A History of Sub-Saharan Africa: Second Edition Robert O

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03780-9 - A History of Sub-Saharan Africa: Second Edition Robert O. Collins and James M. Burns Index More information

Index

Abbai, Great see Blue Nile Agyei, Adumhene (Asante), 141 Abboud, Ibrahim, Gen., 360 Ahidjo, Ahmadou, 360 Abdallah ibn Sa’d Abi Sarh, Governor, 75 Ahmad Arabi Pasha, Col., 277 Abdallah Jamma (“the Gatherer”), 76 Ahmad Gran˜ ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Somalian Abdurahman, Abdullah, Dr., 347 leader), 241 Abyssinia see Ethiopia Ahmad ibn Majid, 112 Achebe, Chinua, 130 Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan (Morocco), 88 Aedesius (Christian missionary), 68 Ahmadu Tal (Tukulor leader), 274 Afonso I of Kongo see Nzinga Mbemba AIDS, 376, 380 Afonso V of Portugal, 178–179 Akan see Asante African National Congress (ANC), 346, Aksum, kingdom of, 66 351–356, 373 decline, 70–71 role in creation of multiracial state, 355, 385 fashion/architecture, 68 African Political Organization (APO), 347 relations with neighbors, 38 African Resistance Movement, 352 religion, 68–70 African studies, as academic discipline, 378–379 trade, 67–68, 70 African Union (AU), 389 Albert, Lake, 10, 123 Afrikaners Alexander the Great, 25, 37 National Party (NP), 348, 350–351, 353, 354, Algeria, 301 373 Ali Gaji ibn Dunama, Mai (Kanem-Bornu), 90 nationalism, 292–294, 347–348 Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahim, 202–203 political/economic activism, 348 Alvaro I (mani kongo), 184 see also Voortrekkers Alvaro III (mani kongo), 185–186 Afro-Asiatic language family, 27, 44, 45–46, Alwa, kingdom of, 71–73, 76, 127 58–59 Amanitore, Queen (Kush), 33, 37 age-grade, (age-sets) social organization by, 43, Amosis, Pharaoh, 30 127, 130, 138, 284–285 Amun, cult of, 34 agriculture, 52–55 Angola, 180, 182, 302–304 centrality to African life/economy, 41, 381 independence movement/conﬂicts, 342–343, colonial, 309, 312 353, 372–373 economic specialization, 119–120 naming, 151–152 environmental challenges to, 143, 148–149 post-colonial economy, 370 evolution, 52, 53–55 post-colonial political history, 362, 388, 390 export to New World, 130 animal husbandry see animals: domestication; lack of investment in, 367–368 pastoral life/peoples lifestyle, 53 animals mixed economy (with pastoralism), 85, 164 domestication, 52–53, 55 new crops, introduction of, 197–199, 381 rainforest, 15 role in post-colonial states, 357, 362, 363, relationship with environment, 8–10 367–369 resistance to domestication, 56 spread of, 151–152, 162–163, 195–196 selective breeding, 56 and spread of disease, 194 ankobia (police force), 141 technological developments, 62–63 Ankrah, Joseph, Lt.-Col., 360 see also pastoral life/peoples; names of Anokye, Okomfo (Asante priest), 140 peoples/regions Antonio I (mani kongo), 187

391

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03780-9 - A History of Sub-Saharan Africa: Second Edition Robert O. Collins and James M. Burns Index More information

392 Index

apartheid, 344, 350–356 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu, 361 Apedamak (Nubian deity), 35 Banda, Joyce, 385 Arabia(n peoples) Bantu peoples/languages, 46–51, 62–63, 101, conflicts with Israel, 369 111, 114, 280, 283 influence on African culture, 66, 103 Archaeology, 47, 48, 143 intermarriage with African peoples, 109 divergence, 171 invasions of African lands, 75–76 lifestyles, 144–5 relations with post-colonial states, 369 linguistic subdivisions, 162 trade with African peoples, 99, 239, 243, 245, linguistic/territorial dominance, 44, 47–48 261 migration, 47–48 Aristotle, 201 origins, 51, 118 Ark of the Covenant, 69–70 overcrowding, 163 art, African, 156–157 settlement of new areas, 123, 144, 148–150, artisans, role in society, 109–110 162–163, 170–171 Asante peoples, 138–141 shared myths/symbols, 144 administration, 140 technology, 62 political advances, 138–141 vocabulary, 122 resistance to colonial rule, 272, 273 see also Nguni; Xhosa; Zulus al-Asham, King (Abyssinia), 64 baobab trees, incidence/uses, 16 Ashurbanipal, King (Assyria), 33, 61 Baqt (peace agreement), 75 Asian slave trade, 227–245 “barbaric customs,” (effects of) prohibition, Asian trade/migrations, 99, 102, 381 300–301 assimilation (colonial policy), 301–302, 335, Barghash ibn Said, Sultan (Zanzibar), 261 361 Barnato, Barney, 289 objections to, 302 Barth, Dr. Heinrich, 258 see also indirect rule Baybars, Sultan (Mamluks), 75 association (colonial policy), 302 Bedouin people, 75–76 Assyria, 32, 61 Beit, Alfred, 290 astrolabe, 176 Belgian Congo (Congo Free State), 275–277, Aswan Dam, 24 305 Athanasius, Patriarch, 68 Independence, 340–341 Atlantic Charter, 337 see also Congo, Democratic Republic of; Atlantic slave trade, 212–226 Leopold African responses to, 212 Belgium, colonial rule, 275–277, 304–305 beginnings (see also Portugal), 212–215 “La Belinguere”, 209 currency, 219–220 Benin deaths in transit, 222, 225 “bronzes”, 133–136 decline/end, 250, 259–260 origins, 134 duration of voyage, 221 political advances, 135–136 numbers, 212–213, 216, 217 post-colonial political history, 360 prices, 217–22 Berber people, 61–62, 80–83, 230–232 (proposed) reparations, 311 see also Tuaregs aurochs, 56–57 Bernal, Martin, 28–29 authority (political), sources of, 120 Bernard, regent of Kongo, 185 Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi (“Zik”), 335, Biafra, 364 338–339, 358 Bible, translations of, 319 “big men” see elites Bacwezi dynasty (mythical), 125 Bigo (archaeological site), 123 Bagirmi, kingdom of, 204–205, 208, 231, 237 Biko, Steve, 353 Baikie, W. B., Dr., 258 Bilharz, Theodor, Dr., 192 Baker, Sir Samuel White/Florence, 252–253 bilharzia, 192 al-Bakri, Abu Ubayd, 82 Bilikisu Sungbo, (legendary) Queen, 131 Baldaia, Afonso Gonçalves, 178 birthrates, 191, 377 Ballana people, 37, 38, 71 Bismarck, Otto von, 270–271 Bambara people, 89, 237 Black Consciousness movement, 353 bananas, 120–121, 127, 198 Black Death, 199 economic importance, 121 blackflies, 194

