison University for his dedica­ lobster fisheries after the 1950s, with winter woodcutting un­ tion and contribution to the growth of Methodism in New­ dertaken as an income supplement. Since the 1970s the cod foundland. He was superannuated in 1924 and retired to catch has been trucked to fishplants on the Bonavista Penin­ Grand Falls. He died August 5, 1928. D.W. Johnson (n.d.), sula qv. The population declined from 195 in 1966 to 138 in D.G. Pitt (interview, Mar. 1981), A Century of Methodism in 1976 as some residents left Duntara for homes and employ­ St. John's, Newfoundland (1915), ET (Aug. 6, 1928). BGR ment elsewhere. In 1981 Duntara students attended elemen­ DUNNAGE ZONE. See GEOLOGY. tary school (formerly an all-grade school) in the community. DUNPHY'S FISHERIES (1971) LIMITED. See FISH W.G. Handcock (1979), E.R. Seary (1976), Census (1836- PLANTS. 1976), Hutchinson's Newfoundland Directory for 1864-1865 DUNRAVEN, EARL OF. See QUIN, WINDHAM THOMAS (1864), JHA (1846; 1859), Lovell's Newfoundland Directory WYNDHAM-, FOURTH EARL OF DUNRA VEN AND (1871). Map G. JEMP MOUNT-EARL. DUNVILLE (inc. 1963; pop. 1976, 1,909). An incorporated DUNTARA (inc. 1961; pop. 1976, 138). An incorporated fish­ community which lies along a 8 km- (5 mi-) long stretch of ing community located northwest of King's Cove, Bonavista the North East Arm of Placentia Harbour, connected to Pla­ Bay, Duntara is situated in Broad Cove which is entered be­ centia Bay by a treacherous neck of water. The North East tween two spectacular bluffs, Broad Head [elevation 101 m Arm, or the North East Gut, the former being the name by (333 ft) with a sea face 1.6 km (1 mi) long] and Southern which the settlement was most commonly known before it Head [elevation 157 m (514ft)]. Because of the high cliffs was changed to Dunville c .1888 with the coming of the rail­ there is only a limited beach front stretching about 90 m (100 way (E.R. Seary: 1971), appeared on maps of Placentia and yds) at the head of the cove, the harbour is poor and the water Newfoundland as early as 1514 and it is probable that the rough; yet Broad Cove (the settlement was renamed Duntara North East Arm sheltered smaller fishing craft from the earli­ in 1951) was the site in the Nineteenth Century of a thriving est days of Placentia's occupation in the Sixteenth Century. fishing settlement which was founded between 1806 and 1820 The harbour is good and well protected; however, it is shal­ by Irish settlers via King's Cove, Trinity (Trinity Bay) and low in places with protruding shoals and many islands which Bonavista qqv. Broad Cove was not listed in an 1806 list of dot the middle of the arm. In Dunville "Blackey Moor Is­ fishing rooms in Bonavista Bay (quoted in W.G. Handcock: land'' in the North East Arm is the legendary burial site of a 1979). E.R. Seary (1976) lists a Patience Mesh as a resident Negro who died on board a ship; local legend maintains that of Broad Cove in 1825 and a Thomas Gash (in 1827), Wil­ ''the wood growing there will not burn'' (Wooden Ships and liam Matthews (1828), Thomas Carew (1829), Patrick Griffin iron Men: 1970). Early maps showed the North East Arm (1830), Maurice Bryan or Brine (1831), and Patrick Lewis heavily wooded and largely unpopulated: its high bluffs, steep (1831). When first reported in the Census of 1836, as a settle­ shore, hills on the north side of the arm and its distance from ment, Broad Cove was a bustling community of 173 inhabi­ the sea probably precluded settlement until the Eighteenth tants, all Roman Catholics, engaged in the small-boat inshore Century, when the first land grant was recorded on Sept. 8, fishery. By 1845 the population was reported to be 263 [in­ 1751, granting Mrs. Costman of England "sole right and cluding one merchant (James Kenny) and two "tradesmen"], property of the said Salmon Fishery and the peaceable and and the 1857 Census reported thirty-eight Irish-born residents quiet possession of the same without the least hindrance or among the 265 inhabitants in thirty-six