DOCSLIB.ORG

Tedizolid Phosphate Vs Linezolid for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: the ESTABLISH-1 Randomized Trial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tedizolid Phosphate Vs Linezolid for Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: the ESTABLISH-1 Randomized Trial Supplementary Online Content Prokocimer P, De Anda C, Fang E, Mehra P, Das A. Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.241 eTable 1. Enrollment by clinical study site eTable 2. Bacterial pathogens isolated from the primary ABSSSI site or blood culture eTable 3. Tedizolid susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from the primary ABSSSI site or blood culture eTable 4. Linezolid susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from the primary ABSSSI site or blood culture eTable 5. Investigator assessment of clinical success at the post-treatment evaluation visit by baseline pathogen (MITT analysis set) eMethods. Microbiology This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 eTable 1. Enrollment by Clinical Study Site Site N Principal Investigator Site, City, State/Province, Postal Code Country No. 101 49 Jeffery Kingsley, DO SE Regional Research Group US Columbus, GA 31904 102 15 Maria Mascolo, MD Southeast Regional Research Group US Savannah, GA 31406 103 85 Purvi Mehra, MD eStudySite US Chula Vista, CA 91911 104 24 Paul J. Manos, DO eStudy Site US Oceanside, CA 92056 105 99 Sinikka Green, MD eStudySite US La Mesa, CA 91942 106 3 Barry Heller, MD Novellus Research Sites US Long Beach, CA 90813 107 5 Jose Vazquez, MD Henry Ford Hospital US Detroit, MI 48202 111 1 Paz Eilat, MD Devise Research, Inc US Torrance, CA 90501 112 5 Hubert Reyes, MD MediSphere Medical Research Center, LLC US Evansville, IN 47714 113 9 Augusto Focil, MD Private Practice US Oxnard, CA 93030 114 5 Luis Jauregui-Peredo, MD ID Clinical Research, Ltd US Toledo, OH 43608 115 12 Christopher Lucasti, DO South Jersey Infectious Disease US Somers Point, NJ 08244 116 2 Kathleen Mullane, DO University of Chicago US Chicago, IL 60637 118 61 Richard Keech, MD Physician Alliance Research Center US Anaheim, CA 92804 120 5 Alan Nolasco, MD Mercury Clinical Research US Houston, TX 77005 121 5 Alan Nolasco, MD Mercury Clinical Research US Houston, TX 77093 122 8 Jennifer Johnson-Caldwell, Mercury Clinical Research US MD Houston, TX 77002 125 1 Arturo Velasquez, MD Futura Research Inc US Norwalk, CA 90650 126 8 Robert Cockrell, MD Novellus Research Sites, Inc US Fountain Valley, CA 128 29 Wade Sears, MD eStudySite US Las Vegas, NV 89109 129 37 James Chen, MD Southbay Pharma Research US Buena Park, CA 90620 130 44 Vladimir Samonte, MD Quality of Life Medical Center, LLC US Anaheim, CA 92804 132 5 Stanley Klein, MD Harbor-UCLA Medical Center US Torrance, CA 90502 133 5 John Pullman, MD Mercury Street Medical Group US Butte, MT 59701 © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 Site N Principal Investigator Site, City, State/Province, Postal Code Country No. 135 6 Farid Marquez, MD Palm Springs Research Institute US Hialeah, FL 33012 173 5 Doria Grimard, MD Centre de Sante et de Services Sociaux de Chicoutimi Canada Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 5H6 175 5 Andre Poirier, MD Centre Hospitalier Regional de Trois-Rivierès Canada Trois-Rivierès, QC 200 1 Jochen Utikal, MD University Medical Center Mannheim Germany 68167 Mannheim 201 1 Wolfgram Sterry, MD Humboldt University, Germany 10117 Berlin 202 1 Hans Ockenfels, MD Klinikum Stadt Hanau Germany 63450 Hanau 235 5 Jan Roháč, MD Hospital Melnik Czech Republic Melnik 276 01 240 15 Lajos Kemény, MD University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Hungary Center Szeged H-6721 241 1 Éva Remenyik, MD University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Hungary Center Debrecen H-4032. 