1

CERTIFICATE

CERTIFIED THAT SUCH OF THE PROJECT ON ‘SOLARIS’ FOR SUBJECT AS HAVE BEEN DULY SIGNED WERE PERFOMED BY Mr AMIT SALUNKE ROLL NO 180 OF BscIT OF CLASS SECOND YEAR DIVISION B .IN GUIDENCE OF PROFESSOR AMOL NIMGULKAR.

DATE :-

EXAMINER SIGNATURE INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO 1.) INTRODUCTION ------4 a.) HISTORY------4-11 b.) TEAM INVOLVMENT------11-12 c.) TIME PERIOD------13-16 d.) DIFFERENT VERSIONS------16-18 2.) FEATURES------19-20 3.) BUSINESS STRATEGY------20-23 4.) ARCHITECTURE------24-27 a.) Process Management ------28-31 b.) Process Scheduling ------32-34 c) Memory Management------35-36 d) Deadlock Management------37-38 5.) PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION-- 39-57 a.) PROCESS OF INSTALLATION------39-55 b.) COMMANDS------55-57 6.) COMPARISION WITH OTHER OS 58-59 7.) FUTURE SCOPE ------60 8.) CONCLUSION------61 9.) BIBLOGRAPHY------62

1.) INTRODUCTION:- Solaris is a -based operating system introduced by in 1992 as the successor to SunOS.

Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace and ZFS. Solaris supports SPARC-based and x86-based and servers from Sun and other vendors, with efforts underway to port to additional platforms.

Solaris is certified against the Single UNIX Specification. Although it was historically developed as proprietary software, it is supported on systems manufactured by all major server vendors, and the majority of its codebase is now open source software. Sun Solaris also known as SunOS or Sun is the name of the Sun Company’s UNIX variant operating system that was originally installed on SPARC computers. It is sold together with the OPENLOOK user interface OpenWindows. This bundle is known as Solaris. SunOS 4.1.x (as part of Solaris 1.x) is a BSD UNIX system, and supports multiprocessing, but not yet multithreading. Further development of Solaris 1 was discontinued at the end of 1998. In parallel to Solaris 1.x, Sun has launched a Version 2.x on the market. This is an implementation of System . Beginning with Version 2.2 it also supports multithreading, that is to say, the distribution of threads among various processors. The allocation of the processors is done automatically, so that the user does not have to be involved. From Solaris Version 2.5 onward, 64-bit processors and the use of Ultra-Creator graphics for 2-D and 3-D applications are supported. OpenSolaris project. a.) HISTORY:-

In 1987, AT&T and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular UNIX variants on the market at that time: BSD, System V, and Xenix. This would become UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4).

On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that it would replace its existing BSD- derived UNIX, SunOS 4, with one based on SVR4. This was identified internally as SunOS 5, but a new marketing name was introduced at the same time: Solaris 2. While SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively named Solaris 1 by Sun, the Solaris name is almost exclusively used to refer to the SVR4-derived SunOS 5.0 and later. The justification for this new "overbrand" was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindows and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality. The SunOS minor version is included in the Solaris release number; for example, Solaris 2.4 incorporated SunOS 5.4. After Solaris 2.6, Sun dropped the "2." from the number, so Solaris 7 incorporates SunOS 5.7, and the latest release Sun's logo with interleaved copies of the word sun, was designed by professor Vaughan Pratt. The initial version of the logo with sides oriented horizontally/vertically was later changed to the box appearing to stand on one corner.

Sun originally used the Motorola 68000 CPU family for the Sun-1 through Sun-3 computer series. The Sun-1 employed a 68000 CPU, the Sun-2 series, a 68010. The Sun-3 series was based on the 68020, with the later Sun-3x variant using the 68030.

Starting with the Sun-4 line, the company used its own architecture, SPARC, a 32-bit RISC architecture which was later to become the IEEE 1754 standard for . A 64-bit extension of the SPARC architecture (SPARC V9) was later introduced.

Sun has implemented multiple high-end generations of the SPARC architecture, including SPARC, SuperSPARC, UltraSPARC-I, UltraSPARC-II, UltraSPARC-III, and currently UltraSPARC-IV. Sun has developed several generations of workstations and servers, including the SPARCstation series, Sun Ultra series the Ultra Enterprise (later, simply "Enterprise") servers, the workstations and the servers. Sun also has a second line of lower cost processors meant for low-end systems which included the MicroSPARC-I, MicroSPARC-II, UltraSPARC-IIe, UltraSPARC-IIi, and UltraSPARC-IIIi.

Sun has had a difficult time keeping up with its competitors' processors' clock speed and computing power, but its customer base has been fairly loyal due to the popularity, and legendary stability, of its SunOS (and later Solaris) versions of Unix.

For the first decade of Sun's history, the company was predominantly a vendor of technical workstations, competing successfully as a low-cost vendor during the Wars of the 1980s.

For a short period in the mid-1980s, 51% of Sun stock was held by AT&T as a partner in their computer business AT&T Computer Systems. UNIX System V Release 4 was jointly developed by AT&T and Sun, who named their version Solaris 2. The AT&T partnership later fell apart when the rival group OSF (Open Software Foundation) appeared. See UNIX wars.

For a short period in the late 1980s, they sold a hybrid 80386-based machine, the . An x86 port of Solaris for PC compatibles was introduced in 1993. Currently, Sun is again selling x86 and AMD64 hardware and has introduced a 64- bit version of Solaris for AMD64 systems. In the mid-1990s, Sun acquired Diba and Cobalt Networks with the aim of building network appliances (single function computers meant for consumers). Sun also marketed a (diskless workstation, as popularized by CEO Larry Ellison). None of these business initiatives were particularly successful.

In the late-1990s, as Sun's workstations were lagging in performance when compared to that of their competitors and especially to Wintel Personal Computers, the company successfully transformed itself to a vendor of large-scale Symmetric multiprocessing servers. This transition was enabled by technology that was acquired from and Research. The Cray CS6400 server line was transformed into the very successful 10000 large-scale servers. Driven by the increased prominence of web-serving database-searching applications, blade servers (high density rack-mounted systems) were also emphasized.

The Sun 1 was shipped with Unisoft V7 UNIX. Later , the key figure of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and one of four founders of Sun produced a customized 4.1BSD UNIX called SunOS as an operating system for its workstations. Up through version 4.1.x (Solaris 1.x), SunOS remained a heavily BSD-influenced UNIX implementation.

In the late '80s, Sun entered into a partnership with AT&T, which was then developing the other major UNIX flavor, System V. The result was System V release 4 (SVR4), which incorporated BSD as well as SunOS extensions (e.g., NFS). Subsequently, with its version 5.x (Solaris 2.x) releases, SunOS shifted from its BSD origins to SVR4.

To confuse things Sun Solaris is sometimes called SunOS 5, while old version of SunOS up to 4 are referred as for Solaris 1). To further confuse the naming scheme, Sun now refers to Solaris by just its point release (e.g., Solaris 7, 8, or 9 instead of 2.7, 2.8, or 2.9).

For more information about SunOS and Solaris, including FAQs, white papers, upgrade, and purchasing information try .

History of Sun and Solaris from 1991 till 2001 is partially reflected in Sun under the siegeYou can also consult the following newsgroups:

• comp.unix.solaris • alt.solaris.x86 • Those in the comp.sys.sun.* hierarchy

Sun Hardware Timelines:-Chronology of Workstation Computers

1982 February

• Scott McNealy, Bill Joy, Andreas Bechtolsheim, and found Sun Microsystems. "SUN" originally stood for Stanford University Network.

