Subject Index

Bold page numbers refer to main entries.

A - Gibbs free energy of formation 19,27 Accumulation 191,207 - forming metals 119 Acetic acid 288,290,291 Amethopterine 202 Acetic anhydride 288 Amides (solvents) 298 Acetone 288 Amines (solvents) 297 Acetonitrile 288,292 Ammonia (liquid) 288,290 Acidity constant 227 Amplifiers 152 Acids (organic, as solvents) 297 - lock-in 153 Activated complex (see complex) Angular velocity (see velocity) Activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid Anion-induced adsorption (see adsorption) 263,264 Anodic stripping voltammetry (see voltam- Acrylonitrile 288 metry) Adams, R. N. 312 Anthracene 75 Adatoms 193 Antimony 194,195-197,203,248 Adenosine 127 Aoki,K. 312 Admittance 150 Aromatic compounds 248 Adriamycin 202 Arrhenius, S. A. 310 Adsorbed Arrhenius expression 75 - layer 65 Arsenic 203,258 - product 106,120 Ascorbic acid 258 - reactant 140 Atropin 202 - species 186 Autoprotolysis 240,290,291 - substrate 106,120,141 Azobenzene 123, 125 -127 Adsorption 140,141,192,233,258 Azo compounds 248 - anion-induced 120,192,201 - constant 199,201 - Frumkin isotherm 164 B - interaction between molecules 122 Babicka,J. 311 - kinetics 163 Bacteria 56 - synergistic 192,201 Bard,A.J. 303,312,313 Adsorptive accumulation 120 Barium 203, 204 - of metal ions with solo chrome violet RS Barker, G. C. 99,312 204 Barker's square wave voltammetry 111 Adsorptive stripping voltammetry Baucke, F. G. K. 232,234 (see voltammetry) Beer-Lambert law 174 Alcohols 258,270,296 Behrend, R. 310 Albumin 127 Benzaldehyde 127 Alizarin red S 123, 125, 246 Benzonitrile 288 Alternating voltage Benzoylecgonine 127 - monochromatic 149 Berberine 127,202 Aluminium 203,204 Berzelius, J. J. 309 Amalgam 19,197 Bilirubin 127 320 Subject Index

Biochemical reactions 16 Chlorine 200 Bipotentiostat 39 - chlorate 204 Bismuth 127,194-197,203,206,248 - perchlorate 205 Bockris, J. O'M. 5,312 Chlorinity 295 Bode plot 154, 156 Chromatography 312 Boltzman, 1. 5 Chromium 127,248 Bottger, W. 310 - dimethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid Bromazepam 202 complex 204 Bromine 200 - trans-[Cr(COMdpehl+ 92,220 - bromate 204,248 Chronoamperometry 139,251 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethyl- Chronocoulometry 137 aminophenol 203 - charge transfer kinetics 145 Br0nsted, J. N. (Bronsted) 20,311 - double-step 142 Bruckenstein, S. 312,313 Cimetidine 127 Buprenorphine 202 Circuit Butanol 288 - equivalent 154 Butler-Volmer equation 33,75,128,311 - parallel 150 Butyronitrile 288 - Poggendorf compensation 223 - series 150 Clay minerals 204 C Cluster 195 CrevErev diagnostics 87 Coatings 149 Cadmium 194,195,197,203,207,248 Cobalt 194, 196,203, 204, 248 Caesium 203, 204 - Co(NH3)l+l2+ 75 Caffeine 127 Cocaine 127,202 Calcitonin 127 Codeine 202 Calcium 203, 204 Complex (chemical) - hydroxide 267 - activated 30 Capacity (see double layer) - hydroxo 17 Caproic acid 165 - metal 20 Caprolactam 202 - stability constant 20,27 Caprylic acid 165 Complex non-linear regression least squares Carbon 194 (CNRLS) 155,156 -carbon dioxide system in water 296 Complex plane plot 153 Carbonyl compounds 248 Computer programs (modelling of im- Carnosine 202 pedance data) 156 Catalytic hydrogen evolution 201 Conductance 150 Catechol 203 Conducting polymer layers 186 Cell voltage (see electrochemical cell) Conductivity CE process 85 - ionic 280, 282 Cerium 203, 226, 248 - equivalent 281 Chapman, D. 1. 5, 311 Confocal Raman spectroelectrochemistry Charge, capacitive 139 (see spectroscopy) Charge transfer kinetics 145 Conservation of matter and charge 137 Charging current (see current) Convection 33,38,141 Chelons 127 - convective-diffusion equation 38 Chemical reactions - forced 38 - catalytic 119 - natural 38,47 - coupled homogeneous 143 Convolution (see semiintegration) - homogeneous 119 - integrals 129 - preceding 119 Constant - subsequent 119 - phase angle 154 Chemisorbed H-atoms 35 - phase element 154 Chemisorption of oxygen 7 Copper 127,194-197,203,204,206,248 Chlordiazepoxide 202 - Copper(II) hexacyanoferrate(II) 161 Subject Index 321

