Knowledge Exchange Sector Guidebook: Environment

WORLD BANK GROUP KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND ABOUT THIS BOOKLET PART 1 PART 4 This booklet serves as a companion to help you explore green growth in Korea’s environment 04 What is a Technical Knowledge Exchange 32 Korea at a Glance sector. It provides relevant information and And What You Will Experience? 34 Korea’s Environmental Policy History a directory for reference, guidance and 08 What We Do and Interests comprehension. Inside you will find details of past 38 Taking an Integrated Solutions Approach experiences that have shaped the sector, as well as 40 Air PART 2 recent green growth practices and the frameworks 42 Green Growth Case Study: Real Time Air and government institutions that support Korea’s 12 Why Korea? Pollution Information Platform “Air Korea” advanced environment sector. 16 Green Growth Case Study: Cheonggye-cheon 44 Water Restoration Project (CRP) 52 Applying Green Growth All figures are current to the best of our knowledge 18 Overview of Korea’s Green Growth Approach 56 Green Growth Case Study: The Largest at the time of publication, October 2020 Sanitary Landfill in the World is in Korea 60 Marine and Fishery Solutions PART 3 61 Green Growth Case Study: Shrimp Farming 26 Organizational Charts for Korea’s in the Middle of the Sahara Desert Governance Framework 63 Green Growth Case Study: Hybrid Drones 28 Institutional Roles and Functions in for Marine Environment Management Korean Governance 64 Forest and Soil 65 Green Growth Case Study: Post-war Afforestation in Korea 69 Biodiversity

PART 5

72 Key Institutions in Korea’s Environment Sector 73 Key Institutions in Korea’s Ocean and Fisheries Sector 74 Key Institutions in Korea’s Agriculture Sector 75 Key Institutions in Korea’s Forest Sector 76 Partner Organizations 82 Site Visits and Locations 92 Annex: Sources and Links

KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 1 PART 1

2 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 3 PART 1 What is a Technical Knowledge Exchange And What You Will Experience?

TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE URBAN The KGGTF Technical Knowledge Exchange is CLIMATE where ideas, strategy and action come together. CHANGE TRANSPORT Facilitating the sharing of green growth best practice and technical expertise through on-site KGGTF learning is part of what makes the Korea Green ENVIRONMENT WATER Growth Trust Fund unique.

This week brings together leading experts from

AGRICULTURE the fields of: urban, transportation, environment ICT and energy, agriculture, water and air. Their technical expertise includes everything from ENERGY “The exchange itself was very recent technological advances in smart grids, to monitoring and analysis, ICT integration, smart- insightful and carefully planned card deployment to effective policy incentives and directly relevant to our work and governance best practices and to facilitate wide-stakeholder engagement and support green Sector Integration and Multiple Wins program. We learnt a lot from economic growth policy and investment. KGGTF is passionate about tackling infrastructure Korean experience and hope to challenges with integrated Green Growth You will meet with key government ministries, approaches and methodologies. We seek to bring good lessons learned from institutes, multi-lateral organizations and support countries in their sustainable growth there to India.” companies relevant to your field. Site visits will strategies and investments by promoting provide a unique opportunity to see green growth collaboration across multiple sectors, and when SURBHI GOYAL, WORLD BANK in action first-hand, and to ask country specific and appropriate, multiple scales, to create a multiplier technical questions. effect that positively impacts quality of life.

4 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 5 During This Knowledge Exchange You Will Experience:

POLICY IDEAS IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

• In depth learning with policy makers and • Policy safeguards to ensure project funding industry experts. withstands changes in political party and priority shifts. • Discussion on financial and policy incentives for innovative partnerships. • New frameworks for decision-making and problem solving. • Innovative governance structures that support transparency and • Strategy sessions on financial and interdepartmental collaboration. technical solutions.

• Policy development and coordination • Role of technical and policy think-tanks in policy with municipal and central government, setting and technical dissemination. public institutions, private sector and local communities.

CAPACITY BUILDING GREEN GROWTH COMMUNITY

• Behind-the scenes infrastructure site • Develop a network of key thought leaders tours led by technical specialist. working on innovative projects.

• Learn how to avoid common and • A network of key thought leaders working on costly mistakes. innovative green growth projects.

• Discover how synergies between the government, business and academia can speed the implementation of large projects. PHOTOS: KGGTF Be prepared to explore, ask questions and engage with leaders changing the world.

6 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 7 PART 1 What We Do

The Korea Green Growth Trust Fund is a partnership between the WATER URBAN World Bank Group and the Republic of Korea, established in 2011 to support client countries as they shift to green development path. Both partners share a common goal to reduce poverty and promote

ENVIRONMENT TRANSPORT shared economic prosperity in an environmentally responsible and KGGTF socially inclusive way.

KGGTF AT A GLANCE ICT AGRICULTURE $138 144 ENERGY MILLION FUND GRANTS TO DATE The trust fund facilitates green growth programs Knowledge sharing and network building are an across the urban, transport, digital development, integral part of green growth implementation. energy, environment, water and agriculture Facilitating the sharing of green growth best THROUGH 2026 sectors. Many of its programs are multi-sector, practice and technical expertise through on-site

SECTORS integrating two or more sectors at both the learning, and through the development of practical planning and implementation stages. This provides learning tools is part of what makes the Korea opportunities that allow for cost savings, data Green Growth Trust Fund unique. collection, citizen engagement and new forms of URBAN TRANSPORT ENERGY ICT ENVIRONMENT AGRICULTURE WATER transparency and governance.

The Trust Fund finances on-the-ground programs sectors. Based on strong performance, as well as Fund, manage, Institutionalize global as well as knowledge exchange activities, and increasing demand for collaborative development Aggregate, facilitate, and coordinate and monitor knowledge sharing to to date has approved 144 programs in the implementation programs, the fund has grown leverage Green Growth WBG KGGTF funded promote sustainable urban, transport, digital development, energy, from US$40 million to US$138 million WBG knowledge and learning. programs. economic development. environment, water, climate and agriculture programs through 2026.

8 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 9 PART 2

10 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 11 PART 2 South Korea’s remarkable recovery from war and poverty provides Why case studies with specific solutions for economic advancement, creation of employment opportunities, and sustainable infrastructure Korea? development that is highly relevant for any country planning to transform or rebuild its economy.

Impact of War 1 Currently

CIVILIAN CASUALTIES RANKING 3

Around 1 million people 12th

DAMAGED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS largest economy 44% in the world of the total industrial buildings GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (as of August 1951) PER CAPITA (2018) 2

DAMAGED ELECTRICITY US $33,564 GENERATION CAPACITY GROSS DOMESTIC 80% of the capacity PRODUCT (2018) 2

DEVASTATED SCHOOLS US $1.7 trillion

4,800 schools

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA (1953) 2 US $67

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 2

US $1.35 billion

Source: Global Knowledge Exchange and Development Center (GKEDC), 2019

1953-1960 1961-1979 1980-1996 1997-PRESENT Post-war Korea faced varieties of hardships The government embarked on an ambitious Inflation and overcapacity created by the An extensive restructuring in the wake of and challenges — a weak industrial base, industrialization program as embodied in a state-led industrialization in the 1970s were the Asian financial crisis enabled Korea to dearth of natural resources, increasing series of Five-Year Economic Development gradually resolved with stabilization policies avoid sovereign default, overhaul institutions population, and political instability. Plans. The program relied on exchange in the early 1980s. The government pursued and practices in its economy, and grow into Foreign aid began to dwindle while rate reform, export subsidies, investment conservative fiscal and monetary policies one of the world’s richest countries. Various poverty remained widespread. in economic infrastructure, expansion of to stabilize prices and rationalize the overly efforts are now being made to meet the new schooling and training, and selective choice of expanded industries. Economic liberalization challenges in the 21st century. strategic industries in later years. gained speed in the 1990s.

12 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 13 Seoul’s The implementation of extensive development projects spurred demographic change across the city of Transformation Seoul, providing a quality living environment for its nearly 10 million residents. Over The Last 50 Years (1970-2020) 4

Rising through the destruction and turmoil POPULATION LIFE REGISTERED INFANT left by the Korean War, the city of Seoul has EXPECTANCY VEHICLES MORTALITY RATE transformed to a global megalopolis in only 50 years. Seoul underwent several phases 1945 1947 1958 1947 to overcome significant urban challenges 0.9 million 45 years 9,655 0.083% and become a model smart city full of urban development best practices. 1960 1970 1970 2015 5.4 million 62.2 years 60,442 0.003% Photo: Seoul Photo Archives 1992 2017 2020 (FEB)

10.1 million 82.7 years 3.1 million 1960S-1980s To accommodate increasing population and 2020 (FEB) address inadequate social infrastructure, 9.7 million the Seoul Metropolitan Government formulated urban development plans and implemented projects tailored to address 1980S-2000s the city’s urban challenges. Extensive urban development planning continued, and policies were put in place to beautify the city. Subsequently, Seoul’s infrastructure network flourished with quality transport, water and sewage systems. 2000-PRESENT Seoul adapted a software-centered approach to its urban management policy. The use of advanced information technology helped Seoul facilitate a sustainable city and improve the well-being of its residents and visitors.

14 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 15 CASE STUDY

The area became the most overcrowded part Restoration was a visionary approach to remake Cheonggye-cheon of the city with 60,000 businesses, 200,000 downtown Seoul. After city leaders held over Restoration Project (CRP) shopkeepers and over 1 million people per day 1500 meetings with local stakeholders the passing through causing severe congestion expressway was removed and the river restored. Cheonggye-stream was once a symbol of the towns and pollution became an issue and serious and crime. The business district underneath the Now the river and pedestrian paths are a popular culture of the people of Seoul, a place where problem. In 1958 the decision was taken to cover expressway became synonymous with Seoul’s greenspace providing residents with a peaceful traditional celebrations were held, where women the stream for public safety and from 1968 to deterioration. For 40 years the covering of the reprieve from city life. The project represents a did their washing and where children played. 1978 an expressway was constructed over the Cheonggye-stream to ensure public safety led new model for cities and city dwellers and the start Over time the poor built settlements and shanty covered stream. to additional problems. The Cheonggye-stream of new evolution. Photo (Left and Center): Seoul Museum of History, University of Seoul

CHEONGGYE-CHEON CHEONGGYE-CHEON CHEONGGYE-CHEON 1960’s 1968 to 1978 Present

MAJOR OUTCOMES PROJECT SPANNED IMPLEMENTED OVER TOTAL LABOR FORCE OF TOTAL COST DESIGN LAND ACQUISITION • Environment—average 700,000 $1.7 USD million $2.3 USD million daytime temperature in 5.8 km 1 year $305 USD million the area dropped for planning and Fully funded by Seoul Metropolitan CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT preparations • Economic vitalization Government (already owned most of the USD million USD million land used by the elevated highway redirected $294 $6.1 • Traffic—discouraged driving 2 years & and earmarked funds for maintenance of cars in the center, eased traffic ADMINISTRATION deteriorated elevated highways). flow, $1 public transport system 3 months USD million for construction $0.5

16 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 17 PART 2 Figure 2 Institutional Framework for Green Growth Overview of Korea’s FRAMEWORK ACT ON LOW CARBON GREEN GROWTH Green Growth Approach PRESIDENT STRATEGY FOR GREEN GROWTH

PRESIDENTIAL COMMITTEE ON GREEN GROWTH

PLANNING COORDINATION, ASSESSMENT

NATIONAL STRATEGY 5-YEAR PLAN FOR ANNUAL FOR GREEN GROWTH GREEN GROWTH ACTION PLAN

LOCAL CENTRAL PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PARTNERSHIP GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT SECTOR