May

• Sun Microsystems begins shipping the Sun 1 workstation computer.

1984

February 14

• Scott McNealy is appointed president and chief operating officer of Sun Microsystems.

April

• Silicon Graphics begins shipping its first 3-D graphics workstations.

June

• Motorola introduces the 16 MHz 68020 processor, a 32-bit version of the 68000, in CMOS, with on-board cache.

(Later)

• MIPS Computer Systems is founded, and begins developing its RISC architecture. • Sun Microsystems co-founder Vinod Khosla resigns. • Silicon Graphics introduces its first workstation, IRIS 1400.

*) SUN HARDWARE:-

Sun 1’s These are the large black desktop boxes with 17" monitors. Used the original Stanford-designed video board. Uses a parallel microswitch keyboard and parallel mouse.

Used design similar to original SUN (Stanford University Network) CPU, version 1.5 CPU could take larger RAMS. Pre-dates Sun's 4.2 port (ran Unisoft V7) (68010 CPU instead of SUN's 68000) 10 MHz. "Brain transplant" for 100 series. Replaces CPU and memory card with first-generation Sun2 CPU and memory boards so original customers could run SunOS V1. (Still has parallel kb/mouse intf so old kbds would work.) Rack-mounted server. Slightly different chassis design than 2/170's

Sun 2's

Multibus-based 68010 10 MHz. First machines that had desk-side chassis Serial Microswitch keyboard, Mouse Systems Optical mouse. 8Mb memory max. Cards are CPU, 1 or 4 Meg memory board, board, SCSI board, 640 * 480 color board, monochrome video board, SMD controller, tape controller, 16 port serial mux (ALM-1)

Two variants of video board, one generated TTL-level video, on ECL. Later video boards ("2prime") could generate either levels. Early 19" mono monitors (Philips or moniterm) could be switched as well.

VME Sun2 style CPU 2 slot chassis. Optional SCSI board (model name is SCSI-2; 2'nd SCSI design.. first was for 2/1xx's) sat on mem expansion board in 2nd slot. CPU board had 1, 2, or 4 Megs mem, 10Mhz 68010 CPU, ethernet, two serial ports. Memory expansion boards are 1, 2 or 4 Megs as well. The (type-2) keyboard and mouse attached via an adapter that accepted 2 modular plugs and attached to the DB15 port.

First machine to use 12 slot desk-side VME chassis. Many have CPU upgrades to 3/160's. Had 4 fans cooling tray instead of 6 in later machines, thus cooling problems with lots of cards. Also only had 4 P2 memory connectors bussed instead of 6. SunOS 4.0.3 was the last release with Sun2 support.

2/1xx with a monochrome display can only have 7megs max, since the frame buffer appears in the 8th Meg

Sun 3's

First 68020 based Sun machine. Uses "Carrera" CPU, which is used in lots of other Sun3 variants. 4Mb on-board memory. Sun's mem expansion goes on 4 Meg memory expansion boards; third parties had up to 32 Megs on one card. SCSI was optional. One variant of the memory card held the 6u VME SCSI board; other version sat in slot7 of the backplane and ran the SCSI out the back of the backplane to the internal disc/tape. CPU has 2 serial, ethernet, kbd ports.

Cringely, September 9, 1999 - Terminal Condition PBS Why Sun's Aggressive New Workstations Are Really Just a Blast from the PastBy Robert X. Cringely

Each week, I have to decide a topic for this column. The problem is not finding a topic, but choosing one from the many obvious candidates. A few times, I've tried to cover more than one topic, but there is a firm nerd contingent among my readers who think we have a contract allowing only a single topic per week. I am not here to argue, so they win. But this week I am torn, since there are obvious developments in the as well as the 30th anniversary of the first Arpanet node coming to life. Or I could even try to explain why last Week; I thought former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's first name was "George." The answer to this last mystery is easy — dementia. As for the Arpanet birthday, having done three hours of history for television and written several columns on the subject already, this time I'll just congratulate all concerned with those events back at UCLA: It has been quite a ride.

That first Arpanet Interface Message Processor (IMP) was built from a Honeywell computer used by the military. In the early 1980s, the Internet building block of choice came to be logic boards for Sun workstations. The first Cisco routers, for example, were built from Sun logic boards designed by Andy Bechtolscheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford. So too, the first Silicon Graphics workstations were Sun workstations with extra 3D capability added-in by Jim Clark. All of these companies were founded in the same building and all are still on the scene, but this week, I'd say Sun has been making the most news, though in a disturbingly regressive manner.

Last week, I wrote about Sun's acquisition of Star Office, and how this would put a virtually free office suite up against Microsoft for both PC- and server-based versions. Well, this week the other shoe dropped as Sun introduced its candidate workstation for the server-based version. It is a funny little box called the 1 Enterprise Appliance, into which you attach a keyboard, mouse and screen, then use an Ethernet connection to the world. The Sun Ray looks to be a successor to Sun's own unpopular JavaStation and the logical heir to the network computing crown. Or is it?

The Sun Ray is great from a configuration standpoint, since it requires no configuration at all. You couldn't configure it if you wanted to. If the box breaks, you replace it with another. Plug it into power and Ethernet, and it is ready to go. This is all marketing talk here, but reading it I came to have an unsettling feeling. Then it came to me. The Sun Ray, for all its high design and ease of use, is not a computer at all or even a computing device. It is a computer terminal. Sun's answer to Microsoft is to take corporate America back to a souped-up version of 1970's minicomputing.

The only application that runs in the Sun Ray is whatever paints the screen and accepts keyboard and mouse input. That's a computer terminal where I come from. Presumably, there is a TCP/IP stack and something like an X-Window server, though Sun does an excellent job of not telling us that. What's definitely NOT happening in the box is anything like , which Sun has finally figured out isn't up to the task. Instead, all the real computing is done back on a hefty Sun server and only screen rendering happens in the Sun Ray.

There is another outfit called Network Computing Devices that makes boxes like this, which it calls X-terminals. NCD was founded by Bill Carrico and Judy Estrin, a husband and wife team who also founded Bridge Communications (later part of ) and Precept Software (later part of Cisco). Judy is now the Chief Technical Officer at Cisco, which fits perfectly into my theory that there are really only 25 people in the computer business. They just keep changing jobs. I remember visiting Bill and Judy late in their tenure at NCD, a time that wasn't particularly happy since X-terminals were being rapidly replaced with cheap PCs running X-server software. In the world of X, what we would normally call a "client" — that part of the application that runs on the workstation rather than on that big box in the computer room — is called a "server."

The wonderful thing about an X-terminal is that it does an end-run around user ego. NCD boxes were all connected through Ethernet to a Sun server. How many X- terminals could a Sun server serve? Lots. Typically 25-50 terminals could be run by a single server that cost a lot more than a PC, but sure didn't cost 25-50 times as much. Still, that day I visited Bill and Judy, they saw the end coming. Why? Because PCs were cheaper than X-terminals and they could run local applications, too. With PCs even cheaper today, what has changed to make Bill and Judy wrong and Sun happy to enter this new business?