- Copper-iron hexacyanoferrate(II) 218, Delahay, P. 312 219 De Levie, R. 162 - Copper(II)-oxine 126 Density gradient 38 - Copper-sulfide-selenide solid solutions Detection limit (see limit of detection) 218,219 Devanathan,M.A. V. 312 - Cu(CN)f- 286 Diaminoanthracene 80 Corrosion 149,165 Diaminodurene 80 Cottrell, F. G. 61,310 Diaphragm 275,276 - equation 46,138,141,142,310 Dichloromethane 288 Coulomb force 289 Dielectric constant 287 Coulometric titration 137 Diethylether 288 Coulometry 137,311 Digital-to-analog converters 152 - controlled current 147 Differential pulse voltammetry (see voltam- - controlled potential 148 metry) Coulostatic techniques 148 Diffraction (simultaneous application in Cremer,M. 310 voltammetry) 57 Crown ether (dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 Diffusion 33,283 ether) 258 - coefficient 19,33,160,285 o-Cresolphthalexon 203 -- of metals in mercury 197 Crotogino, F. 310 - convective-diffusion (see convection) Cruikshanks, W. 309 - edge 68 Crystallisation 36 - finite 34 Crystallographic misfit 195 - hemispherical 46,159 Cupferron 203 - layer 59 Current -- concentration profile 185 - background 109 - layer thickness 34,38,55,160,174,253 - capacitive 45, 138 - limited 35 -- elimination 109 - Nernst diffusion layer 160 - charging 100 - planar 68, 138,284 -- discrimination 120 - radial 68 - current-voltage curve (see also voltam- - semi-infinite 34,284 metry) 310 - spherical 68, 104 - density 30 Dihydrozeatin 202 - dimensionless net peak 114 2,5-Dimercapto-l ,3,4-thadiazole 203 - Faradaic 45,68,101 Dimethoate 127 - non-Faradaic 67,101 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 288 - sampling 101 Dimethylacetamide 288 - step 45 4-(Dimethylamino )azobenzene 126 Cyadox 202 Dimethylformamide 288 Cyclic voltammetry (see voltammetry) Dimethylglyoxime 203, 204 Cysteine 127,258 Dimethylsulfone 288 Cytochrome c 125, 126 Dimethyl sulfoxide 288, 292, 299 Diode array spectrometer (see spectrometer) 1,4-Dioxane 288 D Dissipation 150 Daminozide 127 - factor 150 Darlington, R. K. 312 Dissociation mechanism (glass electrode) Davy,H. 309 232,233 Dawson structure 53 Donnan, F. G. 311 DC polarography (see polarography) - potential (see potential) Debye-Hiickel 285 Dopamine 127,202,258 Debye-Hiickellength 7 Double layer 3, 4, 310, 311 Decamethylferrocene 271 - capacitance 44, 66 Deconvolution (of spectra) 179 - capacity 154 Decoupling of ac and dc signals 153 - differential capacity 3 322 Subject Index

