Dynamics of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lakes and Artificial Water Reservoirs

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Dynamics of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lakes and Artificial Water Reservoirs Dynamics of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes and artificial water reservoirs DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) vorgelegt von Barbara Weisbrod an der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Biologie Konstanz, 2020 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-2xwjal4f9pd41 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20.01.2021 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Daniel R. Dietrich 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Dominik Martin-Creuzburg Blue, green, red and brown Cyanobacteria Pretty, but toxic (Haiku on Cyanobacteria, Stefan Altaner 2020) DANKSAGUNG I. DANKSAGUNG Diese Arbeit wäre nicht realisierbar gewesen ohne die Hilfe und Unterstützung zahlreicher Personen, Einrichtungen und Organisationen denen ich an dieser Stelle ausführlich danken möchte. Zuallererst, vielen Dank an Daniel Dietrich für die Bereitstellung des Themas, die Unterstützung während der gesamten Arbeit und dafür, dass er mir den Forschungsaufenthalt in Neuseeland ermöglicht hat. Ebenso danke ich Dominik Martin- Creuzburg für seine Arbeit als Zweitgutachter und seine Mitarbeit und Unterstützung bei mehreren Manuskripten. Besonderer Dank gilt dem Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden- Württemberg durch dessen Finanzierung (Wassernetzwerk Baden-Württemberg "Challenges of Reservoir Management - Meeting Environmental and Social Requirements"; 814/15) mein Forschungsprojekt erst ermöglicht wurde. Außerdem stellte die International Max Planck Research School of Organismal Biology ein Reisestipendium bereit. Vielen Dank auch an das gesamt CHARM Team für die Zusammenarbeit und den Austausch während der letzten 4.5 Jahre und im speziellen an Jorge Encinas für seine Hilfe bei vielen Feldkampagnen. Ich danke den Mitarbeitern des Cawthron Institute in Nelson, Neuseeland für inspirierende zwei Monate und eine tolle Zusammenarbeit. Insbesondere danke ich Susie Wood, Jonathan Puddick und Konstanze Steiner, die mich beim Schreiben und im Labor unterstützt haben. Weiterer Dank gilt Julia Kleinteich, die mein Vorbild in der Forschung ist. Danke für deine Expertise in Sachen Cyanos und NGS Methodik und für das Korrekturlesen der Einleitung. Außerdem möchte ich der International Max-Planck Research School of Organismal Biology danken. Durch meine Mitgliedschaft habe ich viele inspirierende Persönlichkeiten getroffen, an interessanten Workshops teilgenommen und einige gute Freunde gefunden. Vielen vielen vielen Dank an die gesamte AG Dietrich! Dank euch ist Konstanz schnell zu meinem neuen zu Hause geworden. Allen voran Heinke Bastek und Stefan Altaner, die mich von Tag 1 in der AG so herzlich aufgenommen haben! Danke Heinke für deine geduldige Unterstützung in den molekularbiologischen Methoden. Danke Stef, für deine geballte Microcystin Kompetenz, für das Korrekturlesen und die Formatierungshilfe in den Endzügen der Dissertation – und natürlich für zahlreiche Laufrunden! Ein großes Dankeschön an die aktuelle AG Besetzung: Eva, Feli, Goran, Nadja und Regina. Es gab Zucker, Sport, ein offenes Ohr, Computer-Nothilfe und Sekt wann immer ich eines davon brauchte. Ihr seid die Besten! Danke auch an Karin, Pia und Sascha für die Organisation und Unterstützung im III DANKSAGUNG Dokumentenkrieg und an Sabine für ihre stetige Hilfe im Labor, besonders in Zeiten des Western-Blots. Viele der Daten sind durch die Betreuung von Studenten und deren Abschlussarbeiten entstanden. Besonders Helena, Isabel und Japhet haben mich längere Zeit begleitet und tolle Arbeit geleistet. Danke dafür! Mein herzlichster und größter Dank geht an meine Freunde und Familie. Danke Laura dafür, dass du mich seit 30 Jahren begleitest und in allem unterstützt was ich so tue. Ebenso danke ich der Flerella-Baylin-Kombi, für eine lange gemeinsame Zeit und dafür, dass ihr die weiten Wege auf euch nehmt um mich zu besuchen, egal wo es mich hin verschlägt. Und danke Aylin, für deine Korrekturarbeit. Danke Mama und Papa, dass ihr mich immer unterstützt habt, finanziell und emotional. Ihr habt mir das Studium erst ermöglicht und mich immer meinen Weg gehen lassen, auch wenn das bisweilen sicher nicht einfach war. Mein allergrößter Dank geht an Simon, mein Herz, mein bester Freund. Danke, dass du seit fast zehn Jahren an meiner Seite bist, mich in allem unterstützt, aufbaust und mehr an mich glaubst als ich es selbst tue. Danke für deine unendliche Geduld und dafür, dass du mich frei sein lässt und zu dem Menschen machst der ich sein möchte. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS II. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. DANKSAGUNG ...................................................................................................III II. TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... V III. RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENTS ......................................................................... IX IV. SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... XI V. DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................ XIII VI. TABLE OF FIGURES......................................................................................... XV VII. TABLE OF TABLES .......................................................................................... XVI VIII. TABLE OF SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES ....................................................... XVI IX. TABLE OF SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES......................................................... XVII X. ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. XIX 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1. Cyanobacteria ........................................................................................... 1 1.2. Diversity and taxonomy of cyanobacteria .................................................. 2 1.2.1. Microcystis .................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Dolichospermum ........................................................................................... 3 1.3. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms ......................................................... 4 1.3.1. Rise of cyanobacterial blooms: Global warming and eutrophication .............. 5 1.3.2. Traits that facilitate bloom formation ............................................................. 8 1.4. Cyanobacterial toxins ...............................................................................10 1.4.1. Microcystins: Occurrence, structure and toxicity ..........................................11 1.4.2. Anabaenopeptins: Occurrence, structure and toxicity ..................................12 1.4.3. Other cyanotoxins ........................................................................................13 1.4.4. Biosynthesis, genetics and evolution of cyanotoxins ....................................14 1.4.5. Regulatory factors and biological functions of cyanotoxins ..........................15 1.5. Bloom dynamics .......................................................................................18 1.5.1. Short-term species and toxin dynamics .......................................................18 1.5.2. Consequences of cyanobacterial blooms .....................................................21 1.6. Aim of the thesis .......................................................................................25 2. MANUSCRIPT 1 .................................................................................................27 V TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1. Abstract ....................................................................................................27 2.2. Introduction ..............................................................................................28 2.3. Material & Methods ..................................................................................30 2.3.1. Study site .....................................................................................................30 2.3.2. Sediment sampling ......................................................................................31 2.3.3. DNA extraction and inhibition test ................................................................32 2.3.4. Quantitative PCR for Microcystis and mcyE enumeration in surface sediments ....................................................................................................................32 2.3.5. Droplet digital PCR for mcyE enumeration in sediment cores ......................33 2.3.6. High Throughput Sequencing ......................................................................33 2.3.7. Graphics and data analysis of High Throughput-Sequences ........................34 2.3.8. Toxin analysis ..............................................................................................35 2.3.9. Sediment chronology of mid-lake sediment deep core .................................35 2.4. Results .....................................................................................................36 2.4.1. Physicochemical parameters .......................................................................36 2.4.2. Surface sediments .......................................................................................36 2.4.3. Sediment cores ............................................................................................39 2.4.4. Sediment chronology ...................................................................................41
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