BIOTECHNICAL METHODS USED IN PIG PRODUCTION 生物技术方法在猪生产中的应用
Prof. Dr., Dr. h.c. KLAUS-PETER BRÜSSOW BIOTECHNICAL METHODS – WHAT THEY ARE ? 生物技术有哪些？
Measures of regulation and use of biological systems by human to yield (animal) products.人类生产畜产品过程中的监管措施和生物 技术的应用 Directed to influence the physiological processes of reproduction of female pigs. 对母猪生殖生理过程的直接影响 Aimed to ensure the onset of estrus, ovulation and parturition, and to support productivity (litter/sow/year).目的是确保发情启动、排 卵和分娩以及提高母猪的生产性能（母猪年产仔数） Main focus on timed regulation of reproductive processes (estrus, ovulation and parturition).主要着眼于生殖过程的定时调节（发情， 排卵和分娩） Base on optimal zootechnics and animal health, nutrition, hygiene and management conditions.作为畜牧技术优化和动物健康、营养 卫生以及饲养管理条件的基础。 BACKGROUND背景
From the economical point of view, the organization of group-wise insemination and parturition of sows, and weaning of piglets benefits the outcome of “balanced batches” of pigs for breeding and pork production.从经济角度看，母猪授精和分娩，仔猪断奶的批次化 管理有利于母猪繁殖和猪肉生产之间批次平衡
The reproductive management has to organize this process of group- wise reproduction by means of biotechnical methods.通过生物技术 方法使生殖管理能够达到批次化生殖。
Enabling group-wise reproduction of sows, there is a need to ensure timed ovulation of an optimal number of intact oocytes for fertilization (insemination) within a group of sows.母猪批次化生殖 的应用，需要确保受精的母猪群最佳数量的完整卵母细胞定时排 卵。 WHY WE SHOULD USE BIOTECHNICAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION? 我们为什么要把生物技术用于繁殖呢？
STRUCTURE OF BREEDING SOWS RELATED TO FARM SIZE – EU 2007 EU2E0C07O年N各O国M农IC场 P的R繁ES殖S母UR猪E规模 COUNTRY the pi
(EUROSTAT 2008) WHY WE SHOULD USE BIOTECHNICAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION? 我们为什么要把生物技术用于繁殖呢？
ECONOMIC PRESSURE经济的压力 the pig market as well is governed by “common market laws” – maximal value added 一般的市场规律也作用于猪的市场——利润最大化 there is a need toward specialization, intensification, and reduction of costs and labor 有必要向专业化、集约化和减少成本和劳动力方向发展 BENEFITS优点 biotechnical methods benefit the (reproductive) management of the higher number of sows/farm生物技术有利于更大规模 猪场（母猪）生殖管理 they support health and hygienic managing and as a result animal welfare requirements of group-wise arrangement有利于 健康和卫生的管理，从而提高动物福利和批次化管理 HOW TO REALIZE GROUP-WISE REPRODUCTION ? 怎样实现批次化生殖？
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNICAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION: 生殖上生物技术的应用： Synchronization of estrus in gilts and sows 后备母猪和经产母猪性周期同步化 Stimulation of follicular development 促进卵泡发育同步化 Stimulation and synchronization of ovulation 刺激排卵同步化 Synchronization of parturition 分娩同步化 PREREQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNICAL METHODS OF REPRODUCTION生殖生物技术应用的要求：