Index 393

Blackstone, Sir William, 223 Cape Colony, 280 Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel, Dr., 48 British occupation, 283–284 Blood River, battle of, 287–288, 349 Dutch–British relations, 288, 291 Blue Nile, 11–12, 15, 25, 65 foundation, 280 Boer War see South African War slavery in, 204 Bokassa, Jean-Bedel,´ 374–375 Cape Coloured people, 282, 347 Boko Haram, 386 Cary, Joyce, 333 Bongo, Albert-Bernard, 361 Casement, Roger, 275 Booth, Joseph, 331 cash crops see agriculture, colonial Botha, Louis, 347 cassava, 128, 140, 148–149, 156, 318 Botha, P. W., 353–354 Catarine, Senhora, 209 Botswana, 361, 388 Caton-Thompson, Gertrude, 168 brass, use of, 132–135 cattle, 56–57 Brazil, 214–215, 243 new breeds, 117–120 Brazza, Savorgnan de, 273 Caventou, J.-B., 193 brigands, 206 Central Africa, political history, 145–150 Britain Central African Republic, 375, 387 anti-slavery movements, 223–224 cereal crops, 56, 195 colonial possessions/rule, 275–276, 290–294 Cesaire,´ Aime,´ 335 domestic politics/legislation, 346 Cetshwayo, King (Zulus), 290–292 end of colonial rule, 340–342, 357–358 Chabois, Vial de, 221 occupation of Egypt, 275–276 Chad, 360, 387 population, 40 Chad, Lake, 11, 89, 90, 93, 204, 357 railway construction, 265–266 Chalcedon, Council of, 69 relations with South Africa, 347–348 Cheng Ho, 99 slave trade, 220–221 Chilembwe, John, 331–332 university courses, 378–379 China, trade with African peoples, 99, 244 wartime colonial management/propaganda, Chinyama (Lozi mythical ﬁgure), 149 337 Chittick, Neville, 102 bronze, 59 Chokwe people, art, 157–158 Brooks, George, 209 Christianity, 68–70, 72, 319–320, 385–386 Bruce, James, 252 incorporation of traditional beliefs, 319–320 Bruce, Sir David, 191 in Kongo, 183–184 Buganda, kingdom of, 114, 116 in Nubia, 71–74 Bunyoro, kingdom of, 123 internal divisions, 69 Burke, Edmund, 224 unique Ethiopian form, 69–70 Burton, Sir Richard Francis, Capt., 252 see also Evangelism; missionaries; Burundi, kingdom of, 114, 123–125 Monophysite doctrine Bushmen see San Churchill, Winston, 337 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha, Chief, (Zulus), Cibunda Ilunga, King (Lunda), 147–149, 157 354–355 cinema, popularity/censorship, 323, 325–326 Bwimba, Ruganzu (Rwandan leader), Clarkson, Thomas, 223 124–125 clergy, African conversion/training, 256–257 Cabral, Pedro Alvares,´ 214 click languages see Khoisan Cac¸uta (Joao˜ da Silva), Kongolese envoy, 183 climate Caillie,´ Rene,´ 253 changes (global), 70, 119 calcium, role in human diet, 57 drought, 153, 160, 196, 199, 235, 284, 370 Calixtus III, Pope, 178 impact on societies, 104, 159–160, 371 camel(s) rainfall, 7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 21, 65, 70, 93, 129, load-bearing capacity, 233 143, 160, 370 role in human civilizations/transport, 80, seasonal variations, 24–25 231–232 cloves, cultivation/trade, 244, 250 Cameroon, 307 Coast, People of the see Swahili post-colonial political history, 361 coastal regions, 17, 41 Cameroon, Mount, 13 dangers (offshore), 176 Cao,˜ Diogo, 180, 183 habitation, 111–112, 160–162

394 Index

cocoa, 309, 312, 339, 367 copper, 59, 133, 135, 136, 144, 146, 147, cola nut, 81 152–153 cold war, impact on African politics, 361–362, coral, use in building, 108 366, 373–374, 375–376 Correia de Sa,´ Salvador, 187 Colonial Film Unit, 326 corruption, in post-colonial economies, 362 colonies/colonial rule (1870s–1970s), 41–42 cotton, 275, 306, 309 abuses under, 304–305, 306–307, 309, 315, cowrie shells, 152, 180, 219 334 (see also Leopold) cratons, 7–8, 159 administration, 296, 297–300, 335–336 Cresques, Jacob ben Abraham, 176 administrative staff, 299 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, Bishop, 256–257, African resistance to, 265–266, 274, 275, 296, 261 303, 306, 332, 334, 336 (see also Britain; customary law codification under colonial rule, independence movements) 300 African troops’ role in, 278–279 revisions under colonial rule, 299–300 Africans’ adoption of rulers’ culture, 326–327 classification of subjects, 319–320, 367 da Covilha,˜ Pero, 181 commercial arguments for, 272–273 da Gama, Vasco, 105, 112, 181, 187 demands for African participation, 334 da Silva, Antonio, 185 division into periods, 309 da Silva, Joao˜ see Caçuta economies, 298–299, 307, 309–319, 335–336 Dahomey Gap, 129 education, 322 Darwinism, social, 47, 116, 333, 335 impact on African societies, 191–192, 296, Dawud, Askiya (Songhai), 88 308, 309, 317–327 de Almeida, Francisco, 105, 187 lack of preparation, 298 de Camoes,˜ Luis Vaz, 180 languages (native vs. imperial), 303 de Gaulle, Charles, 337, 338, 361 as liability to rulers, 279, 308 de Klerk, F. W., 354 migrations from ruler countries, 314 de Paiva, Afonso, 181 misconceptions surrounding, 279 de Sintra, Pedro, 178 moral justification, 270, 298 de Sousa, Gonçalo, 183 opposing views of, 309, 310–311 deforestation, 37, 61, 119 postwar (moves to) reform, 338, 339 democracy questioning of ideology, 333–334 failure in new states, 359–361 reasons for assumption, 265, 270–273 new states’ moves toward, 389–390 reliance on African officials, 299 Denkyira, state of, 139–140 shared assumptions/policies, 298–299, Depression (1920s/30s), 335–336, 348 307–308, 323, 382 Dernburg, Bernhard, 306 territorial boundaries, 273–274, 296–297 development, colonial plans for, 309 treaties of acceptance, 274–275 diamonds, discovery of, 290 see also assimilation; indirect rule; nineteenth political implications, 290–291 century; names of colonial powers Dias, Bartolomeu, 180, 212, 279 Columbus, Christopher, 214 Dias de Novais, Paulo, 186 Comoros, 21 Diderot, Denis, 223 concubines, 231 diet, staple, 54–55, 197 Congo, Democratic Republic of (formerly, Dingane, King (Zulus), 287, 288–289, 291 Belgian Congo/Zaire), 79, 143, 360, 367, Dingiswayo (Nguni leader), 285 381, 387, 388 Dinka people, 46, 127 post-colonial economy, 367 Diola people, 131 post-colonial political history, 360, 372, 376, Diop, Cheikh Anta, 28 385, 388 Diori, Hamani, 361 Congo Free State see Belgian Congo disease, 143, 190–194 Congo (People’s Republic of) development of treatment methods, 323, French colonial rule, 274, 341 375–380 post-colonial political history, 360, 371, 387 export to New World, 198 Congo River, 8, 14, 15, 40–41, 150–152, 154, reasons for spread, 198–199 156 see also names of diseases European navigation, 180 “displacement” theory, 47 Conrad, Joseph, 16 Djer, Pharaoh, 201

