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The Mystery of Claustral Neural Circuits and Recent Updates on Its Role in Neurodegenerative Pathology Vladimir N

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The Mystery of Claustral Neural Circuits and Recent Updates on Its Role in Neurodegenerative Pathology Vladimir N Nikolenko et al. Behav Brain Funct (2021) 17:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-021-00181-1 Behavioral and Brain Functions REVIEW Open Access The mystery of claustral neural circuits and recent updates on its role in neurodegenerative pathology Vladimir N. Nikolenko1,4, Negoriya A. Rizaeva1, Narasimha M. Beeraka2, Marine V. Oganesyan1, Valentina A. Kudryashova1, Alexandra A. Dubovets1, Irina D. Borminskaya1, Kirill V. Bulygin1,4, Mikhail Y. Sinelnikov1,3* and Gjumrakch Aliev1,3 Abstract Introduction: The claustrum is a structure involved in formation of several cortical and subcortical neural micro- circuits which may be involved in such functions as conscious sensations and rewarding behavior. The claustrum is regarded as a multi-modal information processing network. Pathology of the claustrum is seen in certain neurological disorders. To date, there are not enough comprehensive studies that contain accurate information regarding involve- ment of the claustrum in development of neurological disorders. Objective: Our review aims to provide an update on claustrum anatomy, ontogenesis, cytoarchitecture, neural net- works and their functional relation to the incidence of neurological diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI MedLine, and eLibrary databases. Results: Despite new methods that have made it possible to study the claustrum at the molecular, genetic and epigenetic levels, its functions and connectivity are still poorly understood. The anatomical location, relatively uniform cytoarchitecture, and vast network of connections suggest a divergent role of the claustrum in integration and processing of input information and formation of coherent perceptions. Several studies have shown changes in the appearance, structure and volume of the claustrum in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), autism, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders. Taking into account the structure, ontogen- esis, and functions of the claustrum, this literature review ofers insight into understanding the crucial role of this structure in brain function and behavior. Keywords: Claustrum, Ontogenesis, Information processing, Neural networks, Neurodegenerative disorders Introduction and external capsules [1]. Te claustrum consists of a Te claustrum is one of the least understood anatomi- specialized network of cells with connections to cortical cal structures within the cerebral hemispheres of the and subcortical regions [1]. Several questions regarding brain. It is located between the cortex and putamen, claustrum network functioning and involvement in neu- which are separated from the claustrum by the extreme rological or neurodegenerative diseases remain unan- swered. What functions do claustrum neurons mediate when relaying cortical signals? Why do some diseases *Correspondence: [email protected] afect the structure and volume of the claustrum? While 1 Sechenov University, 11/10 Mokhovaya St, Moscow 125009, Russia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article specifc answers to these questions are still unavailable, © The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Nikolenko et al. Behav Brain Funct (2021) 17:8 Page 2 of 10 we combine and analyze published fndings in search for review. In order to better portray our results, we catego- solutions. Studies have shown that claustrum dysfunc- rized the fndings into six subsections. tion is seen in several neurological diseases, but specifc changes of the claustrum network and it’s connections remain undiscovered [2–5]. Ontogenesis and phylogenetics of the claustrum Te complex functional nature of the claustrum is From the phylogenetic viewpoint, the claustrum frst refected through the variable nomenclature used for appeared in the form of a distinguishable nucleus in mar- its description [6]. It is generally believed that the frst supials and primitive primates [12], though the claustrum illustration of the claustrum was made in 1786 by the has been also identifed in reptiles (as a sleep-regulatory French anatomist Felix Vicq d’Azyr who referred to it as unit) [36]. Brodmann, Ariëns Kappers, Sonntag and “the taeniaformis nucleus” [1, 5, 6]. According to other Woollard, Rose et al. believed that the claustrum was a sources, the claustrum was identifed in humans in 1672 derivative of the insular cortex. Tis assumption was sup- by Tomas Willis [5]. Te frst description of the claus- ported by morphogenetic similarity of these structures trum was made in the early 19th century, termed “the [12, 13]. But this was disputed by Landau, Faul and Hol- vormauer” by Karl Friedrich Burdach [5]. Tis was the mgren, who stated that the claustrum is related to the earliest report describing the structure and functions of corpus striatum in origin. Tis hypothesis is supported the claustrum. Later, Burdach renamed the described by reports of abnormal cerebral cortex development with structure as “the claustrum” [7]. Teodor Meinert, was a completely absent insular cortex in one of the hemi- the frst who suggested the possible role of the claustrum spheres, while the claustrum remained intact. Addition- in information processing [4, 8]. ally, it has been reported that the claustrum develops Te claustrum network was further studied by Golgi, prior to the insular cortex. Tese fndings give credibil- Nissl, Weigert, Marchi, Ramón y Cajal, and Brodman ity to statements supporting the subcortical origin of the who studied the structure and anatomical relations of the claustrum [12]. claustrum. Current technological advances enable appli- Furthermore, the claustrum is not considered to be cation of new methods to study its structure and func- part of the cortical plate or corpus striatum. It is rather tions [7]. As such, the specifc role of the claustrum in regarded as an intermediary between these structures. neural activity regulation, complex behavioral patterns, Several valid arguments in favor of this theory have emergence of consciousness and neurodegenerative dis- been provided, stating that the claustrum developed as a eases is being actively explored [9–11]. result of neuroblast accumulation from the pallial matrix (which borders the corpus striatum) [12]. Tese neuro- Materials and methods blasts do not reach the cortical plate during migration We performed a systematic review of literature regard- and are therefore situated at a certain distance between ing the ontogenesis, phylogeny, anatomy, pathology, it and the corpus striatum. Other studies have also pre- neural connectivity association with neurodegenerative sented similar fndings regarding the ontogenesis of the diseases of the claustrum, using the Google Scholar, Else- claustrum. As of today, the hybrid claustrum ontogenesis vier, NCBI MedLine, and eLibrary databases. Te follow- hypothesis is considered the most acceptable [12]. ing key words were used: “claustrum”, “neural network”, Analysis of specifc genetic markers in the insular cor- “neural circuit”, “neuroanatomy”, “anatomy”, “pathology”, tex and the claustrum show diferent genetic profles, “neurodegenerative”, “degeneration”. We studied the refer- which underlines the separate ontogeny of these struc- ences and conducted a citation search. Te PICO model tures [61]. Interestingly, despite specifc genetic profle formed the basis of the search strategy. Foreign language diferences between the insular cortex and the claustrum, material was included in this study. Two co-authors inde- these two areas have the most similarities in genetic pendently selected, evaluated, and extracted data. expression, compared to the rest of the brain regions [61]. Nonetheless, existing data suggests that the claustrum Results is an independent ontological structure, characteristic A total of 176 articles were primarily selected for review. of newer and advanced neural function development. Exclusion of articles published prior to the year 2000, Genetic studies have also presented data supporting the with the exception of articles of signifcant historical claim that the claustrum and amygdala are homologues value, provided us with a total of 71 articles of potential of the sauropsid dorsal ventricular ridge, though epige- signifcance for review. After a reference search, another netic, hodological, morphological, and topographical seven articles were included in the fnal review. As a data did not support this hypothesis [85]. Te evaluated result, a total of
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