(1) knowledge of physiological and endocrine processes of reproduction熟知生殖的生理和内分泌过程
(2) availability of biological active drugs and compounds 药物的适应症 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION 生殖的生理和内分泌
FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT AND ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF ESTROUS CYCLE 发情周期中卵泡发育和内分泌调节 OVARIAN FOLLICLE POPULATION卵泡数量
ESTRUS CYCLE发情周期
PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES (15-20) 排卵前卵泡
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES ANTRAL FOLLICLES > 5mm (420 000) (50)有腔卵泡> 5mm(50) 原始卵泡（420 000）
PREANTRAL FOLLICLES ANTRAL FOLLICLES 1-3 mm (1 000 – 1 500) (200)有腔卵泡1-3mm（200） 腔前卵泡（1 000-1 500） FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT DURING ESTRUS CYCLE 发情周期内卵泡发育
LUTEAL PHASE黄体期 FOLLICLE PHASE卵泡期 10
6 ） m m 4 F 卵 O 泡 L L I 直 C L 径 E
D （ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21
I 18 A
M DAY OF ESTRUS CYCLE E
T 发情周期天数 E R
( m m ) THE ESTRUS CYCLE IS UNDER HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARIAN- GONADAL AXIS CONTROL 发情周期由下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴控制
GLHo n- aLUdoTtErIoNpIZinIN-RGe HleOasRiMngO HNoEr m促o黄ne体 (G素nRH) 促ES性TR腺AD激IO素L-释17放ß (激E2素)雌二醇 pulsatile secreted from the pituitary; 下丘脑 Ddmierecaacinpts e ogpvetaindre;is asinsy n ostfht esetrseoirziodeid do sifn at hnardee gamasma otefu ttrehinse;g + HYPOTHALAMUS hinfyodpullocicetlshe oa;v laumlastouio ssn; e 垂ccar体uest节esd律 sby性yn 分tth泌es ，ciso 促rapn进uds 成熟卵泡分泌的主要类固醇 - r类elul固etea醇usme激 o(素Cf Ll和u)te配in子iz的ing生 h成or，mo诱n导e (排LH卵) and GnRH fo激ll素icl，e s黄tim体u也la能tin分g 泌hormone (FSH) from + tFhSeH a–n FteOrLioLIrC pLiEt-uSiTtaIMryU gLlaAnTdIN. G HORMONE - 十促PR卵肽O泡，GE素下ST丘ERO脑N合E (成P4，)孕能酮使垂体前叶合成 垂体 p和mro释amin放o to促evsa 黄froila体linc素l es t和reerc促oriud卵i tsm泡eec素nret taendd bgyro twhteh PITUITARY 促C进L; 卵als泡o招 se募cr和et生ed长 by the pre-ovulatory follicle 黄体分泌的主要类固醇激素，排卵前卵 FSH LH + 泡也能分泌 - GONADS性腺
ESTRADIOL / PROGESTERON 14 OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONE SECRETION DURING ESTRUS CYCLE 12 40 8
16 10 LUTEAL PHASE FOLLICLE PHASE
8 30 6 OVARY 12 6 L H
( n 4 20 4 g /
m FSH 8 l ) 2 E F s P S t r r o H 0 a 10 2 g d
( e i n o
4 s g l
t e ( / m p
LH 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 2 r o g l ) n / m
days of estrous cycle e
l ) ( 0
0 n g /
16 20 0 4 0 8 12 16 m 20 2 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 2 l days of est1ro6us2 0cyc0le 4 ) 8 12 16 20 days2 of estrous cycle
E O days of estrous cycle O
2 V V U U L L A A T T I I P4 O O N N 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 1 3 DAY OF ESTRUS CYCLE性周期（天） ESTRUS发情 ESTRUS发情期 HEAT静立 STEROID HORMONE LEVEL AND HEAT SYMPTOMS 类固醇激素水平与发情症状
WITHOUT无 REDDENING变红 REDDENING & SWELLING (STANDING HEAT) 红肿（静立发情） PROGESTERONE孕酮