Index 395

Doll, Senhora, 209 environment see geography dos Santos, Joao,˜ 199 Equatorial Guinea, 387 Drakensberg mountain range, 17, 159–160, Equiano, Olaudah, 206 162 Eredo (archaeological site), 131 Du Bois, W. E. B., 334–335, 364 ergs see dunes Duignan, Peter, 310–311 Eritrea, 375 Dunama Dabalemi ibn Salma, Mai Esarhaddon, King (Assyria), 32, 61 (Kanem-Bornu), 90–92 Esigie, Oba (Benin), 136 dunes, 20 Ethiopia Dyula (merchant class), 81, 234 agriculture, 54, 65 Dyula people, resistance to colonial rule, geography, 11–12, 64–65 272–274 nomenclature, 64 post-colonial political history/economy, 370, Eannes, Gil, 178 375, 382, 388–390 East Africa, slave trade, 243–246 resistance to colonial rule, 270, 272, 276, Eboue,´ Felix,´ 336–337 306 Economic Community Cease-Fire Monitor religion, 69–70 Group (ECOMOG), 388 slave trade, 241 Economic Community of West African States see also Aksum (ECOWAS), 388 ethnic groups, political mobilization, 340, Edo people, 134 366–367 art/culture, 134–135 see also identity education see colonies; missionaries; new states; Eugenius IV, Pope, 178 South Africa eunuchs, 208 Edward, Lake, 13, 117 European settlers Egypt early contacts with Africans, 280, 281 agriculture, 23 impact on African society, 198 Arab occupation, 75–76 importation of diseases, 198–199 architecture, 26–27 relations with African states, 288, 290 armed forces, 26–27 slave ownership, 205–206 British occupation, 275–6 Evangelism, 254–256 climate, 24–25 characteristics, 254 cultural legacy, 27 Ewuare, Oba (Benin), 135–136 decline, 31 exoticism, Western focus on, 1–2, 252 demography, 26 see also stereotypes dynastic history, 25, 27 explorers founding, 25 impact on Victorian society, 252 Intermediate Periods, 30 increasing professionalism, 254 language, 27 shared characteristics, 252 Macedonian conquest, 37 Eyadema, Etienne, Sgt. (later Gen.), 360 material resources, 24–25 Ezana, King (Aksum), 38, 68, 69, 71 Middle Kingdom, 30 New Kingdom, 26, 27, 30–32 Faidherbe, Louis, 301 Old Kingdom, 27–29 falciparum parasite, 193 population, 26, 41 families racial origins, 28 role in government, 137–138 relations with neighbors, 27–31 size, 42 relationship with African culture, 27–28 famine, 93, 127, 235, 332, 370, 375 religion, 26 Fanon, Frantz, 327 slavery, 237–241 al-Fazari, Ibrahim, 82 trade, 29, 96–97 federations, proposals for, 341 eighteenth century, racial/social theories see Fertile Crescent, 53–54 Enlightenment Fieldhouse, D. K., 310–311 Ekpe see Old Calabar ﬁrearms elites, formation of, 31, 53, 91, 104, 123, 146, battleﬁeld use, 269 157–158, 164 as currency in slave trade, 91, 179, 220 Enlightenment, 223, 250–251 technological development, 268

396 Index

First World War, 332–333 Gide, Andre,´ 333 after-effects, 322–323 Gladstone, W. E., 276 demands on African colonies, 332 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, comte de, 116 impact on global economies, 334 gold, 164–165, 175, 179, 187, 232–233, 344, requisitioning of manpower, 332 348 floodplains see Lozi; Zambezi discovery in Transvaal, 266, 291 food mining, 233 requisitioning (wartime), 332 producing regions, 232 storage, 53 value, 233 see also diet; names of foodstuffs Gold Coast, independence movements in, Forced Labour Convention (1930), 314 338–340 Fox, Charles James, 224 see also Ghana France Gomes, Ambrosio, 209 anti-slavery movements, 224 Gomes, Fernao,˜ 178–180 colonial possessions/rule, 270, Gonçalves, Antao,˜ 178, 212 301–302 Gowan, Yakubu, Lt.-Col., 360 colonial reforms, 338 Grain Coast, 178–179 dealings with Egypt/Suez, 275–276 see also Liberia; Sierra Leone end of colonial rule, 341 Great Zimbabwe, 164–170 Revolution, 285, 301 archaeology, 166–168 in Second World War, 336–337 decline, 169 free-trade principles, 258 social hierarchy, 167–168 Freetown, 249 Greece (ancient) foundation, 249–251, 255, 260 city-states, 137 French Equatorial Africa, 336 cultural debt to Egypt, 28–29 Frumentius (Christian missionary), 68 slavery, 201 Fulbe (Fulani) people, 44, 85, 87, 89 Greenberg, Joseph H., 44 Fura, Mount, 169 Green Revolution, 381 Grenville, Lord George, 224 Gabon, 361, 370 Guinea, 362, 375 Gabon river, 180 Guinea-Bissau, 361 Gallieni, Joseph, 301 Gadaffi, Muammar, 386 Haggard, H. Rider, King Solomon’s Mines, Gandhi, Mohandas K., 347 167 Gann, L. H., 310–311 Haile Selassie, Emperor, 64, 70, 306, 337, Garvey, Marcus, 334, 338 375 “gatekeepers”, 371 Haitian Revolution, 224 Gates, Bill, 380 al-Haj Umar (Tukulor leader), 273–274 genocide, 385, 388 “Hamitic” theory, 114–116, 122 geography, 7–22 Hannibal, 56 role in shaping of history/demography, 66, 67, harbors, natural, lack of, 17, 98, 175, 79, 156–160 315 see also names of regions Harkhuf, governor of Upper Egypt, 27 German East Africa see Tanganyika al-Harthi, Abushire, 306 Germany Hatshepsut, Queen (Egypt), 96 colonial ambitions, 270–271 Hausa people, 45–46, 237 colonial rule, 273, 276, 305–306, 309 Heard, Betsy, 209 loss of colonies, 333 Henry “the Navigator,” Prince (Portugal), Ghana (empire), 79–83 178–179, 212, 250, 270 ruler, 82 Herero people, 305 Ghana (modern state) Hertzog, James, 348–349 post-colonial economy, 362–363, 367 history, African post-colonial political history, 366, 375 academic approaches to, 1–3, 378–379 proclamation of independence, 357 Hitler, Adolf, 349 see also Asante Ho Chi Minh, 333 Gibbon, Edward, 70–71 hominid remains, sites of discovery, 10