Initiated by the necessity to adopt sustainable INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK practices, Korea underwent a development The Presidential Committee on Green Growth The Framework Act on Low Carbon Green The major provisions in the Framework Act include: paradigm shift from quantity to quality-oriented (PCCG) was established in 2009 to spearhead Growth was enacted in 2010. It provided the legal growth, and from fossil fuel-dependent to energy Korea’s Green Growth Transformation. Specifically, basis for implementing measures to effectively • The realization of the green economic system, independent growth and sustainability. Korea’s the PCCG developed and mandated the legal address climate change and energy issues, green technology and green industries. green growth was propelled by the establishment framework, strategic planning, and budget promote sustainable development, build the of key institutional arrangements that created an allocation for the National Strategy. implementation system for green growth (such • Policies on energy, sustainable development; enabling environment and laid the foundation for as the establishment of the Committee on Green the green life, the green homeland and the low- advancement through legislative, institutional and The Committee on Green Growth was instituted Growth), and revise a variety of institutional carbon traffic system. strategic frameworks. In 2008, Low Carbon, several years later in 2013 with the main function systems to promote low-carbon green growth in Green Growth was declared as a new vision and of deliberating matters concerning Green Growth. the region. • International negotiations and cooperation in Green New Deal for the nation for the next 60 The Committee was comprised of 38 people: relation to low carbon, green growth, including years, and the green growth action plan was 21 Private Experts and 17 ministers, Co-chairs: climate change. promoted thereafter. Prime Minister and one Private Expert and 4 Sub- Committees focused on: • Procurement of financial resources, taxation, Countries around the world are finding the Green financing, training of human resources, Growth model highly relevant. • Green Growth Strategy education, and public relations activities • Climate Response necessary for low carbon, green growth. • Green Technology and Industry • Energy

18 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 19 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK The government set a budget target to allocate 2% of GDP for Phase 1 (2009-2013) The National Strategy for Green Growth (2009- Definition of Green Growth: Total: 107.4 trillion KRW (98.1 billion USD (1/1/2013)) 5 2050), provides a comprehensive policy Growth that registers harmony between economy and environment framework towards green growth. Launched in that reduces climate change and 2009, the strategy aims to promote eco-friendly environmental damage by saving and Total ‘09 ‘10~’11 ‘12~’13 Growth Public Investment (trillion KRW) new growth engines, enhance people’s quality of efficiently using energy and resources 107.4 17.5 48.3 41.5 10.2% life, and contribute to international efforts to fight and creates jobs by exploiting new growth engines through R&D in clean climate change. To achieve the goals set in the energy and green technology. Adaptation to climate change 56.9 8.6 29.2 19.1 14.0% National Strategy, South Korea rolled out a series of five-year plans with the following objectives: *Article 2, Section 2 of Low Carbon New growth engine 28.6 4.8 10.8 13.1 9.4% Green Growth Framework Act (hereafter the Framework Act) Better life quality 27.9 5.2 10.5 12.2 3.6%

The 1st Five-Year • Adaptation to climate change and The 2nd Five-Year • Establishing a low-carbon Green Growth Plan energy independence Green Growth Plan socio-economic infrastructure 2009-2013 • Creating new engines for economic growth 2014-2018 • Achieving a creative economy through the • Improvement in quality of life and enhanced convergence of green technology and ICT international standing • Building a pleasant living environment safe from the harms of climate change

Figure 1 Three Objectives and Ten Directions of Green Growth MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS 2009-2019 6 10 years of Green Growth Policy implementation has:

ADAPTION OF CLIMATE CREATING NEW ENGINE’S IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY • Facilitated the adoption of Green Growth as • Led to an increase in the supply of CHANGE & ENERGY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH OF LIFE AND ENHANCED an agenda for national development and the green products and efforts for actualizing INDEPENDENCE INTERNATIONAL STANDING institutionalization of Green Growth promotion. green lifestyle.

• Aided in preparing the basis for preemptively • Enhanced national standing by setting setting the GHG reduction target and system. green growth as a global agenda by establishing and engaging related internal • Established the foundation for future growth organizations. • Effective adaption of greenhouse • Development of green technologies • Development of green engines through the development of gas emissions cities, construction of green • Greening of existing industries and green technology. transportation infrastructure, • Reduction of the use of fossil fuels promotion of green industries and improvement of water and the enhancement of energy • Advancement of industrial structure management independence • Engineering of a structural basis for • Bringing green revolution into our • Strengthening of the capacity to green economy daily lives adapt to climate change • Becoming a role-model for the international community as a green growth leader

20 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 21 The 3rd 5-Year • Responsible greenhouse gas reductions Green Growth Plan 7 and sustainable energy convergence 2019-2023 • Nurturing innovative green technology, industry and fair green economy • Realizing a green society for everyone and strengthening global green growth cooperation

Realizing an Inclusive Green Country

Vision

Responsible greenhouse Nurturing innovative green Realizing a green society for gas reduction and sustainable technology and industry and everyone and strengthening energy conversion fair green economy global green cooperation Implementation Strategies

01 02 03 04 05 Effective Safe and Implementing Realizing Activating implementation clean structural climate green of the obligation energy innovation adaptation and cooperation to reduce conversion and delivering low energy at home Policy directions greenhouse gases achievements in consumption and abroad green economy green society

22 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 23 PART 3

24 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 25 PART 3 PRESIDENT Organizational Charts Office of the President Presidential Security Service for Korea’s Governance Framework Office of National Security National Human Rights Commission Board of Audit and Inspection Korea Communications Commission Korean Central Administration consists of 18 Ministries, 5 and 17 Agencies. National Intelligence Service Personal Information Protection Commission (Organizational structure in May 2020)

THE PRIME MINISTER

Ministry of Economy and Finance (MOEF) Ministry of Environment (MOE) Ministry of Education Office for Government Policy Coordination

• National Tax Service • Korea Meteorological Administration Ministry of Employment and Labour • Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs • Korea Customs Service • Ministry of Personnel Management • Public Procurement Service • Ministry of Government Legislation • Statistics Korea Ministry of Land, Infrastructure & Transport (MOLIT) Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Ministry of Food and Drug Safety

Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) • National Agency for Administrative Ministry of Gender Equality and Family Prime Minister’s Secretariat City Construction • Saemangeum Development and Ministry of Interior and Safety (MOIS) Investment Agency Ministry of Health and Welfare • Korea Fair Trade Commission • Financial Services Commission • Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission • National Police Agency Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) Ministry of Justice • Nuclear Safety and Security Commission • National Fire Agency

Korea Coast Guard Supreme Prosecutor’s Office Ministry of Agriculture , Food & Rural Affairs (MAFRA)

Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS) Ministry of National Defense • Rural Development Administration • Korea Forest Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism • Military Manpower Administration • Defense Acquisition Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) Program Administration Culture Heritage Administration

Korean Intellectual Property Office Ministry of Unification

26 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 27 PART 3 Institutional Roles Much of Korea’s successful transformation from war-torn country to global leader is a direct result of institutional frameworks and and Functions in strategically designed governing structures. Establishing effective institutional frameworks allows for long-term strategic planning and Korean Governance investments. When done correctly, such long-term planning can align citizens’ interests and nation building with clear opportunities for the private sector to actively participate and invest.

MINISTRY 부처

Administration, Agency, State-owned Enterprise Quasi-Government Entity Public Authority Research Institute Local Government Others Service, Office (SOE) (QGE) 기타 공공기관 연구개발목적기관 지자체 청 공기업 준정부기관 This type of entity typically Devoted to research in one An administrative body for A central administrative A company whose shares A private company that operates outside of field, research institutes geographic regions such as University body/institute who are publicly traded and/ operates with a mandate traditional budgeting can be supported by the towns, counties or states. In supervises the affairs or a government owned from the government. It offices and procedures. government. Focused many instances projects and that are highly independent company such as a public is often backed financially on research and policy policies that succeed at the Some public authorities are Private Sector and executive among the transit or energy company. or guaranteed by the self-supporting and operate development that support local level are adopted at the Individuals with technical affairs under the jurisdiction government. Many quasi- entirely outside of the economic and social national level. or policy expertise that of the department. governmental entities began budget process, while others development in areas such International provide neutral, non- as government agencies, rely on State appropriations as: macroeconomics and Organization politically motivated and later spun out to for funding. Most are fiscal policy, finance, advice in designing a become separate entities. authorized to issue bonds welfare, trade, labor and project or policy. This type of corporation to develop and maintain competition policy. is often traded on major infrastructure. Project Industry Association stock exchanges, which revenues, such as tolls, Supports, protects and allows individual investors often support financing. advocates for the interests to gain exposure to the A separate board of of industry and the people company’s profit. directors appointed by who work in that industry. elected officials governs QGE for Fund each public authority. Management 기금관리형 준정부기관

Other Entrusted QGEs 위탁집행형 준정부기관

28 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 29 PART 4

30 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 31 PART 4 Korea at a Glance

CLIMATE 8 POPULATION AND AREA AND The average annual temperature in South Korea HOUSEHOLDS 8 TOPOGRAPHY 8 ranges from 6°C to 16°C. Excluding mountainous (AS OF 2018) regions, the temperature ranges from 10°C to 16°C. The National Economy and Natural POPULATION THE TOTAL LAND AREA OF KOREA OF SOUTH KOREA Capital Resource Management In 2018, the average monthly temperature ranged 2 from -1.9°C to 27°C. The highest temperature 51,606,633 100, 401 km was recorded at 32°C and lowest temperature EMPLOYED URBAN was -6.2°C. POPULATION IN KOREA AREA 16,610,000 16.7% Depending on which region, soil temperature ranges from 23°C to 33°C in the summer and POPULATION FORESTS IN FORESTRY -2.8°C to 5.3°C in the winter. 63.2% 2,315,000 ENVIRONMENT 9 WATER 10 FISHERIES 11 OTHERS (4.5% of the total THE VALUE OF WATER TOTAL BUSINESSES FISHERY PRODUCTS population) 20.1% AGRICULTURAL AND PER CAPITA ENGAGED IN THE EXPORT (2018) FORESTRY PRODUCTS ENTIRE FISHERIES THE TOTAL SEA AREA 3 POPULATION IN (2018) 2,546 m /person INDUSTRY USD 2,380 FISHERY AND OF SOUTH KOREA million 8 ANCILLARY INDUSTRY USD billion WATER PRECIPITATION 2 44.1 95,980 438,000 km SUPPLY FISHERY PRODUCTS The amount of annual precipitation is 1,500mm in firms in 2017 1,044,106 TOTAL BUDGET IMPORT (2018) NUMBER OF ISLANDS 3 (production, processing and the southern region and 1,300mm in the central OF MINISTRY OF 19.1 billion m /year (2% of the total distribution industries) ENVIRONMENT (2020) USD 6,130 region. Seasonally, about 50% to 60% of annual population) 3,348 WATER SUPPLY AND million precipitation falls in the summer, and 5% to 10% USD billion SANITATION BILLS NUMBER OF POPULATION IN LENGTH OF 5.4 falls in the winter. AS A SHARE OF PEOPLE EMPLOYED ENVIRONMENTAL COASTLINE (1.2% of national budget) DISPOSABLE INCOME IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT BUSINESS (2017) 2 TOTAL BUDGET (AIR, WATER, WASTE 14,962 km OF MINISTRY OF 0.2% MANAGEMENT) FISHERIES AND 638,647 443,000 OCEANS (2020) (2.8% of the total USD 4.7 billion population) (1% of national budget)

32 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 33 PART 4 1953 - 1969​ Korea’s Fisheries Forest Soil Water 1953 1964 1963 1961 Environmental The Fishery Resources Banning illegal timber Mining Prevention Act Enactment of Water Protection Act harvest Supply & Waterworks Installation Act & Waste Policy History 1967 Cleaning Act Establishment of the Urbanization and Korea Forest Service. industrialization led and Interests Despite continuous to large quantities of Air efforts, the national Waste Management waste dumped into 1963 forest stock remained 1963 open spaces, drainage Enactment of Pollution low until the early 1970s. Enactment of channels, streams, rivers, Control Act, previously Environmental Pollution and oceans without 1967 air pollution had not Prevention Act & Toxic proper treatment. been a major concern Designation of the first Substance Control Act national park (Jirisan 1966 Mountain National Park) Enactment of Sewage Act

1967 Establishment of K-water, and construction of first sewage treatment plant

1970 - 1989​

General Air Fisheries Water 1980 1977 1975 1967-1988 Establishment of Enaction of Inland Water Construction of multi- Environment Agency Environmental Fisheries Development purpose dams, water Conservation Act Promotion Act supply system, and 1981 industrial complex for Introduction of 1983 1987 national economic growth Environmental Impact Introduction of Emission The Framework Act on Assessment Charge System Marine Development 1971 Industrial Sewage 1988 and Pollutants Discharge Increased use of eco- Permit System friendly heating fuel Forest 1980-1990 1971 Expansion of sewage Introduction of Greenbelt treatment plants

1973-1987 1988 1st & 2nd Afforestation, Improving the welfare and Rehabilitation of living standard of citizens slash-and-burn area, now a concern erosion control