Double layer - edge effect 252 - diffuse double layer 5 - electro catalytic 258 - electron transfer rate 4 - first kind 227 - excess charge 4 - gallium 248 - Gouy-Chapman layer 59,311 - geometry 251 - Helmholtz layer 162 - geometry and Randles-Sevcik expressions - inner Helmholtz plane 5,44, 59 70 - integral capacity 4 - germanium 248 - models 4,5 - glass 231-239,269,310 - outer Helmholtz plane 6 - glassy carbon 195,206,211,249,250 -- structure (effect on rate of charge - gold 247 transfer) 42 - graphite 196 - thickness 7 - hanging mercury drop 99,248,251,312 Droplets 92 - highly oriented pyrolytic graphite 6,213 Dysprosium 203, 204 - hydrogen 14,226 - indium tin oxide (ITO) optical trans- parent 175,178,181,214 E - inlaid microdisk 119 Eirrev diagnostics 78 - intedigitated 71 Erev diagnostics 64 - intercalation 165 ErevCdim,irrev diagnostics 84 - ion-selective 223,231,240,245 ErevCirrev diagnostics 82, 85 - iridium 249 ErevCrev diagnostics 83 - Kemula electrode (see also hanging ErevCirrevErev diagnostics 88 mercury drop electrode) 312 EC process 81 - lithographic galvanic (LIGA) up-forming EC' process 84 181,182 ECE process 87,89 - macroscopic sized inlaid disc 68 Edge effect 68 - membrane 229,231,239 EDTA 106 -- dose meshed 230 EDX (energy dispersive X-ray detection) -- large meshed 230 220 -- thick 230 Einstein, A. 284 -- semipermeable 230 Electric field 280 - mercury 196,206,246 Electroactive polymer films 165 -- fIlm 198,245,249 Electrocatalysis 4,41,258 -- mercury/mercuric oxide 266 Electrochemical cell 57 -- mercury/mercury(I) sulphate 266, - capillary slit 179 267 - channel flow 169,170,175 -- pool 262 - geometry 172 - metal 213,227,245 - potential gradient 68 -- gauze 178 - three-electrode 167 -- grid 178 - voltage 225 -- mesh 178 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy - micro 22,47,104,119,148,169,252,253, 149 312 Electrode 245 -- arrays 253 - amalgam 197 -- random assemblies 71 - auxiliary 9 - micro structured 181 - boron doped diamond 6 - mini 71 - calomel 18,264-266 - modified (chemically) 245,257,258,312 -- electrode potentials 265 - non-polarizable mercury pool 261,262 - carbon 6,211,245,250 - optical transparent 173,175,176,178, - carbon paste 206,245, 250 180,312 - counter 9,59,151,303 - palladium 248 - cylindrical 119 - paraffin-impregnated graphite (PIGE) - dropping mercury 18,38,99,104,248,310 206,211 Subject Index 323

- planar 46 Electronic work function 194 - platinum 213,247 Electropolymerisation 259 - polymer 251,259,271 Electrosorption 199,201 - porous 162 Ethanol 127,288 - potential window 293 Ethers (solvents) 298 - process 29 Ethylenediamine 288,291,292 - protective layers on 207 Ethylene glycol 288 - pseudo reference 58,261,271 Emulsions 56,91 - quinhydrone 226-227,269,270 Enthalpy 26 - reaction, surface confined 111 Entropy 26,218 - redox 224,226 Enzymes 56 - reference 11,58,152,261,302 Equilibrium -- pH-based 269 - acid-base 16, 20 -- solid state 271 - constant 27 - ring micro 119 - dynamic 32 - rhodium 248 - electrochemical 12,230 - rotating disc 38,39,169,245,254-256 - redox 16 - rotating ring-disc 256 Erdey-Gniz, T. 311 - second kind 229,261,264,268 Erdey-Gniz-Volmer equation (see Butler- - semiconductor 6,149,162 Volmer equation) - silver 227,228,238,248 Erythromycin 202 - silver/silver chloride 229,268-269,271, Europium 127,248 274 - europium(III)-salicylate 123 - spherical 46, 118,252 Extraction 192 - spherical effect 252 - standard hydrogen 11,224,261,263 - static mercury drop 99, 104,245,249 F - sulphide-ion -selective electrode 240 Famotidine 127,202 - thin mercury film 119,127,256 Fan, E-R. 313 - three-electrode arrangement 11,44,167, Faradaic current (see current) 262 Faraday,M. 137,310 - tubular 257 - box (cage) 304,305 - two-electrode system 44,152,261,262 - law 137,286 - vibrating 38 - impedance 157 - wall-jet 257 Faulkner, R. E 303 - working 9,59,245,301 Ferredoxine 127,258 Electrodeposition 192 Ferrocene 58,61,62,75,173,263,270,271 Electrogravimetry 310 Flow Electroinactive ions 205 - cell 185 Electrolysis 12,137 - channel cell 169,170 Electrolyte 279 - turbulent 39 - aqueous 293 - systems 66 - indifferent 37 - velocity (see velocity) - junction 273 Fluorouracil 127 - nonaqueous Fluvoxamine 202 - potential 287 Fick's law 34,46,63, 160,283,284,286 - solid 149,165,279 Filters - strong 291 - narrow-band 153 - supporting 37,141,293 Folic acid 127 - true 287 Formamide 288 Electron, activity of 228 Formic acid 288,291 Electron spin resonance (see spectroscopy) Fourier Electron transfer 40 - transformation 151 - mediator 258 - transform voltammetry (see voltam- - energy profile for heterogeneous 75 metry) 324 Subject Index