Index 397

horses infants diseases, 236 breastfeeding/weaning, 43, 57 trade in, 179, 236 mortality, 42, 198 use in warfare, 85, 89, 92–93, 134 influenza, 334 Hottentot see Khoi inheritance laws, 76 Houphouet-Boigny,¨ Felix,´ 361, 375 Inkatha Freedom Party, 354, 355 “House System” (of governance), 137 insect population, role in spread of disease, Hudud al-Alam, 206 191–194 Humai ibn Salamna, 90 Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and hunter-gatherer societies, 117–118, 143–144, Development (IGADD), 388 160 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 15 adaptation to agricultural/pastoral lifestyle, interior, exploration of see European settlers; 55, 58, 117, 118, 143–144 explorers contribution to agriculture, 53 interlacustrine states see Lake Plateau disadvantages, 52, 53 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 383 diseases, 193 Iraq see Fertile Crescent relationship with agricultural/pastoral iron, 37, 52, 59, 146–147 communities, 163 significance to societies, 118–119, 138, 151–152 types, 161–162 smelting, methods, 59–61 Hutcheson, Francis, 223 smelting, periods/locations, 59–62 Hutu people, 123–124, 387 trade, 62, 121 Hyksos, 30 uses, 62–63 Isandlwana, battle of, 272, 291 ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, 105 Ishaq II, Askiya (Songhai), 88 identity Islam/Muslim societies, 43, 64, 81–82, 84, 85, ethnic vs. individual, 318–319 87–88, 90, 104, 108–110, 320–321 new forms, 331–332 compatibility with traditional practices, Idi Amin Dada, 374 320–321 Idia, Queen (Benin), 136 conflicts with Christianity, 75–76, 175 Idris Alawma, Mai (Kanem-Bornu), 91, 235, 236 conversion, obligation of, 230, 237 Igbo peoples, 130–131, 136–138 internal conflicts, 237 rebellions against colonial rule, 301 introduction into Africa, 100–101 regulation of community affairs, 136–138 use of slaves, 202–203, 229–230, 235 Igbo-Ukwu, 130, 138 see also mosques Ile-Ife (Yoruba state), 132, 133, 135 islands, 20–21 India Ismail Pasha, Khedive (Egypt), 275 trade with African peoples, 99, 192, 103 Italy, colonial ambitions/rule, 268–270, 306 workers imported from, 266, 289 ivory, 242, 271 Indian Ocean Ivory Coast, 361, 368, 369, 375, 388 climate, 96 slave trade, 227–229, 233, 240, 241–245 Jaga people, 184–186, 214 trade (routes), 96, 97, 101, 104, 112, 164–166, Jaja (entrepreneur), 261–262 261 Jameson, Leander Starr, Dr., 291 indirect rule, 298 Jastram, Roy W., 233 compared with assimilation, 301–302 Jews, in Portuguese culture, 176 impact on African societies, 299–301, 361 Joao˜ I, King (Kongo) see Nzinga Nkuwu objections to, 333–334 Joao˜ II of Portugal, 180, 181 principles, 299 Johnston, Sir Harry, 47, 115 individualism, 324 Jolof empire, 205, 236 Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU), Judar Pasha, 88 346–347 Julian (Christian missionary), 71–72, 74 Industrial Revolution (in Europe), 265, 266–268 Justinian, Emperor (Byzantine), 71 value of African products, 271 Kadalie, Clements, 346 industrialization projects (in post-colonial Kalahari Desert, 15, 20, 160 states), 362–363, 367, 382–383 Kalal Ilunga, King (Luba), 146–147 inequality, in African societies, 384 Kamerun see Cameroon

398 Index

Kanem-Bornu, kingdom of, 11, 89–91, 235 royal customs, 33–34 armed forces, 90–91, 235 trade (routes), 36 slave trade, 235 Kusi Obodom, Asantahene (Asante), 141 Kashta, Pharaoh, 31 Kwaku Dua I, Asantahene (Asante), 210 Kazembe, kingdom of, 144, 149 Keita, Modibo, 360, 362 labor, 312, 314 Kenya age of workforce, 318 independence movements/conflicts, 342, 358 conscription, 314, 315, 332–333 post-colonial economy, 361, 368 contract, 225 post-colonial political history, 386, 389 gender roles, 317–318 postwar colonial reforms, 338 loss to local communities, 317–318 Kenya, Mount, 13 migrant, 318–319, 322–323 Kenyatta, Jomo, 358 see also slavery Kerma (capital of Nubia), 30 Laird, Macgregor, 258 Khami River, 170 Lake Plateau states, 114 Khoi(khoi) people, 46, 160–162, 171–172 agriculture, 118, 120, 127 contacts with Europeans, 181, 279–283 archaeology, 122–123 destruction of society, 199, 281 climate, 119–120, 198 relations with Bantu, 171, 282 emergence, 120–123 Khoisan language family, 44, 46, 58, 143, 160, geography, 117, 118–119 280 languages, 117, 162 influence on Bantu languages, 162, 171, 282 oral traditions, 123 Kikuyu people, 319 origins, 117–118, 120–122 Kilimanjaro, Mount, 13 pastoralism, 119–120, 122, 127 Kilwa, 104–106, 243–244 role of immigration, 127 Kimberley, 266, 289 social relationships, 120 Kingsley, Mary, 386 lakes, 10–11 kinship, role in African societies, 42–43 Lalibela, Emperor (Ethiopia), 71 Kipling, Rudyard, 268 Lander, Richard, 258 Kisale, Lake see Sanga language(s), 44–51 Kitara, empire of see Bunyoro evolution, 48, 49–50, 121–122 Kitchener, Lord, 292 linked with race, 115 Kongo, kingdom of, 151–153 script styles, 66–67 agriculture, 183 similarities, 48–51 centralization policies, 184–187 transcription into Roman script, 319 collapse, 187 see also names of languages and language conflicts with neighboring peoples, 184–185 families dealings with Europeans, 180, 183, 187, Lansana, David, Brig., 360 213–214 law see customary law origins, 151–153 leaders (traditional) political system, 152–153 relationships with independence movements, Kony, Joseph, 383, 387 340 Kopytoff, Igor, 203 role under colonial rule, 299, 300–302, 305 Krio people, 249–251, 255 see also elites; new states Kruger, Paul, 291 League of Nations, 333, 336 Kuba, kingdom of, 151, 154–156 Lefkowitz, Mary R., 29 Kush, kingdom of, 31–36 Leopold, king of Belgium administration, 33–34 acquisition/rule of Congo, 254, 266, 270, 274, agriculture, 36 304 armed forces, 34 brutalities of regime, 274, 275, 277, 304–305, costume/fashion, 36 314 decline, 37–38, 61, 91 leprosy, 194 (iron) industry, 37, 61 Lesotho, 286 language, 36–37 Liberia, 385, 387 political/military history, 32–34, 61 literacy, role/levels in African societies, 67, 100, religion, 34–35 106, 183–186, 256