34 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 35 1990 General Air Fisheries Forest Soil Water Ocean - 2009 1994 1997-2002 1990 1996 1994 2000 1991 Establishment of Ministry Achieved nationwide Fisheries Act Long-term plan on Groundwater Quality Focus transitioned Marine Pollution of Environment management of CleanSYS Regulates a range of expansion of national Regulation to prevention of Prevention Act (air pollutant monitoring issues, including: fish forest (1996-2020) urban flooding, and 1996 system for stationary sources) licensing including 1995 rainfall management 1999 Establishment of Ministry aquaculture, fish Continuous Afforestation Soil Environment Coastal Management of Oceans and Fisheries 2000 processing and to use forest resources Conservation Act Act National air quality monitoring transport, measures 1997 Policies for mountainous 1997 2007 now conducted by Korea for the conservation Establishment of villages and forest Groundwater Act Marine Environment Environment Corporation and protection of Korea Marine Pollution recreation Management Act fisheries resources Response Corporation 2002 2002 among other issues. (KMPRC) Converted diesel Policies for Sustainable Soil Environment Forest Management (SFM) Assessment automobiles to pollution-low 2000 2008 or free automobiles and Aquaculture Ground 2005 Launch of Korea applied emission reduction Management Act Mining Damage Prevention Marine Environment system on automobiles and Restoration Act Management 2001 Corporation (KOEM), 2003 Fishery Products formerly KMPRC Established national Quality Control Act ambient air monitoring 2008 information system 2002 Declaration of the Green Culture-based Fishery Waste Management Growth Initiative 2006-2015 Promotion Act 1995 Increased environmentally Introduction of Volume- friendly public transportation based Waste Fee system 2008 Enforced total emission cap management system

2010 Air Fisheries Forest Soil Water Ocean - Present 2012 2014 Policies for Promotion 2010-2019 2012-2021 2011 New procedure for Establishment of Fisheries of Forest Welfare Master Plan for Master Plan on The 4th Comprehensive including public opinions Monitoring Center and Soil Environment Groundwater Quality Marine Environment Plan on national plan for air Operation of Vessel Conservation (Phase 1) Management (2011-2020) quality management, Monitoring System to established automobile prevent illegal fishing 2020-2029 2017-present 2019 fleet average system, and Master Plan for Focusing on The 3rd Marine Debris started subsidizes for 2020 Soil Environment establishment of Management Plan electric vehicles Establishment of the Conservation (Phase 2) integrated water (2019-2023) Ocean Korea 21, the management and 2018 national 30-year plan sustainable water Enacted Special Act circulation system on the Reduction and Management of Fine Dust

2020-Present Waste Management Reducing coal station 2018 related fine dust, and shift Framework Act on to green energy sources Resource Circulation

36 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 37 PART 4 The Ministry of Environment presents Taking an Integrated a clear example of how sector collaboration is a force multiplier in solving complex problems. Solutions Approach Ecosystem

Water Green Growth for Air pollution resources Environmental Impact

Climate Health change

Land & Sustainability Wastes Because issues involving the environment are Roughly 2% of Korea’s complex, across sectors and stakeholders, the International Ministry of Environment adopted a green growth annual GDP over 5 years relations approach. This was done by applying cross was allocated for the sectoral environmental social and governance considerations to shift the economic priorities implementation of green and environmental health to be synonymous growth strategies in towards a greener economy. Moreover, while the Ministry of Environment led the technical design response to the 2008 of the regulatory policy, the Ministry of Economy financial crisis. HOW GREEN GROWTH LEVERAGES and Finance also supported this shift. In 2016 a THE ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR IN KOREA comprehensive roadmap was developed with detailed strategies and policies set out that would Declaration of the Green Growth Initiative green growth programs and projects and passed a help Korea achieve its aim of reducing greenhouse Following the 2008 financial crisis, Korea designed 30.7 billion USD annual stimulus package for 2009 gas emissions by 37% by 2030. a financial recovery, green stimulus towards a (The 1st Five-Year Green Growth Plan 2009-2013 green growth future. The comprehensive policy total spend 107.4 Trillion won) aimed to support framework for green growth provided short- and green ambitions that include renewable energy Environment addressing long-term stimulus designed to invest in green resources, energy-efficient buildings, expanding • Climate change jobs and support the transition to a cleaner and of railway systems, improving waste management • Particulate matter more sustainable future. and many other projects. The targeted financial • Water conflicts stimulus was a success as jobs were maintained • Plastics and hazardous chemicals The National Strategy for Green Growth was and the economy emerged faster from the crisis adopted along with the Five-Year Plan for Green and with less economic damage than other Growth. Under the Five-year plan, the government economies around the world. invested approximately 2% of annual GDP on

38 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 39 PART 4 Greenhouse Air Gas Reduction Green Growth Ideas for NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS SECTORAL STRATEGIES REDUCTION GOAL Achieving environmental goals requires cross Addressing Climate Korea set ambitious emission goals as part of the sectoral actions and strategies. Paris Climate Agreement. The country’s emission

reduction goal is 37% by 2030 and in 2016 a Reduce the share of coal in the current detailed strategic roadmap along with policy energy mix while increasing the proportion tools for each sector was created. This roadmap of renewables up to 20% by 2030. AIR QUALITY Korea aims to is continuously updated to incorporate the latest Air quality has recently become a national concern technological advances and policy trends. Suspend granting permit for new coal-fired in Korea. Over the last few years- particularly in the reduce fine dust by power plant and phrase out old ones. winter and spring -the country has experienced 35.8% by 2022 Detailed strategic an increasing number of poor air quality days.

Responding to the need for urgent action, the plan with policy Expand zero-energy requirements for country set higher standards and established a tools for each sector all new buildings and promote green monitoring process. The plan aims to reduce PM2.5 remodeling to dramatically improve building energy efficiency. emissions by 35.8% by 2022 from its level in 2014. continuously updated

EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME Provide more electronic & hydrogen vehicles Implemented nationally in 2015 this tool for for the market and offer more low-carbon Korea’s Air Quality Trend (2001-2018) 12 options for public transportation such as emissions reduction now includes over 70% of the intercity railroad networks. national GHG emissions. The share of auctioning 450,000 80 continues to rise and the scheme functions 400,000 70 as a carbon pricing system. The benchmark Support innovation in manufacturing by

350,000 Annual Concentration (m method for allocation of permits rewards providing more smart factories. Factory 300,000 60 efficient installations by setting benchmarks Energy Management System (FEMS) could be one of the options. 250,000 based on the best available technology. 50

Emissions 200,000 CONTINUAL ADAPTION 150,000 40 Convert into eco-friendly refrigerants for 2 ) Average annual temperatures have been rising vehicles and air conditioners and replicate 100,000 30 at an even faster rate than the warming trends the industry’s best practices in other sectors 50,000 occurring around the rest of the world. In order by 2030. 0 20 to adapt, the Ministry of Environment works to 2011 2017 2012 2013 2015 2018 2016 2014 2001 2010 2007 2002 2003 2005 enhance climate-resilient infrastructure. Programs 2008 2006 2009 2004 Reduce waste sources and promote to protect the vulnerable -such as the elderly, recycling. Put circular economy in practice CO NOx SOx TSP VOC NH3 children and outdoor workers -are being scaled up by implementing action plans for each PM10 (annual average) PM2.5 (annual average) and expanded. product phase from production to recycling.

40 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 41 CASE STUDY

Real Time Air Pollution Information Platform “Air Korea”

In response to public concern, the Ministry of website. The air quality monitoring network checks Section Good Moderate Unhealthy for Unhealthy Very unhealthy Hazardous Environment (MOE) installed a monitoring pollutants such as SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10, and sensitive groups network to measure air pollutants such as PM2.5, and weather factors such as wind direction, (Index value) (0-50) (51-100) (101-150) (151-250) (251-350) (351-500) fine dust and ozone. The national air pollution speed, temperature, humidity, solar radiation and monitoring network consists of 514 stations UV radiation. Symbol color Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Brown across the country investigating the ambient air (RGB cord) (#000FFF) (#00FF00) (#FFFF00) (#FF9900) (#FF0000) (#861313) pollution to determine if air quality standards are Anyone can access the website to see the status of being achieved. Data collected is disseminated the nationwide air pollution, and citizens can easily in real time through “Air Korea”, an informational check air pollution in their specific neighborhood. Character

Source: Air Korea 2010 brochure

EMERGENCY REDUCTION MEASURES STRATEGIES The government now takes emergency actions The plan set up a strong framework for tackling when high concentration of PM2.5 is predicted air pollution, with a special focus on four major in order to reduce emissions and protect citizens sources of fine dust, power generation, industries, from harmful pollutants. Actions include transportation, and daily surroundings. adjusting operation levels of coal-fired power plants, construction sites and emission facilities, Power generation and temporarily banning high emission cars Strengthen control over emissions from coal- fored power plants and increase penetration from driving. rates of new renewable energy.

Industries Introduce the “Dust Cap Regulation” targeting emission facilities in the Seoul Metropolitan Area and apply stricter permissible emissions levels to business facilities.

Transportation Apply tighter emission standards to diesel vehicles, expand restrictions of driving diesel vehicles, and encourage the use of eco- friendly cars.

Daily surroundings Mitigate fugitive dust from roads, root out illegl incinerations, and reduce emission sources of fine dust in urban and rural areas.

42 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 43 PART 4 DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

1960s-80s 1966 1991 2002 Water Concern for environmental Sewerage Act est. Water pollution accident Rehabilitation of pollution was set aside occurred where phenol sewer systems from as the nation’s policy was discharged into the combined to separated Green Growth Approach: priorities were focused on upstream water resources sewer systems economic development. of Nak-dong river Smart Water Systems

1961 1976 1996-2010 2012 Protecting clean water in rivers and lakes across and sustainable. According to the new Water supply First (WWTP) Expansion of WWTP’s Reinforced act established Wastewater and introduce advance Effluent the country and ensuring a stable supply of safe Framework Act on Water Management, Korea Treatment Plant treatment process standard water is a critical mission for the Government. In will build a National Water Management Plan 2018 the country overhauled its national water every ten years that establishes policy goals and HISTORY OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT management system and integrated it under the specific measures on water issues including water Ministry of Environment. The reforms streamlined quality, water resources, disasters, conflicts and Year Capacity of WWTP (m3/d) Accumulation (m3/d) the previously fragmented structure toensure the water industry. water management is cost-effective, equitable 1971 ~ 1980 1,710,000 1,710,000

1981 ~ 1990 8,619,00 10,329,000

WATER MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ROLES 1991 ~ 2000 9,662,000 19,991,000

2001 ~ 2012 5,075,000 25,066,000

Presidential Council on Water Management (“Framework Act on Water Management” effects on June 2019) Expansion WWTPs Capacity Accumulation

30,000

Ministry Ministry of Ministry Ministry of of Land, Ministry of the Agriculture, of Trade, 25,000 Environment Infrastructure Interior and Food and Industry (MOE) and Transport Safety (MOIS) RUral Affairs and Energy 20,000 (MOLIT) (MAFRA) (MOTIE) /d) 3 15,000 Regional Korea Rural Korea Hydro & National Institute Flood control Construction Communiy Nuclear Power (1,000m of Environmental Offices Administration Corporation Corporation Researches 10,000 Offices (KRC) (KHNC)

5,000 Korea Water Korea REsources Environment Corporation Corporation 0 (K-water) (K-eco) Local Governments 1971 ~ 1980 1981 ~ 1990 1991 ~2000 2001 ~2011 (Lots of Local Governments have their directly affiliated public corporations) Regional Watershed Environment Management Offices Committee In just a few years the country underwent tremendous changes, expanding capacity at an extraordinary rate.