families [including molestation in enjoyment thereof'' (letter to Sir John Knight new families such as the Carrolls, Kennefickes, Kenneys, in the Colonial Letterbooks, quoted in Lloyd Wilson: n.d.). Leynes (Lane), Larkins, Lawtons, Loughlans, Murphys, Har­ Salmon and trout spawn up the North East River, and this veys, and Rickettses]. The settlement had a school by 1845, fishery and later the herring fishery eventually attracted new which was established between Keels qv and Broad Cove settlers to the area. In the Census 1836 the North East Arm is (JHA : 1846, appendix p. 108). This school, called the San­ included with the settlements of Frshwater and Point Mal but croix School, was "situated about midway between Broad in 1845 it was reported in the Census as an independent com­ Cove and Keels, being about one mile from each place. The munity of seventy-six inhabitants, all Roman Catholic, with school is at present in a dwelling house of one of the inhabi­ over a dozen residents born in Ireland. The settlement had two tants who has given the use of it for that purpose for the sum­ full-time farmers in addition to twenty inshore cod and mer ... There is a school house at Broad Cove where the salmon fishermen. In 1857 the Census reports 232 inhabi­ school is held during the winter" (JHA 1859, p. 327). By tants, including English- and Irish-born residents, and a 1874 the population of Duntara stood at nearly 300. school. According to F.G. King (n.d.) a school was operating The key to Broad Cove's growth in this period was the suc­ in the North East Arm as early as 1850: in 1859 Bishop Mul­ cess of the Labrador seal fishery, which was first undertaken lock qv purchased land in the North East Arm and by 1860 a in the 1820s and 1840s. It was a community affair; as Lovell's school house was built. According to a Roman Catholic DUNVILLE, DURRELL 657 ~~ School Inspector's Report for 1860 the North East Ami recreation centre, a town hall (built in 1957) and Baptist and school was established in 1859 and the school house was Pentecoastal churches (built in 1970). The first Roman Catho­ being fmished at the time of the inspection in 1860 (JHA: lic church had been built in 1954; before this time church was 1860, appendix p. 295). In 1876 it was reported: "The [Ro­ attended in the Dunville Roman Catholic school or in Placen­ man Catholic] school-house at North East Arm is still unfin­ tia. From 1966 to 1975 the population of Dunville increased ished and I was sorry to see several panes of glass broken in also from the influx (225 people in forty-five households) of the windows .... No desk or forms ... under these trying resettled families from Tack's Beach, Bar Haven, St. circumstances I was delighted to see that the pupils present Kyran's, Harbour Buffett, Merasheen, Port Ann, Port Royal, fully sustained the good character given of this school in for­ Little Paradise, Petite Forte, Presque, Red Island and Green­ mer reports" (JLC: 1877, pp. 686-7). spond. Hutchinson's Newfoundland Directory for 1864-1865 In 1970 it was announced that a major reduction in the ci­ (1864) reported mainly boatkeepers and farmers in the North vilian work force at Argentia Base would eliminate nearly 300 East Arm and listed the family names of Barron, Blanch, jobs at that site. Although the opening of the ERCO plant in Cain, Collins, Costello, Dunphy, Griffin, Hartigan, Hartily, 1967 and some sawmilling in the area were alternate sources Kelly, Power and Rielly. Lovell's Newfoundland Directory of employment, Dunville was almost totally dependent on the ( 1871) said of Placentia: ''The harbour . . . has two arms, the Base for employment. A skeleton staff of 113 remained at the North East and South East, along the shores is a considerable Base but most Dunville residents were forced to find alterna­ population engaged in farming and salmon fishing.'' By 1884 tive employment in transportation, construction and service the population in the North East Arm numbered nearly 400. industry jobs in Placentia or in