gi311.indd 85 permafrost ecosystem, pastenvironments,marine ocean andsea-iceprocesses, sedimentation, Dorothea Bauch System. permafrost andpaleoenvironments inthe sedimentation processes, evolution ofthe sea-ice, modern oceanandconcerning Special emphasisdevoted to thelatest data the newuniquerecords were obtained. isotope, biochemicalandothermethods, 1 Ivan E. Frolov satellite observation, radiocarbon (AMS radiocarbon satellite observation, researchbasis ofmodern methodsincluding Onthe measurements andobservations. and terrestrial expeditions, all-year-round were numerous obtained during marine are represented Data inthisarticle. researches inthe multidisciplinary German ofthe20-years jointRussian- The overview 5 4 3 2 Yelena I.Polyakova 14 * 9 8 7 6 e-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]: St.-Petersburg State University, [email protected] e-mail: e-mail: [email protected]: Academy ofSciences, [email protected] HumanitiesandLiterature, e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTALTHE ARCTIC RUSSIAN-GERMAN COLLABORATION Leibniz Geosciences, ofMarine University (IFM-GEOMAR), Institute Kiel Leibniz Geosciences, ofMarine University (IFM-GEOMAR), Institute Kiel [email protected] Research andAntarctic Arctic Institute, e-mail: GermanAcademy ofSciences, HumanitiesandLiterature/Faculty ofGeography, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State University, Leibniz Geosciences, ofMarine University Institute (IFM-GEOMAR)/German Kiel [email protected] Research andAntarctic Arctic Institute, e-mail: P.P.Shirshov ofOceanology, Institute RAS,[email protected] Leibniz Geosciences, ofMarine University (IFM-GEOMAR), Institute Kiel Corresponding author C) datingoftheArcticseasediments, C)

Arctic, Laptev SeaSystem, 5 , Leonid A. Timokhov 9 1* , HeidemarieKassens 6 , HenningA.Bauch during thesummer.during Muchofthissea-ice most oftheEurasianshelf seasice-free thinned over thepastdecades, leaving et al., 2008]andwhichhassubstantially thirds [Overland two Ocean oftheArctic was reduced onlyacross to extend about ice cover, late summer2007 whichduring sea Arctic istherapidlyshrinking Arctic regime anditschangesinreal timeinthe most vividexpression climate ofthemodern andtheNordicto Ocean theArctic seas. The shelves theSiberian production area, linking the shallowLaptev SeaShelfisamajorice Arctic halocline´sfreshwater budget,and sourceLaptev Seaconstitutes for akey the interest. discharge River intoparticular the are hinterland Laptev SeaanditsSiberian of to the climate thiscontext change. In which are considered to respond rapidly sensitive elementsoftheglobalenvironment, someofthemost comprises The Arctic INTRODUCTION 2 , Jörn Thiede 7 3 , IgorA.Dmitrenko , Alexander P. Lisitzin 8 , 4 17.08.2011 11:53:44 ,

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8 6 and theypursuethephilosophy ofan outnumerousforces jointexpeditions to carry involved inthiscollaborationhave joined almost20years ago.started The scientists a consequenceofpoliticaldevelopments whichopenedupas new opportunities polar research institutionsasaresult ofthe and marine ofRussianand German work resources are amassedhere. Collaborative uninhabited althoughthelarge natural . Moreover, theseregions are almost investigatedthe mostweakly regions ofour The Polar region belongto oneof countries difficult to predictfuture climate scenarios. it limited, thusmaking past isstillvery theArcticsystem todaydriving andinthe However, oftheprocesses ourknowledge climate changes. further icecover itselfwillcontribute the shrinking not onlyrepresent aresponse to butthat the ArcticOcean. We thatitwill suspect and henceoftheradiationbalanceover major changesofthealbedoinfuture icecover willresult in The rapidlyshrinking Sea. Straitto theNorwegian- throughyears, itwillfinallybeexported theseasonalchangesover the it survives Gyre ofthe Transpolar (Fig. Drift 1),andif the winter andthenenters theBeaufort is formed intheEurasianshelfseasduring Fig. 1. Surface ocean circulation and average summer water salinity (1960s to 1980s) in the Arctic Arctic the in 1980s) (1960s to salinity water summer average and circulation ocean 1. Surface Fig. Ocean, its shelf seas, and in the adjacent Nordic Seas [after Bauch, H., et al. 2000] al. et H., Bauch, [after Seas Nordic adjacent the in and seas, shelf its Ocean, Laptev Sea and the adjacent Siberian seas– Laptev Seaandthe adjacentSiberian that theLaptev Sea region, the comprising scientistswereand German inagreement geosystem oftheLaptev Sea. The Russian scientific conference on theproblems ofthe institutions, AARIandGEOMAR helda researchwith otherRussianandGerman 1993,together May ice intheLaptev Sea.In organized ajointexpeditionfor studyingsea Geosciences (GEOMAR, Germany)Marine and theGEOMAR Research Center for Research (AARI, ) Institute the State Research Center –Arctic and field ofarcticresearch beganin1991when cooperationinthe The Russian-German ofCollaborationHistory approach”.the „systems thedefinitionandrefinement of supported scientists,Russian andGerman butithasalso between produced anintimate partnership in theadjacentcoastalarea have notonly seas andinstationsaswell asfieldcamps expeditionsonresearchduring vessels at isolatedwork bythemselves. The jointwork than allowingtheindividualdisciplinesto interdisciplinary “systems” approach rather MAJOR PROJECTS HISTORY OF COLLABORATION AND THE 117.08.2011 11:53:44 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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cooperation wastheestablishment ofthe results. Anewstep inthedevelopment ofthe yielded substantiated andhighlyinteresting Thus, for 20years thejointresearch has data andpreparation ofthescientificresults. investigations, butalsointheanalysisof notonlyinthefield and studentstook part papers. Alarge numberofyoung scientists data andthecompositionofscientific analysis, modeling, thesynthesisofempiric inthefieldworks, data Germany participated specialists. Leading scientistsfrom Russiaand research wasto involve highlyskilled arctic The ideologyoftheRussian-German Oceanography (IFM). Geoscinces (GEOMAR), of andtheInstitute Research (AWI), Research Center for Marine Wegener for Institute Polar andMarine (MMBI), andfrom sidetheAlfred theGerman Biological Institute Marine the Murmansk (IORAS), ofOceanology Shirshov Institute and Antarctic Research (AARI), the Institute (GEOKHI),theArctic and AnalyticalChemistry side the ofGeochemistry Vernadsky Institute involved inthisprojectwere from theRussian established in1997. The research institutes West-Siberian riversOband Yenisei was Run-off” specificallyoftheRiver (SIRRO), research projectto investigate the “Siberian multidisciplinary A bilateral Russian-German and GEOMAR. forInstitute Polar Research (AWI) andMarine from sidetheAlfred theGerman Wegener Roshydromet and and VNIIOkeangeologia from theRussiansidewere AARIofthe climatic Laptev SeaSystem”. Coordinators Polar Research astheproject “Ecological- and on Cooperation inthefieldofMarine ofScienceRussiaandGermany Ministries included into theAgreement the between GEOMAR. OnFebruary 10, 1995,itwas out onabilateral AARIand basisbetween At thebeginning, theprogram wascarried anywhere onEarth. is auniquenaturalcomplexwithoutparallel Islandsandthebordering hinterland,Siberian / area, theNew Sea,the SeaandtheKara the EastSiberian 8 7 For theyears 2007–2009the4 European accreditation. hasreceivedMaster-course thenecessary this universities ledbyBremen University; German ofnorthern and aconsortium 2002 attheState ofSt.Petersburg University Sciences (POMOR),whichwasestablishedin ProgramMaster inAppliedPolar andMarine GEOMAR in1999,andtheRussian-German Polar Research atAARI,AWI andMarine and for SchmidtLaboratory Otto Russian-German and its Siberian hinterland are of particular are hinterland and itsSiberian ofparticular system oftheLaptev Sea. The Laptev Sea investigations environmental oftheextreme the 20-years jointRussianandGerman we of aimto give thisarticle overview In Major Research Projects factors. ofnaturalandanthropogenicthe impact modeling thechangesinthisregion under these remote regions oftheArcticandin paleoclimate inthesevere conditionsof environmental changesandofthe fundamental problems ofthecontemporary potential oftheirscientistsfor solving the and financialpossibilitiesaswell asinthe intheirtechnologicalcomplementary are mutually thatthepartners the fact bya cooperationthatischaracterized researchpolar andmarine intheArctic, and trustfulcooperationinthefieldof example ofmutuallybeneficial, progressive, cooperationisanThe Russian-German research andinnovation. ineducation, reaffirmed strategic partnership to bilateral intergovernmental consultations Science as theGerman-Russian Year due decade. Moreover, the2011wasdeclared duration oftheongoingIPYto awhole to IPY, Dr. Chilingarov, Artur the to extend oftheRussianpresidency personal deputy byaproposal ofthe lately beenmarked oftheIPYhas and impact The importance the administrative andpoliticalauthorities. scientific institutionsinvolved aswell asfrom bothfrom the gained substantialsupport Polar hasbeenmounted andhas Year (IPY) th International International 117.08.2011 11:53:45 