242 15 Iván Péter, MD Komló Health Center Hungary Komló H-7300 250 6 Dušan Mištuna, MD, PhD. University Hospital Martin Slovakia Martin 036 59 251 2 Slavomir Urbanček, MD, PhD University Hospital of F.D. Roosevelt Slovakia Banská Bystrica 975 17 255 14 Janis Gardovskis, MD P. Stradius Clinical University Hospital Latvia Riga LV-1002 256 3 Maris Nalivaiko, MD Liepajas Regional Hospital Latvia Liepaja LV-3414 257 5 Edgars Zarembo, MD Rezekne Hospital Latvia Rezekne, LV-4600 258 5 Viktors Lovcinovskis, MD Public Hospital Latvia Daugavpils, LV-5417 260 6 Oleksii Datsenko, MD, PhD Kharkiv City Clinical Hospital #2 Ukraine Kharkiv 61037 261 4 Borys Bezrodnyy, MD, PhD Kyiv City Clinical Hospital #4 Ukraine Kyiv 03110 262 5 Sergiy Shapoval, MD, PhD Zaporizhzhya City Clinical Hospital #3 Ukraine Zaporizhzhya 69032 265 1 Oleksandra Stasyshyn, MD, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine PhD Lviv 79044 268 4 Ihor Herych, MD, PhD Lviv National Medical University at Municipal City Ukraine Clinical Emergency Hospital, Lviv 79059 269 6 Oleksandr Pyptiuk, MD, PhD Central City Clinical Hospital Ukraine Ivano-Frankivsk 76014 270 3 Ihor Hospodarky, MD, PhD Ternopil University Hospital Ukraine Ternopil 46002 271 5 Valeriy Chernyak, MD, PhD Cherkasy Regional Hospital Ukraine Cherkasy 18009 300 1 German Ambasch, MD Sanatorio Mayo Privado S.A. Argentina Cordoba 5000 © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 Site N Principal Investigator Site, City, State/Province, Postal Code Country No. 307 5 Analia Mykietiuk, MD Sanatorio Profesor Itoiz Argentina Avellaneda, Buenos Aires 1870 321 1 Fernando Rubio, MD, PhD Hospital de Base de Sao Jose do Rio Preto Brazil São José do Rio Preto 15090-000 341 9 Cristhian Vasquez, MD Centro de Investigaciones Medicas-Hospital Maria Peru Auxiliadora, Lima 29 342 2 Manuel Espichan, MD Hospital Central de la Fuerza Aerea del Peru Peru Lima 18 343 3 Jaime Medina, MD Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo Peru Lima 01 N, number of patients enrolled and randomized (Intent-to-treat Analysis Set) © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 eTable 2. Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from the Primary ABSSSI Site or Blood Culture Number (%) of Isolates Tedizolid Phosphate Linezolid Species (N=209) (N=209) Gram-positive aerobes 207 (99.0) 205 (98.1) Staphylococcus aureus 171 (81.8) 175 (83.7) MRSA 88 (42.1) 90 (43.1) MSSA 83 (39.7) 87 (41.6) PVL Staphylococcus aureus 97 (46.4) 102 (48.8) Streptococcus pyogenes 8 (3.8) 4 (1.9) Streptococcus anginosus-milleri group 15 (7.2) 15 (7.2) Streptococcus anginosus 4 (1.9) 3 (1.4) Streptococcus intermedius 3 (1.4) 4 (1.9) Streptococcus constellatus 8 (3.8) 8 (3.8) Enterococcus faecalis 5 (2.4) 0 Enterococcus faecium 1 (0.5) 2 (1.0) Enterococcus gallinarum 1 (0.5) 0 Mycobacterium fortuitum 1 (0.5) 0 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 4 (1.9) 3 (1.4) Staphylococcus lugdunensis 3 (1.4) 2 (1.0) Streptococcus Group C 1 (0.5) 0 Streptococcus agalactiae 9 (4.3) 5 (2.4) Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1 (0.5) 0 Streptococcus mitis 0 5 (2.4) Streptococcus mutans 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) Streptococcus oralis 1 (0.5) 0 Streptococcus salivarius 2 (1.0) 2 (1.0) Streptococcus sanguis 3 (1.4) 2 (1.0) Streptococcus viridans group 3 (1.4) 3 (1.4) Gram-positive anaerobes 3 (1.4) 8 (3.8) Actinomyces israelii 0 1 (0.5) Actinomyces odontolyticus 0 1 (0.5) Clostridium perfringens 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) Clostridium septicum 0 1 (0.5) Finegoldia magna 1 (0.5) 2 (1.0) Gemella morbillorum 0 1 (0.5) Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 1 (0.5) 0 Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus 0 1 (0.5) Peptostreptococcus micros 0 1 (0.5) Peptostreptococcus prevotii 0 1 (0.5) © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 Number (%) of Isolates Tedizolid Phosphate Linezolid Species (N=209) (N=209) Gram-negative aerobes 6 (2.9) 6 (2.9) Acinetobacter baumannii 1 (0.5) 0 Eikenella corrodens 2 (1.0) 1 (0.5) Enterobacter amnigenus 0 1 (0.5) Enterobacter cloacae 1 (0.5) 0 Escherichia coli 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) Klebsiella oxytoca 1 (0.5) 2 (1.0) Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) Proteus mirabilis 1 (0.5) 0 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 1 (0.5) Gram-negative anaerobes 0 1 (0.5) Prevotella denticola 0 1 (0.5) Prevotella intermedia 0 1 (0.5) Abbreviations: ABSSSI, acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive S aureus; N=number of patients in the microbiological intent-to-treat analysis set; n=number of patients in the specific category; PVL, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. Patients with the same pathogen isolated from multiple specimens are counted only once for that pathogen. Patients with the same pathogen identified from both the blood and primary ABSSSI are