Fowler-Frumkin isotherm 193 Hemin 127 Fredlein, R. A. 313 Hemoglobin 127,258 Frequency Heyrovsky, J. 51,261,262,311 - analysis 152 Heyrovsky, M 20 - audio-frequency bridge 153 High-temperature aqueous solution - domain 151 268 -- transformation 150 Hollos-Rokosinyi, E. 312 - dispersion 162 Holmium 203,204 - radio-frequency bridge 153 Hydration number 290 - respnse analyzer, potentiostatic 152 Hydrazine 258 Frozen solutions 56 Hydrofluoric acid 270 Frumkin,A.N. 311 Hydrogen - adsorption isotherm 164,193 - adsorbed 45 - effect 44 - catalytic evolution 201 - interaction coefficient 164 - overvoltage 246 Fuel cells 165 - peroxide 258 Fugacity 263 8-Hydroxyquinoline 203 Fullerenes 127

G Ilkovic, D. 311 Gallium 194,203,204 Impedance 149,272 Galvani, 1. 309 - Faraday 157 Galvanic cell 12,223,224 - input 223, 303 Galvani potential difference (see potential) - Randles 158 Gardner,A. W. 312 - spectroscopy (see electrochemical Gel layers 207 impedance spectroscopy) Germanium 127,203 - Warburg 156-160 Geske, D. H. 312 Immiscible liquid electrolytes 24,192, Gestodene 202 205 Gibbs, W. 310 Indigo 123 Gibbs free energy 11,26 Indium 127,194,197,203,207,248 Gibbs free energy of activation 30 Indium tin oxide (ITO) optical transparent Giese, W. 310 electrode (see electrode) Glove box technique 59 Insertion electrochemistry 26 Glassy carbon electrode (see electrode) Insulin 258 Glutathione 258 Interface Glycerol 288 - liquid-liquid 24 Gokhshtein,A. Y. 312 Intermediates 167,177 Gokhshtein, Y. P. 312 Intermetallic compounds 197 Gold 127,194,195,196 Interphase 30 Gouy,1.-G. 5,311 Iodine 127,200 Gouy-Chapman layer (see double layer) Ion Graham, D. C. 5 - associate 258 Graphite (see electrode) - conductivity 280 Grazing angle optical cell (see optical cell) - electro inactive 205 Gritzner, G 270 - exchange 192,204,206,232 Griiters, M. 310 - hydrated 6 - ion-dipole pairformation 289 - ion-pair formation 289 H - mobility 279,284 Haber, F. 310 - transfer 23,192,229 Half-wave potential (see potential) Ionic and mixed ionic-ionic conductors Helmholtz, H. 1. F. v. 5, 310 149 - plane and layer (see double layer) Iridium 194 Subject Index 325