Index 399

Livingstone, David, Dr., 18, 252–254 Maxim, Hiram S., 267 Lobengula, King (Ndebele), 266, 273 Mba, Leon,´ 361 Longinus (Christian missionary), 72 Mbeki, Govan, 355 “lost-wax” technique, 133, 135 Mbide Kiluwe (Luba mythical ﬁgure), 146 Lozi kingdom, 149–150 Mbundu people see Ndongo Luanda, island of, 152 Mbwila, battle of, 187 Luba people, 145–149 media, 323–324, 325–326 art, 157 Menelik I (David), King (Aksum), 69–70 Lugard, Lord, 298–299 Menelik II, Emperor (Ethiopia), 270, 272, 276 Lumumba, Patrice, 340, 362 Mengistu, Haile Mariam, Maj., 375 Lunda people, 145–149 Meroe (capital of Kush), 34, 38, 61 lunga (sacred carvings), 153–154 Mesopotamia see Fertile Crescent Luo people, 125, 127 metalwork, as currency, 220 Lyautey, Louis, 301 see also names of metals Methodism see Evangelism; Wesley Maasai people, 127 Mfecane, 284–286 Machel, Samora, 372–373 Middle East see Fertile Crescent Macmillan, Harold, 341 Miers, Suzanne, 203 Madagascar, 21 Mijikenda people, 101, 106, 111–112 Mahdi, the see Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi militarism, development of, 120 maize, 197 military coups, 342, 360, 371, 374, 375 Maji-Maji uprising see Tanganyika foreign support for, 375 Majuba Hill, battle of, 291–292 milk (cows’), use of, 57 Makouria, kingdom of, 71, 74, 75 Miller, Joseph, 225–226 Malan, Daniel F., 348 mining industry see labor, migrant; labor, malaria, 191–194, 255, 257, 267–268, 380 recruitment methods; names of Malawi, 331, 361 commodities Mali, empire of, 83–87 missionaries, 253, 254–257 administration, 84 educational role, 319, 321 decline, 85–87 methods, 255–256 economy, 84–85 popular/establishment support, 256 religion, 84 role in African society, 256 Mali (modern state), 360, 362, 370, 385 successes, 256 see also Tukulor Mobutu, Joseph, Col. (Mobutu Sese Seko), 360, al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, 364, 371, 374–375, 387 Sultan (Mamluks), 85 monasticism, 69, 74 Mamluks, 75 Mondlane, Eduardo, 373 mammals (large), African populations, 55–57 Monophysite Christianity, 69, 71–74 Mandela, Nelson, 350, 351, 354, 355–356, 372, monsoon season, 14–15, 97, 104 376, 388–389 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron mangroves, use in building, 108 de, 223 manioc see cassava Morel, E. D., 275 Manning, Patrick, 226 Morocco, 234 Mapungubwe Hill, 164, 166 Moshoeshoe, King (Sotho), 256, 286 crafts, 166 mosquitoes, 194 Marchand, Jean-Baptiste, Capt., 276 mountains, 11–13, 20 Maria, Seniore, 209 Mozambique, 181, 182, 188, 197, 199, 270, 286, marriage, role in African societies, 42–43, 304, 309, 342, 370, 372 108–109 colonial agriculture, 304, 309 see also polygyny independence movement/conﬂict, 342–343, Masire, Sir Ketumile, 388 353, 370–373 Matisse, Henri, 156 post-colonial conditions, 370 Matos, Norton de, Col., 303 post-colonial political history, 385 matrilineal descent, 42, 141, 144 Mpande, King (Zulus), 290 Mauch, Karl, 167 Mugabe, Robert, 372, 374, 388 Mauritania, 370, 384 Muhammad, the Prophet, 64, 74, 102, 202

