~il!J! •• II'. ;ASlA .....~.~ ...... *:~ :t . • f>'~E:;EJ'lTJ:f) !'IV. .' ·1...... ~ ~t. Ja~ltMllti llan.coii·· . NEW EDITION, CONTINUED TO r890. GLADSTONE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
SIXTY YEARS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS, FROM .830 TO .890. BY THOMAS ARCHER, F.R.HrsT.Soc.,
AUTSOlt OF "THB WAlt ,NItGYPT AND THE SOUDAN;" "PICTURES AND ROYAL PORTRAITS;" "o~a SOYaRKIGN LADY QUKBN' VICTORIA:" ETC.
WITH NUMEROUS AUTHENTIC PORTRAITS.
Recent national and political events intimately associated with the condition of Ireland, the change in the relative position of parties in the House of Commons, and the questions involved in an intelligible interpretation of what is to be understood as .. Home Rule," challenge the attention of every thoughtful reader who desires to become acquainted with the history of the time in which we live. But that we may comprehend the bearing of such social and political changes, it is necessary that we should be familiar with the interesting story of the national life during the past sixty years. That story is clearly and pleasantly told in the present work, the early issues of which were received with such general approbation both by the public and by the reviewers, that it seemed desirable to continue the narrative to the present time, and, by extendi.ng' the last volume, to complete the six decades of what may be called the later history of the country. For that reason, though it was deemed not only admissible but appropriate to associate with it the name of William Ewart Gladstone, a statesman who has filled a larger space in that history than has been occupied by any other now living, the present work is not a mere biography of a great political leader. It deals with the political and social achievements and characteristics of his con temporaries in various relations, as well as with those by which he is distinguished. It is the story of social and political progress from the year before the passing of the first Reform Bill to the present time, and a wonderful story it is, for it includes among its chief events the early triumphs of Parliamentary Reform, the Abolition of Slavery in the West Indies, the Repeal of the Corn Laws, the <... amelioration of the Criminal Code, the Chartist Agitation, the terrible Famine in Ireland, the great tide of Emigration, the Discovery of the Gold-fields, the Crimean War, the removal of Religious Disabilities, the Indian Mutiny, the Great International Exhibitions, the Exte!,sion of the Franchise, the establish- 2 ment of Vote by Ballot, passing C?f the Irish Land Act, the Development of Steam Transit and of the Postal and Telegraph systems, and later still the Inter vention in Egypt, the War in the. Soudan, the New Franchise and Redistribution . . Bills, the controversy. on "Home Rule" in Ireland, the Local Government Acts in England and Scotland, the changes ip .. Parliament, in political parties, and in the aspects and developmen,ts pf.:'ocjal"lif~. These subjects yield scenes and episodes of fascinating' iRter,est) an 'extensive gallery of attractive.piptures, a chronicle full of absorbing topics and recoll,ections. . In the pages of this'~istory there may be said to appear a succession of the most illustrious, famous,'.pr :notorious persons 'inthe'present century. They are - presented to the reader "in their- habit as they,)ivedY "Even those names which .,.. ' .... bear immediately on the main. current' of events form a grand muster-roll of statesmen, legislators, judges, ;oldiers, orators, philosophers, philanthropists, and men of society, literature, and science, prominent among them appearing Gladstone, Disraeli, Earl Grey, Wellington, Lansdowne, Brougham, Melbourne, O'Connell, Russell, Aberdeen, Derby, Ashley, Cobden, Bright, Palmerston, Peel, Fowell Buxton, Sydney Herbert, Forster, Spencer, Harcourt, Morley, Denman, Lyndhurst, the Napiers, Raglan, Clyde, Havelock, Lawrence, Wolseley, GordoR, Rosebery, Graham, Stuart, Macaulay, John Stuart Mill, Wheatstone, Faraday, Newman, Chalmers, Maurice, Rowland Hill, and a host of others. The value of this publication as a record of the modern history of our country has already been amply attested by the number of those who have subscribed to the former edition, and by the commendations of the public press. The present edition will be found even more useful than its predecessor, as the narrative now includes those recent manifestations of great social and political movements which are unquestionably fraught with such wide possibilities for the future of Great Britain and Ireland. The writer has been careful to display no party bias; and his work has been pronounced to be true, earnest, and sympathetic in tone---a book appealing to citizens in all ranks and of all classes. The Work will be completed in four volumes, super-royal Bvo, price 9-'. 6d. eaoh, illustrated by a series of thirty-six authentic portraits of the leading men of the last sixty years. The volumes will be bound in cloth, in a substantial and elegant style, with burnished olivine edges, fitting them either for continuous present use or a place on the library shelf. The Work will also be issued in fifteen parts, price 2S. each.