St. John's and area. In 1979 The first road connecting the North East Arm to Placentia was the Dunville Mining Company was formed to provide silica started in 1870 (JHA: 1871) and later a lower road hugging for the ERCO plant. Operating from May to December, the the shoreline was built. In 1889 the branch railway from Har­ quarry averaged about 100,000 tons of ore a year, and em­ botir Grace to Placentia via Dunville was built, providing new ployed fifteen to twenty persons at peak. A small crafts com­ transportation and jobs for the area. Dunville continued to be pany, Gannet Crafts, was established also in 1979 producing ·a thriving fishing centre until the 1920s (when the population decorated items for sale in Canada and the United States; the was around 400), based mainly on the herring, cod, capelin, company employed two people. A construction company was lobster and mackerel fisheries; the salmon fishery had fallen another source of work in 1981. In that year, however, it was off in the late Nineteenth Century, probably from overfishing, announced that cutbacks in the ferry-transport service from which had been a source of great concern in Salmon Wardens' Argentia would result in a further loss of jobs; these cutbacks reports in the 1880s and 1890s. By 1910 the Dunville Literary were being vigorously protested at all levels of government Society, aimed at ''the moral and material advancement of its and new sources of employment were being actively sought people and the diffussion of knowledge among its members" by the end of the year. In 1981 there were three schools serv­ (Wooden Ships and Iron Men: 1970) had been formed, and ing Dunville students. The community was governed by a the Dunville Superior School was in operation by 1914. town council and had electricity, water and sewerage and a In the 1920s Dunville experienced a series of bad years in full slate of municipal services. Dun ville also had a number of the fishery and, with the Depression, the population was active community service clubs and organizations. F.G. King nearly halved, from 509 in 1911 to 261 in 1935. The number (n.d.), E.R. Seary (1971), Lloyd Wilson (n.d.), Census of merchants also declined from four in 1911 to one in 1921. (1836-1976), JHA (1860-1871), Hutchinson's Newfoundland There were still some farmers in the area and a small number Directory for 1864-1965 (1864), Lovell's Newfoundland Di­ of full-time loggers, but the majority of the workforce was rectory (1871), Newfoundland Historical Society (Dunville), employed in the fisheries or in other jobs in Placentia. With The Rounder (Mar. 1979; Feb. 1980), Statistics: Federal­ the commencement of construction of the * Argentia Base qv Provincial Resettlement Program (1975?). Map H. JEMP in 1941, Dunville residents found year-round, salaried em­ DUNVILLE MINING COMPANY. See MINING. ployment, and many new families were drawn to the commu­ DURHAM REPORT. See CONFEDERATION. nity between 1945 and 1956, when the population rose from DURRELL (inc. 1971; pop. 1976, 1,137). An incorporated 287 to 869. By 1966 the population bad reached 1 ,622. These fishing community located on the shores of several coves and new families also introduced new religious denominations to arms on the north shore of South Twillingate Island, the mod­ the once almost exclusively Roman Catholic community: by ern settlement of Durrell comprises the communities of Dur­ 1952 an all-grade Anglican school and a United Church rell's Arm, Hart's Cove, Upper and Lower Jenkin's Cove, school had been built; in 1960 an Anglican church was built North and South Gillesport and Blow-Me-Down. It is proba­ and a United Church had been built by 1965. In 1958 a new ble that Durrell, like Twillingate, was first settled c. 1700 and all-grade Roman Catholic school was also built, replacing one that the settlement was included with all others on the Twillin­ that burned in 1955. During this period an estimated ninety gate Islands in the cenuses and fishing schemes throughout percent of the labour