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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8 8 and Holocenetransgression. of The history thepostglacial lateexperienced Pleistocene today theyare submarine, having after developed thickpermafrost sequences; of theseshelves were above sea level and most seas. theLastGlacial Maximum, During shelves withtheNordic oftheArcticOcean of sea-iceproductionthatlinkstheSiberian The shallowLaptev Seashelfisamajorarea top halocline(Fig. oftheArcticOcean 2). layer on and itgenerates ashallowbrackish source forkey theArcticfreshwater input, discharge into theLaptev Seaconstitutes a the AtlanticandPacific Oceans. River from interest becauseoftheirdistanceboth age position of the flaw polynya separates the pack ice from the landfast ice [after Dmitrenko et al., 1998]. al., et Dmitrenko [after ice landfast the from ice pack the separates polynya flaw the of position age Fig. 2. Major features of the Laptev Sea for various seasons [after Bauch, H. and Kassens, 2005]. The aver- The 2005]. Kassens, and H. Bauch, [after seasons various for Sea Laptev the of features Major 2. Fig. The two microwave quite reveal (top quite images co two left) The adopted from Bauch, H. andPolyakova, H. Bauch, from [2003])adopted andthelandfast ice inwinter, distribution the underscoring both strong influence of the river water oftheLenariver thephysical on influence strong Photograph conditions top right Sea. in theLaptev shows sea areas, in particular in summer 2004, correlate insummersea areas, 2004, inparticular well the flaw polynya inspring polynya 1999the flaw of theatmosphere, seaice, water column, environmental changes. studies Extensive oncontemporary andtheirimpact variations program wasto decipherpastclimate scientific goalofthemultidisciplinary etal., 1999,2007,2009]. [Kassens The primary interactions evolution aswell asland-ocean andterrestrial biota,landscapemarine processes, andtheirconsequencesfor addressed bothoceanicandterrestrial ofseveral projects combining theefforts The majorcomprehensive research program state ofdecay are largely unknown. permafrost anditsmodern the submarine with the average summer surface salinity (whitewith theaveragesurface summer salinity isolines; ntrasting concentration. ofsea-ice distribution open The 117.08.2011 11:53:45 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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Sea region thecomprehensive unique and terrestrial expeditionsto theLaptev Bol`shiyanov. theannualmarine During –H.-W.Hubberten, D.Yu.supervisors Island (Lena Delta)” (2006–2009), StationattheSamoilovskii“Experimental Central Taymyr” (1993–1997)andthe Environmental Evolution ofQuaternary researchRussian-German projects: “Late outwithinthescopeof carried The terrestrial investigations were also L.A.Timokhov. H.Kassens, – of theLaptev Sea(2007–2009),supervisors Arctic shelfSeas:frontal zones andpolynyas Bol`shiyanov; “Global changeintheEurasian H.-W.Hubberten,H.Kassens, L.A.Timokhov, D.Yu. – ofpermafrost (2003–2006)supervisors history Laptev SeaSystem: dynamicsand Bolshiyanov; H.-W.Hubberten,H.Kassens, L.A.Timokhov, D.Yu. 2000” –J.Thiede, (2000–2002),),supervisors L.A.Timokhov, V.L.Ivanov; “Laptev SeaSystem (1993– research projects: “Laptev SeaSystem” within thescopeofRussian-German considerations, whichwere out carried andtheoreticalof modelingexperiments and terrestrial investigations, andasuite of asystem approach. marine They comprise the bilateral projectswere plannedaspart Scientific investigations withinthescopeof of potential future environmental changes. allows to beableto judgerates andextremes time. becauseit Quaternary This isimportant inLate Central Siberia environment innorthern processes andterrestrial shapingthemarine succeeded indrawing apictureofimportant in RussiaandGermany (>40institutions) manycooperation between institutions autumn (freezing) seasons. The closebilateral (melting),summer (ice free)spring and expeditions during included landandmarine ofjointresearchframework activities. They thepast20years during undera performed Archipelagoand NewSiberian were Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, hydrology, andsedimentationon Taymyr permafrost cycle, behaviorcarbon andlake well asofthevegetation, soildevelopment, and sea-floorontheLaptev SeaShelf, as 8 9 1999), supervisors – J.Thiede, H.Kassens, –J.Thiede, H.Kassens, 1999), supervisors otto-schmidt-laboratory.de. IFM-GEOMAR. Further information at:www. ofKiel SciencesattheUniversity of Marine Wegener andtheLeibniz Institute Institute and Antarctic Research Institute, theAlfred Science oftheRussianFederation, theArctic ofEducationand Research, theMinistry ofEducationand Ministry by theGerman isfunded SchmidtLaboratory The Otto intheOSLfellowship programs.part Russian Federation have successfullytaken scientists from 280research institutionsofthe in ongoingresearch projects. Since1999,280 mentors andchallengesthemto participate and postdoctoral fellows withexperienced master students, graduated research assistants, climate changeintheArctic. The program pairs ofthe and extent motivated bytherapidity “Changing Environments” isscientifically program. The current fellowship program young scientistsinthescopeofafellowship istrainingof Schmidt Laboratory of theOtto then 10,000scientificjournals. The maingoal withaccessto more the electroniclibrary devices, measuring acomputer center and and is equipped withstandard laboratory It chemistry, biologyandgeosciences.marine the fieldsofmeteorology, oceanography, for researchinto amodern laboratory (OSL)hasdevelopedSchmidt-Laboratory Yulievich Schmidt(1891–1956),theOtto- RussianpolarresearcherNamed after Otto Education andResearch (Fig. 3). of Ministry and SciencetheGerman ofEducation jointly bytheRussianMinistry andpolarresearchmarine out thatare carried and basefor research projectsinthefieldof Research isthecentralinterface and Marine for Polar Russian Otto-Schmidt-Laboratory Petersburg eleven years ago, theGerman- and Antarctic Research inSaint Institute of theRussianFederation theArctic Established attheState Research Center for Polar andMarine Research SchmidtLaboratory Otto German-Russian investigations. multidisciplinary data were obtainedfor thefollowing 117.08.2011 11:53:47 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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9 0 a jointinitiative oftheSaintPetersburg State (POMOR) wasestablishedin2002. POMORis Program inAppliedPolar Sciences andMarine in Arctic research, Master theRussian-German order toIn encouragestudentsto participate Sciences (POMOR) Master Program inAppliedPolar andMarine CooperationRussian-German inEducation: climate changeandsea-level changes”. seas) under global Chukchi East Siberian, of theRussianArctic (Laptev, part the eastern hydrology andsedimentationintheseasof scientists for herproject “Evolution ofsea-ice young Russian 827.2008.5) for supporting President oftheRussianFederation (no. MK- was awarded theresearch grant ofthe 2008, best diplomathesis. In T.S. Klyuvitkina of theSt.Petersburg State for University the A. Stepanova wasawarded thegoldmedal qualificationinGermany. 2003, of further In grant fundingfor comprised awholeyear being thebestgraduate oftheyear. The the President oftheRussianFederation for S. Berezovskaya wasawarded thegrant of 17 are currently doing theirPh.D. 2001, In 18theirPh.D.,dissertation, 5anM.Sc., and 3 have finishedtheirseconddoctoral Among theformer grantees oftheOSL Fig. for Polar 3. Otto-Schmidt-Laboratory and The Marine German-Russian Research (AARI) . osa zns poess and 6. Periglacial environment. processes zones: envir 5. Coastal resources. 4. Natural andvulnerability.functioning structure, waters ecosystems: marine and 3. Polar coastal and oceanography. seas 2. High climate and change. sediments basins, 1. Ocean by thesixmodules: biologyaregeosciences andmarine covered ofoceanography,applied aspects marine regions.coastal to deep-sea Moreover, environmentaland marine systems from ofthepolar knowledge POMOR imparts and Rostock. and theUniversities ofBremen, Potsdam Kiel, Sea Research Institute Warnemuende (IOW) Polar Research (AWI), andMarine theBaltic GEOMAR), theAlfred Wegener for Institute Sciences (IFM-Leibniz ofMarine Institute University, ofHamburg, theUniversity the onmental management. 118.08.2011 11:16:48 8 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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cover are controlled of bytheinteraction ofitssea-ice water massesandtheextent The current hydrography oftheLaptev Sea Ocean andSea-iceModern Processes scope oftheprogram “Laptev SeaSystem”. researchesof themarine outinthe carried we aimto placehighemphasisontheresults water beneath. Therefore, incurrent article layer from thewarmer,surface saltierAtlantic the haloclinelayer thatbuffers thecold, fresh for feeding important shelf isalsocritically freshwater theSiberian oftheArcticOcean, freshwater As cycle. amainsource ofthe profound modificationofthelocaloceanic discharge. Overall, thesechangesresult ina ofatmosphere,warming andincrease inriver andthickness, reduction insea-iceextent and surrounding land. These includethe that have occurred over theEurasianArctic integrator ofrecent Arcticclimaticchanges shelfcanberegardedThe Siberian asan terms.both nationalandinternational in scientists, whichisimportant highly skilled are to successfuleducationof thekeystone simultaneous immersioninto theprofession The combinationoftheoretical courses with and willdefence thesesin2011. theirMaster a PhD Degree. 