LONDON: BLACKIE & SON, PUBLISHERS; GLASGOW, EDINBURGH, AND DUBLIN. Dhananjayarao Gadr,il LibraT) : 11IIl111~~ 1~1Ii~~ I~~ mll~1I11 G1PE-PUNE-OOJ 16B "
WI LLlAM EWART GLADSTONE,
PROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY ELLIO'I''!' &- FRY GLADSTONE
AND HIS
CONTEMPORARIES:
SIXTY YEARS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS.
BY THOMAS ARCHER, F.R.H.S.,
AtrrBOR 011' "mB WAR IN BGYP'l' AIm 'rHB SOtJDAN;" "PJO'1't1RB8 AIm ROYAL PORTRAITS;"
II OUR SOVBRllIGl{ LADY QUBlIR VICTORIA;" &c.
FROM 1880 TO THE END OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SESSION OF 1889. AND TO THE YEAR 1890.
VOL. L 1830 TO 1845.
BLACKIE & SON. LIMITED. LONDON. GLASGOW. EDINBURGH. AND DUBLIN. 1890.
CONTENTS OF VOL.!.
Portrait;.-WILLlAII EWABT GLADSTONE-From a photograph by Elliott & Fry•.•.. .. .frfJ'1llli"piect. Tmr: DUD 01' WELLINGTO~-From the daguerreotype by Claudet, ...... toJGCf: 66 E.uu. GREY-From the portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A., ...... 80 LoRD MBLBolJRNB-From the portrait by Sir Thomaa Lawrence. P.R.A., ..• ' .. '" 98 DANIEL O'CoNNELL-From the miniature by T. Carrick, ...... 136 .. 8m RoBERT PEBL--From the portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A.•...... 144 QUEEN VICTORIA-From the portrait by Winterhalter, ...... 210 BKN.JAlUN DISBAELI, EARL 01' B:u.OOMBFmLD--:-From a photograph. .••...•...... 320
CHAPTER L Congress of Great Powers at Verona-The "Holy Alliance"-Canning's Speeches on CONDITION 01' TUB CotJ?iTBy. 1821-1830. Non-intervention, 20 ,... Our Eastern W_ 22 P.,.liam~ Roform advocated by Chatham Proposed Abolition of Negro Slavery-With and Pitt, • 1 drawal of Commercial Bountie&-Mr. Bus Reform Petitions - The "Friends of the kisson proposes Reduction of certain Duties, 22 People," • 1 The Corn-law Agitation-Ebenezer Elliott- II Protection" of British Agriculture, 2 Specimens of his "Rhymes," 28 Popular Excitement-Project of the flBlank_ Mr. Robert Owen-The NewLmark Mills- eteers," 2 His Community of "New Harmony," 24 Sir Francis Burdett's Motion for Reform. 2 Demands of the Roman Catholics - The Orator Hunt-The Peterloo Massacre, • 3 "Catholic Association" in Ireland, • 25 The infamous "Six Acts" passed,. 6 Daniel o'Connell, • 26 Accession 01' Geo,!!" IV.-His Cbaraoter- Mr. Canning becomes Premier-His Death in ~_C~&~ 6 1827, 27 George Canning-His early Career, 7 Benjamin DisraeJi-His first Appearance, 29 The Gladstone Family-Mr. John Gladstone The Duke of Wellington Prime Minister, 30 of Liverpool, 8 Daniel O'Connell on British Connection with Wtlliam Ewart Gladstone at Eton, 10 Ireland, 31 State of the School-Fagging and Flogging,. 11 Catholic Emancipation Bill introduced and Gladstone's School Companions-His Tributes finally carried,' 33 to Selwyn and Canning-The Eton Maga- Wellington's Appeal to the Lords in favour zines, 13 of Emancipation, 36 Lord John Russell-Hill early Life-Ria Mo- First Roman Catholic MemberB returned to tion on Reform, 11 Parliament, 36 Amelioration of the Penal C-ode-Sir Samuel Distress among the Labouring Classes, . 