400 Index

Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi, 273 retention of colonial structures, 359, 371 Muhammad Ali, Viceroy (Egypt), 237, 239, 240, secessionist movements, 364–365 275 social services, 359 Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha, Khedive (Egypt), 275 standard of living, 359, 376 Muhammad Ture, 87–88 unpreparedness for self-government, 341, Musa, Mansa (Mali), pilgrimage to Mecca, 85, 361, 371–372 87 unrealistic expectations of, 359 music, African/Western mutual influence, Western attitudes/commentary, 386–387 323–324 New World, slavery in, 203 Musinga, Mwami Yuli (Rwanda), 124 ngola see Angola Mutapa state, 169 Ngonabi, Marien, Maj., 360 Mutesa I, King (Buganda), 114, 256 Nguni peoples mwaant yav (Lunda royal title), 148, 149 conflicts between see Mfecane Mzilikazi (Ndebele leader), 285–287 see also Xhosa; Zulus Nicholas V, Pope, 178, 212 Nachtigal, Gustav, 253 Niger, 361 Namibia, creation, 353, 373 Niger, River, 17–18, 79 Napoleon I, Emperor, 301 Delta (oil rivers), 129, 135–138, 179, 258, Narmer (Menes), King (Egypt), 23, 25 261–262 Natakamani, King (Kush), 33, 37 Niger-Congo language family, 44, 46, 59, 101, nationalism (in Europe), 268–271 132, 135, 138, 162 see also Afrikaners; colonial rule, African see also Bantu resistance to; independence movements Nigeria navigation, problems/methods, 176 colonial administration see under Britain Nazism, 116 colonial agriculture, 312 South African sympathies for, 349 objections to colonial rule, 334–335, 338 Ndebele people/kingdom, 266, 273, 286, 374 post-colonial economy, 362–363, 370 Ndongo, kingdom of, 151–153 post-colonial political history, 360, 362, 363, Ndori, Mwami Ruganzu (Rwanda), 124 364, 366, 386 Negritude, 302 Nightingale, Florence, 254 Netherlands Nile (River/Valley), 18, 23, 24, 25, 382 colonial rule, 190 colonization, 54, 57 early African settlements, 159, 205, 280 crops, 53–54 maritime technology, 176 importance to civilizations, 25, 26 slave trade, 205, 215 search for source, 114 trade with African peoples, 104, 140 see also Blue Nile; White Nile see also Cape Colony; trekboers; Voortrekkers Nilo-Saharan language family, 29–30, 44, 46, Neto, Agostinho, 362, 373 58, 87–89, 119, 125–127 new states (post-1957) nineteenth century, administration, 371 attitudes to exploration/discovery, 252–254 (arbitrary) territorial boundaries, 295, 296, dominant ideologies, 268, 269 364 racial/social theories, 47, 114–116, 156 armed forces (coups by), 366, 374, 375, 387, Nkomo, Joshua, 374 390 Nkongolo, King (Luba), 146 control by civilian authorities, 359–360, 361 Nkrumah, Kwame, 338–340, 357, 358, 360, creation, 340–343 363, 364 economies, 357, 359, 362–364, 365, 367–371, Nobatia, kingdom of see Makouria 381–383 Nongqawuse (Xhosa prophetess), 290 education, 359 Ntusi (archaeological site), 123 foreign aid, 383 Nubia, 26–35, 71–76 leadership, qualities/failings, 358–359, agriculture, 30 363–364 Arab colonization, 76 (overambitious) economic policies, 362, architecture, 30 367 armed forces, 75 peaceful transfer of power to, 357–358 Egyptian colonization, 30–31 political upheavals, 359–361 political/military history, 30, 71

Index 401

religion, 71–76 perpetual kingship, institution of, 148 see also Kush Persia, trade with African peoples, 33, 68, 99, Numayri, Jaafar, 374 242, 243 Nyasaland, 326, 331, 332 Petrie, Sir Flinders, 167 see also Malawi Petronius, Prefect, 37 Nyatsimbe Mutota (Zimbabwe), 169 pharaoh, role in Egyptian life/culture, 25 Nyerere, Julius, 103, 368 Phoenicians, 29, 61–62, 227, 23 Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I) of Kongo, 183, 213 Picasso, Pablo, 156 Nzinga Nkuwu (Joao˜ I), King (Kongo), 180, Pitt, William (the Younger), 224 183, 213 Piye, Pharaoh, 31 plantains, cultivation of, 120–121, 195–196 oases, 20 Pleistocene Era, 23 Obiri Yeboa, Asantahene (Asante), 140 polygyny, 42–43, 184, 198 Oduduwa (legendary Yoruba leader), 132, 133, population, 57, 311, 377–378 135 density, 40–41 oil, 369–371 global, African share of, 377–379 discovery in Africa, 370–371, 381–382 increases, 57–59, 198, 322–323 oil rivers see under Niger Portugal Ojukwu, Odumegwu, 364 abandonment of colonies, 372–374 Okavango River, 20 attitudes to African peoples/land, 172 Old Calabar, 137 colonial rule, 276, 302, 303, 306, 312, Oliver, Roland, 379 372–374 one-party states, formation of, 360–361 conflicts with African peoples, 105–106, 112, Opoku Frefre, Adumhene (Asante), 141 182, 187–188, 372–374 Opoku Ware, Asantahene (Asante), 140, 141 decline in influence, 188, 215 Orange Free State, 288, 290, 291, 292, 344 domestic politics, 175, 302, 342, 343, Oranmiyan, Prince (Benin), 135 372–373 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 364, 374, East African policy, 187–188 389 friendly relations/trade with African peoples, see also African Union 158, 169, 178, 183–188 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries maritime technology, 176 (OPEC), 369, 375 profitability of African trade, 179 Orompoto, Alafin (Oyo), 134 slave trade, 178, 179, 183–187, 213–215, Orwell, George, 333 262, Osei Bonsu (Osei Tutu Kwame), Asantahene trading settlements, 178–181 (Asante), 140, 141 voyages of exploration, 179, 184, 187, Osei Kwadwo, Asantahene (Asante), 141 279 Osei Kwame, Asantahene (Asante), 141 see also Atlantic slave trade Osei Tutu, Asantahene (Asante), 140 pottery, 36, 104 Oyo (city-state), 132–133 precious stones/metals, 27, 159, 348 Prester John, (legendary) king of Abyssinia, padrao,˜ significance/placements, 180–181 175, 180–181, 212 pan-Africanism, 335, 364 Pretorius, Andries, 287 Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), 351–353 primogeniture, principle of, 135–136 parasites, 190–194 Punt, land of, 96–97 parties (political) see ethnic groups; South pyramids, 23–27, 33–35, 37 Africa; names of organizations pastoral life/peoples, 55–59, 125–127, 161–163 al-Qaeda, 386 see also agriculture; animals, Qalawun, Sultan (Mamluks), 76 domestication; cattle; Lake Plateau queens, rule/influence, 33–34, Paul V, Pope, 185 Quelimane, 182, 253 peanuts, 198, 312 quinine, 193, 257, 258, 268 Pelletier, P.-J., 193 Pepi II Neferkere, Pharaoh, 96 radio, 323, 325 Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyages to the Red railways, 265–266, 316–317 Sea),97 construction conditions, 266, 316