22studentsare studyingnow from POMOR,four ofthemhave already got Since 2002,62studentshave graduated from ofHamburg, theUniversity Germany. State ofSaintPetersburg University andone Applied Polar Sciencesfrom the andMarine Degrees: Master ofSciencein oneMaster years ofstudy, thestudentsare awarded two ofPotsdam). andUniversity Kiel two After of Bremen, Albrecht Christian of University universities (University partner of theGerman semester ofHamburg at theUniversity orone Research. Marine The studentsalsospendone for Polar SchmidtLaboratory Otto and Petersburg inclosecooperationwiththe are heldattheState ofSaint University training Courses (in English)andpractical OF RUSSIAN-GERMAN RESEARCH SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS 9 1 term tendency offresh water tendency term storage itdifficultto thelong- detect data, makes as thespatialcoverage ofthehydrographic the freshwater content oftheshelves, aswell in the large interannual andspatialvariability discharge andlocalsea-icemelt.However, the freshwater inflowprovided byriver FWCA represents approximately 35% of etal.,timescales [Dmitrenko 2008a]. This onquasi-decadal vorticity atmospheric on theshelves ismainlycontrolled by indices showthatthefreshwater content andoceanic atmospheric and various from amultipleregression FCWA between fromperiod 1920to 2005(Fig. 4)..Results hydrographichistorical records for the shelves fromEast Siberian wasconstructed anomalies (FWCA)over theLaptev and ofsummerfreshwaterA timeseries content paleovalleys, etc.). paleovalleys, River AnabarandKhatanga Lena andEastern bottom relief (Western bythesea isgoverned of theirdistribution stable inthisshallowsea,andthedirection from isquite therivermouthsnorthward ofriverwater concluded thatthedistribution Sea. Dueto hydrographic itwas surveys rivers draininginto theLaptevthe Siberian 500 stationsintheLaptev Seaandalong program outatalmost wascarried working Project (1993–1999),amultidisciplinary theframeoffirstLaptev SeaSystem In [Gordeev, 2000]. ofwater Eurasiainterms discharge northern the Lena River, thesecondlargest riverin freshwater annually through are transported Ocean. Arctic (>70%)of The mainportions inputintothe total the annualriverine about25%of Laptev Seashelfcomprise Ocean. The many drainingonto rivers the balance oftheLaptev SeaandtheArctic componentofthefreshwateran important Freshwater inputthrough river discharge is DischargeRiverine river systems. influx offreshwater from anumberofmajor waterthe openArcticOcean massesand 117.08.2011 11:53:48 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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9 2 waters are found St. Anna intheeastern bottom et al., 2005;2009].Brine-enriched Seashelf[Bauch, D. Kara and thesouthern waters are produced ontheLaptev Seashelf bottom of sea-iceformation brine-enriched cooperationshowthatasaresultGerman ( Stable oxygen isotope measurements et al., 2008a]. associated withclimate change[Dmitrenko whereas the ice processes strongly influencesalinity be separated from riversource sincesea- or formation onthewater columncan waters andtheeffect ofsea-ice melting The unaltered. highly depleted in water water column.River intheArcticis release to ofcoldsaltierwaters the (brine) of sea-iceformation andconcurrent δ annual summer atmospheric vorticity (gray dots. The 7-year running mean of the May fast ice thick- ice fast May the of mean running 7-year The dots. (gray vorticity atmospheric summer annual [after Dmitrenko et al., 2008 a]. Horizontal lines show quasidecadal 10-15 year mean salinity (pink), (pink), 10-15 salinity mean year quasidecadal show lines Horizontal a]. 2008 al., et Dmitrenko [after FWC (violet), and atmospheric vorticity (gray). The black line shows the 7-year running mean of the the of mean running 7-year the shows line black (gray). The vorticity atmospheric and (violet), FWC 18 ness (green dots) at station Sannikova (Laptev Sea) is shown by a green line. The linear trends are are trends linear The line. byagreen shown is Sea) (Laptev Sannikova station at dots) (green ness Fig. 4. The 7-year running mean of the Laptev Sea annual summer mean salinity salinity mean summer annual Sea Laptev the of mean running 7-year The 4. Fig. freshwater content anomaly (FWCA) (blue dots) shown by red and blue solid lines, respectively respectively lines, solid blue and byred shown dots) (blue (FWCA) anomaly content freshwater O) were usedto investigate theeffect δ 18 O investigations inthejointRussian- δ 18 O signal remains nearly δ 18 O relative to marine shown by bold dashed line dashed bybold shown D., etal., 2009]and ourstudiessuggestthat Laptev intheeastern northward Sea[Bauch, 2011]. Laptev Seabottom water isexported al., et which may beratherlocal[Bauch,D., forcingatmospheric from precedent summers, depend onpreconditioning andthereby the ofwinter polynyain theimpact activity sea-ice cover. annualdifferences Inter to climate changeandreduced summer open questionwhethertheyare related difference are notunderstood anditisan responsibleThe factors for thisqualitative in summer2007[Bauch,D. etal., 2010]. Laptev intheeastern Sea was observed ofthisimpact distribution in thevertical significantly interannually andachange vary ofwinter sea-iceformationThe impact may halocline[Bauch,D.Ocean etal., 2009]. Laptevin theeastern Seato theArctic water hasbeenfound to beexported bottom the Laptev Seathisbrine-enriched halocline[Bauch,D.,Ocean etal., 2005].In Trough here to theArctic andexported S (red dots) and and dots) (red 117.08.2011 11:53:48 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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forcing, wasanalyzed andiceproduction riverrunoffandatmospheric with variable salinity,coastal polynya along onsurface accuracy. For ofthe instance, theimpact in more detailandto higherdegree of on thehydrography oftheLaptev Sea oftheflawevaluate polynyas theimpact to data setsnowprovide anopportunity satellite remote sensing. Newlyavailable techniques, includingtheapplicationof not leastdueto advancesinmeasurement processes hasbeensubstantiallyimproved, therelevantunderlying oceanographic the area. The understandingofthephysics expeditionsinto number ofRussian-German ice conditionshave a during beencollected Extensive datasetsontheLaptev Seasea- matter. through theentrainmentofparticulate for sedimenttransport as itsimportance andoceanicprocessesatmospheric aswell to in theLaptev Sea,includingitslinkage oficegrowth andvariability spatial patterns polynyas oftheLaptev Sea” wasto assessthe in EurasianArcticshelfSeas:frontal zones and project “Laptev SeaSystem –Globalchange of theaimsbilateral Russian-German intheLaptev Sea(Fig.most distinct 2).One Arcticseas, theSiberian flaw polynyasIn are for and theArcticOcean Transpolar ice. Drift possible source ofbothsalineshelfwaters spring. early The Great Polynya Siberian isa winterof thewater and columnduring formation andlocalincreases insalinity low airtemperatures induceintensive ice widecombinedwithextremely 200 km Extensive stretches ofopenwater upto component oftheArcticclimate system. as theGreat Polynya, Siberian isanimportant polynyas shelf, ontheRussianArctic known to asflaw polynyas. The system offlaw young iceofftheland-fastare referred Large, persistent areas ofopenwater and Polynya Sea Laptev Production andSea-ice water. onLaptev Seabottoma considerableimpact changes insummerwindforcing may have 9 3 adjacent to theLena demonstrated Delta, fast icearea Laptev inthesoutheastern Sea, datafrom the ice-core The stable-isotope phosphate [Dmitrenkoetal., 2005]. in in adepletionofoxygen andenrichment of organic matter near/attheseafloorresults waters. Remineralization bottom andsurface of oxygen andphosphate the between the strong stratificationlimitstheexchange throughout theyear. wasalsorevealed that It that theLaptev Seawaters are stratified profiling, and therefore,CTD it was shown onthebasesof 1999,wasobserved spring oftheLena in in thepolynya, Delta north systema two-layer ofthewater column were measured with an ADCP. Moreover, expedition winter hydrographical parameters 1999 thejointRussian-German During 2005, 2009]. tends to [Dmitrenkoetal., weaken 2001, amplitude production andseasonalsalinity water. When theAO isnegative, theice releaseproduction andbrine into theshelf positive impliesenhancedcoastalpolynya Sea coastwhentheArctic Oscillation(AO) is oficeawaydriven advection from theLaptev etal,[Dmitrenko 2009]. The increased wind- general corresponds to theArcticOscillation anomalies intheLaptev Searegion and in circulation toare thewind-driven linked production anomaliesintheLaptev Sea was alsorevealed thatthewinter sea-ice It system. icesource forimportant the Transpolar Drift thattheLaptev Seapolynyaconfirmed isan et al., 2001,2005,2009]. Therefore, itwas ice productionof3to 4m[Dmitrenko reach upto 4units, corresponding to an layer can increase