counted only once. Patients with both MRSA and MSSA are counted only once in the overall S. aureus row, and untyped S aureus isolates are counted only once in the overall S aureus row. © 2013 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/27/2021 eTable 3. Tedizolid Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from the Primary ABSSSI Site or Blood Culture Treatment Group Tedizolid Tedizolid Phosphate Linezolid Combined Tedizolid Baseline Pathogen MIC (N=209) (N=209) (N=418) MIC90 (µg/mL) n (%) n (%) n (%) (µg/mL) Gram-positive aerobes Staphylococcus aureus, N1 168 173 341 0.5 0.12 5 (3.0) 6 (3.5) 11 (3.2) 0.25 138 (82.1) 138 (79.8) 276 (80.9) 0.5 25 (14.9) 29 (16.8) 54 (15.8) MRSA, N1 86 88 174 0.25 0.12 5 (5.8) 6 (6.8) 11(6.3) 0.25 79 (91.9) 76 (86.4) 155 (89.1) 0.5 2 (2.3) 6 (6.8) 8 (4.6) MSSA, N1 82 85 167 0.5 0.25 59 (72.0) 62 (72.9) 121 (72.5) 0.5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Streptococcus Mutans: Has It Become Prime Perpetrator for Oral Manifestations?
    Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation Review Article Open Access Streptococcus mutans: has it become prime perpetrator for oral manifestations? Abstract Volume 7 Issue 4 - 2019 Human beings have indeed served as an incubator for a plethora of microorganisms and Vasudevan Ranganathan, CH Akhila the prominence of oral microbiome from the context of the individual’s health and well being cannot be denied. The environmental parameters and other affiliated physical Department of Microbiology, Aurora’s Degree and PG College, India conditions decide the fate of the microorganism and one of the niches in humans that supports innumerable amount of microorganisms is the oral cavity which houses Correspondence: Vasudevan Ranganathan, Department of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. However, majority of microorganism Microbiology, Aurora’s Degree and PG College (Affiliated to associated with humans are opportunistic pathogens which are otherwise referred to Osmania University), India-500020, Tel 8121119692, as facultative pathogens. This level of transformation in the microorganism depends Email upon the physical conditions of the oral cavity and personal hygiene maintained by the individual. The contemporary review tries to disclose the role of streptococcus Received: June 09, 2019 | Published: July 17, 2019 mutans in dental clinical conditions. The current review focuses on the prominence of Streptococcus mutans and its influence on the oral cavity. The article attempts to comprehend the role of the bacteria in causing clinical oral manifestations which depends upon the ability of the organism to utilize the substrate. The review also encompasses features like molecular entities and they role in the breakdown of the substrates leading to the formation of acids which could in turn lead to demineralization which as a consequence can negatively influence the enamel quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Changes in the Oral Microbiome of the Adolescent
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fuorosis Qian Wang1,2, Xuelan Chen1,4, Huan Hu2, Xiaoyuan Wei3, Xiaofan Wang3, Zehui Peng4, Rui Ma4, Qian Zhao4, Jiangchao Zhao3*, Jianguo Liu1* & Feilong Deng1,2,3* Dental fuorosis is a very prevalent endemic disease. Although oral microbiome has been reported to correlate with diferent oral diseases, there appears to be an absence of research recognizing any relationship between the severity of dental fuorosis and the oral microbiome. To this end, we investigated the changes in oral microbial community structure and identifed bacterial species associated with moderate and severe dental fuorosis. Salivary samples of 42 individuals, assigned into Healthy (N = 9), Mild (N = 14) and Moderate/Severe (M&S, N = 19), were investigated using the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The oral microbial community structure based on Bray Curtis and Weighted Unifrac were signifcantly changed in the M&S group compared with both of Healthy and Mild. As the predominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes showed variation in the relative abundance among groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was signifcantly higher in the M&S group. LEfSe analysis was used to identify diferentially represented taxa at the species level. Several genera such as Streptococcus mitis, Gemella parahaemolysans, Lactococcus lactis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, were signifcantly more abundant in patients with moderate/severe dental fuorosis, while Prevotella melaninogenica and Schaalia odontolytica were enriched in the Healthy group. In conclusion, our study indicates oral microbiome shift in patients with moderate/severe dental fuorosis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vicrk Two-Component System Regulates Streptococcus Mutans Virulence
    Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. (2019) 32: 167-200. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21775/cimb.032.167 The VicRK Two-Component System Regulates Streptococcus mutans Virulence Lei Lei1,3#, Li Long2#, Xin Yang2, Yang Qiu2, Yanglin Zeng2, Tao Hu1, Shida Wang2*, Yuqing Li2* 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 3 Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA # Co-first author * Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Streptococcus mutans is considered the predominant etiological agent of dental caries with the ability to form biofilm on the tooth surface. And, its abilities to obtain nutrients and metabolize fermentable dietary carbohydrates to produce acids contribute to its pathogenicity. The responses of S. mutans to environmental stresses are essential for its survival and role in cariogenesis. The VicRK system is one of the 13 putative TCS of S. mutans. The conserved caister.com/cimb 167 Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. (2019) Vol. 32 VicRK Two-Component System Lei et al functions of the VicRK signal transduction system is the key regulator of bacterial oxidative stress responses, acidification, cell wall metabolism, and biofilm formation. In this paper, it was discussed how the VicRK system regulates S. mutans virulence including bacterial physiological function, operon structure, signal transduction, and even post-transcriptional control in its regulon. Thus, this emerging subspecialty of the VicRK regulatory networks in S.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofire Blood Culture Identification System (BCID) Fact Sheet
    BioFire Blood Culture Identification System (BCID) Fact Sheet What is BioFire BioFire BCID is a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test designed to BCID? identify 24 different microorganism targets and three antibiotic resistance genes from positive blood culture bottles. What is the purpose The purpose of BCID is to rapidly identify common microorganisms and of BCID? antibiotic resistance genes from positive blood cultures so that antimicrobial therapy can be quickly optimized by the physician and the antibiotic stewardship pharmacist. It is anticipated that this will result in improved patient outcomes, decreased length of stay, improved antibiotic stewardship, and decreased costs. When will BCID be BCID is performed on all initially positive blood cultures after the gram stain is routinely performed and reported. performed? When will BCID not For blood cultures on the same patient that subsequently become positive with be routinely a microorganism showing the same morphology as the initial positive blood performed? culture, BCID will not be performed. BCID will not be performed on positive blood cultures with gram positive bacilli unless Listeria is suspected. BCID will not be performed on blood culture bottles > 8 hours after becoming positive. BCID will not be performed between 10PM-7AM on weekdays and 2PM-7AM on weekends. BCID will not be performed for clinics that have specifically opted out of testing. How soon will BCID After the blood culture becomes positive and the gram stain is performed and results be available? reported, the bottle will be sent to the core Microbiology lab by routine courier. BCID testing will then be performed. It is anticipated that total turnaround time will generally be 2-3 hours after the gram stain is reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 3. Distribution of Tetracycline Resistance Genes Among Gram-Positive Bacteria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Nocardia, Streptomyces and Ureaplasma Modified Sept
