Decentering Police to Improve Public Safety: a Report of the DC Police Reform Commission
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Decentering Police to Improve Public Safety: A Report of the DC Police Reform Commission Delivered to the Council of the District of Columbia April 1, 2021 Members of the District of Columbia Police Reform Commission Chairs Robert Bobb, President and CEO, Robert Bobb Group; former District of Columbia City Administrator and Deputy Mayor Christy Lopez, Professor from Practice, Georgetown Law; Co-Founder and Director, Program on Innovative Policing at Georgetown Law Members Elena Bell, Interim Principal, Takoma Education Campus Robert S. Bennett, Senior Counsel, Bennett Doyle LLP Kent Boese, Chair, Advisory Neighborhood Commissioner, ANC 1A Samantha Davis, Founder and Executive Director, Black Swan Academy Tina Frundt, Founder and Executive Director, Courtney’s House Delonte Gholston, Senior Pastor, Peace Fellowship Church Herb Gray, Founder and CEO, Life Enhancement Services Emily Gunston, Senior Counsel, Attorney General for the District of Columbia1 Ronald Hampton, Washington, D.C., Representative, Blacks in Law Enforcement of America; former Executive Director, National Black Police Association, Inc.; retired MPD Officer LaShunda Hill, Executive Director, Office for Students in the Care of D.C. Coordinating Committee Decentering Police to Improve Public Safety 2 Corwin Knight, Founder and CEO, Hope Foundation Reentry Network George Lambert Jr., President and CEO, Greater Washington Urban League Jeffrey Richardson, Founder and Principal, Enspired Muse Coaching and Management Naïké Savain, Supervising Attorney, Children’s Law Center Guardian ad Litem Program Sultan Shakir, Executive Director, SMYAL Mignon Smith, Founder and Consultant, The STEM Gap; former Assistant Principal, D.C. Prep; Mathematics Teacher, Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart Patrice Sulton, Founder and Executive Director, DC Justice Lab Kurt Vorndran, Member, DC Police Complaints Board; Legislative Representative, National Treasury Employees Union Advisors and Staff Bethany Young, Consultant, Impact Justice; Project Director Dr. Denis Antoine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Michela Bowman, Vice President and Co-Director, National PREA Resource Center Joseph Broadus, Consultant, Impact Justice Alex Busansky, President and Founder, Impact Justice Antoinette Davis, Vice President and Director, Research & Action Center, Impact Justice Michael Davis, Founder and Lead Consultant, MBD Innovation Florence L. Finkle, Consultant, Impact Justice Sia Henry, Senior Program Specialist, Impact Justice Alexandra Kurland, Program Associate, Impact Justice Mark Lipkin, Consultant, Impact Justice Chief Chris Magnus, Chief of Police, Tucson, Arizona Lauren McGary, Research Analyst, Impact Justice Marion Morgan, Associate Director, Impact Justice A Report of the DC Police Reform Commission 3 Kaid Ray-Tipton, Program Specialist, Impact Justice Seth Rosenthal, Consultant, Venable LLP Madison Sampson, Consultant, Impact Justice Danielle Soto, Associate Director and Senior Researcher, Impact Justice Kathryn Stroud, Research Analyst, Impact Justice Blaine Stum, Legislative Policy Advisor, Office of D.C. Council Chairman Phil Mendelson Michael Swistara, Consultant, Impact Justice Jennifer Trone, Consultant, Impact Justice Zimife Umeh, Consultant, Impact Justice Aishatu Yusuf, Director of Innovation Programs, Impact Justice Decentering Police to Improve Public Safety 4 Preface It has been our honor to serve as Co-Chairs of the DC Police Reform Commission. The DC Council established the Commission to help the Council better understand how to improve or find alternatives to policing in the District. We knew when we joined the Commission that meeting the Council’s call would require us to look far beyond policing for solutions. Our collective decades of experience working with city governments and advocating for change in policing taught us that cities – the District included – ask police to shoulder too much of the burden of meeting residents’ public safety needs. At the same time, we have observed our collective tendency to ignore the direct connection between community health and healing, and community safety and crime reduction, when we set public policy and pass city budgets. We began our work on this Commission already understanding that the task of policing as currently defined – using the coercive power of the criminal legal system to solve a host of public safety challenges – is literally impossible. Not only is policing inadequate on its own to keep people safe, it too often causes undue harm in the precise