Iron 127,194,196,203,204,248,258 M IRu potential drop (see potential) Madelung constant 289 Irreversibility 21, 40 Magnesium 203, 204 Isobutyronitrile 288 Maki,A.H. 312 Ives, D. J. G. 267 Malachite green 258 Malpas, R. 313 Mamantov, G. 312 Mandelic acid 204 Janz, G. J. 267 Manganese 127,200,203,204 Jenkins, 1. L. 312 - manganates 213 - Mn02 213 Marcus,R.A. 312 K - theory 41,78,312 Kalousek commutator 111 van de Mark, R. 312 Kanazawa, K. K. 313 Mass transport 29,33 Kaufman, J. H. 313 Mediator (see electron transfer) Kemula, W. 312 Membrane 273 Kiesele cell 59 - electrode (see electrodes) Kinetics 29 - glass 232,233 Klemensiewicz, Z. 310 - porous 207 Kolthoff, 1. M. 311 - systems 165 Koryta, J. 230 6-Mercaptopurine-9-d-riboside Koutecky-Levich plot 39 204 Kramers-Kronig rule 156 Mercury 41,127,194-196,200 Kramers-Kronig transformation 150 - Mercuric and mercurous salts Kublik, Z. 312 126 Kucera, B. 310 Merz,A. 312 Kiister, F. W. 310 Metal deposition 193,196 Kuta,J 270 Metamitron 202 Kuwana, T. 312 Methanol 288, 290 Kwak,J. 313 2-Methoxyethanol 288 N-Methylacetamide 288 Methylene blue 125 L Methylene chloride 299 Lambert-Beer law 174 N-Methylformamide 288 Laminar flow 38 Methylisobutyl ketone 292 Laitinen, H. A. 311 Micelle Lanthanum 203 - critical concentration 164 Lead (Pb) 41,127,194,195,197,203,248 Microelectrodes (see electrodes) Leddy,D.W. 312 Microparticles 35,211-221,247 Lee, H. J. 271 Microscopy 221 Lev,O. 313 Microsystems 268 Levich,V.G. 311,312 Migration 33,37,280 Light, T. S. 236 Miller, L. L. 312 Liquid-liquid interfaces 92 Minerals 216 Limit of detection 207,236,240 Mixing entropy 218 Lock-in amplifiers (see amplifier) Mackel, F. 164 Long pathlength optical cell (see optical Molinate 127 cell) Molybdenum 203,204,248 Lorenz, W. 164 Monocrystal (platinum) 247 Lormetazepam 202 Monolayer 193 Low-amplitude perturbation 149 Moody, G. J. 236 Luggin probe (capillary) 57,276,283 Morpholine 288 Luminescence spectroscopy (see spec- Moses,RR. 312 troscopy) 168 Mott-Schottky plot 163 326 Subject Index

Muller, K. 312 Optical path length 174 Multi-phase system 91 Optical transparent electrode (see Murray,R.W. 312 electrode) Orthochlorphenol 127 Osmium 194 N Osteryoung, J. 312 NADH 258 Osteryoung, R. A. 312 Nafion 258 Ostwald, W. 264,310 Nagai, T. 312 Overpotential (see potential) Nernst, W. 310 Oxides 215 - equation 12,32,39,63,128,193,196,199, Oximes 127 226,229,236,294 Oxine 258 - equilibrium 120 Oxygen - layer 156,160 - chemisorbed 7 - sub-Nernstian slope 236 Oxytetracycline 202 Nernst-Planck equation 33 Nicholson, R. S. 51,129 Nickel 194-196,203,204,248 P Nicolsky, B. P. 232 Palladium 194-196,203,248 Nicolsky-Eisenman equation 236 Papoff, P. 312 Nicotinamide adenine dinucliotide 127 Paracetamol 202 Niobium 203 Parsons, R. 5 Nitrate 204 Penicillamine Nitrite 204,258 - N -acetyl penicillamine thionitrite 127 Nitrobenzene 25, 202 Penicillines 127 Nitro compounds 248 Pentanol 288 Nitromethane 288 Pepsin 276 Nitroprussid 127 Perchlorate 205 Niu,J. 184 Perchloric acid 292 Nogalamycin 202 Permittivity 7,287,288,291 Noise - of seawater 295 - electrical 101,114,304 - of water 289 - signal-to-noise ratio 138,153 Permselectivity 258 - white 151 Peroxidisulphate (SzO§-) 44 Non-linear optical methods (see pH 231-236,310 spectroscopy) Phase Non-steady-state techniques 149 - difference 149 Normal pulse voltammetry (see voltam• - correlator 152 metry) - identification 216 Novobiocin 202 Phenol 258,292 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Phenothiazines 200 (see spectroscopy) Phenylacetonitrile 288 Nucleation and growth kinetics 193,195 Phosphorus 216 Nujol 250 Pigments 216 Nyquist diagram 153,156-158,161,162 Plasmon resonance (simultaneous applica- tion in voltammetry) 57 Platinum (Pt) 41,194,195 o - black 263 Ohm, G. S. 309 Poggendorf compensation circuit 223 Ohmic drop distortion 177 Polarisation Ohm's law 280,309 - activation 36 Olmstead, M. L. 129 - concentration 36, 246 Optical cell - curve 36 - grazing angle 184 - resistance 150 - long path length 184 Polarography 51,249 Subject Index 327