ofthesurface salinity Laptevthe eastern Seapolynya, themean These results evidencethat,for instance, in observations. ofwinter salinity time series ice formation wasevaluated statisticallyfrom adjustmentinresponseThe rate to ofsalinity rejection inthepolynya.the amountofbrine whichreflects from distribution, thesalinity hydrography. Iceproductionwasobtained rates were estimated basedonthepolynya 117.08.2011 11:53:49 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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9 4 Ocean is possible only thanks to concerted ispossibleonly thankstoOcean concerted the curre anddocumentation ofsystem. Detection and thefuture oftheArcticclimate understanding offeedback mechanisms are for critical of itsnaturalvariability the Recordsaffects theseaicedistribution. towardadvection theArcticandstrongly Water isthemajormeansofheat (AW) Atlanticour planet.Northward-flowing thatmostotherareasglobal warming on The Arcticisresponding more rapidlyto Atlantic Water Advection [Dmitrenko etal., 2008a]. in thecoastalregions oftheArcticseas influence ofriverdischarge oniceformation thesuppositionaboutnegativeconfirms water,induced bypenetrationofriver and is theresult processes ofthermodynamic andfloodriverrunoff iceextension between winter.the next correlation The observed river runoffaffects fast-ice during extension statistical analysisitisshownthattheflood hydrological (1979–1998)data,and survey available. Basedonfield, remote-sensing, and againsttheaveragevariations positionare 25–30 misobaths. However, itsannual the bottom relief, to beingrestricted the position ofthefasticeedgedependsupon hampers navigation. The average interannual considerably thewinter period fast iceduring Laptev andEast-Siberian Seas) covered with The existence ofthevastshelfareas (Kara, mixingprocesses.transfer andlarge-scale ofcross-shelfthe perspective freshwater from landfast icecover isalsoofimportance Sea. The entrainmentofriverwater into the landfast iceofthewestern EastSiberian 10–20% may have beenentrainedinto the landfast ice, andpossiblyasmuchanother Laptev upinthesoutheastern Sea was locked oftotal riverdischargeroughly onequarter etal.,[Eicken 2005].For instance, in1999, freezing iceproperties pointandthermal water onthesurface due to its impact aninfluenceontheicemassbalance exert thirds to total landfasticemassandmay also that riv er water contributes roughly two nt anomalousstate oftheArctic Sea flaw polynya winter opensupduring assoonthe Laptev that thiseffect starts circulation andicecover. Newdatashow affected bydifferent regimes ofatmospheric regime, isalsostrongly sedimenttransport thewind-forcedLike dynamicsoftheice Processes Sedimentation ofModern [Dmitrenkoetal., 2010]. observed intrusions upto the20misobathwere on-shelf near-bottom and salinewater warm 30–50 mdepthcontour. For 2008 April-May offshore thatextends a warming from the hydrography oftheLaptev Seademonstrates measurements, theclimatology ofbottom 2008,and2002–2009cross-slope April–May outin carried 1932 to 2008,fieldobservations welling currents. Onthebasisofrecords from circulationatmospheric andreversal up- by appearance ontheshelfisgoverned near the100misobaths, anditssporadic The AW to isrestricted thecontinentalslope flank oftheLomonosov Ridge. anomaly fronts delineated over theEurasian Laptev Seaandtwo thenorthern between obtained onthebasisoftravel timerequired of2.4–2.5+0.2 cm/swasmean velocity etal.,(Dmitrenko 2008). The anomalous totaling 0.8CinFebruary-August 2004 events ofrapidAW temperature increase Laptev Seashowsseveral in thenorthern record from site monitoring thelong-term Strait in1999–2000. The AW temperature intheFram werethe ArcticOcean observed several AW impulsesthatpenetrated warm temperature For andsalinity). example, profilesinvestigations of (vertical on thebasisofrepeated oceanographic etal.,[Dmitrenko 2008b]. This wasrevealed Sea slopefrom theFram Straitregion years for to reach thewarming theLaptev According to theseestimates, ittook ~5 event. ofthiswarming pattern distinctive propagation wasestimated usingthe (Fig. 5). The speed ofalong-slopewarming alongthebasin´smarginmoves cyclonically current, which boundary by thepan-Arctic into andthrough is carried theArcticOcean efforts. observational international This AW 117.08.2011 11:53:49 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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transport withinthebottom nepheloid transport free have period revealed thatthe main theice- horizontal sedimentfluxduring Wegner etal., 2003].Calculationsofthenet and theicecover etal., [Dmitrenko 2001; by theprevailing circulation atmospheric whichisstrongly influenced 12 mthick, suspended matter concentrationupto bottom nepheloidlayer, alayer ofincreased inadistinct sediments are transported thesevalleys,al., suspended 2003,2005].In Laptevthe eastern Sea(Fig. et 6)[Wegner valleysontheshelfof running submarine wind-forced to andconnected theN-S- ismainly shelfsedimenttransport modern instruments provide strong evidencethat measurements withbottom-moored [Dmitrenko etal., 2001,2005].Long-term 9 5 transects AandB(red lines) in2002–2005. carried out theInternational is Bathymetric from adapted Bathymetry Red arrowstraceRed theAW Yellow pathways. circles markth Fig. 5. A map of the with inset showing an enlarged view of the northern Laptev Sea Sea Laptev northern the of view enlarged an showing inset with Ocean Arctic the of 5. Amap Fig. shows along-margin CTD/XBT Transect cross-margin CTD/XBT in August-September Inset showsshows CTD Coccupied 2005. along-margin Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), Ocean oftheArctic Chart 2001 version region (dashed square). further take into account thatlarge take areas further toward thecentralandinner shelf, andifwe in thebottom nepheloidlayer isdirected thenetsedimenttransport 2003, 2004].If transgression [Bauchetal., 2001;Stein etal., Laptev SeasincetheendofHolocene rates ontheouter shelfandtheslopeof also explainthelowsedimentaccumulation might ofsedimenttransport This pattern system ontheinnerandmid-shelfregions. circulation trapped withinaquasi-estuarine derivedfromthe material inputis riverine period, mostof theice-free that during etal., 2005]inferred [Wegner Arctic Ocean Laptevthe eastern Seashelfinto thedeep fromWith respect to thesediment export etal.,towards 2003]. theinnershelf[Wegner layer valleysisdirected inthesubmarine e mooring position [Dmitrenko et al., 2008]. position [Dmitrenko al., et Whitee mooring line 117.08.2011 11:53:50 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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9 6 the general transport direction ofSPM direction transport the general andthelengthof Arctic basins.Arctic insediment This discrepancy through thewater columnto the export deposition ontheshelfand long-range the Laptev Seaisnotbalancedbysediment conclusion thatthesedimentinputinto day sedimentdeposition,we candraw the sediments andlagdepositswithnopresent- of theLaptev Seaare covered by relict Fig. 6. Schematic overview of sediment transport dynamics on an NS-transect along the Eastern Lena Lena Eastern the along NS-transect an on dynamics transport sediment of overview Schematic 6. Fig. (a) the ice-free period, (b)(a) thefast ice, andbeneath (c) period, theice-free un (PS51-080-13: 28 cm 10-3 : years-1; PS51-092-12: 41 cm 10-3 : years-1; [Bauch, D., et al., 2001]) Valley during the river-ice breakup (after Wegner et al., 2005): 2005): al., et Wegner (after breakup river-ice the during Valley two decadesthatdemonstratestwo thatthe Evidence hasaccumulated over thepast etal., 2005]. ice [Wegner ofsedimentsbysea a long-rangetransport that follows Coastal Current theSiberian and Sea to theEastSiberian sediment transport budgets may beexplainedbyaneastward the Black boxes indicating the modern sedimentation rates indicatingthe Blackboxes themodern der thefastder ice conditions; (d) withthearrowsindicating 117.08.2011 11:53:52 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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formed ice is not only important for the formed iceisnotonly important ofsedimentsinto newly The incorporation laden seaice. ofsediment-for theformation andexport andasyet underestimated period important might alsobean (October) fall freeze-up Sea. thehypothesis thatthe This supports to Laptev occurintheeastern is unlikely suspension freezing beneaththepolynya grained bottom sedimentsaccompaniedby to theseafloor. Thus, resuspension offine- prevents convection from penetratingdown Laptevcolumn, especiallyintheeastern Sea, the strongstratificationofwater density who hasshownthateven winter, during ofDmitrenkoetal., [2001], observations withthefield the Laptev Seaisinconflict dominant sedimententrainmentprocess in ice formation inthewinter polynya isthe idea thatsuspensionfreezing sea- during etal.,Dmitrenko 2009].However, thegeneral sediment entrainmentbyice[Darby, 2003; the Transpolar System andacenter of Drift one ofthemajorsource areas for seaicein studies have shownthattheLaptev Seais Darby, etal., 2003;Dmitrenko 2009].Recent etal., 1999,2009; newly formed ice[Kassens entrainment ofthesesedimentsinto only the polynya area