    Table 3. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes among Gram-positive bacteria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Nocardia, Streptomyces and Ureaplasma Modified Sept. 27, 2021 [n=58 genera] Originally modified from MMBR 2001; 65:232-260 with permission from ASM Journals One Determinant Two Determinants Three or More Determinants n=27 n=7 n=22 k Abiotrophia tet(M) Arthrobacter tet(33)(M) Actinomyces tet(L)(M)(W) Afipia tet(M) Gardnerella tet(M)(Q) Aerococcus tet(M)(O)(58)(61) o Amycolatopsis tet(M) Gemella tet(M)(O) Bacillus tet(K)(L)(M)(O)ao(T)ao(W)(39)m(42)I (45)atotr(A)L Anaerococcus tet(M)g Granulicatella tet(M)(O) Bifidobacterium a, w tet(L)(M)(O)(W) Bacterionema tet(M) Lactococcus tet(M)(S) Bhargavaea tet(L)ac(M)(45)aa ar Brachybacterium tet(M)k Mobiluncusa tet(O)(Q) Clostridiuma,f tet(K)(L)(M)(O)(P)(Q)(W)(36)(40)j(44)p(X) Catenibacteriuma tet(M) Savagea tet(L)(M) Clostridioidesat tet(L)(P)(W)(40) Cellulosimicrobium tet(39)m Corynebacterium tet(M)(Z)(33)(W)q (39)ak Cottaibacterium tet(M) Enterococcus tet(K)(L)(M)(O)(S)(T)(U)(58)ad(61)aq Cutibacterium tet(W)aq Eubacteriuma tet(K)(M)(O)(Q)(32) Erysipelothrix tet(M) Lactobacillusf tet(K)(L)(M)(O)(Q)(S)(W)(Z)(36)am Finegoldia tet(M)g Listeria tet(K)(L)(M)(S)AB(46)ag Geobacillus tet(L) Microbacterium tet(M)(O)ae(42)I Helcococcus tet(M)ah Mycobacteriumc tet(K)(L)(M)(O)t(V)arotr(A)(B) Leifsonia tet(O)t Nocardia tet(K)(L)(M)ai (O) ai Lysinibacillus tet(39)m Paenibacillus tet(L)(M)(O)t(42)i Micrococcus tet(42) Peptostreptococcusa tet(K)(L)(M)(O)(Q) Mycoplasmab tet(M) Sporosarcina tet(K)(L)ac(M)n
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals
    molecules Review Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals Soheila Abachi 1, Song Lee 2 and H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe 1,* 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS PO Box 550, Canada; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS PO Box 15000, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-902-893-6623 Academic Editors: Maurizio Battino, Etsuo Niki and José L. Quiles Received: 7 January 2016 ; Accepted: 6 February 2016 ; Published: 17 February 2016 Abstract: This review paper summarizes the antibacterial effects of phytochemicals of various medicinal plants against pathogenic and cariogenic streptococcal species. The information suggests that these phytochemicals have potential as alternatives to the classical antibiotics currently used for the treatment of streptococcal infections. The phytochemicals demonstrate direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects, such as: (i) prevention of bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces of the pharynx, skin, and teeth surface; (ii) inhibition of glycolytic enzymes and pH drop; (iii) reduction of biofilm and plaque formation; and (iv) cell surface hydrophobicity. Collectively, findings from numerous studies suggest that phytochemicals could be used as drugs for elimination of infections with minimal side effects. Keywords: streptococci; biofilm; adherence; phytochemical; quorum sensing; S. mutans; S. pyogenes; S. agalactiae; S. pneumoniae 1. Introduction The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the antimicrobial activity of naturally occurring molecules isolated from plants against Streptococcus species, focusing on their mechanisms of action. This review will highlight the phytochemicals that could be used as alternatives or enhancements to current antibiotic treatments for Streptococcus species.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Immunology, and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus Mutanst SHIGEYUKI Hamadat and HUTTON D
    MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, June 1980, p. 331-384 Vol. 44, No. 2 0146-0749/80/02-0331/54$02.00/0 Biology, Immunology, and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutanst SHIGEYUKI HAMADAt AND HUTTON D. SLADE* Department of Oral Biology, School ofDentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 INTRODUCTION 332 ORAL MICROBIAL FLORA 332 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF S. MUTAINS AND OTHER ORAL STREPTOCOCCI ......... 333 Characteristic Properties of Oral Streptococci ... 333 S. mutans 333 S. sanguis 334 S. mitior 334 S. salivarius .............. 335 S. milleri ..... ... ............ 335 Selective Isolation of S. mutans ....... 335 CLASSIFICATION OF S. MUTANS 335 Immunological Typing of S. mutans 335 Serotype-Specific Antigens of S. mutans .... 336 Reactivity of S. mutans with Lectins .... ... 