Well NCD, which is still very much in business, didn't sell servers, and Sun does, so that's an enormous difference. Sun makes its dough on this deal not from the Sun Rays or from Star Office, but from the big iron it sells to support both. And in the last few years, the world of corporate computing has come to fixate on Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), which includes everything from the cost of training users to replacing busted boxes. In the grand scheme of TCO, the original purchase price of a PC is almost insignificant, dwarfed by the human cost of setting-up and shifting and training, etc., all of which are minimized by the Sun Ray/Star Office combo. On a TCO basis, the Sun Ray is damned cheap, and with Sun offering leases at under $10 per month, it is a good deal for many businesses.

But don't expect to run your Sun Ray at home because its sparkling performance has more than anything to do with that 100 megabits-per-second Ethernet connection. Running over a 56K modem won't work at all. And don't even think of using a Sun Ray unless you want at least 25 of them, because it's only at those scales that the costs begin to come into line. What this means, then, is that the Sun Ray is far from a Microsoft killer. Rather, it is a Microsoft annoyance. But for Sun, it is still a very good business. The nerds will say this is obvious and that I'm again wasting their time, but most of the people who read this column aren't nerds. They'll say, "Now I get it."

b) TEAM INVOLVMENT:-

1979 - Bill Joy introduces "Berkeley enhancements" as BSD 4.1.

1982 - The company was incorporated in 1982 and 1986. Founders include Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy, Bill Joy and . Of these men, only McNealy and Bechtolsheim remain with Sun.Sun Microsystems is founded by Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim, and Scott McNealy with $4 million in with four employees.

1983 - Sun Microsystems introduces SunOS.

1984 - About 100,000 UNIX sites exist worldwide. Sun now has 400 employees and $39 million in annual sales.

1986 - Sun went public in 1986

1988 - AT&T and Sun start work on SVR4, a unified version of UNIX.

1988 - OSF and UI are formed.

1989 - AT&T releases System V, release 4.

1990 - OSF releases OSF/1.

1992 - Sun introduces Solaris, which is based on System V, release 4. SunOS, which is based on BSDF UNIX, will be phased out. Sun now has more than 12,500 employees and more than $3.5 billion in sales.

1993 - Novell buys UNIX from AT&T.

1994 - Solaris 2.4 is available.

1995

• buys UnixWare from Novell. SCO and HP announce a relationship to develop a 64-bit version of UNIX. Solaris 2.5 is available -- the first stable version of Solaris 2 • Bechtolsheim, 48, left Sun in 1995 to start Granite Systems, which built 1- gigabit-per-second networking technology and which Cisco acquired in 1996.

1997 - Solaris 2.6 is available. It soon became the most popular version of Solaris for the three years

1998 - Solaris 7 is available. -- This was not very successful version. Few moved from 2.6 to 2.7

2000 - Solaris 8 is available. Became a huge success. Most move from 2.6 directly to Solaris 8

2003 September Bill Joy, Sun Microsystems chief scientist and co-founder, is leaving the company, moving on to "different challenges". No, he's not saying yet what those different challenges are. Greg Papadopoulos, CTO, will take over Joy's responsibilities. See09-09-03 - SUN MICROSYSTEMS ANNOUNCES CHIEF SCIENTIST BILL JOY TO LEAVE COMPANY

2004 February Nine years after leaving the server maker he co-founded in 1982, Andy Bechtolsheim is returning to Sun Microsystems.

Latest team involved for solaris development c)TIME PERIOD:- Potable features of Solaris currently include DTrace, Doors, Service Management Facility, , Solaris Multiplexed I/O, Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, and Solaris Trusted Extensions.

Often a Solaris version will be updated with incremental features, these are known as update releases, eg. Solaris 10 U3 (update 3).

In ascending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released:

Color Meaning Red Old release; not supported Yellow Old release; still supported Green Current release Blue Future release Solaris SunOS Release date End of Major new features version version SPARC x86 support SunOS 4 rebranded as Solaris 1 for September 1.x 4.1.x 1991-1994 - marketing purposes. See SunOS article 2003 for more information. Preliminary release (primarily available January to developers only), support for only the 2.0 5.0 June 1992 - 1999 sun4c architecture. First appearance of nis Support for sun4 and sun4m December May architectures added; first Solaris x86 2.1 5.1 April 1999 1992 1993 release. First Solaris 2 release to support SMP. SPARC-only release. First to support architecture. First to support 2.2 5.2 May 1993 - May 1999 multithreading libraries (UI threads API in libthread) SPARC-only release. OpenWindows 3.3 switches from NeWS to Display November 2.3 5.3 - June 2002 PostScript and drops SunView support. 1993 Support added for autofs and CacheFS filesystems. September First unified SPARC/x86 release. 2.4 5.4 November 1994 2003 Includes OSF/ runtime support. First to support UltraSPARC and include CDE, NFSv3 and NFS/TCP. December 2.5 5.5 November 1995 Dropped sun4 (VMEbus) support. 2003 POSIX.1c-1995 pthreads added. Doors added but undocumented. Only release to support PowerPC platform; Ultra Enterprise support September added; user and group IDs (uid_t, gid_t) 2.5.1 5.5.1 May 1996 2005 expanded to 32 bits, also included processor sets and early resource management technologies. Includes Kerberos 5, PAM, TrueType fonts, WebNFS, large file support, 2.6 5.6 July 1997 July 2006 enhanced procfs. SPARCserver 600MP series support dropped. The first 64-bit UltraSPARC release. Added native support for file system August 7 5.7 November 1998 meta-data logging (UFS logging). 2008 Dropped MCA support on x86 platform. Last update was Solaris 7 11/99. Includes Multipath I/O, Solaris Volume Manager , IPMP, first support for IPv6 and IPsec (manual keying only), mdb March 8 5.8 February 2000 modular debugger. Introduced Role- 2012 Based Access Control (RBAC); sun4c support removed. Last update is Solaris 8 2/04. iPlanet Directory Server, Resource Manager, extended file attributes, IKE January May 28, October IPsec keying, and Linux compatibility 9 5.9 10, 2002 2014 added; OpenWindows dropped, sun4d 2003 support removed. Most current update is Solaris 9 9/05. 10 5.10 January 31, 2005 - Includes "x64" or x86-64 (AMD64/Intel 64) support, DTrace (Dynamic Tracing), Solaris Containers, Service Management Facility (SMF) which replaces init.d scripts, NFSv4. Least privilege security model. Support for sun4m and UltraSPARC I processors removed. Support for EISA-based PCs removed. Adds (based on GNOME) as default desktop.

• Solaris 10 1/06 (known internally as "U1") added the GRUB bootloader for x86 systems, iSCSI Initiator support and fcinfo command-line tool. • Solaris 10 6/06 ("U2") added the ZFS filesystem. • Solaris 10 11/06 ("U3") added Solaris Trusted Extensions and Logical Domains. • Solaris 10 8/07 ("U4") added Samba Active Directory support, IP Instances (part of the OpenSolaris Network Virtualization and Resource Control project), iSCSI Target support and Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (based on branded zones), enhanced version of the Resource Capping Daemon (rcapd). • Solaris 10 5/08 ("U5") added CPU capping for Solaris Containers, performance improvements, SpeedStep support for Intel processors and PowerNow! support for AMD processors • Solaris 10 10/08 ("U6") added boot from ZFS and can use ZFS as its root file system. Solaris 10 10/08 also includes virtualization enhancements including the ability for a Solaris Container to automatically update its environment when moved from one system to another, Logical Domains support for dynamically reconfigurable disk and network I/O, and Para virtualization support when Solaris 10 is used as a guest OS in Xen-based environments such as Sun xVM Server. • Solaris 10 5/09 ("U7") added performance and power management support for Intel Nehalem processors, container cloning using ZFS cloned file systems, and performance enhancements for ZFS on solid- state drives.