andthesubsequent bottom sedimentsin of fine-grained sediment-laden seaiceistheresuspension possible mechanismfor theformation of entrainment event in1994–1995.Another of18.5milliontons for one sediment export ice. They documented atotal ice-bound a basin-wide dispersalofsediments bysea site forIslands asakey iceentrainmentand the shallowshelfnearNewSiberian etal.Eicken [2005]were able to identify remote sensing, modeling, andnumerical combiningfieldmeasurements,1999]. By etal.,towards basin[Kassens theArctic shallow shelfareas oftheLaptev Sea byseaicefrom the sediment transport for timeperiod seems to beanimportant conditions, thefreezeup October during been shownthateven undercalmweather has etal., shelvesSiberian [Eicken 2005].It is acommonphenomenonontheshallow entrainment ofsedimentsinto theseaice 9 7 environment viasnowandice(depositing influence ontheArctic secondary exert intheArctic.natural objects Arctic aerosols ofaerosolsof interaction withdifferent aeolian matter) helpsto reveal newaspects of bothdissolvedcollector andparticulate ofthesnowcover (natural geochemistry less abundant.Studingthelithologyand and anthropogenic combustionspheres are size;diatoms) ofpeliticandaleuritic soot (spores, pollens,and biogenicparticles fibers, fresh snowisrepresented mainlybymineral in under-ice water. matter in Sedimentary higher thansuspendedmatter concentration from 0.2to 3mg/l, whichisconsiderably snowvaries >0.45μm intheArctic particles the background concentrationofinsoluble in1994–2007haveof theArctic shown,that insnowdifferent areasinsoluble particles aerosolsResults ofatmospheric and processes. are atmospheric controlled byshort-term ofthefasticeinspring and theextension flood because thedynamicsofspring processes showstrong interannual variations the Laptev Sea. These river-to-sea transport in afreshwater layer beneath thefasticeof substancesare transported and particulate the courseoffreshet, dissolved riverine shelf.discharged onto thestillice-covered In runoff and60%ofsuspendedsedimentsare andJune, inMay period ~30%ofannual thehighdischargeestablished thatduring was etal., 1999,2007].It [Kassens River freshetBasin isthespring oftheLena thismarginalbetween seaandtheArctic processes the Laptev Seaandthetransport environment elementofthemodern of key water inthe region oficeformation. Another concentrations were inseawater andfresh times higherthanthemeasured dissolved formed sediment-laden icewere upto 40 Fe,of dissolved Mn, Cd, andPb innewly thattheconcentrations al. [1999]observed processes intheLaptev Sea,Hölemannet fieldstudyoffreeze-up an interdisciplinary al., 1999,2007]. Within of theframework et oftraceelements[Kassens and cycling plays acrucial role transport for thelarge-scale ofsediments, Arcticseaicealso transport 117.08.2011 11:53:52 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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9 8 regions oftheLaptev Sea contributed Zooplankton andeastern inthesouthern etal., 2000]. stock inautumn[Tushling the rangeofwater columnstanding and young icewasrelatively highandwithin However, total algalbiomasswithinthenew pigment considerably. concentrationsvaried Lena runoff. River newlyforming seaice, In chlorophyll a,revealing theinfluence ofthe Arctic shelfregions, despite amaximumof wasrelatively lowcompared to other content ofthedifferentby carbon taxa given thesummerperiod biomass during theLaptev Seatheoverall phytoplanktonIn et al., 2004;Bauchetal., 2004]. as theirgeochemicalsignature [Müller-Lupp communities [Stepanova etal., 2003]aswell ofbenthic onthespatialdistribution a mark [Abramova & Tushling, 2005]butalsoleaves only affects thephytoplankton distribution not seasonal andinterannual variability when outflowrates are high. The strong summer, andearly the ecosystem inspring on seasons andshowsthehighestimpact discharge, the during thisinfluencevaries Polyakova, 2003]. Triggered bytheLena River 2005; Stepanova etal., 2003;Bauch& etal., 2000;Abramova& [Tushling Tushling, and zooplankton inthewholeshelfregion structureofthephytoplanktoncommunity activity,influence onthedistribution, and revealed thatriverrunoffhasapronounced was etal., 1999,2007].It changes [Kassens benthic life inrelation to environmental zooplankton, andbenthosaswell as structureofphytoplankton,and community Biological studiesfocused ontheabundance Marine Ecosystem al., &Lisitzin,2004]. 2009;Shevchenko et sedimentation isabout10%[Shevchenko general, theinputofaerosolsIn to Arctic dischargeis closeto theriverine input. matter beyond themarginal filters ofrivers input ofaerosols to theArcticsedimentary ecosystems. Balanceestimationsshowthat ofmatter for Arcticof aeoliantransport spheres), whichincreases theimportance last glacialmaximum,thepostglacial sea and notcovered the byglaciericeduring Taymyr Peninsula were exposed subaerially 2009]. Becausemostoftheshelfareas eastof etal., 1999,2007, et al., 2003,2004;Kassens over thepast20years [Bauchetal., 2001;Stein jointprojects ofRussian-German framework investigations mainlyinthe multidisciplinary seafloor alongtheArcticmargins, dueto probably themostcomprehensively studied andLaptev seas, arein theKara now margin, Siberian notably Parts ofthenorth until about5–6ka. transgressing seaontheshallowshelves give clearevidenceofthesouthwardly and micropaleontological proxy data in sedimentationtogether withgeochemical shelves.Siberian changes Time-transgressive fluvial influenceover thevastwidthof environmentto amarine withastrong change from adominantlyterrestrial-fluvial causing thecircum-Arctic environment to continental shelfbecamewidelyflooded, regions. thistransition,theshallow During anditsmarginalthe centralArcticOcean environmental conditionsdramatically in sea level, changesaffected andatmospheric the associated climaticwarming, therising ofthecircum-Arctic region,in many parts Besides thedisappearanceoflarge icesheets agowell into Holocenetimes. some 20ka transition from thepeakoflastglaciation environments thelong occurred during biota. The latest majorrevolution ofarctic including hydrography, sedimentation,and theQuaternary, system Arctic Ocean during ofthe affected allaspects Arctic periphery paleoceanography andclimate ofthe The dramaticchangesinthe Environments Marine Past etal., 1999]. communities [Kassens, andstructureof macrobenthicdistribution major environmental regulating factor the bythe wassupported the Laptev Sea.It of parts andthesoutheastern northern, analysisinthecentral,by multivariate the faunalprovinces weredistinct identified as much27%oftotal biomass. Three 117.08.2011 11:53:53 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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were derivedfrom AMS >120radiocarbon 983 and21m. The agemodelsof the cores thewatercovering depthrangebetween Sea continentalslopeandshelfwere studied of14sedimentcores from theLaptev total Holocene transgression a inArcticSiberia, To establishthedetailedchronology ofthe et al., 2005; Taldenkova etal., 2010]. 2001; Bauch,H.&Polyakova, 2003;Polyakova the lastglaciation(Fig. 7)[Bauch,H.,etal., shelves ofvastSiberian since into thehistory across theshelfandslopeprovide insight sediment cores from water depths various into ashallowshelfsea.Radiocarbon-dated landscape (IceComplex) andtransforming it by eroding permafrost periglacial aformerly level causedmassive rise input ofsediment 9 Fig. 7. Major breaks in average sedimentation rates (ASR) as revealed by sediment cores from differ- from cores bysediment revealed as (ASR) rates sedimentation average in 7. breaks Fig. Major 9 ent water depths of the Laptev Sea [after Bauch, H. et al., 2001] 14 C year, respectively [Bauch,H.,etal., 2001]. the Laptev Searose by5.4,13.3,and7.9mm/ sealevel in thesestimeintervals, Between highstand wasapproached near5cal. ka. andthatHolocenesea-level and 8.9cal. ka, was completed byapproximately 11.1,9.8, flooding ofthe50-,43-,and31-misobaths wasestimatedsediment source. thatthe It migration ofthecoastlineasprimary which wasrelated to thesouthward outer to theinnershelfregion isrecognized, A diachronous reductioninASRfrom the parameters were (Fig. incorporated 8). rates (ASR), butalsoothersedimentological of majorchangesinaverage sedimentation history [Bauch, H.,etal., 2001]. The inundation datings, whichcovered thepast15.4ka was reconstructed mainlyonthebasis 117.08.2011 11:53:53 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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1 0 0 environments [Bauch, H., et al., 2001; Bauch, H. environments [Bauch,H.,etal., 2001;Bauch,H. the Laptev Seas evidence ofthetransformation phaseof foraminifers, andbivalves allprovide ample diatoms, aquaticpalynomorphs, ostracods, al., fossil 2004],various groups, suchas 2003; Stepanova etal., 2003;Bauch,H.,et crucial ecological preferences [Polyakova, analogues whichare appliedto evaluate environmental change. Basedonmodern paleoceanography andclimate-driven inundation history, butalsoconcomitant notonlythepostglacialallow reconstructing and geochemicalstudiesofsedimentcores Micropaleontological, sedimentological, Bauch, H. and Kassens, 2005]; note the south-north running paleovalleys on the shelf incised by the bythe incised shelf the on paleovalleys