Europe and America, 1870 to 1900: Impressionism

1 Industrialization of Europe and U.S. about 1850

2 Goals

• Understand why the Industrial Revolution, Darwinism, Marxism and sociopolitical changes altered ideas about the nature and subject matter of art in the later 19th century. • Examine the meanings of “Modernism” and “Realism” philosophically and in the appearance of art and architecture. • Understand the formal and content issues of the Impressionists, Post-Impressionists, and Symbolists. • Examine experiments in materials and form in art and architecture at the turn of the century.

3 31.1 Impressionism

• Understand the formal elements and subject choices of the Impressionist artists. • Examine the Impressionists’ interest in sensation, impermanence, and the “fleeting moment” as it was expressed in their art. • Understand the importance of light and color theory in the work of the Impressionists. • Recognize representative Impressionist artists and works.

4 Figure 31-2 CLAUDE MONET, Impression: Sunrise, 1872. Oil on canvas, 1’ 7 1/2” x 2’ 1 1/2”. Musée Marmottan, Paris. 5 Figure 31-4 CLAUDE MONET, Saint-Lazare Train Station, 1877. Oil on canvas, 2’ 5 3/4” x 3’ 5”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. 6 http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/monet/swf/

Figure 31-3 CLAUDE MONET, Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun), 1894. Oil on canvas, 3’ 3 1/4” x 2’ 1 7/8”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Theodore M. Davis Collection, bequest of Theodore M. Davis, 1915).

7 Wheatstacks (End of Summer), 1890-91; Oil on canvas, 60 x 100 cm (23 5-8 x 39 3-8 in), The Art Institute of Chicago 8 Claude Monet, Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Effect, 1890, oil on canvas 65 x 100 cm

9 Haystacks, (Midday),1890-91, National Gallery of Australia 10 Claude Monet, Haystacks on a Foggy Morning, 1891, Oil on canvas

11 Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies, Claude Monet 1899 Note the Japanese footbridge

12 Water Lilies (The Clouds) 1903; Oil on canvas, 74.6 x 105.3 cm (29 3/8 x 41 7/16 in); Private collection 13 Water Lilies 1906; Oil on canvas, 87.6 x 92.7 cm (34 1/2 x 36 1/2 in); The Art Institute of Chicago

14 Waterlilies, Green Reflection, Left Part, 1916-1923; Orangerie, Paris 15 Figure 31-5 GUSTAVE CAILLEBOTTE, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877. Oil on canvas, 6’ 9” x 9’ 9”. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, (Worcester Fund). 16 Figure 31-6 CAMILLE PISSARRO, La Place du Théâtre Français, 1898. Oil on canvas, 2’ 4 1/2” x 3’ 1/2”. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles (the Mr. and Mrs. George Gard De Sylva Collection). 17 Figure 30-51 JOSIAH JOHNSON HAWES and ALBERT SANDS SOUTHWORTH, Early Operation under Ether, Massachusetts General Hospital, ca. 1847. Daguerreotype. Massachusetts General Hospital Archives and Special Collections, Boston. 18 Figure31-7 BERTHE MORISOT, Villa at the Seaside, 1874. Oil on canvas, 1’ 7 3/4” x 2’ 1/8". Norton Simon Art Foundation, Los Angeles. 19 Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, Oil on Canvas, 51” x 68” 1880 - 1881 Figure 31-8 PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876. Oil on canvas, 4’ 3” x 5’ 8”. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. 21 Renoir,, 1878, oil on canvas 60.5” x 75”, Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Two Young Girls at the Piano, 1892, Auguste Renoir (French, 1841–1919) Oil on canvas44 x 34 in. Metropolitan Museum of Art Renoir developed and refined this image over a series of 5 canvases. Figure 31-10 EDGAR DEGAS, Ballet Rehearsal, 1874. Oil on canvas, 1’ 11” x 2’ 9”. Glasgow Art Galleries and Museum, Glasgow (Burrell Collection). 24 Japonisme and Later Impressionism

• Examine issues of other Impressionist, such as the influence of the Japanese print and concerns with formal elements.

25 Genji Visits Murasaki, from the Minori chapter, Tale of Genji, Heian period, first half of 12th century C.E. Hand scroll, ink and color on paper. From the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Utagawa Hiroshige, Distant View of Kinryuzan Templeand Azuma Bridge, 1856 - 1858 From the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Utagawa Hiroshige, Suijin Grove, the Uchi River and Sekiya Village from the Vicinity of Massaki, 1856 - 1858 From the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Utagawa Hiroshige, Mannen Bridge and the Fukagawa District, 1856 - 1858 From the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, Utagawa Hiroshige, The Benten Shrine and the Ferry at Haneda, 1856 - 1858 SUZUKI HARUNOBU, Evening Bell at the Clock, from Eight Views of the Parlor, ca. 1765. Woodblock print Figure 31-11 Left: EDGAR DEGAS, The Tub, 1886. Pastel, 1’ 11 ½” X 2’ 8 3/8”. Musee d’Orsay, Paris. Right: TORII KIYONAGA, detail of Two Women at the Bath, ca. 1780. Color woodblock, full print 10 ½” X 7 ½”, detail 3 ¾” X 3 ½”. Musee Guimet, Paris. 32 Degas sculptures Figure 31-12 MARY CASSATT, The Bath, ca. 1892. Oil on canvas, 3’ 3” x 2’ 2”. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago (Robert A. Walker Fund).

34 Figure 31-13 JAMES ABBOTT MCNEILL WHISTLER, Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket), ca. 1875. Oil on panel, 1’ 11 5/8” x 1’ 6 1/2”. Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit (gift of Dexter M. Ferry Jr.). 35 Arrangement in Grey and Black, James Abbot McNeill Whistler, 1871, Oil on canvas, Musee d’Orsay, Paris, 57” x 64” Figure 31-9 ÉDOUARD MANET, Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882. Oil on canvas, 3’ 1” x 4’ 3”. Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery, London. 37 All Manet