37 Romilly and Sir James Ma.cldntoeh, 17 Death of George IV. and Accession of William Readjustment of the NationaJ. Currency, 17 IV.-~ C~&~ 38 State of Ireland-Coercion Aots paosed by P1-ess Prosecutions-Mr. Brougham's Defence Lord Cast1e.-eagb - LoM Wollesley ap- of Ambrose Williams-The Duke of Wel- pointed Lord-lieutenant, . 18 lington and Sir James Sca.rlett, 40 Mr. Peel made Home Secretary-Ria early John Wilson Croker-Disrae1i's "Study" of History, 18 him, 41 Mr. Canning opposes Refurm but supports Mr. Gladstone enters Christchurch, Oxford Catholic Emancipation-Becomes Foreign His College Life-Becomes prominent in Secretary', 19 the II Union" Debating Society-High Suicide of LoM Cast1ereagb, . 19 Church Toryism at Oxfonl, 42 vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
,~. .~. Revival in the Church of England, 45 Lord Coehrane (E""l of Dundona.ld), 96 Bishop Blomfie1d and John Kable, 47 Sir Francis Burdett-Ca.ricatures of the Time, 97 Foundation of the London University and White Conduit House, • 98 of the Society for the Diffusion of Use Sketch of Lord Melbourne, • 99 ful Knowledge by Thomas Campbell, Prosecution of William Cobbett-Outline of Brougham. and othe~ 49 bi8 History-His Writings, 99 Foundation of Mecha.nics' Institutes - Dr. Thomae Babington Macaulay, . 10' Birkbeck, 50 Sir Waltar Scott, . . 106 William Godwin. author of Political JUlltit:e, 51 Noticeable RadicallJ iIi Parliament of 1832: Rev. Thomy Robert Malthua, 52 Sir William Molesworth, George Grote, Jeremy Bentham-James Mi.11, 62 and John Artbur Roehnck, . 107 Establishment of Metropolitan Police Force, 68 The Wutminsttr Reriew-ItB Conm"butors- General Use of Gaa-Discovery of the lime- Its ServIces to extreme Liberalism, • . 108 light-Beginning of the Railway System, 54 The Cholera Visitation of 1882, _ • 109 Dr. Thomas Young and Sir Humphry Da.vy, 54 Beginning of the Tractarian Movement.-Dr. Progress of Social, Improvement, • 56 J. H. N.wman, . 110 Fint Cbun:h Disestablishment Meeting held, 111 CHAPTER n. Progress of Cheap Litemture - The Pmny M ...... Cbambers' Edinburgh JouMl4l, 112 THB BEGIN!fING OJ' A NEW ERA. Sketch of Lord Lyodhuret, " . 112 Mr. Gladatop.econtests Newark and is returned Character of the "Sailor King" and of Queen to the first Reformed Parliament-His Adelaide, • 57 Address to the E1...... • • 114 Affain in.France in 1830-Prince Polignac Insurrection in PariB-Ch&rles X. exiled- . Louis Philippe becomesKingof tbeFrench, 58 CHAPTER In. Coronation of Wil.li.a.m IV.-The New Pa,r.. liament-Return of Mr. Brougham for To: MEN AND MEAsUBllS or RUOBlL Yorkshire-HiB Character and Career, • 60 The Dukeof Wellingtooon Ref'orm-Unpopu- Ha.rd Work in the New Parliament-Sir Ed l&rity of bi8 Administration-Its Fall, 66 ward Baines' Diary-The Duke of Wel- Sketch of the "Iron Duke 11 and of Sir Robert lington"' Tactioa, . 118 Peel, 66 Disturbances and Crime in Ireland-A Coer- Ea.rl Grey's Ministry-Brougham made Lord: cion Bill passed. • 120 chancellor-A Reform Measure prepared Irish Church Debates-Mr. Ward's Motion,. 122 by the Cabinet, 69 Dismiasal of the Wh;g Ministry, • . 