- direct current (dc) 18,146,261,262 - window 293 - differential pulse 312 Potentiometric stripping 207, 312 - pulse 312 Potentiometry 223 Polyacethylene 251 Potentiostat 58,141,152,263,272, Polyacrylamide oxime 258 303 Polyaniline 251 Prandtl boundary layer 38,39 Polyfurane 251 Praseodym 203 Polyoxotungstate ([P2Wls06216-) 52,53 Precipitation 192 Polymer films 35,56,142,165,186,207, Preconcentration 191,192,200 Polymethylthiophene 251 Pre-wave 106 Polypyrrole 251 Probucole 123,202 Polypyrrole-N-carbodithionate 258 Propanol 288 Poly thiophene 251 Propionitrile 288 Porous conducting polymer films 142 Propylene carbonate 288 Porphyrin 258 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil 123 Posdorfer, J. 185 Proteins 276 Potassium 203,204 Pseudo capacitance 45,120,141 Potential Pseudopolarogram 198, 207 - accumulation 196 Pseudopolarography 197 - asymmetry 236 Pulse - characteristic 18,47 - amplitude 23 - chemical 12,284 Pulse polarography 99 - diffusion 233,272,275 Pulse voltammetry (see voltammetry) - dimensionless 113 Pungor, E. 312 - Donnan 230-233,311 Pyridine 288 - electrochemical 12,23,31,228,229 4-(2-Pyridylazo )resorcinol 203 - equilibrium electrode 32,238 - formal 16,17,22,31,226,267 - Galvani potential difference 13,14,31, Q 223,224-235,263 Quality factor 150 - gradient in electrochemical cell 68 Quartz crystal microbalance 57,213, - half-wave 18,19,198 221,313 - inner electric 12, 13,31 Quasi-reversibility 40 - 1Ru potential drop 59,276,282,304 Quasi-reversible maximum in square - liquid-junction 263,272,274 wave voltammetry (see voltammetry) - mid-peak in cyclic voltammetry 18,22, Quinhydrone 258, 269 24,271 - electrode (see electrode) - mixed 15,237,238,239 Quinone 248 - of zero charge 4,5,7,44 Quinoxaline 127 - outer electric 13 - overpotential 32,36,294 -- deposition 194 R - peak 18,22 Randles, J. E. B. 311 -- anodic and cathodic in cyclic voltam- - impedance 158 metry 22 - model 156 - standard 9,14 Randles-Sevcik equation 64, 68, 311 -- biochemical 16 - for commonly used electrode -- tabulated standard potentials 15 geometries 70 - phase boundary 233 - general 69 - standard chemical 12 Rate determining step 47 - step 45,55,56 Reactance 150 - stripping 196 Reaction layer thickness 174 - surface electric 13 Reaction length 30 - sweep 45 Reaction rate 30 - underpotential deposition 194 Rechnitz, G.A. 236 328 Subject Index