force in Dunville derived their income the Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries. In 1836 Dur­ from base-related jobs. Other employment was derived in the rell's Arm was recorded as an independent settlement with a late 1960s from the *Electric Reduction Company of Canada population of 141, all Protestant Episcopalians. There was no qv (ERCO) phosphorus plant and the construction of a mention of the other settlements which make up the modern twenty-five unit housing development in Jordan's Cove, Dun­ settlement of Durrell, and from 1845 to 1901 all these com­ ville, to house company personnel, By 1969 an access road munities, including Durrell's Arm, were again included in a linking Placentia and the Trans Canada Highway was built, general count of the Twillingate Islands. In 1911 Hart's Cove providing further employment. By 1970 the community had a and Jenkin's Coves (presumably including Upper and Lower 658 DURREU

Durrell, community stage in background

Jenkin's Coves) were reported in the Census (populations there were three schools in the area: a Church of England eighty-nine and sixty-nine respectively); Durrell's Arm was school located in Farmer's Arm and two Methodist schools. also listed (population 427). Gillesport is first reported in the There were also Salvation Army adherents in the area. Census of 1935 with a population of 382. Blow-Me-Down, In 1910 an armoury for the Arm Lads' Brigade, a move­ which was never reported in the Census Returns as an inde­ ment founded in 1908 by an Englishman from the Channel Is­ pendent settlement, was probably included in the population lands (it was begun in an old fish store on Hollett's Island) counts of the other settlements. Both Durrell's Arm and Gil­ was built in Durrell's Arm using volunteer labour (Newfound­ lesport (Gillisport) formerly were called Grand River but be­ land Historical Society: Durrell). tween 1904 and 1915 the two settlements were renamed by Most of the fish caught in the excellent fishing grounds the Nomenclature Committee (Yearbook: 1915). Hart's Cove near Durrell, or at the Labrador fishery, were disposed of at and Jenkin's Cove were named for early settlers of Twillin· merchants such as Manuel, Ashbourne, Hodge and Gillette of gate Island. the town of Twillingate. The main trade was in salt fish In 1898 twenty-seven family names (Byrne, Bourden, Bur caught, salted and dried by ten to fifteen trap-crews until the ton, Bates, Col borne, Dalley, Frost, Howelett, Hopewood, opening of a fishplant in 1960, which processed fresh frozen Ing, Jenkins, Kendall, Loyte, Langdown, Minty, Michard, fish. In 1980 there were approximately fifty inshore boats Primmer, Richards, Rogers, Rodgers, Stockley, Skinner, (trapboats, gillnetters and longliners) operating out of Durrell. Snow, Slade, Weakley, Watkins, and Waterman) were re­ The fish plant, which employed approximately 400 people, ported in the communities, which depended almost exclu­ processed mainly cod and turbot and some flounder, cat fish sively on the Labrador, the inshore cod and the herring and perch. Although most of this fish was fresh-frozen, some fisheries, and on winter logging. In 1872 a school was re­ salting was still done and some Labrador fishing was under­ ported to be operating in Durrell's Arm with an enrolment of taken on the South Labrador Coast. Lobster, squid and thirty-nine; a Mrs. Hardener was the schoolmistress (JHA: salmon were also reported caught. In 1981 Durrell was the 1873). The following year it was reported that the Durrell's site of a Marine Service Centre which could handle repairs on Arm school was "A useful school, kept by Mrs. Hardiner boats weighing up to 54 tonnes (60 tons). The community during the past 20 years, and the last three years adopted as a also had six retail stores, a post office, an Anglican Church, [Church of England] board school" (JHA: 1874). By 1911 an Elementary School, a town hall and a museum which dis- :;., DURRELL, DYER 659 ·played artifacts representing Newfoundland outport