communities it is nominally meant to protect. Much of what has been normalized and accepted as necessary in policing does not answer genuine public safety needs but rather reflects the often-unthinking perpetuation of a system designed to control and exploit, rather than empower and nurture people – especially Black and Latinx people. Thus, we took seriously and were grateful for the Council’s call to “re-envision” policing and to interpret that mandate broadly, as reflected by the recommendations in this report. We also knew coming in that the problem of gun violence in the District is taking an intolerable toll, especially on those who should be the District’s future: young Black and Brown residents. This toll has only become more tragic during this year of pandemic. In 2020, there were 198 people killed by homicide in the District. This is a 20 percent increase in just one year, and the highest total since 2004. The vast majority of these homicides were committed with guns, and they overwhelmingly impacted Black people in the District: 189 of 2020’s homicide victims were Black, and 160 of those were Black and male, including several individuals under 18. There were 922 people shot in 2020, an increase of a third in just one year. At least eight people in DC were killed by their intimate partner in 2020. Everything the Commission did, and every recommendation in this report, is animated by a determination to do better by our young people and their families, especially those east of the river, so that far fewer are killed or must live with the debilitating fear and trauma that accompanies a public safety crisis of gun violence. We believe that the members of the Metropolitan Police Department as a whole, and its new Chief Robert Contee, are genuinely committed to ending the scourge of gun violence. We are hopeful they recognize that what the police and the District are doing now is not working well enough, and too often causes unnecessary harm or is even counterproductive, and that they will be open to the evidence-informed recommendations in this report. What we did not know when we agreed to co-chair the Commission was what an extraordinarily dedicated, knowledgeable, and hardworking group of commissioners we would have the privilege of working alongside. They were tireless and fearless in their efforts to secure better public safety, and better futures, for the residents of the District most often dismissed or discounted. The eighteen commissioners’ collective breadth and depth of understanding of the needs and potential of District residents, their empathy, brilliance, creativity, and optimism A Report of the DC Police Reform Commission 5 was not only energizing and inspiring, but has resulted in a set of recommendations that is stronger and more exhaustive than anything we could have hoped for at the outset. The Commission could not have completed its work without the scores of individuals who provided crucial information, insights, and data. We hope you see your own ideas and concerns in our recommendations. We heard from DC residents, including students and dedicated community advocates, activists and government officials. We heard both from line officers and the head of MPD’s police union, as well as from individuals who have been the subject of police abuse or had family members killed by police. We heard from scholars who have researched and written about the criminal legal system, effective violence reduction, and other topics pertinent to the Commission’s work. We heard from practitioners in DC and beyond, including police chiefs, prosecutors, and public defenders. MPD officials were present at nearly every committee meeting and often participated. Each of these individuals is acknowledged in the attached report. We also are indebted to Impact Justice, which staffed the Commission, and especially the nothing-short-of-amazing I/J Project Director, Bethany Young, as well as the indefatigable Legislative Policy Advisor Blaine Stum. We are of course grateful to the entire DC Council and to DC Council Chairman Phil Mendelson for establishing and supporting the work of the Commission. Robert C. Bobb & Christy E. Lopez April 1, 2021 Decentering Police to Improve Public Safety 6 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 9 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 14 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 15 REALIGN AND REDUCE ..................................................................................................................................... 29 SECTION I: MEETING CRISIS WITH SPECIALIZED SKILL AND COMPASSION ................................................ 34 SECTION II: STRENGTHENING THE