44 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 45 NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM Data collection System Application & WATER QUALITY TELE-MONITORING SYSTEM Public (1) Overview: Real-Time water quality monitoring based on advanced IT & ET Wastewater Public support Internet support emitting service information (2) Application Target buiness site Real-time water Internet quality Project name N WQ MS (Since 1995 ~) Water-TMS (Since 2008 ~) information Ministry of Business Environment site liable 3 for total Target 4-Major rivers STP: capacity over 2,000 m /d Water quality analysis data & pollutant emission statistical data amount System Number 60 657 control Operation Riverside environment Water Quality Effect Early Warning on Pollution Effluent Real-Time Monitoring agency National Remote Administration Basic Data for Policy Making Basic Data for Violation Check water River water Emission charge calculation data quality auto quality Dedicated line Monitoring network monitoring information Self-governing network (WaterTMS) body Control System Collection of the Materials Operation of Utilization of the System Cumulative water quality the System data & basic information for load calculation Public Collection of the Support Support water quality information disposal Internet service for Water National information in for public Emission installations Measurement environment Administration Institute of the real time welfare faculty and waste materials information network Environmental information water system Research discharging operation Statistical information sites Control Center for Water TMS on the discharging Ministry of Internet quantity of the water Environment Analytical quality analytics Allo statistics for POLLUTION CONTROL operation site data The Basin of the total Environmental Total Water Pollution Load Management System quantity of Office Tele-metering Administration In 2004, the Total Water Pollution Load standards for 51 parameters. Effluent management the pollution retrieval software network function Local Management System was introduced at river basin is continually strengthened by the adoption of new Government Predictive levels to protect and improve the water quality parameters and expansion of the application of warning Automatic of the rivers across the country. The system sets these standards to protect clean river water and measurement Water quality Exclusive Basin information for National System net of water information use load quantity of the Environmental water quality goals for each river basin, calculates healthy ecosystems. Across the four major rivers, Monitoring quality of of the rivers circuit accumulated water Scientific the amount of pollutant discharges to meet the 66.4% of pollution comes from diffuse sources the state quality data Institute goals, allocates permissible discharges to each other than the industrial and sewage effluent local government, and monitors the compliance from point sources. Systematic approaches are based on which special measures including taken to manage the non- point source (NPS) development restrictions are taken. water pollution such as the designation of NPS Control Areas and the legal obligation to install Discharge from industrial and wastewater pollution reduction facilities for large scale treatment plants is managed with stringent development projects.

46 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 47 Water supply Service (Residential and Industrial use) WATER SUPPLY EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS Decades of work to expand waterwork facilities and service has succeeded in bringing clean water Water Harmony River, Execution to 99.1% of the population. While access to water source Multi-purpose Dams • Consensus among Shareholders Groundwater entitities for all has nearly been achieved, there is still an Central & Local Gov & Residents urban-rural gap to be fixed. The need for water • Upstream & Downstream Area access to rural villages is now being addressed. • Protection vs Development

There is a nationwide initiative to upgrade old Industrial Multi-regional Wholesale MOE (K-water) water pipes and infrastructure. Korea’s national waterworks waterworks water grid is evolving towards higher stability, Quality Control & Assurance safety and efficiency by incorporating smart Importance of QC in Piping Work technologies such as automated water treatment • Reducing Leakage in Water Supply and and real-time measurement and analysis. Infiltration/Inflow in Sewerage

Introduction QA system in WWTP DISASTER PREVENTION Retail Local Governments K-water Local government • Set Target before Bidding Due to the impacts of climate change, Korea is • 3–6 months for test-run & final Q/A experiencing increasingly intensive, concentrated and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Korea is working to optimize the national system to protect people from water-related disasters through Localization Customer Industrial Complexes Households Local government making the best use of advanced technologies • Water Treatment Process and information networks. For instance, the Flood • Material & Machinery Control Offices in the four major rivers collect • For Stable O&M hydro and meteorological information, analyze flood risks, produce forecast, and issue real-time flood warnings from 60 points nationwide. Sewerage Sewerage treatment & discharge into rivers Experts and Administration Establishment of Experts Institution CONFLICT MANAGEMENT • R&D, National Project Implementation Addressing the conflict between upstream and • Dispersing Relating Technologym QA/QC downstream reaches, and between urban and • Monitoring Water Quality and Analysis Raw water rural areas has been a key concern in Korea’s water Semi-treated water policies. Policy instruments to correct the inequity Systematic Water Management

Treated water now include water use charges that are collected Importance of Master Plan in Water Supply by downstream tap water users and invested Tap water and Sewerage area for efficient budget in water quality improvement and welfares in investment and step wise expanding. Waste water upstream communities.

48 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 49 Korea Water Company The Important Role of a Public Corporation

K-WATER PUBLIC CORPORATION 13 including integrated water management, water HISTORY AND MAJOR FOCUSES Korea’s water policies and implementation sustainability, eco-friendly water energy projects OF SEWAGE TREATMENT WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT are overseen by K-water, a public corporation and developing the water-fusion industry. established in 1967. K-water has been integral to Economic development (~1960s) • Water supply coverage reached the economic development of the country and K-water owns Integrated Water Resources 1st Generation 99.1% in 2017 (compared to 17% in has played a pivotal role in the construction and Management (IWRM) to develop key technologies. • Sewage and rainwater drainage 1961). management of the multi-purpose dam, and They have nine key practical technologies and the entire water supply system. K-water works devices including high-efficiency algal bloom- Economic growth (1970s~1980s) • Sewage treatment coverage with local governments to create economies of removal, equipment movable on water, low 2nd Generation reached 93.6% in 2017 (it was less scale to modernize facilities and ensure water impact development (LID) technique, distributed • Disposal of organic matters than 2% in 1961). sustainability into the future. K-water conducts watershed runoff-analysis model, and techniques • Sewage and rainwater drainage research and development over a range of areas for restoring aquatic ecology of dams. • Korea has 625 public sewage Economic Improvement (1990s~) treatment plants (STPs) which 3rd Generation can handle 25,398,366t/d. • Disposal of Nutrients • Disposal of organic matters • The length of Korea’s sewer is IWRM indicates a process which promotes GUIDING PRINCIPLES 14 • Sewage and rainwater drainage 137,193km. the coordinated development and Integrated Water Resources Management management of water, land and related (IWRM) Present (2000s~) • 1,027 million tons of wastewater resources, in order to maximize the resulting • Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable 4th Generation was reused in 2015. economic and social impact in an equitable resource essential to sustain life, • Resource Recovery manner without compromising the development and the environment. • Disposal of Nutrients sustainability of vital ecosystems. • Disposal of organic matters • Water development and management • Sewage and rainwater drainage IWRM integrated water governance requires should be based on a participatory innovative technologies. Its expertise includes: approach, involving users, planners and Near future policy-makers at all levels. 5th Generation • Water information survey, management • Disposal of Hazardous Substances and analysis technologies • Women play a central part in the provision, • Resource Recovery management and safeguarding of water. • Disposal of Nutrients • Water management forecasting and • Disposal of organic matters decision-making technologies • Water has an economic value in all of its • Sewage and rainwater drainage competing uses and should be recognized • Hydraulic infrastructure maintenance & as an economic good. safety management technologies

• Technologies for integrated water quality management.

50 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 51 PART 4 Recently, policies to manage resources throughout their entire life-cycles have been Two pillars of the introduced with the aim of building a circular Applying Green Growth country’s waste economy where resources are reused and management recycled instead of thrown away as trash. system Managing Waste and the Businesses are given individual targets to meet, and ease of recycling must be incorporated into product design. Recycling Food & General waste Circular Economy Garbage fees based on volume In 2017, each citizen discharged 1.02 kilograms of trash. Only a third of the amount in 1991

GOALS AND MEASURES Production In Korea, as in the rest of the world, plastic waste Assess the recyclability of all packaging materials including PET bottles, based on is a priority concern that is taken seriously. By which manufacturers pay the recycling 2030, Korea aims to reduce plastic waste by charges at different rates. By 2020, all colored 50% and recycle 70% of the waste plastics. The plastic beverage bottles will be replaced with Comprehensive Measures of Waste Recycling transparent ones which are easier to recycle. announced in 2018 set a series of policy actions to be implemented in each stage of resource Consumption cycle from production, consumption, disposal, Introduce recycling standards for postal and delivery packaging. Increase the number and collection/seperation to recycling. types of businesses that are required to refrain from using single-use plastics. In 2022, Korea will consume 35% less plastic cups and bags than it is using now. 86% of waste is Korea has one of the world’s most advanced Examples: waste management systems. For decades, the recycled and reborn as Disposal country has been a leader in extraordinarily high • Extended Producer Responsibility imposes an Help people learn and practice the right way to resources in Korea separate recyclables and discharge wastes by levels of recycling and currently 86% of its waste is obligation on product manufactures to collect providing user-friendly guides and smartphone recycled. The country’s adoption and adherence to and recycle waste derived from their products. apps. Empower local governments and recycling is the direct result of innovative policies Strict restrictions are placed on single-use communities to handle local wastes. directed at producers and consumers, along with goods such as coffee cups and plastic bags. mobilizing new technologies when developed. Recycling • Because half of waste comes from construction Expand the EPR scheme to include more plastic projects, there are requirements to use recycled products. Support the stable operation of recycling market through close price monitoring aggregates in public and private construction and proactive responses. Invest in more projects. This is in order to promote the innovative recycling technologies. maximum recycling of construction waste.

52 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 53 Solid Waste Management

Being a resource-poor and energy-intensive EXTRACTING VALUE FROM MUNICIPAL society, Korea’s solid waste management needs SOLID WASTE FOR GREENER CITIES: and policies have changed drastically over the past THE CASE FOR GREEN GROWTH 40 years. Transforming the sector from a costly, resource intensive and environmentally damaging sector has been an opportunity to resourcefully recover the vast majority of solid waste and create energy leading to a profound transformation.

Currently, over 80 percent of the country's solid waste is recycled. In addition to policy interventions, this shift required carefully targeted investments and awareness-raising initiatives to encourage behavioral change among producers and consumers.

Major Policy Instruments 15

1. Volume-based waste-fee system 2. Waste charge on the producers of hard-to-recycle products Reduce 3. Restriction on the use of disposables 4. Packaging reduction 5. Industrial – and construction – waste reduction

6. Guarantee money on empty vessels Reuse 7. Promotion of package reuse

8. Exended producer responsibility (EPR) system 9. Eco-assurance system Recycle 10. Food-waste recycling 11. Construction-waste recycling 12. Local-based eco-industrial towns

13. Expanded waste-to-energy facilities Energy Recovery 14. A clean energy park in the metropolitan area

15. Waste manifest (ALLBARO) system 16. Waste import and export management Safe Treatment 17. Hazardous waste management 18. Medical waste management 19. Neglected waste management

54 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 55 CASE STUDY

The Largest Sanitary Landfill in the World is in Korea Sudokwon Landfill Site

A prominent example of Korean SWM policy • It integrated green space into landfill design. • The cost of NOT investing in waste management implementation is the Sudokwon Landfill Sudokwon Landfill comprises four landfill is greater than the amount required to provide a Corporation (SLC), which was created to manage parts, occupying a total area of 16.85 million clean, efficient resource. the Sudokwon Landfill site near Seoul. The success square meters. Part of that area is the Ara of solid waste policies in Korea has been in large Canal and Environment Research Complex. • Early planning part due to the success of implementation at The first landfill accumulated 64,000,000 Cities need to make solid waste management the local level through the creation of inter- tons of municipal solid waste before it closed planning an integrated part of overall city jurisdictional treatment facilities to operationalize in October 2000. Stabilization work was master plans. The planning process must policy. SLC demonstrates how solid waste facilities completed in 2004, and it was turned into an involve a deep understanding of the baseline can be developed,efficiently managed and eco-friendly golf course, opened to the public situation to design plans for sanitary landfills in operated for recycling, waste disposal, and energy in 2013. their own context. recovery to enable the sustainable Green Growth of cities in line with national policy. LESSONS LEARNED Stakeholder engagement The SLC case illustrates the importance of an NIMBY attitudes are a common challenge in solid SLC was established under the Ministry of integrated approach in managing complex waste management. The Sudokwon Landfill Environment in July 2000 as a federal venture environmental, social, and economic aspects of case study demonstrates that such a complex to promote the appropriate treatment of urban SWM. One of the key messages South Korea tried relationship with the neighboring community can waste material, in addition to resource recovery The Sudokwon Landfill Site Project demonstrated to convey to citizens is that “waste is not a waste; be managed better by implementing a thorough and protection. SLC was formed under Korea’s key points for successfully shifting from unsanitary to and that value can be extracted from waste.” consultation and engagement process with the SWM policy and acts as a cross-jurisdictional sanitary landfills, operationally and environmentally. surrounding communities, starting from the onset implementation and service delivery entity. Without changing public perception of SWM sites, of the project. This could be in the form of focus KEY ELEMENTS OF ITS SUCCESS the initiative would never have been successful. groups to discuss the planning, development, and South Korea’s first sanitary landfill site, Sudokwon • It had strong commitment and support from Demonstrates Green Growth in Action monitoring of a project. Landfill, takes and processes municipal solid waste national and municipal governments. from 25 million people living in Seoul, Incheon, and • Strong policy commitment from government. Gyeonggi-do. The whole landfill site, occupying • It is an interesting example of inter-jurisdictional • Supported by the appropriate regulatory and 20 million square meters, is South Korea’s, and waste management as it was established by legislative instruments. the world’s, largest. It accounts for around 57 three provinces as a single entity to plan and percent of the landfill area inthe country. When implement SWM operations. This commitment helped move SWM from Sudokwon Landfill started to receive municipal unsanitary open-dumping sites to a sanitary solid waste in 1993, the volume of solid waste • Citizen involvement in planning and education landfill site and a vision that a new model for SWM being appropriately processed jumped to more were a priority. It established a revenue- could be a win-win for the economy, residents, and than 60 percent. generating system. the environment.