340 Cell Wall Structure of S. mutans and Other Streptococci .................... 340 POLYMER SYNTHESIS BY S. MUTANS 342 Extracellular Polysaccharides ............... ................. 342 Glucans .... ... 342 Fructans ....... 344 Polysaccharide-Synthesizing Enzymes ............................... 344 Intracellular Polysaccharides ............................... 345 Lipoteichoic Acid ............................... 345 Interaction of Glucosyltransferase with Various Agents , 346 Invertase 347 a(1-- 6) Glucanase .............................. 348 SUGAR METABOLISM BY S. MUTANS ....................................... 348 ADHERENCE OF S. MUTANS 348 Initial Attachment of S. mutans to Smooth Surfaces ........................ 348 Interaction
    [Show full text]
  • Mutans Streptococci: Acquisition and Transmission Robert J
    ���������������� Mutans Streptococci: Acquisition and Transmission Robert J. Berkowitz, DDS1 Abstract Dental caries is an infectious and transmissible disease. The mutans streptococci (MS) are infectious agents most strongly associated with dental caries. Earlier studies demonstrated that infants acquire MS from their mothers and only after the eruption of primary teeth. More recent studies indicate that MS can colonize the mouths of predentate infants and that horizontal as well as vertical transmission does occur. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate that these findings will likely facilitate the development of strategies to prevent or delay infant infection by these microbes, thereby reducing the prevalence of dental caries. (Pediatr Dent 2006;28:106-109) KEYWORDS: MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI, ACQUISITION, TRANSMISSION Acquisition 10 primary teeth. Berkowitz and coworkers4 reported that The mouth of a normal predentate infant contains only MS were detected in 9 of 40 (22 %) infants who had only mucosal surfaces exposed to salivary fluid flow. Mutans primary incisor teeth. In addition, these organisms were not streptococci (MS) could persist in such an environment detected in 91 normal predentate infants, but were detected by forming adherent colonies on mucosal surfaces or by in 2 of 10 infants with acrylic cleft palate obturators. In living free in saliva by proliferation and multiplying at a a subsequent study, Berkowitz and colleagues5 reported rate that exceeds the washout rate caused by salivary fluid that these organisms were not detected in 16 predentate flow. The oral flora averages only 2 to 4 divisions per day1 infants, but were detected in 3 of 43 (7%) infants (mean and swallowing occurs every few minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic
    antibiotics Review Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria: Rubik’s Cube of Clinical Microbiology? Márió Gajdács 1,*, Gabriella Spengler 1 and Edit Urbán 2 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-62-342-843 Academic Editor: Leonard Amaral Received: 28 September 2017; Accepted: 3 November 2017; Published: 7 November 2017 Abstract: Anaerobic bacteria have pivotal roles in the microbiota of humans and they are significant infectious agents involved in many pathological processes, both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Their isolation, cultivation and correct identification differs significantly from the workup of aerobic species, although the use of new technologies (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whole genome sequencing) changed anaerobic diagnostics dramatically. In the past, antimicrobial susceptibility of these microorganisms showed predictable patterns and empirical therapy could be safely administered but recently a steady and clear increase in the resistance for several important drugs (β-lactams, clindamycin) has been observed worldwide. For this reason, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic isolates for surveillance
    [Show full text]
  • (BCID) Results Are “Not Detected”