12. Distress prevalent in the Country_ClCapta.in Brougbam'. Quarrel with Lord Durham, • 125 Swing," • 70 William IV. and Lord. Melbourne, • 126 Lord John Russell introduoea the Reform Bill Fint Conservative Government formed-The -Ita Provisions-Scotland and Ire1a.nd Tamwonh Manifesto-Sir Robert Peel's included-Oppoaition to the Bill and Djs.. Difficulties in the House, . . 129 solution of ParliAment, • 71 The Marquis of Londonderry, . 138 Sketch of Lord J obn Russell, 79 Report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Earl Grey-Lord Althorp-Harriet Mar- Irish Tithe Comm~tation Bill introduced tinea.u-Joseph Hume, . 80 Lord. J obn Russell's Motions-O'Conne11'a The New Parliament,Lord John RUB8e1I. Opposition to the Ministry - Haydon'a again introduces the Reform Bill-It is Porlrait of the Agitator-Speech of Sir thrown out by the House of Lords--Riota James Graham - Mr. Gladstone'. share in London, Nottingham, and Bristol, 83 in the Debate-Defeat and Resignation of The Reform Bill re-introduced into the House the Ministry, • . 134 of Lords and finaJly p ....d, 89 The Melbourne Administration-Lord. Glenelg, 145 Aifain on the Continent.-Fl'ance and Louis Negro Emancipation-Evidence taken befo.re Philippe--Belgium-G~nnany Parliamentary Committee - Mr. Glad· Poland overcome by RUB8ia-Bevolution- atone's Maiden Speech in the House---He ary Outbreaks in Switzerland and Ital,y defends the Management of his Father's Egypt and Turkey-Portugal and Spain," 90 Estates in Demerara-The Apprenticeship Cbaracterlatice of the Men of Reform Period, 94- CI&UBeB-Misa Martineau'. Story lJerM- Rev~ Sydney Smith, 95 ...... The Abolition Act paaaed, , 146 COl\"'TENTS OF VOLUME L vii
poI.a. ...03 'Thomas C1\l'lyle on the "Nigger Question," . 15' A New General Election-Addresses of Sir Sketch of Willi... Wilberforce,. • 155 Robert Peel and Lord John RIll!Sell, • 218 Debates on the Slave Trade-Mr. Gladaton.e The New Parliament opened by the Queen defends the. Pla.ntem-Negro Apprentice- Debate on the Addresa-Lord Brougbam'a ship abolUhed, • • 156 Opposition to Lord Melbourne, • 220 The Houses of Parli&ment borned, • 159 Revolt in Canada-American Sympathizers New Poor-law Bill-Mr. Chadwick's Scheme, 160 Proceedings of Major Head-Measures of Revival of Trades-uniona-The ":Qstrchester . the Home Government, . • 221 Labourers." • 161 Sketch of Lord Durham-He is appointed Popular Dislike of the New Poor--la.w,. • 163 Governor-general of Canada-The Quebec Report on Mu~ipal CC?rpor&tiOIllJ - Lord Ordinancea-Brougham's Indemnity Bill Joho Russell introducee Bill for their Re· -His Denunciations of Lord Durham form-Amendments proposed in the Com John Stuart Mill on Lord Durham's mOD&-Opposition a.nd Alterations in the Policy and Subsequent Treatment,. . 225 Lords-The Bill finally peeoed-Mr. Roe- Coronation of Her Majesty, • . 230 buck's Denunciation of the Lords, • 16' The Melbourne Ministry resign-The Duke ·'.rhe Corporation of London. • . 176 of Wellington and So, Robert Peel oum· The Anatomy Act of18S2, • • 176 moned-Sir Robert and the Ladies of the Further Amelioration of Criminal Code, . 