• Solaris 10 10/09 ("U8") added user and group level ZFS quotas, ZFS cache devices and nss_ldap shadowAccount Support.

D.)DIFFERENT VERSIONS:- Versions

In descending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released (as of mid 2006): Solaris SunOS Release Description version version date Includes x64 (AMD64/EM64T) support, DTrace (Dynamic Tracing), Solaris Containers, Service Management Facility (SMF) which replaces init.d scripts, NFSv4 and iSCSI support. Least privilege security model. Solaris SunOS January 31 Support for sun4m and UltraSPARC I processors running 10 5.10 2005 at speeds lower than 200 MHz removed. Adds GNOME- based Java Desktop System as default desktop, CDE included. Solaris 10 1/06 added the GRUB bootloader for x86 systems. Solaris 10 6/06 added Sun's new filesystem ZFS. May 28 iPlanet Directory Server, Resource Manager, Solaris 2002 SunOS Volume Manager, and Linux compatibility added; Solaris 9 (SPARC) 5.9 OpenWindows dropped, sun4d support removed. Most January 10 current update is Solaris 9 9/05. 2003 (x86) Includes Multipath I/O, IPv6 and IPsec. Introduced Role- Based Access Control (RBAC); sun4c support removed. SunOS February Solaris 8 Last update is Solaris 8 2/04.UC Berkeley Open 5.8 2000 Computing Facility list of SunOS & Solaris Version History (OCF Solaris History): Solaris 8 The first 64-bit UltraSPARC release. Added native SunOS November Solaris 7 support for file system meta-data logging (UFS 5.7 1998 logging).OCF Solaris History: Solaris 7 Solaris SunOS Includes Kerberos 5, PAM, TrueType fonts, WebNFS, July 1997 2.6 5.6 Large file support.OCF Solaris History: Solaris 2.6 Solaris SunOS May 1996 Only release to support PowerPC platform; Ultra 2.5.1 5.5.1 Enterprise support added; user IDs (uid_t) expanded to 32-bits.OCF Solaris History: Solaris 2.5.1 Solaris SunOS November First to support UltraSPARC and include CDE, NFSv3 2.5 5.5 1995 and NFS/TCP.OCF Solaris History: Solaris 2.5.1 Solaris SunOS November First unified SPARC/x86 release. Includes OSF/Motif 2.4 5.4 1994 runtime support. Solaris SunOS November OpenWindows 3.3 switches from NeWS to Display 2.3 5.3 1993 PostScript and drops SunView support (SPARC only). Solaris SunOS May 1993 First to support Sun-4d architecture (SPARC only). 2.2 5.2 Solaris SunOS December Support for Sun-4 and Sun-4m architectures added; first 2.1 5.1 1992 Solaris x86 release. (SPARC) May 1993 (x86) Solaris 2 SunOS June 1992 Preliminary release, support for only Sun-4c . 5.0 architecture.Solaris 2 description from "Sun Managers" mailing list archive

Solaris

Different

Version

Table 2.) FEATURES:- a.) ZFS- Zettabyte File System:-

ZFS has been developed to meet the increasing needs of a general purpose file system. It helps to solve numerous problems that can crop up: losing of important files, corruption • of data etc. b.) Virtualization:-

The feature virtualization provides advanced functions and increases the rate of utilization by putting together multiple applications to make it one system. c.) Networking:-

Open Solaris provides, without having to modify the applications, high performance networking. d.) IPS- image Packaging System:-

IPS is the new package management system which is network based. It has the ability of installing new software and receiving updates from other network package storehouses. e.) Automated Install:-

This is a new enterprise technology which provides support for network and local installations of Open Solaris 2008.11. Here one installation specification can be applied to multiple systems. f.) New Repositories=New Software:- This structure helps you to freely contribute your software and showcase your innovation to worldwide audience. There are many more repositories providing a large amount of software in an accessible manner. g.) Desktop:- All the newest and the best features of the GNOME community, along with some superb graphical features such as the Compiz window manager, or Avant task bar are included in Open Solaris. h.)Power Management:- The new Open Solaris 2008.11 brings the first few platforms to support, suspend and resume to RAM and is convenient for mobile users and quite important for those who are concerned about energy consumption.

3.) BUSINESS STRATEGY:-

In the late 1990s, Sun Microsystems' Solaris has emerged as the dominant UNIX- based alternative to Microsoft for server operating systems. At the same time, the open source operating system Linux has appeared unexpectedly, and it is generating significant excitement among programmers and users. Anil Gadre, vice president and general manager of Sun's Solaris Operating Environment Group, must assess the threats and opportunities posed by Linux and by Microsoft as he and his executive team formulate a strategic plan for Solaris.

SunSoft Inc. today extended the Solaris product line into the multiuser two or more users. Business arena.

Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server, the newest members of the Solaris family, now offer an optimized version of the powerful Solaris x86 product for businesses running text-based applications including companies with numerous replicated sites or branch office locations, such as banks, restaurant chains The following is a list of restaurant chains.

See also: Fast-food restaurant, Casual dining, List of reference tables. International

• Bennigan's • Burger King • Charley's Grilled Subs • Domino's Pizza • Hard Cafe

Or retail operations. In addition, the new products will provide compatibility with most of the existing INTERACTIVE UNIX A Unix-based operating system from Sun that runs on x86 machines. It has been widely used to connect character-based terminals or process control devices, such as bar code readers in a supermarket, to a central computer. System and Santa Cruz Operation See SCO. Santa Cruz Operation - (SCO) A supplier of UNIX systems for Intel microprocessors. They supply Xenix and Open Desktop. Founded in 1979, SCO became a public company in May, 1993 and trades on the NASDAQ National Market System under the symbol SCOC. (SCO (The SCO Group, London, UT, www.sco.com) A leading vendor of UNIX operating systems for the x86 platform. SCO had also offered Linux, but abandoned the line in the spring of 2003. The SCO Group is the combination of two companies: Utah-based Caldera, Inc applications.

With these products, organizations can now use Solaris as a single operating system operating system (OS)

Software that controls the operation of a computer, directs the input and output of data, keeps track of files, and controls the processing of computer programs. Throughout their enterprise, from small workgroup servers for terminal users, all the way up to enterprise-wide network management. Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server achieve this scalability through advanced 32-bit operating system capabilities, such as multiprocessing, multithreading Multitasking within a single program. It allows multiple streams of execution to take place concurrently within the same program, each stream processing a different transaction or message. And advanced networking, with text-based system administration in a small system footprint. In addition, the minimal system requirements to be used efficiently, all computer software needs certain hardware components or other software resources to be present on a computer system. These pre-requisites are known as (computer) system requirements and are often used as a guideline as opposed to an absolute rule. Make these products ideal general purpose computing solutions for applications that require a 32-bit operating system with low overhead.

"Businesses running text-based applications on multi-user UNIX systems often must choose between a less robust operating system or very high systems overhead to protect future growth," said Michael Sears, director of product marketing for SunSoft's Solaris product group. "Our new products solve this dilemma and provide users of INTERACTIVE UNIX System and SCO UNIX An enhanced version of UNIX System V Release 3.2 for Intel processors from SCO. In 1989, SCO UNIX was introduced as a major upgrade to SCO XENIX with more security, networking and standards conformance. with access to the full power of the Solaris operating environment In computing, an operating environment is the environment in which users run programs, whether in a command line interface, such as in MS-DOS or the Unix shell, or in a graphical user interface, such as in the Macintosh operating system.