56 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 57 CASE STUDY Environmental Health Cooperation between the central and local System and institutional capacity Green Growth Ideas for Addressing governments in all phases of the solid waste For both an operational entity (i.e. legislation, Environmental Health management project funding, and technical capacity and staffing Government involvement should include for operations) and proper coordination with co-financing of the capital costs, as well as multiple stakeholders. providing overarching policies for improving waste management. Furthermore, the A successful cost-recovery model In 2008, Korea enacted the Environmental Health GOALS: SAFE ENVIRONMENT FREE national government should be involved in the This is one of the major challenges that facilities Act to protect public health from environmental FROM HARMFUL CHEMICALS planning, construction, and operational stages. face in developing countries. The SLC facility has pollution. This was the world’s first integrated Following a hydrofluoric acid leak from a chemical Communication channels among all stakeholders succeeded in creating a cost-recovery model approach taken towards environmental damage plan in 2012, the country has adopted stringent and a transparent decision-making process comprising a blend of various revenue sources. and its impact on human health by focusing on safety management systems for all chemical are also key. Deep involvement of the national With the introduction of the VBFS, tipping fees prevention and management. substances. Public concern and desire for strong government does not mean that the national have become one of the significant sources of chemical supervision has led to the development government takes over the management of the revenue. The revenue from the tipping fees is Since then, the 10-Year Master Plan for of a new Chemicals Control Act in which a license sector. In most countries this is a responsibility supplemented by revenue from various cost Environmental Health conducts a national can be obtained only if a company submits an delegated to local government. recovery activities, such as the sale of electricity preliminary survey on people’s environmental off-site influence assessment, test report and and the sale of recyclable materials. health.It includes areas ranging from birth harmfulness management plan and is equipped As countries urbanize and develop economically, cohort study on children, and an overall with facilities, equipment and manpower of a so does the quantity and composition of the health assessment. certain level. waste generated. The methods of treating the waste requires the exploration of new Recently the Government has increased Handlers of accident preparedness substances approaches—often funded by economic growth. supervision of hazardous chemical substances (APS) must update their management plans every Working on behavioral change can increase ranging from asbestos, to disinfectants and other five years and the duty to report accidents has public participation in better waste management, known chemicals used in daily lives now known been tightened. recycling, and composting, as well as monetizing to be associated with cancer. These dangerous waste. No matter what measures policymakers chemicals now have strict supervision and are deploy to collect, recycle, and process waste, being tightly monitored and, in many instances, no Transparency they will never achieve such objectives without longer allowed. Resources and medical services Consumer transparency, while challenging a fundamental shift in public behavior toward are provided for those who have experienced at times, has benefited citizens as now 1,125 reducing consumption and littering, as well potential pollution damage and harm. chemical products indicate all contained as recycling. ingredients on their labels.

58 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 59 PART 4 CASE STUDY

Marine and Shrimp Farming in the Fishery Solutions Middle of the Sahara Desert

SUSTAINABLE FISHING MARINE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT Like many countries around the world, marine Oil Spills management is an important part of the country’s In 2007 a massive oil spill caused enormous food supply and economic health. The maritime environmental and economic damage still felt sector is central to livelihoods and food security today. Because of the accident the country and managing the marine environment requires strengthened its national oil spill response new technologies and policies. The Korean system. The response center manages a highly government is working across a wide range of sophisticated system using drones to monitor initiatives to preserve and restore the health accidents. The response is highly tailored to the of polluted areas while improving fishing and scale, locality and condition of the ocean. processing technologies and working to develop solutions that enhance marine resources. Response facilities Include 75 oil spill response vessels,boats, barges, cleaning vessels, tug boats, work boats and others that provide quick response and are equipped with a skimmer, oil delivery pump and temporary reservoir to quickly clean up any environmentally damaging spills.

Annual amount of marine waste collected (unit: ton) 16

Korea’s environmentally-friendly technology possible to reuse 99 percent of the water and farm 2019 94,704 called “Biofloc” has made it possible to open a marine shrimp even in the middle of the desert. 16,229 7,929 70,546 shrimp farm in the middle of the Sahara Desert in 2018 95,631 24,146 4,459 37,538 2016. The size of 12 football stadiums, the indoor The shrimp farm in Algeria uses an underground 2017 82,175 and outdoor cultivating areas, research building salty water oasis beneath the world’s largest 29,662 7,315 40,738 and a feed-manufacturing plant allow farming with desert – an astonishing feat considering the heat, 2016 70,840 less water than traditional cultivation methods. salinity and other host of challenging factors. 24,146 4,459 37,538 2015 69,129 Currently the farm produces roughly 100 tons of 16,252 1,906 46,641 Biofloc technology uses microorganisms to marine shrimp a year. It is a fascinating example of 76,936 Deposited waste 2014 purify pollutants in the water which then provide how a water-scarce region taking a green growth 19,353 2,927 50,202 Floating waste 2013 49,080 nutrients for the shrimp, thus enabling them to approach to sustainable aquaculture management Waste on seashore 16,384 2,977 25,506 recycle the water. The Biofloc technology makes it can find unexpected benefits.

0 20,000 40,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

60 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 61 Pioneering CASE STUDY Technologies for Hybrid Drones for Marine Marine Environment Environment Management Preservation

MARINE LITTER Korea Marine Environment Management REAL TIME FISHING MONITORING The increase in marine litter over the last few Q. Corporation (KOEM), under the Ministry of Since 2014, Korea began to monitor all of its fishing decades is another area that requires an integrated What is Total Allowable Catch (TAC)? Ocean & Fisheries has developed a hybrid drone boats operating in international or foreign waters The total allowable catch (TAC) is a fishery policy that approach to manage and mitigate. The Marine exclusively for marine pollution accidents. This to prevent illegal fishing and other unwarranted sets regulations on annual catch limits by allowing Litter Management Center suggests policies only a certain amount of catching each fish stock, to drone has four essential functions for responding activities. The country’s first-ever Fisheries to reduce marine litter, seeks international ensure sustainability of fisheries in a given period. TAC to marine pollution. Monitoring Center was established in 2014 and cooperation, and raises public awareness. The observers investigate 118 designated fish-landing sites began operating the Vessel Monitoring System and record catches and biological data including body Marine Litter Management Center monitors • Nighttime exploration (VMS), enabling real-time monitoring of all South length of main species including TAC target species. coastal litter at 40 different locations six • Distribution of oil-preventing drugs Korean vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing. Now, times a year, in order to identify the source. Korea’s Cutting-edge aquaculture technologies • Information broadcasting all deep-sea fishing vessels must be equipped Smart Fish Farm • Measurement of concentrations of with a vessel monitoring system that allows Smart Fish Farm is an automation and intelligent Additionally, Korea operates a marine litter technology that combines ICT with the conventional air-toxic substances the government to get real-time location of the integrated information system to find online establishment and technology of fishery. The NIFS vessels and issue warnings when they appear to marine-litter-related information accumulated produces big data on aquaculture and supports In the event of leakage of toxic substances, the be engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated designing and establishment of intelligent and over the last 10 years. In this way, the database concentration of air pollution will be quickly and (IUU) fishing. automated fish farming. is systematically managed, operated and repeatedly measured to ensure the safety of continuously updated. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) workers. The drone enables quick responses to AQUACULTURE ADVANCEMENTS IMTA is the eco-friendliest method of aquaculture marine disasters and accidents. For abundant fisheries resources, Korea has that prevents the pollution of aquafarms. The process utilizes organic substances such as excretion from strived for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture farm-bred fishes and remaining feeding for shellfishes by enhancing fisheries resource protection and and uses it as food for seaweeds, and sea cucumbers recovery and a developing smart aquaculture that consume sediment at the bottom of aquafarms system under the “Fisheries Innovation Plan 2030” and act as a cleaning mechanism. The NIFS verifies the effects of the IMTA and conducts analysis on its in February 2019. It includes reforming the industry economic feasibility. from a production-focused support structure to a resource-management-oriented structure through Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) The Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) is a the eradication of illegal fishing, and increasing form of aquaculture that involves the purification of the total allowable catch (TAC) for offshore and contaminated water in fish farms by physical, chemical, coastal fisheries and aquaculture. Korea has also and biological means for recycling. It can prevent innovated aquaculture into a high-value-added mass mortality while improving growth speed and efficiency. The NIFS also researches commercialization industry by transforming it into an industrialized, of aquaculture utilizing the RAS for olive flounders. eco-friendly and smart industry.

62 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 63 PART 4 CASE STUDY

Forest and Soil Post-War Afforestation in Korea Forest Greening Project (1973–1978, 1979-1987)

A NATION TRANSFORMED Effective soil depth of Korea During the 35 years of the Japanese occupation and consecutive wars, Korean forests and surface soils were swept away due to heavy human interference, such as forest exploitation and slash- 18% and-burn farming. Forest stock was just 10.5m3/ ha in the year of 1952, and the operational soil 41.5% available was shallow and of poor quality. 19% Despite the enaction of the Forest Law (1961), forest protection and management remained a lower priority than economic development and industrialization. Forest greening projects took 21.5% off in the 1970s. The results are remarkable and as of now, forest take up 63.2% of the national Ordinary (50-100cm) territory at 6,335,000 ha,. It ranks fourth for Very deep (deeper than 100cm) highest forest ratio per land area, after Finland Very shallow (less than 20cm) (73.1%), Japan (68.5%), and Sweden (68.4%) Shallow (20-50cm) Suburbs of Seoul in 1960s among the OECD nations.

RECOVERING SOIL NATIONAL FOREST 17 BEHIND THE SCENES - LEARNING “Korea is the only Since the enaction of the Soil Environment Along with its green growth strategy, Korea is FROM PAST MISTAKES 19 Conservation Act in 1995, more legislations continuing to expand national forests and works In order to minimize the input of human and developing country and policies regarding soil and groundwater to manage forests more effectively, to mitigate physical resources, the military government in the world that have been developed. The Master Plan for Soil climate change impacts, and to improve the self- enacted the Temporary Act on the Promotion of Conservation (2010-2019) and the Master Plan sufficiency rate of timber. With the long-term National Greening (1963). In the name of forest has succeeded in for Groundwater Conservation (2005-2014) were plan established in 1996, the government has greening, the entire nation was forced to work reforestation since created to establish a systematic and integrated been purchasing private forests within the on the projects—meanwhile, the government- soil environment. To control the pollution in conservation area to protect the forest, wildlife, controlled the people by linking greening projects the Second World War” the national soil, the masterplan specified 21 and biodiversity from reckless development. For with the development of patriotism and political substances as soil pollutants. The list includes the last decade the percentage of national forest stability. When the outcome of the greening UN FAO REPORT IN 1982 cadmium, copper, arsenic, mercury, oils, and grew from 24% (1,530,000 ha, 2009) to 25.9% projects, which involved forced mobilization of organic solvents. (1,640,000 ha, 2018). the nation was worse than expected, the Forest Service was established for efficient forest policy. year project. In terms of the content of policies, Yet, even after 5-6 years after the establishment the administrative reorganization resulted in

21 soil contaminants: Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, Cr+6, Ni, Zn, CN, BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), TPH, PCB, phenol, F, of the Forest Service, there were no visible regression with policies that focused not so TCE, PCE, organic phosphorus, benzo[a]pyrene 18 results and it was eventually transferred to the much on the ‘promotion’ of forest industry but Ministry of Home Affairs in 1973 as a Greening 10 forest ‘protection.’