Redox centres Sevcik, A. 311 - interaction between 79 Shain, I 51 Redox electrode (see electrode) Side reactions 16 Redox mediator 84 - coefficient 17 Redox reaction Siemens 280 - reversible 30 Signal fIltering -- sqaure wave voltammogram 113 - analog 151 - surface 120 - digital 151 Redox state Signal-to-noise ratio 138, 153 - chronoamperometric test 72 Silanes 258 - determination by cyclic voltammetry 72 Silanol group 232 Reflection mode (see spectroelectrochem- Silica 204 istry) Silver 194-196,200 Reinmuth 55 Slendyk, I. 311 Resistance Smoluchowski, M. 284 - ohmic 44 Smoothing 114 - solution 3 Sodium 203,204 - uncompensated 3,63,66,141,172,271 - decyl sulphate 164 Reverse pulse voltammetry (see voltam- Solid layers (on electrodes) 186 metry) Solid materials 211 Reversibility Solid solutions 217, 218 - chemical 39 Solid state devices 149 - electrochemical 39 Solid-state electrochemistry 26 - thermodynamic 39 Solochrome violet RS 203, 204 Reynolds number 255 Solvent Rhenium 194,195 - amphiprotic 290 Riboflavin 127 - aprotic 292 Rifamycin SV 202 - dipolar 5 Rubidium 203, 204 - nonaqueous 304 - RbAg4Is 279 Solubility constants 27,200 Ruthenium 127,194 Somogyi,Z. 311 - [{Ru(bipyhh(Il-L)](PF6h 72 S0rensen, S. P. 1. 310 - RU(TJ-C 6Me 6h+ 90 Sparingly soluble salts, deposition of 199 Spectroelectrochemistry 167,250,312 - reflection mode 186 S Spectroellipsometry (see spectroscopy) Salicylic acid 203 Spectrometer Salinity 295 - diode array 184 Salomon, E. 310 Spectromicroscopy (see spectroscopy) Salt bridge 262,263,272,274,282 Spectroscopy Samarium 203 - confocal Raman spectroelectrochemistry Saveant,J.M. 84 175 Scanning probe techniques 169 - diffuse reflection 221 Schlenk apparatus 59 - electron spin resonance (ESR) 168,179, Schwabe, K. 232 221,312 Seawater 294-296 - infrared 217 Second harmonic generation (see spectro- - luminescence 168 scopy) - Mossbauer 169 Selectivity coefficient 237 - non-linear optical methods 169 Selenium 127,203 - nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Semi-logarithmic plot 105 168 Semiconductor (see electrode) - second harmonic generation 169 Semiintegration 63,184,270 - simultaneous application in voltammetry Sensors 279 57,167 Serotonin 127 - spectroellipsometry 169 Subject Index 329

- spectromicroscopy 169 Swathirajan, S. 313 - specular reflectance 220 Symmetry coefficient 31,116 - surface-enhanced Raman scattering Synchrotron techniques (see spectroscopy) 168 Szebelledy,1. 311 - synchrotron techniques 169 - UV/Vis/NIR 167,175 - X-ray spectroscopy 220 T Square scheme 90 Tafel,I. 310 Square wave voltammetry (see voltam- - equation 33,310 metry) - plot 44 Sreet, G. B. 313 - region 41 Stability constant (see complex) TDATA ([Tris-( 9, 10-dioxo-1anthryl) 1tris- Staircase voltammetry (see voltammetry) aminoacetyl)amine) 104 Standard deviation of fit 155 Technetium 203 Standard hydrogen electrode (see electrode) Tellurium 195,196 Standard potential (see potential) Terbium 203 Steady-state 56 Tert-butyl hydoperoxide 127 - conditions 30 Tetraalkylammonium salts 296 - 297 - electrolysis 35 Tetrabutylammonium 25 - polarization curve (see steady-state Tetrahydrofuran 288 voltammogram) Tetramethrin 127 - process 55 Tetramethylammonium 25 - response 253 Tetramethylurea 288 - techniques 72, 169 Tetraphenylborate 25 - voltammogram 22,41 Thallium 127,194,195,197,203,204,207, Stern, O. 5,311 216,248 Stokes viscous force 285 - Tl+/TI(Hg) electrode 160 Streptomycin 202 Thermodynamics 9 Stripping (see voltammetry) - so-called thermodynamic superfluous Strontium 203, 204 reactions 52 Sulfadimetoxol 127 Thiabendazole 204 Sulfaquinoxaline 127 Thiaznines (see phenothiazines) Sulfolane 288 Thin-layer 65,91 Sulphur 127,200,215,216 - cell 35, 119 - disulfides 248 Thiocyanate 203 - Peroxidisulphate (S20i-) 44,258 Thioethers 200 - sulphide-ion-selective electrode 240 Thiols 200, 258 - sulphuric acid 266 Thionitrite 127 - thiocyanate 258 Thiopentone 200 Sunset yellow 127 Thiophene (oligo) 181,183 Surface Thiourea 276 - active ligands 201,258 Thomas, I. D. R. 236,268 - active substances 200, 207,249 Three-phase boundary 216 - activity 199 Thymolphthalexon 203 - complexation 192,204 Thyram 202 - concentration 201 Time domain 151 - confmed electrode reaction (see electrode Tin 194,197,203,206,248 reaction) Titanium 127,204,248 - enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy Titration 223,310 (see spectroscopy) - acid-base 223 - redox reaction (see redox reaction) - complex 223,228 - tension 4 - conductometric 310 Susceptance 150 - potentiometric 310 Suschke, H. D. 232 - precipitation 223,228, 310 Suspensions 56 - redox 18,223,310 330 Subject Index