running south-north the note 2005]; Kassens, and H. Bauch, Fig. 8. Time-slice reconstruction for the Laptev Sea shelf showing the retreat of the coastline [after [after coastline the of retreat the showing shelf Sea Laptev the for reconstruction Time-slice 8. Fig. helf from terrestrial to marine helf from terrestrial to marine rivers during times of low sea level sea low of times during rivers 2005]. B H. & Polyakova, 2003;Polyakova etal., the timesince11.3calendaryears [Bauch, for reconstructed for Laptev theeastern Sea conditionswere2003], paleosalinity [Polyakova, water salinity summer surface sedimentsand diatoms (%)inthesurface Using acorrelationfreshwater between river runoffontheLaptevSiberian Seashelf. employed to study temporal changesof For instance, diatom assemblageswere Taldenkova etal., 2008,2010]. &Bauch,H.,2006; 2005; Klyuvitkina & Polyakova, 2001,2003;Polyakova etal., ecause sedimentationprocesses 117.08.2011 11:53:54 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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depths, thespecific relevantmake assumptionsonpastwater and benthicfossil communitiesallowto addition,interpreting bothplanktonicIn 2006]. andBauch,H., al., 2005,2006;Klyuvitkina Laptev Seashelfwasinferred [Polyakova et proxy, aninfluenceofAtlanticwater onthe marine astheprinciple species ofdinocysts area.adjacent shallowmarine Usingindicator recordson thebasisofpaleosalinity from the [Polyakovafor etal., thelast6cal. 2006] ka channels oftheLena were Delta performed Lena runoffthrough River themajorriverine Moreover, ofthe detailedreconstructions shelves. sedimentation processes ontheSiberian additional proxy for theinvestigation ofthe filter” according Lisitzin,[1995])provided an <5‰(“marginal waters undersalinity marine diatoms in themixingzone offresh- and both organic planktonic matter andriverine precipitation of The revealed avalanche–like salinities. interannual summersurface-water were according determined to themean river-loaded organic matter intheshelfzone of riverine diatoms asamajorcomponentof Stein etal., 2004],thedepositionalenvironments by governed in theriver-pro Sea cameto anend ~5000yrago, modern Although globaltransgression intheLaptev of1000yrover thepast8500yr.interval bottom-water witharecurrence salinity foraminiferal dataindicate changesin theHolocene,ice conditionsduring the and 7000yrago, aswellsea- asvariable the postglacial transgression 9000 between southward retreat ofthecoastlineduring the diatom record reflectsthe primarily behavior.by dominantlycyclical While Lapteveastern Seahasbeengoverned indicate thatHoloceneriverinputinto the benthic foraminiferal δ basedondiatomsreconstructions and 2003; Mueller-Lupp etal., 2004].Paleosalinity 11,000 years (Fig. 9,[Bauch, thelast during discharge onthe shelfsalinity well influenceofpaleoriver asthevariable 1 0 1 the salinity gradients [Lisitzin, 1995, gradients [Lisitzin,1995, the salinity ximal shelfareas are mainly depositional 18 O from thecores H. &P setting as olyakova, olyakova, carbon in marine sedimentssuchasδ inmarine carbon oforganic organic Characteristics carbon. including material suspended particulate rivers alsodeliver large amountsof additionto water discharge,In theSiberian Severnaya Zemlya etal., 2010]. [Taldenkova iceberg bythelocalicecapson production and continentalslopeprovide evidencefor from thewestern Laptev Seaouter shelf (IRD)insedimentcores debris of ice-rafted 2008]. Onthebasisofcontinuousrecords etal.,planktic/benthic ratio[Taldenkova water andfreshwater ostracodsandthe brackish- by thepresence ofeuryhaline, aremovements andicerafting documented freshwater inputs, downslopesediment waters, whereasinflows ofAtlantic-derived Atlantic affinities, provide evidenceonpast withNorth Sea aging backto 15.8cal. ka shelf andthecontinentalslopeofLaptev in AMS Bivalves, ostracodsandforaminifers, studied Polyakova etal., 2005]. 5000 yrago[Bauch.H.&Polyakova, 2003, region oftheLaptev 7000and Seabetween transgression, whichreached thesouthern thelater phaseoftheHolocene only during environmental conditionswere established Sea shelf during the past two decades, the pasttwo Sea shelfduring have outover studies,reflection theLaptev carried tectonic structure. Multichannelseismic- angleandthe Laptev Seashelfataright ridge, approachesspreading the mid-ocean Arctic. slowest theworld´s Ridge, The Gakkel andtheEurasianplates inthe American theNorth between the divergent boundary whichis Ridge, spreading axis, theGakkel Russia, where there isacurrently active basininnorthern Ocean of theEurasianArctic The Laptev Searepresents rim thesouthern pathways oforganic matter andsediments. sediments helpedto traceland-ocean Thus, shelf thecompositionofarctic Fahl &Stein, 1999;Stein etal., 2003,2004]. [Bauch,H., organic fractions et al., provenanceterrestrial ormarine ofthe ofthe allowdetermination biomarkers C/N ratioasw 14 C-dated sedimentcores fromC-dated the ell asdifferent of types 2001; 13 C, 117.08.2011 11:53:57 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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1 0 2 toms. Bottom water reconstructions after Mueller-Lupp et al., 2004. b) Profile of the modern shelf b) topography along ofthemodern 2004. al., Profile et Mueller-Lupp watertoms. reconstructions Bottom after shelf isoneofafew where places worldwide throughout theCenozoic. The Laptev Sea ~58 millionyragoandhasremained active spreading center.Gakkel The process started Eurasian Basinandtheevolution ofthe origin isrelated toIts theopeningof spreading rate of0.3cm/yr[Drachev, 2000]. slow systemrevealed withavery avastrift a) reconstruction were Surface obtained salinity from Fig. 9. Reconstructed surface and bottom water salinity in core PS51/92-12 for the past 9000 cal. yr. PS51/92-12 cal. core in 9000 past the salinity for water bottom and surface 9. Reconstructed Fig. 130,1°E al.[2001] et H., Bauch, from rise Sea intheLaptev andthereconstructed postglacial sea-level been verifiedbyseismicrecords, theLaptev ofseveral hundred metersthickness have sedimentswith andice-bearing ice-bonded elements. that major structural Considering alongthe fault formation andearthquakes ofthisregion isresultingtectonic activity in approaches acontinentalmargin. The high system a currentlymid-ocean-ridge active Bauch andPolyakovaBauch [2003] freshwater on andbased dia- 117.08.2011 11:53:57 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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rise and modern environmental andmodern rise processes. and itsdegradation underpostglacial sealevel theIceComplex formation, changes during formation, theprecision ofpaleoenvironmental regional oftheonsetpermafrost distribution oftiming, thedetermination Glacial Maxima, theLast landduring shelves whichwere dry the continentalpermafrost undertheadjacent continuationof ofthesubmarine description studies intheregion were and thedetection ofthebilateral Russian-German contributions Oneofthemostimportant Glacial Maxima. of theEurasianicesheetsQuaternary mostlyto Central theEast Siberia, in Northern expression intheformation ofIceComplexes andfindsitsmostvivid masses oftheEarth covers approximately thick, 25%oftheland the Late Cenozoic. canbeupto 1500m It temperatures over theregion during which developed cold inresponse to very complexandspecialphenomenon very a Eurasiais The permafrost innorthern Evolution ofpermafrost global climate changes. Sea isasensitive and area ofstability interms 1 0 3 Fig. 10. Ice Complex from the Bolshoi Lyakhovskii Island [after Siegert et al., 2009] al., et Siegert [after Island Lyakhovskii Bolshoi the from Complex 10. Ice Fig. Peninsula southeastoftheLena the Delta were thecoastalexposures oftheBykovsky (Fig. 11).Of Lena Islands andtheNewSiberian Delta 2007 intheLaptev Seacoastalregions, the 1998– scientistsduring Russian andGerman gr analyses of fossils, mammal andinsect andstableisotope micropaleontological investigations, studiesof age determinations, paleobotanicaland lithological andsedimentological, radiocarbon studies(cryo- multidisciplinary Intensive Eurasia. geology inNorthern most debatableproblems oftheQuaternary the genesisofIceComplexes isoneofthe geological analysisofthepermafrost ice, led byE.V.Toll, thefirst whoperformed Taymyr Peninsula andLaptev Seacoast, Islands,in 1900–1903to theNewSiberian 2009]. SincetheRussianPolar Expedition areas (Fig.in non-glacial etal., 11)[Siegert paleoenvironmental conditions Quaternary excellent archives for thereconstructionLate andpresent Siberia, Arctic regions ofnortheast deposits (Fig. 10)are inthe widelydistributed permafrost Ice Complexes, ice-rich extremely particular interest inthesestudies particular ound ice) were performed by by ound ice)were performed 117.08.2011 11:53:59 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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1 0 4 coastal offshore zone, whereas thecoastal 400–600 meters in canbeexpected the of continuous permafrost withthickness Recent results suggest thatice-bearing down to awater depth ofabout100meters. permafrost fromsubmarine the coastline shelfare byrelicSiberian underlain offshore suggest thatlarge areas oftheshallowEastern modellingandgeophysicalThermal