"SunSoft clearly designed Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server with its resellers, value-added resellers and customers in mind," said Ben Duncan, Open Systems Services Inc. "These new products bridge the wide gap that existed between INTERACTIVE UNIX System and SCO UNIX users and the Solaris operating system, and offers them an easy and inexpensive way to get from here to there. SunSoft has essentially doubled the number of customers that I can now address with a Solaris Solution."

*)Key Features and Benefits

Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server are versions of Solaris 2.4 x86 that support many of the UNIX

Operating system for digital computers, developed by Ken Thompson of Bell Laboratories in 1969. It was initially designed for a single user (the name was a pun on the earlier operating system Multics). V3.2, INTERACTIVE UNIX System, and SCO UNIX applications, enabling users to run thousands of existing programs, including nearly 500 optimized 32-bit applications written to run on Solaris x86 platforms natively. Additional features of Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server include enhanced virtual terminal support and a character-based user interface for easier and more cost-effective system administration. The new Solaris products also feature significantly reduced memory and hard disk requirements. The minimal system requirements include:

-- an Intel , , Pentium or future compatible processors

-- ISA (1) (Instruction Set Architecture) See instruction set.

(2) (Interactive Services Association) See Internet Alliance.

(3) (Internet Security and Acceleration) See .NET. , EISA (Extended ISA) Pronounced "ee-suh." A PC bus standard that extends the 16-bit ISA bus (AT bus) to 32 bits and provides bus mastering. ISA cards can plug into an EISA slot. , MCA in full Music Corporation of America

Entertainment conglomerate. It was founded in Chicago in 1924 by Jules Stein as a talent agency. In the 1960s it bought Decca Records and Universal Pictures, and today it produces films, music, and television shows. or PCI Bus architecture

-- 8Mb of RAM and 45Mb of disk space

SunSoft will continue to support the INTERACTIVE UNIX System product so that users can migrate to the Solaris product family when they are ready. The support will include new releases with driver and platform support.

The overall scalability of Solaris increases vastly with the introduction of Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server. The Solaris product family now includes:

-- Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server for multi-user businesses, specialized implementation and branch automation;

-- Solaris Workgroup Server and Solaris Enterprise Server for workgroups, PC *) *)Services and enterprise networks.

-- Solaris Desktop for commercial and technical workstation users.

In addition, developers can now utilize Solaris as a single operating system across large workgroups, enterprise networks and development environments. All together, the products provide a complete suite of Solaris-based operating systems that support SPARC (Scalable Performance Architecture) a family of RISC CPUs from Sun that runs mostly under Sun's Solaris, but also under Linux and BSD operating systems. After development began in the mid-1980s by David Patterson of the University of at Berkeley and Bill and Intel-based systems running from 1 to 64 processors.

*)Targeted VAR Programs

SunSoft has created a series of VAR-focused programs in support of the new Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server products. Training for resellers is available at SunSoft's Annual Developers Conference, regional seminars and authorized training centers. VAR-focused marketing efforts include resource kits, porting guides and newsletters. SunSoft also offers consulting, on-line services, end user support, direct support for resellers and free installation support.

*) Pricing and Availability

Solaris Base Server and Solaris Network Server are available through SunSoft Authorized Resellers, value added resellers, OEMs and systems integrators worldwide. Solaris Base Server has a suggested manufacturers retail price of US $495 for 1-2 users; $995 for unlimited users and up to 2 processors. Solaris Network Server has a suggested manufacturers retail price of US $695 for 1-2 users; $1,195 for unlimited users. Initial shipments of the products will be available to key customers in the United States in 60 days with general release to follow. For more information, contact 800-SUNSOFT. In Europe and Asia, call the local SunSoft sales office.

SunSoft Inc., headquartered in Mountain View, is a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems Inc., with offices worldwide. SunSoft's charter is to design, market, sells and supports the industry's highest-quality software environment to enable businesses to gain a competitive advantage through information systems. SunSoft delivers a suite of solutions that easily and cost-effectively connect, integrate and manage large enterprise environments. The products are licensed by SunSoft and distributed through major computer manufacturers and resellers worldwide. 4.) ARCHITECTURE:-

Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs. It has historically been tightly integrated with Sun's SPARC hardware (including support for 64-bit SPARC applications since Solaris 7), with which it is marketed as a combined package. This has often led to more reliable systems, but at a cost premium over commodity PC hardware. However, it has also supported x86 systems since Solaris 2.1 and the latest version, Solaris 10, includes support for 64-bit x86 applications, allowing Sun to capitalize on the availability of commodity 64-bit CPUs based on the x86-64 architecture. Sun has heavily marketed Solaris for use with both its own "x64" workstations and servers based on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon processors, as well as x86 systems manufactured by companies such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM. As of 2009, the following vendors support Solaris for their x86 server systems:

• Dell - will "test, certify, and optimize Solaris and OpenSolaris on its rack and blade servers and offer them as one of several choices in the overall Dell software menu" • IBM - also distributes Solaris and Solaris Subscriptions for select x86-based IBM System x servers and BladeCenter servers • Intel • Hewlett-Packard - distributes and provides software technical support for Solaris on ProLiant server and blade systems • Fujitsu Siemens

*Solaris Kernel Features:- ● Dynamic ● Multithreaded ● Preemptive ● Multithreaded Process Model ● Multiple Scheduling Classes – Including realtime support ● Tightly Integrated File System & Virtual Memory ● Virtual File System ● 64-bit kernel – 32-bit and 64-bit application support ● Resource Management ● Service Management & Fault Handling ● Integrated Networking Solaris architecture

Network LAN architecture

How applications work on solaris Java threads working on Solaris and how The Three level architecture of Kernel works A.) Process Management

Introduction

Early days computers were single tasking and the user interface was very simple. So the processes that the computer at that time had to process were very little. Because of this reason in those computer systems there were no such task called process management. But day by day technology had been developed farther and the area that uses computers had become wider. So the amount of tasks that had to accomplish by the computer system was increased. To fulfill this need a kernel task called Process Management was added in to the computer systems. To get the maximum utilization of the Central Processing System (CPU) computer system specialists developed more and more advanced algorithms to manage the processes.

When UNIX began to play a huge role in the field, the computer systems hardware and software technology had become height and most of the control had done by software. Then the task of managing the processes was completely done by the kernel. As Solaris uses the same Linux kernel and it is based on UNIX, Linux also uses an advanced process management methodology.

When we talk about the process management, first of all we have to talk about the word “process”.

1.) The Process

In the book “Operating System Principals”, Galvin (2006) says that a process means a program on execution. It is not only code of a program but also the relevant data and resources that relative to the execution of the process. And he also said that an executable file is not a process, the only way it become a process is when it loaded well in to the memory. So we can get an idea that for a single program, there can be more processes. So in a multi user operating system like Solaris, as even a single use can use many instants of the same program, a particular program may have thousands of processes.

Process State

As a process is something that happens, so it must have a current state. As Galvin (2006) mentioned, for a process there are five states.

• NEW • READY • RUNNING • BLOCK • TERMINATED

At a given moment each process must have a state from those five. The relation ships between those states can be graphically displayed using a diagram called Process State Diagram.