402 Index

rainforests, 14–16 Sabaean (shipping) Lane, 98, 99, 109, 112, 121, agriculture, 54, 130, 197 187, 188, 196, 197, 202, 242 archaeology, 131, 138 sacrifice, human, 207, 210 geography, 129 Sahara Desert, 19–20, 23 inhabitants, 129–130, 137–141 desiccation, 57 states, emergence, 128–131 salt beds, 233 trade, 129 slave trade, 202, 234 Ramses II, Pharaoh, 26 trade routes, 81, 96, 202, 230–235 Ramses III, Pharaoh, 96 sahel, 16, 195–197 Randall-MacIver, David, 167 colonization, 57–58, 78–79 Ravasco, Ruy Lourenço, 187 al-Sahili see al-Tuedjin, Ishal Rawlings, Jerry, F/Lt., 375 Sahure, Pharaoh, 96 razzia (slave raids), 93–94, 205–207, 236–237, Saif ibn Dhi Yasan (legendary ancestor-figure), 240, 241 90 recession (1970s), 352 Saifawa dynasty (Kanem-Bornu), 90–91, 235 Red Sea, 65–67 Sakura, Mansa (Mali), 85 slave trade, 239–245 Salisbury, Lord, 271, 274, 277 religions, traditional, 43–44 salt, 233–234 see also Christianity; Islam; names of San people, 20, 46, 160, 161–162, 171 regions/peoples contacts with Europeans, 283 Retief, Piet, 287 relations with Bantu, 163 Rhodes, Cecil, 167, 273, 289, 292, 346 Sanders, Edith R., 115–116 Rhodesia, 310, 353, 366, 372, 373 Sanga (archaeological site), 145–146 see also Zimbabwe savanna, 9, 16–17 Rhodesia (Northern), 309, 315, 316, 323, 326, archaeology, 142–143 334 colonization, 78–79 Rhodesia (Southern), 168, 266, 312, 321, 323, early habitation, 143 326, 334, 341, 342, 343 geographical extent, 142 rice, 130, 196 states, common features (see also Lozi; Luba; rift valleys, 10–11, 117, 119 Lunda), 148–150 rivers, 17–19 Sayyid Sa‘d, Sultan (Oman/Zanzibar), 188, 244, navigability, 265, 316 261 road systems, 316–317 Schweinfurth, Georg, 253 Rodney, Walter, 226, 308, 310, 311, 314, 327 sculpture, 156–158 Rogers, Guy Maclean, 29 Sebastian I of Portugal, 88, 184 Rolfs, Gerhard, 253 Second World War Roman empire, 202, 227, 377 African troops’ participation, 336–337 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 337 impact on African economies, 336 Rothschild, Walter, Lord, 56 impact on media, 326 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 223 seeds see cereals rubber, 271, 274 Seeley, John H., 263 Rugaamba, Mwami Ntare (Burundi), 125 Seligman, E. G., 115–116 Ruwenzori mountain range, 13 Senegal, 267, 270 Rwabugiri, Mwami Kigeri (Rwanda), 124 post-colonial political history, 357, 358, 389 Rwanda see also Senghor, Leopold;´ Tukulor (ancient) kingdom of, 124–125 Senegal River, 17–18, 265, 273 post-independence political history, 358, 360, Senegambia, 93, 129, 209, 235, 236, 237, 238 376, 385, 387 Senghor, Leopold,´ 358, 364 pre-independence conflicts, 358 Sennar, kingdom of, 239–240 Rweej, Queen (Lunda), 147–149 Shabaqo, Pharaoh, 32 Rwogera, Mwami Mutara (Rwanda), 124 Shaka, King (Zulu), 284–286, 290 Sharp, Granville, 223 Saba, kingdom of, 54, 66 Sharpeville massacre, 351 language/script, 66–67 Sheba see Saba Queen of Sheba (bride of Solomon), 69–70, sheep, 56 131, 167 Shepstone, Theophilus, 290

Index 403

Sherbro river, 209, 249 Songhai empire/people, 85, 87, 88, 234 Shyam (Kuba leader), 155–156, 158 armed forces, 92 Siad Barre, Mohammed, Maj.-Gen., 360 language, 46 Sierra Leone, 381, 387, 388 origins, 87 Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 385 sorghum, 196 Sisulu, Walter, 350 Sotho-Tswana people, 162, 171, 279, 285 slaves/slavery sources, abuse/punishment, 203, 207–208 shortage/gaps, 3 as currency, 209 use of, 4 escape attempts, 222 written, historical focus on, 3 manumission, 207 South Africa, 44 marriage to female owners, 211 Asian population, 347 methods of enslavement, 205, 207 comparison with other colonies, 344, 356 military use, 205, 207, 209, 237 discriminatory legislation, 346, 348 modern incidences, 246, 384 domestic politics/policies, 350–351, 353–354, moral/pragmatic justiﬁcations, 202, 203, 229, 372, 275 230 economy, 344–345, 347–349, 352 movements for abolition, 222–223, 250, education, 353 253 end of British rule, 342 nourishment, 221–222 foundation, 292–294, 344 numbers, 204, 205, 212, 213 franchise laws, 345–346 offspring, 207, 208 homelands, creation of, 350 origins, 201–202 international pressure on, 354 prohibition, 239, 243, 258, 283–284 moves toward multiracial state, 354–356, 389 range of uses, 207–210, 229 non-white political movements, 346–347, rebellions, 202–203, 210, 220, 222 350–354 as repository for undesirables, 206–207 repressive measures, 350, 354 role in African societies, 26–27, 75, 111, 153, support for white colonial regimes, 343 201–205, 210–212, 214, 246 see also Afrikaners; apartheid; names of sale/storage, 220 political parties e.g. ANC as status symbol, 204, 207 South African Indian Congress (SAIC), 347 survival under other names, 312 South African Native National Congress see transportation, 220–222 African National Congress variations in status/treatment, 203–208 South African War, 291–293, 347, 350 voluntary, 207, 235 after-effects, 293–294 see also Asian slave trade; Atlantic slave black African involvement, 292 trade; European settlers; Portugal South West Africa, 270, 305 sleeping sickness, 57, 65, 143, 191–192 see also Namibia see also tsetse ﬂy southern Africa smallpox, 198–199 early settlements, 160–163, 170–171 Smith, Adam, 250, 259 exploitation of resources, 266 Smith, Ian, 372 geography, 159–160 Smuts, Jan Christian, 347–348, 350 (projected) Confederation, 289–290 snails, role in spread of disease, 192 trade between peoples, 163, 164 Sobhuza, King (Swaziland), 286, 287 Southern Africa Development Community Sobukwe, Robert, 351 (SADC), 388 social institutions, cross-cultural, 42 Southern Sudan, 388 socialism, 361, 33, 372 Soviet Union, 318, 333, 362, 373, 375, 386 Soglo, Christophe, Col., 360 see also cold war soil, (lack of) quality, 8, 142, 150, 170, 195, 339, Speke, John Hanning, 114, 117, 253 381 Standes, Justus, 188 Sokoto caliphate, 272 Stanley, Henry Morton, 13, 254, 266 Solomon, King, 69–70 stateless communities, 129–130, 131, 138, 300 Somalia, 306, 386–389 steam engine, role in colonialism, 265–268 Somaliland, 270, 306 stereotypes, Africans seen as, 40, 175 “Somerset case”, 223 strikes, 325, 347, 348, 349, 353