ESTRADIOL雌二醇 TIME RELATION ESTRUS – OVULATION 发情到排卵的时间关系
SOWS经产母猪 ESTRUS DURATION发情持续24 – 76 h E2 PEAK 雌二醇峰 ± 3 11 h after onset of estrus 24 h 48 h 72 h 发情开始后3 ± 11 h LH PEAK LH峰E2峰后11 ± 5 h 11 ± 5 h after E2 OVULATION E2 LH 30 ± 3 h after LH GILTS后备母猪 ESTRUS DURATION发情持续 55 – 65 h LH PEAK E2 LH 24 h 48 h 5 - 21 h after onset of estrus ESTRUS OVULATION HEAT 31 ± 3.5 h after LH LH BIOTECHNICAL METHODS (1) 生物技术方法（1）
INDUCING FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT, ESTRUS AND OVULATION 卵泡发育，发情和排卵的诱导 POSSIBLE INFLUENCES ON FOLLICLE GROWTH AND OVULATION 可能影响卵泡发育和排卵的因素
EXTERNALE INPUTS外界因素 (environment, nutrition环境，营养) LIGHT光照 FEEDING饲喂 SOCIAL CONTACT社交 HYPOTHALAMUS下丘脑
GnRH
PITUITARY垂体 GnRH
FSH LH
GONADOTROPINS GONADS性腺 促性腺激素 GESTAGENES孕激素 ESTRADIOL / PROGESTERON ARRANGEMENT OF GILTS AND SOWS IN GROUPS REQUIRES SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS后备母猪和经产母猪同步发情的处理
SOWS group-wise weaning批次化断奶 GILTS manipulation of the estrus cycle发情周期的调控
ESTRUS发情期
PRO- & POST- ESTRUS发情 前和发情后 期 DIESTRUS 发情间期
NON-INFLUENCED SUCKLING PERIOD SYNCHRONIZED ESTROUS CYCLE GESTAGEN-FEEDING ESTRUS 不受影响的发情周期 哺乳期 同期发情 孕激素饲喂 HOW TO ARRANGE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS IN GILTS 后备母猪同期发情处理 Suppression of follicular development and/or imitation of the luteal phase by:卵泡发育抑制或黄体期模仿 (⑴)Application of steroidal and non-steroidal substances 类固醇激素和非类固醇激素的应用 Feeding of methallibure X 美他硫脲饲喂 Feeding of allyltrenbolone (altrenogest; Regumate®, Matrix®) √ 四烯雌酮饲喂
Application of progesterone or GnRH-agonists via slow-release formulation孕酮或者GnRH激动剂缓释剂型的应用 ? (⑵)Prolongation of CL activity by hCG or estrogenes ? 通过hCG或者雌激素延长黄体（CL） (⑶)‘Breed-and-abort' by means of prostaglandins X 用前列腺素用于流产 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES - SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS 同期发情——生物活性物质
四稀雌酮(Altrenogest)
üREaCcOtivMeM suEbNsDtaAnTcIeO:N a lFtOreRn oAgPePsLtI C–A sTyInOtNhe应ti用c p推ro荐gestagen ü 活性物质：四烯雌酮——合成孕激素 法国 üFpRrAoNgCesEteron:e-like activity, su2p0p mregs/sdeasy g/grioltw ftohr 1o8f odvulatory GcEoRmMpAetNeYn德t f国oll:icles (growth o2f0 f omlligc/ledsa y
Application of gonadotropins to stimulate recruitment and selection of ovulatory follicles用促性腺激素刺激卵泡的募集和排卵卵泡选 择 10
( eCG m m
) REGUMATE FEEDING/ SUCKLING PERIOD 卵 6 泡 直 径
4 F O L L I C L E
D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 I A M 性周期（天）
E DAY OF ESTRUS CYCLE T E R BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES - STMULATION FOLLICLE GROWTH 刺激卵泡发育——生物活性物质
eCG equine Chorion Gonadotropin (PMSG – pregnant mares serum gonadotropin) PEFORELIN (Maprelin®XP10) synthetic Lamprey-III GnRH