Figure 1 - Process State Diagram Source: Operating System Principals, Galvin 2006

When a new process implement by a program, it is sent to a queue called Ready Queue. Then the process waits until the process at the ‘running’ state get interrupts or request for IO and then the dispatcher dispatch the process to the CPU to execute it. Then that process execute by the CPU until it receives an interrupt signal or the process request for IO. If it is IO then the process state changes to ‘blocked’ and after the IO or event completed the process is sent back to the ready queue. If the process was interrupted then it directly goes back to the ready queue. After the process finished it terminate it self or an error occurs the process will be terminated by the process manager. 2.) Process Control Block

When we tack a process there are some characteristics that hold various values. So the system stores these data in a special data structure called Process Control Block. As Galvin mentions (2006), there are 9 major data fields in this data block. They are, • Pointer to parent process • Pointer area to child process • Process state • Program counter • Register save area • Memory limits • Priority information • Accounting information • Pointer to files and other IO resources Pointer to parent process The address of the parent process. Pointer area to child process If there are any child processes, then the process manager adds those addresses to here. Process state Process state can be one of those five given in the last page. It can be new, ready, running, blocked or terminated.

Program counter This holds the value of the next instruction to execute in the program.

CPU registers These are the addresses of the registers used by the process Memory limits This includes the value of the maximum limit of memory that the process can take. Priority information When scheduling the processes (we will talk about this later), we are assigning a value that represents how valuable the process is. As the number get bigger except 0, the priority of the process gains up. So this is a value of type integer. Accounting information This section holds the values for CPU time, real time, account numbers and process numbers that identify the process. Most of the pre-emptive algorithms need this as CPU time is an impotent resource. Pointer to files and other IO resources Most of the processes need more resources than memory and CPU like disk to access files, keyboard for manual input etc…

At the point that a new process created by a program, the process manager stores that processes PCB in the memory. And every time the process changes its state and the values process manager updates this information and restore it in the memory. Threads

When a program runs more than one process at a time we call it a multi threaded program. So as Galvin (2006) says in his book, a thread can be called as a process. And also most of the new programs are able to multi thread the single process. B.) Process Scheduling

Today’s computers are multi programmed and the CPU is the main resource we have, to get the maximum of it, at any given time there must be a process running in the CPU. To fulfill this need, there are some algorithms to schedule the processes. And this task is done by a special kernel program called Process Scheduler. As Solaris considered as one of the most advances operating systems in the world, it also using the best ways to schedule the processes using many run levels. Galvin (2006) in his book well describes, to get the maximum utilization of the CPU at the same time doing the job that needed by the process the scheduler uses many queues. The main queues it uses are; Ready queue Job queue Device queues Except those 3 types there are some other queues that are not considered in this level. Job queue This queue includes all the available processes in the system. It’s just a list and not dedicated to a particular task. Ready queue Remember the process state diagram. This queue is the queue that contains the information about processes that is in “Ready” state. Device queue When a process requested to access a device, then the process is sent to a separate queue, with is the queue that belongs to the device. As there are so many physical and logical devices there are so many device queues. a.) CPU Scheduling

There are 2 main ways to schedule this processes.

1. Pre-emptive 2. None pre-emptive

Pre-emptive In this method processes are interrupted before it is completed. It means if the given time or an IO request happened, process scheduler terminate the program and start the next process. Then the previous process is sent to device queue or ready queue. None pre-emptive In this method processes are executed until it request for an IO or terminates it self. If it was terminated for IO then it is sent to a device queue.

Scheduling Algorithms

As Galvin (2006) describe in his book, there are 3 none pre-emptive process scheduling algorithms and 3 pre-emptive algorithms. They are;

1. First Come First Serve 2. Shortest Job First 3. Priority Scheduling 4. Round Robin 5. Multi Level Queue 6. Multi Level Feed-back Queue

First Come First Serve This is the simplest way to manage processes. In this algorithm ready queue are as same as job queue. So all the processes in the queue have same opportunity to get the CPU. But unfortunately the job that must be done by the process scheduler, the goal of the scheduler is not happening here. It is not utilize the CPU to its maximum. Shortest Job First By using this algorithm, the total waiting time can be minimized. But if a more important process is there but it takes more time, it has to wait until the shortest jobs are done. Priority Scheduling In this algorithm, at the new state of the process, it is assigned a value that represents its priority. When arranging the ready queue from job queue, it arrange as 0, ∞ to 1. Round Robin This is the most fair and widely used algorithm to manage processes. In here a single process has been given a particular time and after that time it pre-empted and the next process in the ready queue has been given the CPU. Multi Level Queue This is a combination all previous scheduling algorithms. c) Memory Management Overview

Memory Management is one of a main function that’s done by the kernel. As Memory is a quit valuable resource, to get the maximum use of it, a good management of the memory is a must. Why because as computer systems became more and more complicated, the number of processes that used by the system are get increased. Then the memory became more limited for a particular task. If the system is able to manage the memory to get the maximum use of it, then it will be able to do more processes at a given time as well. To fulfill this need the system developed to a level that manages memory in a high level way.

Older days and even today in some systems like embedded systems, they use overlays to manage the memory. But it is a primary method of managing the memory.

As Solaris improved they switch to a modern memory management methodologies.

When Solaris boot up, the kernel binary loads to the memory and some kernel modules are loaded by hotplug system.

Figure 2 - Physical memory usage of kernel, kernel modules and user applications. Addressing Physical Memory

Every register in the physical memory has an address. To read or write a value to that register when the program gives the logical memory address it is converted to the physical addresses and execute the command. So the computer program cannot understand physical addresses it is done by the memory management unit it self. Shared Components

Systems use shared libraries. So those components may load only To reduce the repetition loading of the same program, once to use hundreds of times.

Swapping

Solaris uses a special partition as swap. When a memory block is not needed to a particular time period, the memory manager (in here swapper) copy that memory block to the swap partition and release the memory. And when the memory needed back, it copies the memory block back to the main memory.

Figure 3 - Relationship between SWAP partition and RAM d) Deadlock Management

Overview

In modern computers, there are so many processes running in a limited resourced environment. As one process many needs more than one resources at a time, there is a huge competition between those processes to get the resources.

Figure 4 - How do a deadlock occur

In this example process 1 has taken tape drive and without releasing it, the process request to access scanner. But the scanner has been taken by process 2. Now the problem is that, without releasing the scanner process 2 requests for tape drive and keyboard. At the same time process two has taken the keyboard and without releasing it the process requests for tape drive. So none of those three processes can fulfill there resources requirements. A situation like this is called a deadlock. Deadlock Handling

To get rid from situations like this computer system uses 3 methods. They are;

1. Running a service using some protocols that prevents the ability to get a deadlock. 2. Let the deadlock happen and then clean then mess. 3. Ignore deadlocks as they never occur.

Most operating systems are using the 3rd method to handle the deadlocks, but in Open Solaris there are some methods to get rid from a deadlock. When a deadlock occurs, it terminates the process with the low priority. And the processes that cannot be terminated because it courses other processes and services, are isolated without giving resources and let it be there as running. So it is called freeze process. At this point user has to exit from the system to use the same program that uses the freeze process. 5.) PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION a.) PROCESS OF INSTALLATION:-

Installation and Configuration

Before Installation

Before Installing Open Solaris OS to the System. Review the System Requirements and Limitations described in the open Solaris documentation .this will help users to avoid errors and loss of data.