    Interpretation of Positive Blood Cultures When PCR Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Results are “Not Detected” Nebraska Medicine currently uses a multi-plex PCR-based blood culture identification (BCID) system that is able to identify 19 potential pathogens growing in blood culture. BCID generally detects over 90% of the most common causative agents in bloodstream infections; however, when microbes not included on the panel are present in a blood culture, it returns a result of “Not Detected.” This document aims to provide guidance in these scenarios supported by data collected at Nebraska Medicine from January 2018 to August 2019. Table 1: Recommendations for treatment of patients with blood cultures growing organisms not detected on BCID Gram Stain/Preliminary Likely Organism (% total BCID negative)* Recommended Treatment Culture Result Gram-positive: Aerobe Micrococcus sp. (18.1%) (most can also grow in Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (9.3%) None anaerobic bottles) Diphtheroids (7%) None Peptostreptococcus sp. (4.4%) If therapy is desired: Anaerobe bottle only Lactobacillus sp. (2.6%) Metronidazole 500 mg PO q8h Clostridium sp. (2.6%) OR Penicillin G 4 million units IV q4h Gram-negative: Aerobe Acinetobacter sp. (1.8%) (most can also grow in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1.6%) Levofloxacin 750 mg IV/PO q24h anaerobic bottles) Pseudomonas fluorescens-putida group (1%) Bacteroides fragilis group (9.3%) Anaerobe bottle only Metronidazole 500 mg IV/PO q8h Fusobacterium sp. (4.7%) *A full list of isolated organisms can be found below in Table 2 Orange text = Cocci, Blue text = Bacilli (rods) Gram-Positives When BCID results as “Not Detected” but there is microbial growth, the organism is most frequently gram-positive (71%).
    [Show full text]
  • Streptococci
    STREPTOCOCCI Streptococci are Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase-negative cocci that occur in pairs or chains. Older cultures may lose their Gram-positive character. Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, and some are obligate (strict) anaerobes. Most require enriched media (blood agar). Streptococci are subdivided into groups by antibodies that recognize surface antigens (Fig. 11). These groups may include one or more species. Serologic grouping is based on antigenic differences in cell wall carbohydrates (groups A to V), in cell wall pili-associated protein, and in the polysaccharide capsule in group B streptococci. Rebecca Lancefield developed the serologic classification scheme in 1933. β-hemolytic strains possess group-specific cell wall antigens, most of which are carbohydrates. These antigens can be detected by immunologic assays and have been useful for the rapid identification of some important streptococcal pathogens. The most important groupable streptococci are A, B and D. Among the groupable streptococci, infectious disease (particularly pharyngitis) is caused by group A. Group A streptococci have a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococcus pneumoniae (a major cause of human pneumonia) and Streptococcus mutans and other so-called viridans streptococci (among the causes of dental caries) do not possess group antigen. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; more than 90 different serotypes are known, and these types differ in virulence. Fig. 1 Streptococci - clasiffication. Group A streptococci causes: Strep throat - a sore, red throat, sometimes with white spots on the tonsils Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants As a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants as a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota Hideo Yonezawa 1,* , Mizuho Motegi 2, Atsushi Oishi 2, Fuhito Hojo 3 , Seiya Higashi 4, Eriko Nozaki 5, Kentaro Oka 4, Motomichi Takahashi 1,4, Takako Osaki 1 and Shigeru Kamiya 1 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (T.O.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 Division of Oral Restitution, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (A.O.) 3 Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] 4 Central Research Institute, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 114-0016, Japan; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (K.O.) 5 Core Laboratory for Proteomics and Genomics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Lantibiotics are a type of bacteriocin produced by Gram-positive bacteria and have a wide spectrum of Gram-positive antimicrobial activity. In this study, we determined that Mutacin I/III and Smb (a dipeptide lantibiotic), which are mainly produced by the widespread cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, have strong antimicrobial activities against many of the Gram-positive bacteria which constitute the intestinal microbiota.
    [Show full text]