64 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 65 CASE STUDY

Major enabling factors for the successful STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION FOREST REHABILITATION PHASE 2 (1979-1976) reforestation in Korea: & MAJOR OUTCOMES Forest Rehabilitation, phase two focused more THE TOTAL AREA OF THE TOTAL AREA on rendering forests as resources for the nation. AFFORESTATION OF PLANTING • Banning shifting cultivation Forest Restoration Forest government officials adopted best 1,080,000 ha 0.96 million ha • Planting nitrogen-fixing species Phase 1 (1973-1979) priority to green the nation. practices from around the world and quickly (such as Black locust) In order to achieve the goal, key initiatives of the found areas to improve. Governments, companies, THE TOTAL AREA OF TOTAL NUMBER OF EROSION CONTROL TREES PLANTED • Erosion Control Plan plan included: schools, and villages were encouraged to plant • Slash and Burn Regulation trees. The government designated the first 42,000 ha 1.9 billion • National park system • Conservation of forest and wildlife Saturday of November as an Arbor day and 80 TOTAL NUMBER OF • Greenbelt system around major cities • Enhancing the fertility of soil new forests were cultivated. TREES PLANTED • Public awareness and education on the • Upgrading fuels in rural areas importance of nature conservation • Stabilization of timber demand and supply 3 billion • Increasing afforestation by people The forestry programs throughout the • Education and promotion of the country achieved such remarkable success national campaign and citizen support, an institute for forest “South Korea is in many • Intensive erosion control and regulation education and training was established. ways a reforestation over slash-and-burn model for the rest of Tree Inspection System the world” Once planted, trees were inspected by three authorities in a following order

LESTER BROWN, PLAN B 2.0 (2006) • Inspection by a mayor (city-level) • Inspection by a governor (province-level) • Inspection by the KFS (national level)

Thanks to this system, the survival rate of the nation-wide planted trees was over 90% on average.

The country quickly transformed as a result of the plan. Every village and town carried out monitoring and tree inspections and successful evaluations resulted in additional trees being planted by villages. The campaign was such a success it concluded four years earlier than planned thanks to the enthusiastic support of citizens.

66 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 67 PART 4 Biodiversity

Korea is fully engaged with issues nationally WILDLIFE PROTECTION and globally to protect and conserve biodiversity. AND NAGOYA PROTOCOL As a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) the country created a roadmap Nature reserves with detailed pathway on how to achieve their Biodiversity rich areas, i.e., nature reserves are managed and protected by the Ministry targets and goals. of Environment for their conservation. As of the end of 2018, more than 3,000 areas have ECO-FRIENDLY LAND PLANNING been designated as protected areas for their Since 1981 the country has proactively ecological values and the number is expected to grow. considered environmental aspects from the very initial stages of planning and designing the use of its land. Environmental Impact Wildlife protection Assessment (EIA) processes are conducted Korea became a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild depending on the type, scale and timing of the Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1993. Later in 1997, a development projects to evaluate the potential legal framework was established for better wildlife adverse impacts on the environment. protection and stronger law enforcement to stop illegal poaching. The list of endangered wildlife is being regularly updated and the number currently NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY stands at 267 species. More recently in 2018, the AND ACTION PLANS ministry has developed the Comprehensive Plan The action plan is updated every five years and is for the Conservation of Endangered Wildlife instrumental to implementation of the Convention (2018-2027) with the aim of restoring endangered wildlife habitats as well as their populations. on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Nagoya Protocol After the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, the Ministry introduced relevant legislation in 2017. Since then, the Ministry has been developing its implementation mechanism for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources and its utilization. In March 2018, the Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing- House (ABSCH) Genetic Resources Information Center was established to assist with technical matter required by law. The center will open up a multilateral cooperation channel with other countries rich in genetic resources that will further enhance Korea’s competitiveness in bio industry. The center will also serve as a platform for public-private joint research on valuable biological resources as well as R&D for biomimicry-inspired technologies.

68 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 69 PART 5

70 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 71 PART 5 PART 5 Key Institutions in Korea’s Key Institutions in Korea’s Environment Sector Ocean and Fisheries Sector

(Organizational structure/role in May 2020) (Organizational structure/role in May 2020)

PMO PMO

MOE KEI MOF KMI

K-WATER KECO KEITI SLC NIER NIEHRD AEA SWI BPA IPA KOEM FIRA KIOST FMC NIFS

OTHER ENTRUSTED PUBLIC MOE-AFFILIATED INDUSTRY LOCAL STATE OWNED OTHER ENTRUSTED PUBLIC MOE-AFFILIATED QUASI-GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY ORGANIZATION ASSOCIATION GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES QUASI-GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY ORGANIZATION K-WATER ENTITIES ENTITIES ACADEMY

STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES

K-Water KECO NIER PMO BPA KOEM KIOST NIFS Korea Water Korea Environment Corporation National Institute of Prime Ministers Office Busan Port Authority Korea Marine Environment Korea Institute of Ocean National Institute of Resources Corporation Environmental Research Management Corporation Science & Technology Fisheries Science KEITI KEI IPA K-Water Academy Korea Environmental Industry NIEHRD Korea Environment Institute Incheon Port Authority FIRA FMC PMO Korea Water Academy & Technology Institute National Institute of Korea Fisheries Fisheries Monitoring Center Prime Ministers Office AEA (K-Water affiliated institution) Environmental Human Resources Agency SLC Korean Automobile KMI Resources Development Sudokwon Landfill Site Environmental Association Korea Maritime Institute Management Corporation SWI Seoul Water Institute

DOMESTIC AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTOR IMPLEMENTING AGENCY/INSTITUTE DOMESTIC AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTOR IMPLEMENTING AGENCY/INSTITUTE RESEARCH + POLICY INSTITUTE CONDUCTING INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING RESEARCH + POLICY INSTITUTE CONDUCTING INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING

72 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 73 PART 5 PART 5 Key Institutions in Korea’s Key Institutions in Korea’s Agriculture Sector Forest Sector

(Organizational structure/role in May 2020) (Organizational structure/role in May 2020) PMO

KFS RDA MAFRA KREI KFS

CENTRAL CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTE INSTITUTE

AT EPIS IPET KAPE KRC APQA FATI KNCAF KSVS NAQS NH BANK AT EPIS IPET KAPE KRC NAQS NH BANK

OTHER ENTRUSTED MAFRA-AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION PRIVATE OTHER ENTRUSTED QUASI-GOVERNMENT ENTITIES MAFRA-AFFILIATED PRIVATE QUASI-GOVERNMENT SECTOR ORGANIZATION SECTOR ENTITIES

APFS IPAB FOODPOLIS LHCA

PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

KFS IPET FOODPOLIS KSVS AT IPET KAPE NAQS Korea Forest Service Korea Institute of Korean National Food Cluster Korea Seed & Variety Service Korea Agro-Fisheries Korea Institute of Korea Institute for Animal National Agricultural Planning and Evaluation & Food Trade Corporation Planning and Evaluation Products Quality Evaluation Products Quality RDA LHCA NAQS for Technology for Technology Management Service Rural Development Livestock Health National Agricultural EPIS KRC Administration KAPE Control Association Products Quality Korea Agency of Education, Korea Rural Korea Institute for Animal Management Service Promotion and Information Community Corporation AT APQA Products Quality Evaluation Service in Food, Agriculture, Korea Agro-Fisheries Animal and Plant PMO Forestry and Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation KRC Quarantine Agency Prime Ministers Office Korea Rural EPIS FATI KREI Community Corporation Korea Agency of Education, Food and Agriculture Officials Korea Rural Promotion and Information APFS Training Institute Economic Institute Service in Food, Agriculture, Agricultural Policy Insurance KNCAF NH Forestry and Fisheries & Finance Service Korea National College of Bank Industry IPAB Agriculture and Fisheries Association/Federation International Plant -quarantine Accreditation Board

DOMESTIC AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTOR IMPLEMENTING AGENCY/INSTITUTE DOMESTIC AND OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTOR IMPLEMENTING AGENCY/INSTITUTE RESEARCH + POLICY INSTITUTE CONDUCTING INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING RESEARCH + POLICY INSTITUTE CONDUCTING INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING

74 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 75 PART 5 Partner Organizations

Environment

addition, KECO will be involved in installation environmental technologies, nurturing of a circulatory resource management system, environmental industries and promoting an Korea Automobile Environmental Association and also the presentation of an environment- eco-friendly lifestyle. KEITI’s core task is to K-water (KAEA) friendly blueprint for national development. support small and mid-sized enterprises which K-water has been a national leader in the economic The Association supports various measures as a possess outstanding technologies but lack development and living standard improvement part of emission reduction program, particularly the resources to commercialize them. KEITI through efficient water resources management the installation of emission reducer on deteriorated provides these companies with the support since its foundation in 1967. Through the operation old diesel-fueled vehicles, low-pollution engine they need during the start-up and growth of 16 multi-purpose dams and integrated regional calibration and early scrapping, In addition, it Korea Environment Institute (KEI) stages to help them advance into the global water supply systems, K-water manages half the also promotes a cooperative relationship with Established in 1992 to prevent and solve market. Additionally, KEITI nurtures professional national water supply facility capacity. As well, the government, as well as academia in order to environmental problems through environmental manpower in the field of environmental industry we operate 22 local water supply systems and are analyze the environmental problems associated policy research and a review of environmental and contributes to providing outstanding participating in the sewerage business. Moreover, with vehicles in the multilateral perspectives to impact assessments. KEI studies and reviews key human resources to companies and creating along with developing eco-friendly waterfront find better solution. It enhances the automobile environmental research around such issues as: job opportunities in related fields. cities, K-water provides total water service that is emissions level in order to improve the air quality climate change, environmental health, resource unparalleled in the world as Korea’s representative and accelerate the technical development on circulation, water environment, environmental Korea Environmental Industry state-owned water managing company. emissions reduction to ultimately ensure the impact assessments, environmental information & Technology Institute (KEITI) technological competitiveness as a response to the and international environment cooperation. KEI Soil Environment Center (KEITI SEC) global environmental regulations, making utmost works towards improving quality of life for people Based on the Soil Environment Conservation efforts on the improvement of air environment as by improving the quality of natural resources. Act (2014), Soil Environment Center opened well as protection of national health. within the KEITI, to provide comprehensive Ministry of Environment (MOE) support and services for the sustainable The Ministry of Environment stems from a ministry development of soil – and underground water established in 1967. Their focus is to establish – related policies, technologies, and industries. policies that protect society from environmental Korea Environmental Industry It supports customized policy research on soil pollution and improve the quality of life for the Korea Environment Corporation (KECO) & Technology Institute (KEITI) and underground water and hosts industrial public so citizens can enjoy the ambient natural KECO is a state-owned agency, established in KEITI, a quasi-government organization development forum on soil and underground environment, clean water and clear skies. The tasks order to handle environment-related projects affiliated with the Ministry of Environment and water regularly. The center is currently leading a of the MOE include enactment and amendment of with maximum efficiency. These projects is committed to achieving both environmental 7-year research project on the management of environmental laws and regulations; introduction include; pollution prevention, environmental protection and economic growth. To fulfill underground pollution and related risk factors with of environmental institutions; building up improvement, and resource recirculation. In its mission, they support the creation of a budget of KRW 115.8 billion (public and private) framework structures for environmental