Figure 5 - Open Solaris Media System Requirements

Open Solaris OS Needs Following Minimum System Requirements to run smoothly .More System Resources will help Open Solaris to do tasks fast and more efficiently.

Requirement Description

Memory 512 MB minimum (This minimum has not been tested extensively yet.) Disk space Recommended size is at least 10 GB.

Multiboot capability If User installing OpenSolaris on a system that will have more than one OS, use the fdisk command or a third-party partitioning tool to create a new partition or to make adjustments to preexisting partitions Table 1 – System Requirements

. Basic System Requirements Verify the computer system meets the following requirements. Note the requirements below are recommended Minimums. While it is possible to install the Solaris OS on a system with less disk capacity and CPU speed, it is not recommended. • Minimum 256 MB of physical RAM • Minimum 5 GB of available hard drive space • Minimum 400 MHz CPU speed • DVD or CD-ROM drive • Attached monitor or integrated display For more information on Solaris System requirements, visit http://www.sun.com/solaris/specs.jsp. For a detailed list of 3rd-party applications available on Solaris 10, visit http://www.sun.com/partners/10moves/solutions.html. Installation Steps

The Installation of Open Solaris OS can done in few Simple Steps. Novice Users can select Graphical User Installation and Expert Users and Select Command line Installation

Graphical User Installation will take the user step by step like a wizard, collecting data which need for the installation.

*Basic Steps

1.) Boot the Live CD 2.) Load the Setup 3.) Partition the disk 4.) Setup Time Zone 5.) Setup Language Settings 6.) Setup User Settings 7.) Finalize the Installation Booting the Live CD

The LiveCD enables you to try the OS before installation.

Insert the Open Solaris Live CD the Optical Drive and Boot the System. The boot loader GNU GRUB menu will load. This Small software is Responsible for loading and Transferring.

Grand Unified Bootloader, (GNU GRUB) is used in most Linux based Operating systems for providing a user a multi-boot Environment with more than one Operating system.

Figure 6 – GNU GRUB menu

Select you Option from the GNU GRUB menu .Expert Users can select Open Solaris Text Console to boot Open Solaris with Text Commands.

Figure 7 – Language Selection

User can select over more than 41 languages in Open Solaris. Languages supported by Open Solaris.

Primary languages are: Chinese – Simplified, Chinese – Traditional, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese – Brazil, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish

Full language Support: All Primary Languages, Albanian, Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Latvian, Macedonian Maltese, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai, Turkish

. When the Live Image is loaded to the System. The Open Solaris Desktop will Appear .In the desktop Click on the “Install Open Solaris” Icon to Load the Install ion Setup.

Figure 8 – Open Solaris Installation Icon Partitioning the disk

Disk Partitioning is an important step in Operating system Intallation.Partitioning software will create divisions in to store data efficiently.

Figure 9 – Disk Partitioning Window

In Open Solaris Partitioning Setup ,users can either partition the disk or use the whole disk for Open Solaris Installtion.Open Solaris OS Useses a File System Named ZFS to Store Data. Language and locale Settings

Figure 10 – Language Settings Window

This Step Allows User to Select the Locale for Set the Default Language support and data formats. User settings

In This Step user Can Enter Login Details to the Open Solaris Operating System. Root (System Administrator) Password. User Account Name and Password, Computer Name and etc.

Figure 11 – User Settings window

User can define any name for the Computer that he installs Open Solaris OS. Confirm installation specifications

Figure 12 – Confirm installation Window

As the Last Step User can review the Installation settings.Hit the Install Buttton to install open solaris. Installation Process

When User Confirm the Inserted data Installation will begin .Open Solaris Installation Program will prepare the Hard Disk Drive and will Copy the Open Solaris System Files to the Hard Disk Drive. This may take about an Hour to Complete the Process.

Figure 13 – Installation Process After the Installation

Wait for the installation process to finish and Computer will Restart Automatically the system will restart and you’ll see the Open Solaris Booting Screen.

Open solaris boot screen Introduction to GUI

Graphical User Interface needs applications to interact with users. It can create a medium for people to interact with applications to make available attractive user interfaces.

Open Solaris has a Very Beautiful Graphical User Interface based on GNOME Desktop System.

Figure 14 – GNOME Desktop Introduction GNOME

The GNOME Platform features, user interface controls to an API for drawing high- quality graphics to the screen. And graphics technology in GNOME helps you to create constant, instinctive and aesthetically satisfying applications.

GNOME is………….. Free

GNOME is free software which is devoted to giving developers and users the maximum level of their desktops, software and data. Usable

Usability is about creating software which is easy for everyone to use. Accessible

GNOME is desktop for any UNIX platform. International

GNOME is urban, old and documented in many languages. Developer-friendly

Developers are using several languages with GNOME. Ex: C, Python, Perl etc. Organized

GNOME strives to be an organized community. Supported

GNOME is supported by the top companies like IBM, Sun, Red Hat etc. A community

GNOME is a world wide community for people to generally have fun together.

“The GNOME Desktop system based on GTK Tool Kit”

GTK

GTK is a Widget Tool kit for Creating Graphical user interfaces. GTK is mainly crated by C programming Language. The GNOME Desktop system based on GTK Tool Kit.

Figure 15 – GTK Logo

Most of the Open Solaris applications based on GTK Environment. Some Common applications are follows:

AbiWord Word processor Evolution Mailer Inkscape SVG Vector graphics editor Vmware Virtual Machine Player Ekiga H.323/SIP VoIP softphone GIMP Raster HDR graphics editor

Table 2 –Some Solaris Applications Features of GTK Stability GTK has been Developed for over 10 years and deliverd users facinating features and great perfromace.GTTK is supported by a Developers from Red Hat, Novell,Imendio Cross Platform GTK Runtime environment not only runs under Open Solaris is runs under Linux, Windows, Mac OS X. Etc Language Bindings GTK Source Code is Available in Many Programming Languages which make application development attractive Mobile GNOME Mobile & Embedded has invold in mobile Application development Accommodating GTK Provide number of great features for developers today. Like “Look and feel, Theme Support, Thread safe,” Interfaces

GTK+ has a comprehensive collection of core widgets which include:

• Windows (normal window or dialog, about and assistant dialogs) • Buttons and toggles (check buttons, radio buttons, toggle buttons and link buttons) • Numerical (horizontal or vertical scales and spin buttons) and text data entry (with or without completion) • Multi-line text editor • Tree, list and icon grid viewer (with customizable renderers and model/view separation) • Combo box (with or without an entry) •

Working with Open Solaris Basic Applications

There are some basic Programs comes with Open Solaris Operating system which help users to Manage and do their work easily .All these applications are Free to use as Open Source software.