data due mainlyto scarce directobservations. understood,Laptev Seashelfisstillpoorly continental permafrost under theadjacent continuationoftheThe submarine etal., 2009],. al., 2002,2008;Siegert et lowland over thepast60Ky[Schirrmeister environmental dynamicsofthe Arctic shelf Archipelago, documentingthedetailed Islandfrom theNewSiberian Lyakhovsky coastoftheBol’shoiSea andthesouthern inthewestern Laptev Klyk Cape Mamontov Fig. 11. Location of studied Ice Complexes in the coastal regions of the Laptev Sea (after Siegert et al., 2009): al., et Siegert (after Sea Laptev the of regions coastal the in Complexes Ice studied 11. of Fig. Location 1 – Mamontovy Klyk Cape, 2 – Ebe Sisi 2–Ebe Island, 3–Khardang Cape, Klyk 1 –Mamontovy Lyakhovskii Island, 11 –Stolbovoi Island, 12 Island, 13 –Belkovskii –Kotelnyi Island, 14 15 –Anisii Cape, –Novaya 6 – Muostakh Island, 7 – Bolshoi Lyakhovskii6 –Muostakh Island, 7–Bolshoi Yar 9–Oyagos Island; Cape, Nos 8– Svyatoi coast, 10 –Malyi Sibir Island Sibir et al., 2007].According to AMS recovery wasappr recovery the shelfat33mwater depth. Total sediment of part sedimentsintheeastern submarine theexistence ofice-bearing confirmed programdrilling in the Laptev Seain2000 Evidences from anoffshore Russian-German etal., 2005,2009]. thick [Romanovskii onshore permafrost should be700–1000meter the Cape Mamontov Klyk inthewestern Klyk the CapeMamontov program entitledCOAST took placenear 2005acoastalandoffshore April In drilling 15.6and17.5yrsBP.between theendofLastGlacialMaximum, during discharge riverine influenced bytheextensive and shallow-water conditions marine environments (possiblyfloodedriverplain) sediments were formed underterrestrial and diatom assemblagerecords thefrozen Island, 4–Kurungnakh Peninsula, Island, 5–Bykovskii oximately 17 m [Kassens m [Kassens 14 C dating 117.08.2011 11:53:59 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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(δ to postglacial sealevel rise. The lowisotope by thefloodingofterrestrial permafrost due subsea permafrost wasgenerallycreated terrestrial permafrost, thusindicatingthat structures(iceveins) ofice-bonded cryogenic from theboreholes showed thetypical 2007]. Subseapermafrost depositsretrieved etal., [Rachold level wasdetermined rise inundation ofwater bythepostglacial sea western andafter Laptev Seashelfduring evolution ofsubseapermafrost inthe theageofsediments luminescence (IR-OSL), the pore stimulated iceandinfrared-optical and hydrogen isotope concentrationsof and pore data,oxygen water/ice salinity thermal,On thebasisofgeocryological, cover increased withdistancefrom shore. marine whereas theyoung sedimentary permafrost tablewasfound inallboreholes, >70,Fig.sediment recovery 11and12). The offshore upto 44.8mbelowsealevel (total fromextended onshore to 12kilometers etal.,Laptev 2007]. Sea[Rachold The transect precipitation coldPleistocene during climate indicate thattheicewasformed from winter 1 with distance was feature in shore. Aspecial found from The permafrost table was found in all offshore borehole table was inalloffshore found permafrost The 0 5 18 Fig. 12. The coastal transition zone from terrestrial to subsea permafrost near Mamontovy Klyk Klyk Mamontovy near permafrost subsea to terrestrial from zone transition coastal 12. The Fig. O) valuesfrom IceComplex thisSiberian age were found below the subsea permafrost [Rachold et al., 2007] al., [Rachold et the subsea permafrost below found were age in the western Laptev Sea [after Junker et al., 2008]. 2008]. al., et Junker [after Sea Laptev western the in and the submarine permafrost becomesand thesubmarine ofthecoastalwaters continues,if warming release from theArcticcontinentalmargins, have far-reaching significances for methane the Arcticenvironment inrecent years may al., 2005,2009]. The dramaticchangesin ofgashydrates et stability [Romanovskii an environment thatisfavorable for the relic offshore permafrost in submarine by shelfisunderlain Siberian The eastern to significant bestoring sinkofmethane. permafrost-related gashydrates are believed et al., permafrost and 2007].Submarine etal., 2009:Rachold al., 2005,2009;Rekant et permafrost [Romanovskii of submarine been placedontheprocesses ofdegradation researchescollaborative cryolithologic has Particular emphasisinRussian-German Isotope Stage5e). age (Marine sedimentscouldbeofEemian these marine with salinitiesreaching 30‰,indicate that (Fig. 12), years for unfrozen thelowermost sediments of111,000±7500 OSL agedeterminations conditions [Mey s, whereas the young sedimentary marinecover increased theyoung sedimentary whereas s, borehole C2 where C2 unfrozenborehole marine sediments ofEemian which contain marine porewhich containmarine water er et al., 2002]. In addition,IR- er etal., 2002].In 117.08.2011 11:54:01 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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1 0 6 average delivers approximately 58.4 was establishedthattheLaptev Seacoaston satellite images, photographs. andaerial It topographic mapsfrom different depths, sites, ofshorelineson key comparison on sites, fieldmeasurements oftheshorelines ofcoastaldynamicsonkey monitoring onthebasisoflong-term was determined input into theLaptev Seabycoastalerosion reach asmuch18m/y. The sediment rangefromtypically 2to 6m/ybutcan because oferosion rates atlong-term that ofthesecoastsretreatthousand kilometers are widespread intheArctic. Several perennially frozen sediments(IceComplex) Coasts composedofunconsolidated but onshorebetween andoffshore permafrost. coastalregionThe Arctic isthetransitionzone et al., unpublisheddata]. an increase inmethaneemission[Dmitrenko subseapermafrost andto of methanebearing temperature doesnotleadto adestabilization shows, however, increase in thattheobserved since themid-1980s, by2.1°C.Modeling shelfcoastalzoneSiberian (<10mdepth), of thebottom water layer over theeastern (1920–2009) revealed adramaticwarming The analysisofsummerhydrographic data climate change.implications for further recently, withemphasisonpossible liberation ofmethanehave beenproposed permafrost degradationthe submarine and However, numerous speculationsregarding yet increased becauseofglobal warming. there isnoevidencethatsuchemissionshave unstable.thermodynamically Upto now, months ofopencoastalwaters. The predicted tois restricted three relatively calm must remember thaterosion intheArctic rates, theseyearly When considering one the Arctic[Are etal., 2008]. highrates ofcoastalretreat the surprisingly in byfraziliceismostlyresponsible for transport agent ofcoastalerosion, andthesediment processes, frazil iceisanespeciallypowerful etal., 2000;Are, [Rachold 2008].Amongother sedimentdischargehalf ofriverine into thissea sediments bycoastalerosion, whichislessthan × 10 summer summer 6 t ⋅ a –1

polar and marine sciences.polar andmarine cooperationin the bilateral Russian-German seeds for progress growth andfurther in the thesejointactivities-laid have-though to understandglobalchange. We hopewe butare relevantonly oflocalimportance, change inthearea ofinvestigation are not because thedynamicsofenvironmental Russian, Germany andmany othercountries found substantialpublicinterest bothin in thepartnership. The scientificresults have have provided for andreliability continuity joint interest inthiscooperationandthey institutions are immediate expressions ofthe therelevantbetween RussianandGerman aswellDelta asthecooperative agreements and theSamoylovfieldStationinLena inSt.Petersburg the Otto-Schmidt-laboratory POMOR,the establishmentof The Ms-courses in theirownstrengths. butalso build confidenceinthepartnership, This hasnotdeterred them,buthelped to different scientificcultures andapproaches. and thustheyhave beenconfronted with by seniorscientistsoftheothercountry many young scientistshave beenguided exchanges theinstitutes between involved sides. theexpeditionandlater During from publicsources onboth financial support thanks for stableRussian infrastructureand expeditionsandterrestrial campaigns,marine outlarge innumber and successfullycarry exchange. We have beenableto organize successful platform for and scientificwork cooperationhasdevelopedGerman into previous exchanges Russian- thebilaterial andSt.Petersburgin Moscow andbasedon in1989withinstitutions firstcontacts After models are widelyusedto solve thatproblem. coastal dynamics, andpredictive mathematical coastal retreat isoneofthemainproblems of and organic to thesea.Forecasting carbon and for thesupplyofsediments, nutrients, made structuressuchaspipelinecrossings rates. Coastal for retreat man- isimportant duration ofopenwater and, therefore, erosion willincrease and global warming theextent CONCLUSION  117.08.2011 11:54:01 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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4. Bauch, D., Erlenkeuser, H.,andAndersen,N.(2005) 4. Water massprocesses onArcticshelves 3. Bauch, D., Dmitrenko, I.A., Wegner, C.,Hölemann,J., Kirillov, S.A., Timokhov, L.A.,and Are, F., 2. Reimnitz,E.,Grigoriev,H.-W., M.,Hubberten, andRachold, V. (2008) The influenceofcryo- 1. Abramova, E.N.,and Tushling (2005).A12-year studyoftheseasonalandinterannual K. 13. Dmitrenko I.A., Kirillov S.A., I.A.,Kirillov Dmitrenko Tremblay L.B.13. (2008a). andinterannualThe long-term variability 12. 