76 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 77 administration; drafting and implementation of NIEHRD is providing government officials from mid and long term comprehensive measures for the Asia-Pacific region as well as the Middle East Ocean & Marine environmental conservation; setting up standards and Africa with valuable opportunities to share for regulations; providing administrative and advanced experiences, policies and technologies, financial support for environmental management thereby strengthening international cooperation to local governments; inter-Korean environmental and reinforcing Korea’s role as an advanced cooperation; and environmental cooperation with country in the area of the environment. Busan Port Authority (BPA) Fisheries Monitoring Center (FMC) other countries around the world. Busan Port Authority(BPA), the first port authority FMC was established under the Ministry of Oceans in the Republic of Korea, was founded in January and Fisheries in 2014. Real-time, around the clock 2004 by MOF for Busan Port to contribute to the monitoring of 260 distant water fishing vessels is national economy by enhancing efficiency of port being done through Electronic Reporting System Seoul Water Institute (SWI) operations and securing greater competitiveness. (ERS), Korea Fisheries Information Management National Institute of Environmental Research Since 1989, Seoul Water Institute (SWI) has The port is one of the largest in the world and System (KFIMS), and Video Monitoring (EM). FMC (NIER) ENV been working to improve water quality and its continues to grow. BPA is working to develop manages a comprehensive database on fishing As a result of rapid industrialization and safety under the office of waterworks in Seoul Busan Port into the world’s second largest activities that includes: fishing authorization, urbanization in the 1970s, environmental Metropolitan Government. SWI not only examines transshipment port, balance roles between Busan license, IUU list, catch limit and transshipment pollution emerged as a serious social and public water safety according to WHO’s 163 safety North Port and New Port, which will provide & landing. FMC works as a focal point of MCS health concern. In response the government categories and open the data regularly but also additional value at New Port distripark, vitalize activities in Korea. established a research institute dedicated to studies ways to improve water quality and taste. the cruise industry, and promote port related environmental studies. Research priorities include: industries including the ship handling market. protecting people’s health from hazardous materials, elimination dangerous environmental factors from local communities, establishing Incheon Port Authority (IPA) technological base for integrated environmental Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Incheon Port Authority was established in 2005 management systems, improving science- Corporation (SLC) ENV Korea Fisheries Resources Agency (FIRA) to develop Incheon Port as a competitive logistics based environmental policies, developing water SLC was established under the Ministry of FIRA is Korea’s only national agency in areas base and thereby contribute to the national resources management, taking leadership Environment in July 2000 as a federal venture of fisheries resources rehabilitation. It achieves economy. The goal of IPA is to develop port actions and reinforcing international cooperation to promote appropriate treatment of urban its mission by leading efforts to protect and facilities and hinterland, as well as to improve against climate change. NIER provides vital waste matter, resource recovery and protection. nurture fisheries resources to recover health expertise and efficiency in port management research that is integral to the development SLC applies the amassed waste collection and foster abundance of the oceans. FIRA is and operation, so that Incheon Port establishes and implementation of Korea’s environmental techniques and now utilizes the landfill methane committed to rehabilitation of the depleted itself as a leading base station for exchange in the policies and pollution prevention programs. as fuel to drive power generators: minimizing fisheries resources and marine ecosystem Yellow Sea region. Since its development, Incheon environmental issues, resource recovery, and through activities to form marine forests and Port’s competitiveness has been enhanced yielding a three-in-one effect of odor elimination, sea ranches and management of fishery seed with reinforced marine transportation, port and environmental protection, and alternative resources with response to climate change, logistics functions. Incheon Port is continuously energy development. SLC has created the marine pollution and fisheries overexploitation developing, strengthening its position as the core National Institute of Environmental Human largest ecological park in Korea called the which devastate the ocean ecosystem and logistics center of Korea and contributing to the Resources Development (NIEHRD) “Dreampark” on its landfill sites in Incheon by cause rapid depletion in fisheries resources. national economy. Korea Institute of Ocean. NIEHRD is an environmental training institute leveraging waste treatment technology. providing a variety of quality education services to develop environmental human resources equipped with professionalism and problem-solving abilities required by central and local governments and businesses for coping with global changes.

78 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 79 KOEM establishes professional education courses on the marine environment and raises public’s Agriculture & Forest awareness on environmental issues by providing Science and Technology (KIOST) field-experience education programs utilizing an Since its establishment in 1973, KIOST, as the only artificial marine & wave basin. comprehensive marine research institute in Korea, has conducted broad and in-depth research in the Korea Forest Service (KFS) Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC) field of oceanography including research of marine KFS was established in 1967 (formerly known as Since 1908, KRC has been a leading institution to environment and climate, marine resources, Forest Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and found and expand the agricultural infrastructure coastal and ocean engineering, marine domain Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) Forestry) and is responsible for the establishment and to promote the improvement of local management research and ocean policy. The MOF is responsible for the maritime and fisheries and implementation of forest policies and amenities, including water resources management. institute laid a steppingstone for innovative growth sectors. MOF promotes maritime safety and laws. The KFS implements forest policies that KRC is building a tailored agricultural infrastructure as a national research institute in ocean science security, and the protection of the marine support the public with an improved quality of to support diverse usage of farmland and safe and technology while ensuring its international environment, the development of port and fishing life by offering recreation forests, healing forests, agricultural production. Also, it is an authorized competitiveness through the systematic research, ports, and research and development on polar mountaineering services and the expansion of soil and groundwater special agency. KRC development, management, and use of oceans issues. They additionally oversee the management urban green spaces. conducted various types of remediation project and marine resources, and the education of and sustainable use of fishery resources and the for the contaminated sites in Korea including extraordinary professionals. promotion of marine leisure activities. army base, subway or railway station, abandoned mines, chemical factories, and landfills.

Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) KMI is a think tank for developing national policies The National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) on marine affairs and fisheries. For more than is a national research institute in charge of Korea’s three decades since its establishment in 1984, the marine and fisheries science. Since its founding Affiliated Agencies Private Sector Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) has committed to in 1921, the NIFS has led the fisheries sector by research for the development of shipping, ports, developing and distributing numerous fisheries marine, and fisheries industries, becoming a science and technologies, thereby increasing specialized research institute in shipping, ports, the income of fishermen and contributing to the maritime and fisheries sector. national economy by exporting fishery products. In Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Dohwa Engineering addition, it identifies a variety of challenges Korea The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Dohwa Engineering is a consulting company that faced and takes suitable measures in the fisheries is South Korea’s national weather service. Since has a high level of expertise in water infrastructure sector through conducting a wide range of field its establishment in 1990, KMA has provided engineering. The scope of business includes researches against marine disasters, such as high reliable weather information to Korean people business planning, feasibility study, validity Korea Marine Environment Management water temperature, red tide, and high mortality and ensured public safety from extreme weather analysis, designing, purchasing construction, Corporation (KOEM) rates of fisheries in aquafarms. events and disasters. It also offers scientific data analysis, testing, construction supervision, trial KOEM, as the one and only marine environment and scenarios on climate change to contribute running, assessment & validation, consultation, management organization in Korea, implements to developing national policies for climate and instruction tasks, the development of water various projects such as disposing marine litter, change response. resources, city planning, road traffic, structure, restoring the marine ecosystem, designating ports, railroads, and environment. and managing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), responding to oil spills, and operating the Marine Environment Research and Training Institute.

80 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 81 PART 5 Han River The dividing line of Seoul, the Han River or ‘Hangang’ separates North Seoul from the Site Visits Gangnam district, which means ‘South of the River’. The river has witnessed the history of the Korean people for over five thousand years, through good and Locations and bad times.

MAP A South Korea Hangang Hydropower Site

MAP B Soyang Dam Seoul

Hanam Union Park and Tower MAP B Seoul Vicinity Union Tower is the new landmark of Hanam. Youngjoo Dam 105 meters high with an observatory at the top, Daecheong Dam the tower has infrastructure facilities built in its Integrated Water Supply basement under the ground. These include a Operation Center domestic waste incineration plant, food recycling K-Water Water Quality Fisheries facility and sewage treatment plant. On the ground, Research Center Techross Haneul Park Science there are a variety of cultural spaces and sports Water & Han River Watershed Museum Dream Park Energy Inc World Cup Park Environmental facilities including an outdoor stage, ecology pond & Sudokwon HAN RIVER Management Office and lawn. Jagalchi Landfill Site SMG Resource Dadae Fishing Village Fish Market Recovery Facility Gyeongin MAP C Waterway Busan Facility Management Seoul City Office for the Distribution of Center Hanam Union Park and Tower International Fisheries Products SMG Resource Recovery Facility Han River Han River Flood MAP C Seoul City Center Control Office

Cheonggye-stream & Cheonggye-cheon Museum

Dacheongho Dam Yeongju Dam Gyeongin Waterway Cheonggye-stream

Daecheong Dam by Yoo Chung is Yeongju Dam by Gcd822 is licensed Gyeongin Waterway by Gcd822 is Cheonggye Stream by Kimmo Räisänen SUBWAY LINE licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5 under CC BY-SA 4.0 licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 is licensed under CC BY 2.0 PARK

82 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 83 Environment

MAP B meters (28.94 acres) and is a popular shopping, DREAM PARK recreational, and entertainment area. Recent Dream Park is built atop the Sudokwon Landfill redevelopment in 2013 now makes it the largest site, previously the world’s largest landfill site retail center in South Korea. The city of Seoul covering 20 square kilometers. Established in took an innovative approach to redesign the 1990 on land reclaimed from the sea, the site area and introduced new forms of governing and uses advanced, high-tech waste management investment structures. The project was designed technologies to daily treat 20,000 tons of to maintain equality of living service facilities waste from households, construction sites and and educational conditions across the regions businesses from the Seoul Metropolitan Area, with a particular emphasis on alleviating the where 40% of the national population lives. In financial gap between previously autonomous 2000, Sudokwon Landfill Site Management regions. The result is now several neighborhood Corporation (SLC) built Dream Park atop this used districts previously discrete are combined into the landfill sites and created an ecological leisure same living zone and share desirable amenities, park and education park. The complex includes a cultural sites, and efficient transportation. sports park with soccer fields, basketball, tennis, Haneul Park a running track, golf course, horse-back riding MAP B center and more. In addition to every manner of HANEUL PARK sports, the complex includes extensive flower and Haneul Park is now an ecological park and one MAP B MAP B botanical gardens and greenhouses where visitors of five World Cup Parks that opened in 2002. SMG RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY WORLD CUP PARK enjoy flowers farmed using the gas from the Originally a landfill for metropolitan Seoul, it has SMG runs four Resource Recovery centers in In the late 1970s, the island of Nanjido, located in landfill waste. In 2006, the OECD deemed Dream been converted into a beautiful camping site Mapo, Nowon, Yangcheon, and Gangnam. As the northwest of Seoul was designated the waste Park one of the best managed landfills in the world for visitors. In order to prevent waste runoff and part of an effort to ensure hygiene in household disposal site for the city of Seoul. After years of and the site is designated one of the best eco- contamination of the surrounding environment, waste disposal while addressing the problem heavy use, the landfill came to hold over 92 million tourism sites in the world. the city undertook a process to stabilize the of insufficient landfills, Seoul opened resource tons of garbage. A proposal was put forth to landfill with precautionary measures, while recovery facilities in 1996. Today, the facilities can reclaim the land and turn the previous waste site

MAP B simultaneously converting the garbage under the handle as much as 2,850 tons of waste every day. into a series of eco-friendly parks for citizens to HANAM UNION PARK AND park into a source of energy for local residents. The new state-of-the-art incinerators are called enjoy. After six years of cleanup and stabiliziation, TOWER UNION TOWER Electric vehicles are available to reach the top ‘Resource Recovery Facilities. ‘They burn solid followed by a year of building the previous land- Hanam Union Park and Tower Union Tower is of the hill where the park is located. Wooden urban waste at 850-950˚C to recover the heat fill welcomed the public to a series of parks that the new landmark of Hanam. 105 meters high walkways, flowering plants and remarkable views (above 400˚C) in the process of trash burning. include everything from walkways with river vistas, with an observatory at the top. The tower has of the Han River can be seen as you walk around Also, the high-pressure steam is used as an fields of flowers, a golf-course to all manner of infrastructure facilities built in its basement the park. alternative source of energy that provides heating outdoor sports and recreational facilities. The under the ground. These include a domestic for the near communities. This is why resource World Cup Park hosted the World Cup Games waste incineration plant, food recycling facility, SMG RECYCLING CENTER recovery facilities are conceptually different between Korea and Japan in 2002. The previous and sewage treatment plant. On the ground, Seoul Metropolitan City is comprised of 25 from traditional incinerators. Seoul Metropolitan landfill turned park is a fascinating example of there are a variety of cultural spaces and Districts. Each District called ‘gu’ has its own Government first gave consideration to building innovative policy makers, engineers and city sports facilities, including an outdoor stage, recycling center that gathers re-usable items resource recovery facilities in the early 1990s leaders working together to transform an area and ecology pond, and lawn. Hanam Union Square at no charge or for a small fee. and subsequently the construction of four major increase the quality of life for citizens. is located in the center of Hanam City, just east resource recovery plants was carried out over of Seoul. The site is approximate 117,115 square two decades

84 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 85 Water

BAEKJE WEIR, GEUM RIVER INTEGRATED opening in 2005, the stream has proved popular OPERATIONS CENTER (IWRM) among residents and tourists alike and is an Located on the Geum River is Baekje weir. example of green growth in action. See Case Study Baekje weir’s design was inspired by the phrase in Chapter 3. ‘establishing local identity and revitalizing

Baengmagang (Geumgang)’ with the supporting MAP C theme ‘where Baekje’s history still flows.’ Baekje CHEONGGYE-CHEON MUSEUM weir controls and maintains the water level and has Cheonggye-cheon Museum has been established a small hydro-power capacity of 2,500kW. Built to commemorate the historic Cheonggye-cheon as part of Korea’s Four Major River Restoration restoration project. Visitors can learn about the Projects, the goals are to; secure water, prevent history of Cheonggye-cheon, the Restoration floods, generate hydropower, improve the quality Project which proceeded for two years and three of life and restore ecosystems. The Geum River, months from July 2003 until October 2005, the Han River also known, as Kum River is the third longest river changing face of the city since then, and the city’s in South Korea. It is 401 kilometers and originates long-term vision. Sea. In the 13th century, King Gojong, the twenty- years, through good and bad times. The riverside in the North Jeolla Province. It flows through North sixth king of the Korean Joseon dynasty began parks offer a pleasant retreat for the citizens