Application Name Use of Application Publisher Mozilla Firefox Browse internet Mozilla Cooperation

Mozilla Thunderbird E-mail and RSS Client Mozilla Cooperation Pidgin Multi-Protocol Instant Pidgin Community Messaging Open Office Office Suite Sun Microsystems Table 3 –Some Solaris Applications

b.) COMMANDS

• apropos - locate • admintool(1M) – system administration with a graphical commands by user interface keyword lookup • answerbook2_admin(1M) – bring up AnswerBook2 • alias - create or administration tool GUI remove a • apache(1M) – Apache hypertext transfer protocol server pseudonym or overview shorthand for a • arp(1M) – address resolution display and control command or • aset(1M) – monitors or restricts accesses to system files series of and directories commands • aset.restore(1M) – restores system files to their content • awk - pattern before ASET is installed scanning and • automount(1M) – install automatic mount points processing • automountd(1M) – autofs mount/unmount daemon language

B: Full list of user commands: Full list of System commands

• banner - make posters • boot(1M) – start the system kernel or a standalone • basename - program deliver portions • bsmconv(1M) – enable or disable the Basic Security of path names Module (BSM) on Solaris • batch - execute • bsmrecord(1M) – display Solaris audit record formats commands at a • bsmunconv(1M) – enable or disable the Basic Security later time Module (BSM) on Solaris • bg - control • busstat(1M) – report bus-related performance statistics process execution

C: Full list of user commands: Full list of System commands

• cd - change working directory • chat(1M) – automated • chdir - change working directory conversational exchange • chgrp - change file group ownership tool • chmod - change the permissions mode of a • chown(1M) – change owner file • chroot(1M) – change root • chown - change file ownership directory for a command • clear - clear the terminal screen • cpustat(1M) – monitor • cmp(1) – compare two files system behavior using CPU • compress - compress, uncompress files or performance counters display expanded files • cron(1M) – clock daemon • cp - copy files • cpio - copy file archives in and out • cvcd(1M) – virtual console • crontab(1) – user crontab file daemon • crypt - encode or decode a file • csplit - split files based on context • ctags - create a tags file for use with ex and vi

• cut - cut out selected fields of each line of a file • cd - change working directory • chdir - change working directory • chgrp - change file group ownership • chmod - change the permissions mode of a file • chown - change file ownership • clear - clear the terminal screen • cmp(1) – compare two files • compress - compress, uncompress files • cp - copy files • cpio - copy file archives in and out • crontab(1) – user crontab file • crypt - encode or decode a file • csplit - split files based on context • ctags - create a tags file for use with ex and vi • cut - cut out selected fields of each line of a file

• date - write the date and time • df - display status of disk space on file systems • diff - display line-by-line differences between pairs of text files • diff3 - 3-way differential file comparison • dircmp - directory comparison • dirname - deliver portions of path names • dos2unix - convert text file from DOS format to ISO format • du - display the number of disk blocks used per directory or file

• echo - echo arguments • ed - text editor • egrep - search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions • eject - eject media such as CD-ROM and floppy from drive 6.) COPARISION WITH OTHER OS

Linux

Many Linux distributions support some or all of ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, Reiser4, JFS, XFS, GFS, GFS2, OCFS, OCFS2, and NILFS. The ext file systems, namely ext2, ext3 and ext4 are based on the original Linux file system. Others have been developed by companies to meet their specific needs, hobbyists, or adapted from UNIX, Microsoft Windows, and other operating systems. Linux has full support for XFS and JFS, along with FAT (the MS-DOS file system), and HFS which is the primary file system for the Macintosh.

In recent years support for Microsoft Windows NT's NTFS file system has appeared in Linux, and is now comparable to the support available for other native UNIX file systems. ISO 9660 and Universal Disk Format (UDF) are supported which are standard file systems used on CDs, DVDs, and BluRay discs. It is possible to install Linux on the majority of these file systems. Unlike other operating systems, Linux and UNIX allow any file system to be used regardless of the media it is stored in, whether it is a hard drive, a disc (CD, DVD...), a USB key, or even contained within a file located on another file system.

Mac OS X

Mac OS X supports HFS+ with journaling as its primary file system. It is derived from the Hierarchical File System of the earlier Mac OS. Mac OS X has facilities to read and write FAT, UDF, and other file systems, but cannot be installed to them. Due to its UNIX heritage Mac OS X now supports virtually all the file systems supported by the VFS.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows currently supports NTFS and FAT file systems (including FAT16 and FAT32), along with network file systems shared from other computers, and the ISO 9660 and UDF filesystems used for CDs, DVDs, and other optical discs such as Blu-ray. Under Windows each file system is usually limited in application to certain media, for example CDs must use ISO 9660 or UDF, and as of Windows Vista, NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on. Windows Embedded CE 6.0, Windows Vista Service Pack 1, and Windows Server 2008 support ExFAT, a file system more suitable for flash drives.

Solaris

The Solaris Operating System uses UFS as its primary file system. Prior to 1998, Solaris UFS did not have logging/journaling capabilities, but over time the OS has gained this and other new data management capabilities. Additional features include VERITAS (Journaling) VxFS, QFS from Sun Microsystems, enhancements to UFS including multiterabyte support and UFS volume management included as part of the OS, and ZFS (open source, poolable, 128-bit, compressible, and error-correcting).

Kernel extensions were added to Solaris to allow for bootable VERITAS VxFS operation. Logging or journaling was added to UFS in Solaris 7. Releases of Solaris 10, Solaris Express, OpenSolaris, and other open source variants of Solaris later supported bootable ZFS.

Logical Volume Management allows for spanning a file system across multiple devices for the purpose of adding redundancy, capacity, and/or throughput. Solaris includes Solaris Volume Manager (formerly known as Solstice DiskSuite.) Solaris is one of many operating systems supported by Veritas Volume Manager. Modern Solaris based operating systems eclipse the need for volume management through leveraging virtual storage pools in ZFS. it all depends what kind of need you have. If you are a home user u can go with windows. If performance is what you want and u have to handle huge volume of data then Solaris would be a good option. But if u want best graphics user interface then u will go with Mac OS. 7.) FUTURE SCOPE

The underlying Solaris codebase has been under continuous development since work began in the late 1980s on what was eventually released as Solaris 2.0. Each version such as Solaris 10 is based on a snapshot of this development codebase, taken near the time of its release, which is then maintained as a derived project. Updates to that project are built and delivered several times a year until the next official release comes out.

The Solaris version under development by Sun as of 2008 is codenamed , and is derived from what is now the OpenSolaris codebase.

In 2003, an addition to the Solaris development process was initiated. Under the program name Software Express for Solaris (or just Solaris Express), a binary release based on the current development basis was made available for download on a monthly basis, allowing anyone to try out new features and test the quality and stability of the OS as it progressed to the release of the next official Solaris version. A later change to this program introduced a quarterly release model with support available, renamed to Solaris Express Developer Edition (SXDE).

In 2007, Sun announced Project Indiana with several goals, including providing an open source binary distribution of the OpenSolaris project, replacing SXDE. The first release of this distribution was OpenSolaris 2008.05.

The Solaris Express Community Edition (SXCE) is intended specifically for OpenSolaris developers. It is updated every two weeks. Although the download license seen when downloading the image files indicates its use is limited to personal, educational and evaluation purposes, the license acceptance form displayed when the user actually installs from these images lists additional uses including commercial and production environments. 8.) CONCLUSION

SOLARIS ONE OF THE BEST OBJECT ORIENTED OPERATING SYSTEM .EVEN IT IS NOT AS FAMOUS AS WINDOWS OR MAC OS .BUT IT IS THE MOST PRODUCTIVITY TOOL FOR CORPARTE WORLD .AS DUE TO ITS FEATURE OF MORE DATA HANDLING SYSTEM IN SMARTER WAY THEN WINDOWS OR MAC OS.IT HAS MORE FUTURE SCOPE. 9.) BIBLOGRAPHY

WWW.SUNSOLARIS.COM WWW.ORACLE.COM WWW.OPERATINGSYSTEM .COM WWW.WIKIPEDIEA.COM WWW.OSENCYCLOPEDIA.COM

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