TMPD (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylendi- -- double layer capacity effect 66 amine) 172 -- Eirrev diagnostics 78 Transfer --Erev diagnostics 64 - coefficient (see symmetry coefficient) -- ErevCirrev diagnostics 82 - ion (see ion) -- ErevCrev diagnostics 83 Transient techniques 169 -- homogeneous chemical reaction step Transmission 80 - coefficient 30 -- software package 52 - line 159 -- shape of cyclic voltammogram 55 Transmissive boundary 161 -- uncompensated resistance 66 Transport - cyclic staircase 56 - mass 40 - differential pulse 23,109,148,206,16 - number 37,280 -- peak height 109 Tribenzylamine (TBA) 160 -- peak potential 109 Tributyl phosphate 203 -- peak width at half height 109 Triethylamine 204 - fast scan rate cyclic 60 Trioctylphosphine 258 - Fourier transform 56 Tungsten 194 - linear scan 206 - polyoxotungstate ([P2W1806216-) 52,53 - normal pulse 103,148 -- potential at half height 105 - of immobilized microparticles (VIM) U 211 Ultrasound 257 - pulse 99 Underpotential deposition 194 - reverse pulse 106 Uranium 127,203,248 sampled current 146 Uric acid 127 square-wave 23,111,148,206 UV IVis/NIR spectroscopy - anodic stripping 119 ( see spectroscopy) - forward and backward current components 113 - half-peak width 114 V - kinetic parameter 116 Vanadium 203, 204 - peak splitting 123 Vanillin 127 quasi-reversible maximum 122 Velocity reversible electrode reaction 113 - angular 38 stripping peak current 121 - flow 38 stripping peak potential 121 Venlafaxine 127 totally irreversible electrode reaction Vetter 162 116 Viagra 202 - staircase 102,206 Vibrational frequency 30 - stripping 191 Viscosity - time scale 81 - kinematic 38,255 Vycor@ glass 273,276 Vitamin K 202 Volmer, M. 311 Volta, A. 309 W Voltammetry Walden's rule 285 - adsorptive stripping voltammetry Warburg impedance 156,158-160 111,202 Water - alternating current 23 - autoprotolysis 290 - anodic stripping 197,207,250,312 - permittivity 289 - anodic stripping square wave 119 Width at half-height 65 - cathodic stripping 200 Wier, L. 312 - cyclic 22,51,256 Work -- determination of redox state 72 - electrical 11 -- diagnostic criteria 64 - function 194 Subject Index 331

X Z X-ray diffraction 169,217,221 Zbinden, c. H. 311 Zeolites 204 Zinc 126,127,194,197,203,248 Y - Zn2+ /Zn electrode 237,238 Ytterbium 203, 204 - Zn2+/Zn(Hg) electrode 116 Yttrium 203, 204 Zirconium 203, 204 The New Springer Global Website

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