Jeolla, the North and Southwest Chungcheon MAP A construction for the first time. The project was put of Seoul. Provinces and empties into the Yellow Sea near DAECHEONG DAM on hold due to technical obstacles and the difficult

Gunsan city. Dacheongho is the third largest artificial lake in state of the country. Finally completed in 2011, the MAP B Korea. Construction on the dam began in 1975 Waterway was completed and is a destination for HAN RIVER FLOOD CONTROL OFFICE

MAP C and concluded in 1980. The main purposes of the waterway cruises, kayaking, biking, walking and Han River Flood Control Office, is part of Ministry CHEONGGYE-STREAM (CHEONGGYE-CHEON) dam were flood control, water supply and electric all manner of recreational activities. Along the of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and is Cheonggye-stream is a 10.9-kilometre long power generation. Daecheong Dam is a multi- main waterway are ports and water bridges where in charge of the flood forecast, hydrological modern public recreation space in downtown purpose dam consisting of a 72m tall and 485 pedestrians can enjoy the river views. observation, and hydrological data management Seoul. Its transition to a pedestrian haven and m long concrete gravity dam and rock fill dam. for Han river, Imjin river and Ansung stream basin green space in the middle of an urban area is a The dam’s reservoir capacity is 1.49 billion cubic MAP B located in the central area of Korea. A rainfall radar remarkable story. Prior to modern day Seoul, the meters and with two generators (max capacity HAN RIVER monitors the Imjin river basin where flooding Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) maintained the river 45,000kW) it generates 240 million kW per year. The Han River(Han-gang) is a major river in South occurs yearly. The Han river flood control office with regular dredging for flood risk management, The dam supplies roughly 1.5 billion tons of water Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean works to provide accurate flood forecasts for the as the river swelled during the heavy summer to residents of the Daejeon and Cheongji areas peninsula. The river begins as two smaller rivers city. Established in 1974 information gathered rainfall. After the Korean War (1950–1953), as more and functions as the main water supply for the in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, is sent to the flood control office, where data people migrated into the city the river became the region. Additional stops include the: Water Culture which then converge near Seoul, the capital of is monitored, analyzed, and water level and site of makeshift housing. Deteriorating conditions Museum where information related to the water, the country. The Han River and its surrounding discharge are calculated. resulted to the development of an elevated ecology, and local culture is explained, the Dam area have played an important role in Korean highway constructed atop the river. In July 2003, Inspection Gallery and the Emergency Spillway. history. The river serves as a water source for over MAP B then Seoul mayor, Lee Myung-bak had a vision to 12 million Koreans. Currently, the lower stretches HAN RIVER WATERSHED ENVIRONMENTAL remove the elevated highway and its heavy traffic MAP B of the Han River running through Seoul are lined MANAGEMENT OFFICE and restore the stream and surrounding area to GYEONGIN WATERWAY with pedestrian walkways, bicycle paths, public Established to manage the water quality of the a public green space. The $900 million project Gyeongin Waterway also known as the Ara Canal parks and restaurants. The river has witnessed the Han River Watershed. In 2005 its operations initially attracted much public criticism but, after flows downstream of the Han River to the West history of the Korean people for over five thousand were integrated with the operations of Gyeongin

86 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 87 water adjusted to customers’ need, reinforcement K-water Soyang dam water cultural center has of global competitiveness by developing analytical several exhibition rooms such as first floor for methods and strengthening the role of official introducing ‘Dam Story’ of Soyand dam and institutions, and prompt solutions to problems experience space. with active support of environmental issues.

MAP A

MAP A TECHROSS WATER & ENERGY INC. (FORMER KOREA HYDRO & NUCLEAR POWER LG-HITACHI WATER SOLUTIONS) CORPORATION (KHNP) Techcross Water & Energy Inc. was founded Hangang Hydro Power Site is the headquarters of in 2012 with main objective to provide a green hydraulic power generation division supervising environment and contribute to a healthy water 10 hydraulic power plants scattered in 5 Dos ecosystem. It is engaged in water treatment (Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Jeonnam businesses such as industrial water treatment, and Jeonbuk) in a systematic manner. The total waterworks and sewage systems, wastewater capacity of the hydraulic power plants is 603MW. reuse, seawater desalination as well as During the flood season, Hangang Water System environmental businesses such as air pollution Remote Supervisory Control Station focuses on prevention and waste-to-energy (WTE). It prevention of flood damage to the residents in consistently expanded business to many industries the downstream regions and in the capital region. including not only water-related business but Prevention is controlled through interconnected waste-to-energy, ESS, and renewable energy Soyang Dam by Visionstyler Pressis licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 operations with seven dams in the Hangang water business. It aims to be a total solution provider that system and through close cooperation with Han offers services across the entire environmental Regional Environmental Office and it now controls outflow, weather conditions, and water quality. River Flood Control Office. In the dry season, the value chain including business proposal, environment-related issues for the Metropolitan K-water is trying to exert all of its efforts to control station distributes water to the dams in investment, design, construction and operation. areas. It promotes a variety of measures to maintain scientific operations and management the Hangang water system, and the Paldang dam improve water quality in the Han River watershed of water resources through implementation of an finally supplies water to 2,200 million people in the MAP A such as: reduction of pollutants, imposition and Integrated Water Resources Management system capital region. YOUNGJOO DAM collection of water use charge, land purchase for each river system. Yeongju Dam in one of the multi-purpose in Riparian Buffer zones. In addition, the office MAP A dams run by K-water. Multi-purpose dams are pursues economic development in the region K-WATER HAN RIVER AREA HEAD OFFICE SOYANG RIVER DAM AND K-WATER operated for a variety of purposes including and works to protect the environment through K-water Han river area head office located at SOYANG DAM WATER CULTURAL CENTER flood control, water supply, and hydropower impact assessments on a range of areas that Gwacheon-city provides 8,535,000m3 per day Built in October 1973, Soyang Dam is Asia’s generation. For these functions, it is essential include: waste management, management of through 957.1km pipelines. It provides water to 26 largest and the world’s fourth largest rock-fill to secure optimal operation of water gates hazardous chemicals and protection of wildlife cities including Seoul city. It monitors and remotely dam. It stands 123m high and 530m long, and through continuous measurements and analysis animals and plants. controls the system for 24 hours, and it has water can generate 200,000kW/h of electricity. It of information such as: rainfall, inflow and demand prediction system. Han river area head serves multiple purposes including flood control, outflow, weather conditions, and water quality.

MAP A office has engaged in the work for increasing hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and The capacity and height of Yeongju dam are INTEGRATED WATER SUPPLY efficiency of local water supply system and fishing. It holds 29 million tons of water, which has 106.4 million m3 and 55.5m respectively. OPERATION CENTER (K-WATER) researches for water quality. become Soyangho Lake, Korea’s largest man- Multi-purpose dams have multiple purposes made lake. Spanning a large area that borders the including flood control, water supply, and MAP A Gangwon-do cities and districts of Chuncheon, hydropower generation. For these functions, it K-WATER WATER QUALITY RESEARCH CENTER Hongcheon, Yanggu and Inje, the lake is often is essential to secure optimal operation of water Its main purpose is the provision of a total solution referred to as an “inland sea”. Passenger ferries gates through continuous measurements and to improve the healthiness of tap water. It has three bound for Yanggu and Inje run along the 60km analysis of information on rainfall, inflow and major research areas: Securement of trust in tap long water route that leads to Seoraksan Mountain.

88 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 89 Oceans and fisheries

MAP A MAP A BUSAN FACILITY MANAGEMENT FISHERIES SCIENCE MUSEUM OFFICE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF It was the first complex marine sciences and INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES PRODUCTS fisheries museum in Korea. It opened on May Busan is a world-class marine and fisheries city 26th, 1997 according to a provision of the National that is well-equipped with a variety of marine Science Museum Act to introduce the fisheries and fisheries infrastructure, including the Busan and ocean as a thesaurus of natural resources International Fish Market and Advanced Seafood and develop the interest and spirit of exploration Processing Complex. It is located between the in people. The exhibitions were designed to North and South Pacific fishing grounds, as chronicle the progress and enhance the image of well as in the center of Japan, China, Russia and the future of scientific technology in the fields of Taiwan, who are the largest consumers of fisheries marine sciences and fisheries. These exhibitions products in the world. To take advantage of its were produced by the joint efforts of professional location, the city has created a cluster of fisheries researchers and staff at the NFRDI from 1991 to distribution and processing companies, as well 1996. The unique collections were developed by as refrigerated warehouses. Busan is not only a 15 divisions and about 7,400 exhibitions, some of gateway for the export and import of fisheries which include: Marine Resources, Fisheries and products, but also a center for distribution. With Aquaculture Technology, Marine Ranching, Fish the aim of creating the largest international Specimens, Aquarium, Marine Food Production, logistical fisheries trading platform, the Busan Whale Skeleton and Laboratory of Ship Control International Fish Market and the Advanced Navigation etc. Seafood Processing Complex are equipped with state-of-the-art refrigeration and cold storage and MAP A processing facilities, along with a specialized port JAGALCHI FISH MARKET for deep-sea fishing. Jagalchi Market, located on the shoreside road in Busan’s Jung-gu, is Korea’s largest seafood

MAP A market, selling both live and dried fish. After the DADAE FISHING VILLAGE IN GEOJE Korean War, the market solidified itself as a fish Located just two hours from Gimhae Airport and market. This market represents Busan and is Busan Port, it is the only sea experience village famous throughout the country. Visitors to the in Geoje island with natural mud flats where market can eat fresh raw fish and experience a fish vacationers can find clams, catch swimming auction in the early morning. crabs and other marine life, and engage in water sports. The village has been subsidized by the government through fishing village promotion projects and it is a good example of co- management modality of the coastal area as each household in the village take co-responsibility for managing tourism programs to attract tourists and promote the village.

Jagalchi Fish Market - Busan, South Korea 90 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND by TravelingOtter is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND 91 PART 5 With sincere thanks to all of our knowledge partners for their collaboration, technical expertise and valuable contributions to the creation and Annex: Sources production of this rich green growth resource: and Links

1. The Korean Economy from the Liberation to the 1950s 11. OECD. (2010). Pricing Water Resources and Water and Lee Dae-keun, SERI, 2002 Sanitation Services. OECD

2. Economic Statistics System 12. MOE website Bank of Korea http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/index. do?menuId=464&firstItemIndex=Topics 3. World Development Indicators database World Bank, 23 December 2019 13. K-water. (2019, 10). Introduction of K-water. Presentation by K-water 4. Seoul Solution, The History of Seoul https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/content/3323 14. Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee. (2000). Integrated Water Resources Management. Global 5. Federal Reserve Economic Data Water Partnership https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AEXKOUS 15. Waste Management in Korea, Ministry of Environment, 6. Republic of Korea’s Green Growth Policy Transformation Republic of Korea Story, Yujin Lee, Committee on Green Growth 16. KOEM 7. Republic of Korea’s Green Growth Policy Transformation https://www.koem.or.kr/site/ Story by Yujin Lee, Committee on Green Growth; Green eng/02/10201100000002019071509.jsp Growth in Korea by Hoguen Song May 2017; Understanding Korean Green Growth Policy Myungkyoo Kim May 2017; 17. Forest area and accumulation Climate Action and Public Expenditure SD June 2015; http://index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_ Why do we need Green Growth (Green Growth Phase cd=1300 3) Hyungsoo Kim, Budget and Policy Priorities – Fiscal KFS policy briefing Management Green Growth Kinam Oh May 2018 http://www.korea.kr/news/policyBriefingView. do?newsId=156346658 8. Statistics Korea, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, Ministry of Fisheries and 18. Country Report of Korea, soil and groundwater, MOE & Oceans, OECD statistics KEITI, 2015

9. Agriculture in Korea 2020’ from MAFRA, 2020 national 19. Enactment of the Forest Law and Greening Project by the budget scheme’ from MOE & MOF (2019) Park Chung-hee regime in the 1960s, Kang, 2020

10. 2017 Marine and Fisheries Industry Statistics Survey conducted by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)

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92 KOREA GREEN GROWTH TRUST FUND local World Bank office www.worldbank.org. www.wbgkggtf.org