life in the freestyle Champion in the 74 kg (163 lb) class. In that year he early 1900's. High school students attended school in Twillin­ became the captain of the Canadian Pan-American Wrestling gate. David Burton (letter, Mar. 1979; interview, May 1981), Team, and at the Pan-American Games in Venezuela he won Census (1836-1976), DA (Aug. 1980), JHA (1873; 1874), the freestyle competition in the 74 kg (163 lb) class and was Newfoundland Historical Society (Durrell), Sailing Direc­ selected as Canada's most outstanding wrestler. In 1979 tions Newfoundland (1980), Yearbook (1915). Map F. JEMP Dwyer was the Canadian University Champion for freestyle DURICLE. See FOX COVE-MORTIER. wrestling in the 76 kg (167 lb) class, and the Canadian Junior DUTCH. See HOLLAND. Greco-Roman and freestyle champion in the 82 kg (180 lb) DUTIES. See TARIFFS. class. In that year he became the first Canadian wrestler to DWARF BILBERRY. See BILBERRIES. win Pan-American titles in three different weight classes in DWARF BIRCHES. See BIRCH SHRUBS. three consecutive years by winning the Greco-Roman and DWARF BLUEBERRY. See BLUEBERRIES. free-style wrestling competitions in the 82 kg (180 lb) class at DWARF HUCKLEBERRY. See HUCKLEBERRIES. the Pan-American Games held in Mexico. DWARF MISTLETOE. See MISTLETOE, DWARF. In 1977 and 1979 he was a member of the Junior World Wrestling Team and attended competitions in Las Vagas and Mongolia. In 1980, following the Canadian boycott of the Moscow Summer Olympics, he stopped wrestling competi­ tively, but in 1981 returned to the sport. In 1976-1977 and 1977-1978 he was the recipient of the Richard Perry Award, an award presented by Memorial University to a student who makes an outstanding contribution to athletics. On the second occasion he became the lifetime honorary captain of the Me­ morial University Wrestling Team. In 1978 Dwyer was se­ lected as the St. John's and Newfoundland Athlete of the Year. In 1980 Dwyer acquired All-American status by win­ ning the U.S.A. College Championships (National Associa­ tion of Intercollegiate Athletics) in the 76 kg (167 lb) class. He has taught wrestling in St. John's, and has written an ar­ ticle on the philosophy of athletic training which was pub­ lished by the United States National Wrestling Association. John Dwyer (letter, June 1981), ET (Mar. 20, 1979). EPK DWYER, JOHNNY. (1847-1882). Boxer. Born St. John's. Dwyer moved to Brooklyn, New York, at an early age, where he worked as an apprentice printer before becoming active as a boxer. He became the heavyweight boxing champion of the John Dwyer world on May 8, 1879 when he defeated James Elliott in the twelfth round of a fight held at Long Point, Ontario. J.R. DWYER, JOHN JOSEPH (1959- ). Athlete. Born St. Smallwood (1975). EPK John's. Educated Holy Cross School, St. John's; Memorial DYER, GWYNNE (1943- ). Journalist. Born St. John's. University, St. John's; Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Educated St. Bonaventure's College; Memorial University, British Columbia; University of Western Ontario, London, St. John's; Rice University, Texas. After spending several Ontario. From 1974 to 1978 Dwyer was the Newfoundland months in Pakistan with World University Services in 1962 he Wrestling Champion in the 57-76 kg (125-167 lb) class, and returned to Memorial. In 1968 he received a Canada Council was the Atlantic Wrestling Champion from 1976 to 1978 in grant and went to London University's school of Oriental and the 65-74 kg (143-163 lb) class. Dwyer attended the Junior African Studies. While teaching at Sandhurst he began a ca­ Pan-American Games in 1977, where he wrestled in the 68 kg reer of writing for newspapers. Since then he has extended his (149 lb) class, won the Greco-Roman competition and placed writing to three articles a week on world affairs which were second in the freestyle competition. published by more than a hundred daily newspapers through­ In 1978 he was the Canadian.Junior Greco-Roman and out the world. Gwynne Dyer (interview, 1980). EMD