171 Bed..cb.ambel'-Case of J.. ady Flora Hast Registration of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, 177 inga-Lord Melbourne resumes Office, • 231 Proposed Legislation on Ch=h Lands, • 180 Social Improvements of the Period-Railways, 233 Death of William IV"I • • 181 Question of Cheaper Postage-The Old Postal The Princess Victoria-Her Upbringing, • 181 System and Mail Coaches-Early Life of The Duke of Cumberla.nd-Alleged "Ora.nge" Rowland Hill-His Pa.mpfliet proposing Plot, '.182 Penny Postage-Tbe New Plan adopted Death of Hannah Mo~Her Character, • 188 -Its Modern Development-The Money- Lord Herbert of I-. . . 18' order and Telegraph Systems, • . 234 Appearance of Halley's Comet in 18S5, . 185 Sketch of Lord Eldon, • • 242 Writers of ·the Period: George Cmbbe- The Queen's First Visit to the City, . 2'6 Coleridge-Dr. Southwood Smith-Mrs. Burning of the Royal Exchange, . . 246 Hemans-L. E. Landon, &c., • • 186 Farmer Thom, II Sir William. Courtenay,
Newspaper Stamp and Paper Duties reduced, 188 Knight of Malta. U - He incites the Lord Palmerston-His early Career, . 189 Peasantry to Riot, .- . 247 -Continental Affairs-The Spa.nish Legion- Sketch of Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, • 248 Belgium becomes an Independent King Robert Owen presented to the Queen.. . 250 dom-Poland and Fmnce-Disturbancea Mr. Disraeli on the II Conservative Cause, II • 250 in Paris-French Revolutionary Societies Carlyle's Work on Chartism, • 251 ~Revolt in Lyons-Attempted Asssssina.- The Ro•. J. R. Stephe,"" • 263 tion of Louis Philippe by Fiescbi,. . 190 Fa.ther Mathew-uTempera.nce Crusade," . 255 . Cha.rles Louis N apoloon-HiB early History- The Cha.rtist Agitation-The Six Poinu of His Prooeedings at S"... burg-Is exiled, 195 the People's Cha.rter-F~ O'Connor
Prejudice a.ga.inst Reform,. • • . 198 -The "Na.tional Convention II and the -Cha.nges in Political bpinio~: Sir Robert "National Petition "-Mr. Attwood's Mo Peel and Mr. Gladstone, • • 200 tion in the House-Trial of Frost, Wil- Mr. Gladetone's Essay on Church and State, 202 liams, and Jones, • 258 Disrae1i founds the "Young England" Party CHAPTER IV. -His charming Description of a Strike, . 263 Early Factory Legislation, . • 265 Tm: E,uu.y PART or OUR QVBBN'S RBlGN. Grants for National Education~Tbose to The Prince&ll Victoria-Is informed of her Roman Catholic Schools opposed-Mr. Acoeasion to the Throne-Her Admirable Sheil's Speech,. . • • 267 Conduct-She is proclaimed Queen-Inci- Amendment of the Criminal Law, • 268 dents of her Domestic Life, • 208 Mr. Stockdale and the Pa.rliamentary Printers, 269 Feeblenesa of the Melbourne Ministry-De Evils of the Transportation System, • 270 mauds of tbe Scottish Cb=h-Suppoeed Ocean Steam. Navigation-Invention of Na- Whig Influence over the Queen, • 212 amyth's Steam-hammer-The Daguerreo- Louise Lehzen and Baron Stockm.ar, . 215 type-The Railway System, • . 271 viii CONTENTS OF VOLUME L
.~. ."(1.' Attempts on the Queen's Life, . 272 Policy of the "Philosophical Radicala," • 311 Lady Heeter Sta.nhope, • • 273 The New Parliament of 1841-The Melbourne Lord Brougham on our Marriage Laws, . 273 Ministry turned ou~ir Rohe