11. Darby, D.A. (2003)Sources ofsedimentfound inseaicefrom thewestern Ocean, Arctic 10. Bauch, H.A.,andPolyakova, Ye.I. (2003)Diatom-inferred records salinity from theArctic Bauch, H.A.,Mueller-Lupp, 9. T., Taldenkova, E.,Spielhagen,R.F., H.,Groots, Kassens, P.M., Thie- shelfenvironments H.(2005)ArcticSiberian 8. Bauch, H.A.,andKassens, –anintroduction. 7. Bauch, H.A.,Erlenkeuser, H.,Bauch,D., Mueller-Lupp, T., and Taldenkova, E.(2004)Stable 6. Bauch,D., Hölemann, J., Willmes, H.,and S.,Gröger, A.,Kassens, A.,Nikulina, M.,Novikhin, 5. Bauch, D., Gröger, M., Dmitrenko, I.,Hölemann,J., A., Kirillov, S.,Mackensen, Taldenkova, E., REFERENCES 1 0 7 as revealed from δ doi:10.1029/2008JC005062. response forcing, to atmospheric ofGeophysical Journal Research, 114,C05008, H.(2009)Exchange ofLaptev haloclinewatersKassens, SeaandArctic Ocean in genic processes ontheErosional Arctic Shoreface. ofCoastal Research, Journal 24(1),110–121. Change, SpecialIssue, 48,1–3,141–164. GlobalandPlanetary pattern. cycle dynamics ofmesozooplankton intheLaptev regime Sea:Significance ofsalinity andlife change. ofGeophysical Journal Research, doi:10.1029/2007JC004304 of summerfresh water storage Shelf. over Siberian theeastern for climatic Implication Sea flaw polynya: Effect onthemesoscalehydrography. AnnalsofGlaciology, 33,373–376. Dmitrenko, I.,Hölemann,J.A., Tyshko, Churun, K., V., H.(2001) Kirillov, S.,andKassens The Laptev Research, 108,C8, 32–57,doi:10.1029/2002JC001350. new insightsinto patterns. ofGeophysical processes Journal ofentrainmentanddrift ography, 2003,18(2),501–510. margin:Siberian implicationsfor theHolocene. during fluvialrunoffpatterns Paleocean- S091-8181(01)00116-3. Change, margin. 31,125–139,doi:10.1016/ Siberian GlobalandPlanetary at theNorth de, J., Heinemeier, J., andPetryashov, V.V. (2001)Chronology oftheHolocenetransgression Change, 48(1–3),1–9. Global andPlanetary Micropaleontology,Marine 2004,51(3–4),285–300. implications for reconstructing proglacial andprofluvial environments intheArctic. benthicforaminifera isotopesoxygen inmodern andcarbon from theLaptev Seashelf: ofGeophysical2007. Journal Research, 115,C11008,doi:10.1029/2010JC006249,2010. watersTimokhov, ontheLaptev ofbrine Seashelfin L.(2010)Changesindistribution continental margin. Polar Research, 30:5858.9.DOI:10.3402/polar.v.30i0.5858. controlledand Andersen,N.(2011)Atmospheric freshwater release attheLaptev Sea 18 O ofH 2 O. Change, 48,165–174. GlobalandPlanetary 117.08.2011 11:54:02 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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51. Zakharov, 51. V.F. (1996).SeaIceintheClimaticSystem. St.-Petersburg: Gidrometizdat, 213pp 50. Wegner, C.,Hölemann,J.A., Dmitrenko, H.(2005).Seasonalvaria- I.,Kirillov, andKassens, Wegner,49. C.,Hölemann,J.A., Dmitrenko, I.,Krillov, S., Tuschling, andKassens Abramova,K., K., 1 1 1 (in Russian). Change, 48(1–3),126–140. Arctic).Globaland Planetary (Siberian tions inArctic sedimentdynamics–evidencefrom 1–year records intheLaptev Sea conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and ShelfScience, 57,55–64. ice-free matter Arctic) during ontheLaptev Seashelf(Siberian H. (2003).Suspendedparticle Heidemarie Yelena I.Polyakova Jörn Thiede and thetrainingofyoung specialists. Program (POMOR)intheSt.-Petersburg University. contribution to Russian-German collaborationinArctic research to Russian-German contribution St.-Petersburg (since2002).Shemadeanimportant University “Laptev SeaSystem” Program andtheMaster (POMOR)inthe Petersburg) since1999,andsheistheleaderofProgram ofPolar Research (AARI,Schmidt Laboratory andMarine St.- research Otto projects. SheisDirector oftheRussian-German andahighnumberofthejointscientific the ArcticOcean expeditionsto Arctic,the Siberian leaded13Russian-German palaeoeceanographer. outinvestigations Since1992carries in Polar Research (AARI, andMarine St.-Petersburg) andtheMaster of SchmidtLaboratory Otto foundation oftheRussian-German leaded expeditionsto thePolar regions. to Hecontributed the researchmarine andnumerous scientificresearch projects, collaboration inArcticandAntarctic, initiated jointPolar and scientific Since 1994heiscoordinator ofRussian-German Alfred Wegener ofPolar Institute Researches (AWI). andMarine Center for Geosciences(GEOMAR) and Marine of Germany: Academies ofScience. Hedirected thelargest scientificcenters Academy ofanumberEuropean of ScienceandtheMember palaeooceanographer, professor, theForeign ofRussian Member micropalaeontologist. Arctic programs andthetrainingofyoung specialists– intheRussian-German part Eurasian Arctic.anactive Shetakes research ofthe oftheArcticseasandadjacenthinterland projectsonthe multidisciplinary Russian andinternational Arctic seas)in1992.For many years sheleadednumerous Science degree (Late Cenozoic palaeogeography oftheEurasian received herPh.D. degree (geography) of in1980andDoctor Geography oftheLomonosov State University. Moscow She geologist,marine Leading Researcher attheFaculty of

Kassens –

Doctor ofScience Doctor – – Doctor ofScience, geologists, marine –Doctor

paleogeogapher, micropalaeontologist,

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1 1 2 the North Eurasiancontinentalmargin. the North regions ofinterest Atlantic, particular theArcticand areHis the subpolarandpolarNorth HenningA. Alexander P. Lisitzin Ivan E. Frolov Leonid A. Timokhov cruises andland-basedexpeditions to andsub-Arctic. theArctic paleoclimatology. inship theyears hehasparticipated Over withinthefieldofpaleoceanographyprimarily and paleoenvironments, Quaternary reconstruction ofvarious generalresearch His ofKiel. interestsUniversity focus onthe trained geologist-paleontologist whoreceived hisPhD from the Academy (Germany) Heisa basedatGEOMAR of Mainz (Kiel). collaboration inthefieldofPolar research. to Russian-German contribution made animportant Arctic ResearchGerman Programs “Laptev SeaSystem”. He (St.-Petersburg) sinceitsfoundation andleadedtheRussian- ofPolar Research SchmidtLaboratory andMarine Otto German research inArctic.multidisciplinary Hedirected theRussian- St.-Petersburg, many outunique Russia).During years hecarried Researcher oftheArctic andAntarctic Research (AARI, Institute mathematics), professor, oceanographist, climatologist, Chief outinvestigationssubmarines, carries inArcticandAntarctic. investigations ofhydrotherms withtheuseofinhabited ofthe expeditions to allparts World andthefirst Ocean Heleadedmore than25 andinnerspheres oftheEarth. external sediments inthe World ofthe undertheinteraction Ocean the dispersedsedimentmatter andtheformation ofthebottom Shepard (1968).Heelaborated newlinesinscienceconcerning Premiums Premium (1971,1977)andtheInternational byF. Oceanology, RAS.HeisLaureate oftheRussianGovernment attheP.P.Shirshovhead ofthedepartment of Institute professor, Academician oftheRussianAcademy ofScience, and wasawarded theOrder oftheLabourRedBannerin1987. He isLaureate oftheRussianGovernmentPremium of2002, researchexpeditions onthedrift-ice stations Pole “North –32”. 2000heinitiatedand Antarctic. and organized In Arctic and headedmore than30scientificexpeditionsto theArctic Petersburg, Russia)since1992,climatologist. Heparticipated Director oftheArctic andAntarctic Research (AARI, St.- Institute

Bauch – Doctor ofScience(geography), –Doctor professor, – is aseniorresearch scientistwiththe

–Doctor the leading Russian marine geologist,the leadingRussianmarine

of Science(physics and 117.08.2011 11:54:03 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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1 1 water shelf. over Siberian theArctic forcing inshelfenvironment, andtheredistribution ofriverrun-off shelf-basininteraction Germany. ofKiel, University research His isfocused ontherole andsea-ice ofatmospheric 3 Igor A. Dorothea 2007 he has joined Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences,2007 hehasjoinedLeibniz ofMarine Institute Arctic.along thecontinentalslopeofSiberian Sincelate Atlanticwater input warm ofsubsurface covered thevariability Fairbanks USA. inAlaska, ofhisresearchThe mainaspects Arctic Research CenterInternational ofAlaska attheUniversity for2002 asaphysical oceanographerthe hewasworking Since intheArcticOcean. in 1994onthemesoscaleturbulence Research inSt.Petersburg, Institute Russia,andreceived hisPhD Petersburg attheArcticandAntarctic State worked University regions applyingisotope oceanographic methods. haloclineanditsformation shelf Arctic Ocean in theSiberian current research focuses oncomprehensive studiesofthe isotope databasedonplankton tow andsedimentdata.Her ontheinterpretation ofplankticforaminiferalShe worked USA,andreceived herPhD Observatory, in1994. Earth Doherty of GöttingenandHeidelberg, Germany, atLamont sheworked GEOMAR, Germany. Kiel, studyingphysics After attheUniversities

Dmitrenko

Bauch is a specialist in isotope geochemistry atIFM- is aspecialistinisotope geochemistry after studyingphysicalafter oceanography inSt. 117.08.2011 11:54:03 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 1

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