404 Index

“structural adjustment”, 383 trade see Asian slave trade; Atlantic slave sub-Saharan Africa see Africa trade; European settlers; Indian Ocean; Sudan Sahara; names of countries/peoples colonial agriculture, 309 transport, 314 post-colonial economy, 362 maritime, 97–99 post-colonial political history, 369, 388–389 overland, 230–232, 231–235 (see also camels; resistance to colonial rule, 275–276 railways; roads) Suez Canal, 275–276 river, 25, 87, 234, 265–266, 315 Suﬁsm, 76, 321–322, 386 Transvaal, 266, 290, 291, 292, 293, 344–345 Sulayman, Mansa (Mali), 85 British annexation, 291 Sundiata, Mansa (Mali), 83–84, 85 Traore,´ Moussa, Col., 360 Sunni Ali Ber, King (Songhai), 87, 92, 94, 234 trekboers, 281–283 Swahili people, 99–112 dealings with Xhosa, 283 agriculture, 111 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 378 archaeology, 102–103 “tribes,” European view of, 41–42, 319–320, architecture, 101, 105, 108, 110 371 building technology, 108 Tristao,˜ Nuno, 178 city-states, 104–110, 136, 187–188 Trotha, Lothar von, Commander-General, 305 language, 99–101 trypanosomiasis see sleeping sickness origins, 101–104 tsetse ﬂy, 57, 58, 65, 92, 118–119, 143, relations with neighboring peoples, 111–112 191–192, 195, 315, 323 religion, 110 Tshombe, Mo¨ıse, 364 small towns, 110–111 Tuareg people, 20, 85, 87, 89, 94, 231–232, 386 social customs/institutions, 108–109 al-Tuedjin, Ishal (al-Sahili), 85 social hierarchy, 106–111 Tukulor people, resistance to colonial rule, trade, 101, 112, 244–245 272–274 trade goods, 104–105 Ture, Muhammad, King (Songhai), 87–88 Swaziland, 159, 286, 357 Ture,´ Samori, 272–274 Swift, Jonathan, 7 Ture,´ Sekou, 273, 362 Turkana, Lake, 10 Taharqo, Pharaoh, 32, 33, 34, 61, 74 Tutsi people, 123–124 Tambo, Oliver, 350 Tana, Lake, 11 Uganda, 387 Tanganyika, abuses/rebellion in, 273, 309, 315 colonial agriculture, 309 see also Tanzania independence movements, 340 Tanganyika, Lake, 10, 143, 244, 252 post-colonial political history, 374, 387 Tanwetamani, Pharaoh, 33 Uli, Mansa (Mali), 84 Tanzania, agricultural policy, 3, 8, 32 Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, “Spear of the Taruga, Nigeria, iron furnaces, 62 Nation”), 352 Taylor, Charles, 387 United Kingdom see Britain teff, 54, 65 United Nations, 380, 383, 384, 387 Tewodros (Theodore) II, Emperor (Ethiopia), 64 United States, 224 Theodora, Empress (Byzantine), 71 as global power, 333 Thomson, Joseph, 253 involvement in post-colonial Africa, 386–7 Thornton, John K., 311 support for white regimes, 372 Togo, 305, 360 university courses, 378–379 tombs see burial see also cold war “Total Strategy”, 353–354 urbanization, 322, 381 Toubou people, 20 Uwilingiyimana, Agathe, 385 Toutswemogola settlement, 163–164 towns van Riebeeck, Jan, 280–281 development of, 132–133 Vaz, Bibiana, 209 migration to, 322–323 vegetation, richness/diversity, 8–10, 15 and spread of disease, 194 veld, 16–17, 159, 162–163 see also city-states; urbanization and under venereal disease, 199 names of peoples Verdi, Giuseppe, 275

Index 405

Vereeniging, Peace of, 292 Wilson, Woodrow, 333 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 350 Witwatersrand, 159, 266, 291, 293, 319, 349 Victoria, Lake, 10, 117, 253, 292 women Victoria, Queen, 261, 277 diet/vulnerability to disease, 197 Victorian age see nineteenth century (enforced) domestic role, 318 Vieira, Joao˜ Bernardo, 361 (lack of) economic opportunities, 384–385 Virunga Mountains, 13 role in division of labor, 208, 318, 319 virus diseases, 194 role in (self-)governance, 138 Vivis, Jean-Baptiste, 185 as slave traders/owners, 209–210 volcanoes, 13 in slavery, 204, 207–208, 209, 216, 230, 241 Voltaire (Franc¸ois-Marie Arouet), 223 social role/status, 120, 163, 384–385 Voortrekkers, 286–288, 293 as warriors, 209 development of Afrikaner identity, see also matrilineal descent 293 World Bank, 383 recognition of autonomy, 293 World Health Organization, 380 worms, role in spread of disease, 194 Wagadu, kingdom of, 78 Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A., 333 Xhosa people, 171 war colonial takeover, 290 see also civil war; horses; militarism; names hostilities with Europeans, 282–283 of states/peoples war, capture of slaves in, 206–207 yams, 196 Washington, Booker T., 331 yellow fever, 195 Watchtower movement, 320 Yohannes IV, Emperor (Ethiopia), 274 water, supply/management of, 382 Yoko, Madam, 210 Wesley, John, 223, 224, 250 Yoruba peoples, 132–134 West Africa, population density, 40–41 Yuli Musinga, Mwami (Rwanda), 124 West Central Africa early settlements, 150–151 Zacuto, Abraham, 176 geography, 150 Zaghawa people, 89 political history, 150, 151, 155–157 Zaire see Congo, Democratic Republic of Western Sudan, empires of, 78–79 Zambezi River, 10, 18, 143, 148, 149, 150, 154, agriculture, 54 265 archaeology, 80 Zambia, 323, 357, 367 armed forces, 92–93 Zanzibar, 103, 107, 243–244, 261 common features, 91–93 zebu, 119, 127 common problems, 93–94 Zimbabwe (ancient state), 18, 104, 105, 159, decline, 235–236 164–170 economic specialization, 79–80 small towns, 168, 170 economy, 92 trade, 165 expansion, 82–83 see also Great Zimbabwe founding/rise, 78, 80–81 Zimbabwe (post-colonial state) hierarchical structure, 91–92 creation, 343, 373, 374, 388 relations with neighbors, 134 political history, 374–375, 388 religion, 81–82, 93–94 Zulu people, 272–273, 284–290 succession, 93 armed forces, 272, 287 trade, 80 emergence of state, 284–288 see also Ghana; Mali; Songhai resistance to colonial rule, 272, 290–291 White Nile, 24, 276 see also Inkatha Wilberforce, William, 223–224, 258 Zwide (Nguni leader), 285