eCG PEFORELIN high purified serum preparation of Synthetic Lamprey-III GnRH;合成 pregnant mares;高纯度孕马血清制 GnRH类似物 品 assumed FSH releasing and, therefore, gonadotropin with both FSH and LH follicle stimulating activity;促进 activity (FSH/LH ratio about 0.2 : 1);其 FSH释放，所以具有卵泡刺激活 具有FSH和LH两种活性（FSH：LH大 性 约为0.2：1） X stimulates follicular development and final follicle maturation; 刺激卵泡发 育和最终卵泡成熟 stimulates onset of estrus, pre-ovulatory LH release and ovulation刺激发情开 始，排卵前LH释放和排卵 √ PEFORELIN NO INFLUENCE ON REPRODUC TIVE HORMONE LEVELS AND (RE)PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS对生殖激素水平和生殖参数无影响 3
Maprelin GnRH CONTROL PMSG PEFORELIN eCG Control FO2 LLICLE(1) 17.7 ± 1.2a 17.5 ± 1.3a 22.3 ± 1.0b ESTRUS % 78.1 76.7 89.0 INTERVAL WEANING- 4.48 4.34 3.98 F
S IN1SEMINATION (d) H
(2) (
n PIGLET INDEX 1268 1286 1319 g
/ (1) (2) m GILTS SOWS l )
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Time (h post injection) (BRÜSSOW et al. 2010, KRUSE & BRÜSSOW 2013) BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES - INDUCTION OF OVULATION 诱导排卵——生物活性药物 hCG – human Chorion Gonadotropin pLH – porcine Luteinizing Hormone 人绒毛膜促性腺激素 猪促黄体素 high purified serum preparation from the urine of pregnant women; LH- biological preparation from porcine like activity; 孕妇尿高纯度提取制 pituitaries; 猪垂体生物提取物 品，LH样活性 stimulates final follicle maturation and stimulates final follicle maturation and subsequent ovulation刺激卵泡最 subsequent ovulation 刺激卵泡最 终成熟和排卵 终成熟和排卵
GnRH – Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone促性 腺激素释放激素 synthetic derivatives of natural GnRH (deca- or nonapeptides); stimulates LH release and subsequent ovulation天然GnRH或合成 衍生物，刺激LH释放和排卵 POSSIBILITIES TO SYNCHRONIZE ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN GILTS AND SOWS后 备母猪和经产母猪同期发情和排卵的可行性
PRE- AND PERI- PMSG + hCG or GnRH; PUBERTAL GILTS PMSG, PG, PMSG + hCG 初情期前的后备母猪or GnRH X
REGUMATE®, CYCLIC GILTS 处于发情周期的 PMSG + hCG or GnRH √ 后备母猪
S u c k l i n g / w e a n i n g , SOWS经产母猪 PMSG + hCG or GnRH √ OPTIMAL TIME POINT OF INSEMINATION ? 输精的最佳时间
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IS A CRUCIAL BIOTECHNICAL METHOD人工授精是一种 关键的生物技术方法。 HEAT-BASED INSEMINATION 基于静立发情表现后的输精
WEANING信号
EARLY HEAT早发情 NORMAL HEAT正常发情 LATE HEAT晚发情 D3 / D4 D 5 D6 / D7
1st AI 36 – 24 h 12 h immediately
2nd AI 12 –16 h 12 –16 h 12 –16 h
3rd AI 12 –16 h FIXED-TIME INSEMINATION 定时输精
SOWS经产母猪 GILTS后备母猪
>4 WEEKS LACT. < 4 WEEKS LACT. WEANING断奶 REGUMATE 24 h 24-42 h eCG eCG 56 – 58 h 72 – 74 h 78 – 80 h hCG/GnRH hCG/GnRH hCG/GnRH
1st AI 24 – 26 h 1st AI 24 – 26 h
2nd AI 38 –40 h 2nd AI 38 –40 h TIME TABLE OF ORGANISATION OF BIOTECHNIC METHODS 生物技术应用的时间表
SOWS GILTS
< 4 WEEKS > 4 WEEKS LACTATION LACTATION
am last Regumate WEDNESDAY pm WEANING 24 h am THURSDAY WEANING 24 h eCG pm 24 h eCG am eCG FRIDAY pm am SATURDAY 56-58 h 72-74 h 78-80 h pm am SUNDAY pm GnRH or hCG GnRH or hCG GnRH or hCG am MONDAY 24-26 h 24-26 h 24-26 h pm AI1 AI1 AI1 am TUESDAY AI2 38-40 h AI2 38-40 h AI2 38-40 h pm BIOTECHNICAL METHODS (2) 生物技术方法（2）
SYNCHRONIZATION OF PARTURITION 同步分娩 AIM目的
arrange parturition of sows within a group and within a short interval 安排一批母猪在一个短暂的时间段内分娩 shorten the period of piglet delivery缩短产仔间隔 ensuring similar weaning period for all sows within a group确保这批母猪的断奶时间类似
free the weekend of parturition周末无分娩 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES药物
PROSTAGLANDIN F2α 前列腺素 (PG F2α); Cloprostenol氯前列烯醇 OXYTOCIN 催产素 Carbetocin (Depotocin®)卡贝缩宫素
Hormones with influence on contractility of uterine smooth muscles at parturition 分娩时刺激子宫平滑肌收缩的激素
APPLICATION应用 PG F2α类 87-175 µg Cloprostenol on PD114 妊娠期114d87-175 µg氯前列烯醇 OXYTOCIN 1 ml Depotocin® 22-24 h post PG F2 PG F2处理后22-24h 10单位缩宫素 ISTRIBUTION OF ARTURITION IN OWS 60 % D P S 母猪分娩分布时间 40 23 % 20 SPONTANEOUS FARROWING 自然分娩 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 60 % PGF 40
20 PGF2 INDUCED FARROWING PGF2a诱导分娩 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 OXYTOCIN 60 % PGF 40
20 PGF2 + OXYTOCIN INDUCED FARROWING PGF2 +缩宫素诱导分娩 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 DAY OF PREGNANCY MON TUE WEDI THU FRI SAT SUN (WÄHNER & HÜHN, 1996) INFLUENCE OF PARTUS INDUCTION ON DURATION OF FARROWING (n=292 SOWS) 分娩诱导对分娩时间的影响
PARITY INDUCTION OF FARROWING DURATION DURATION/PIGLET PARTURITION (min) (min) 诱导分娩 产程 产仔间隔
1 SPONTANEOUS 205 ± 75 16.7 <2 221 ± 117 17.0 1 CLOPROSTENOL 211 ± 106 18.5 <2 205 ± 84 16.1 1 CLOPROSTENOL 114 ± 52 11.5 <2 + DEPOTOCIN 136 ± 68 11.1
(WÄHNER & HÜHN, 1996) CONCLUDING REMARKS结束语
Biotechnical methods of reproduction in pigs are a helpful managing tool to organize group-wise breeding. 的生物技术方法是母猪批次化繁殖管理的基础。 However, strict observation of zootechnics and pig welfare requirements are essentially to aim optimal economic results. 但严格的畜牧学和猪的福利管理本质的目标是最优的经济效益。。 Biotechnical methods base on profound scientific knowledge of reproductive physiology in pigs. 对猪生殖生理科学知识的深刻认识是生物技术方法的基础 Their application has to regard the specifics of endocrine processes and ovarian development during estrous cycle and pregnancy as an essentialness for an optimal reproductive management of in-group breeding. 其应用把发情周期和妊娠时内分泌的过程变化和卵巢发育作为批次化繁育 中最佳生殖管理的根本 Biotechnical methods of reproduction contribute to stabilize and ensure fertility, and to rationalize reproductive processes. They are expected to stimulate reproductive behavior, and to optimize ovulation, fertilization and parturition.生殖生物技术有助于母猪生育能力的稳定和确保，使生殖过 程更加合理；优化母猪的生殖行为，使排卵，受精和分娩达到最佳。 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION 谢谢关注！