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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89996-3 - War in an Age of Revolution, 1775-1815 Edited by Roger Chickering and Stig Forster Index More information

Index

Abbans, Jouffroy d’, 222 Amsterdam AbbedePradt,´ 131 naval bases, in, 227 L’Europe apres` le Congres` d’Aix-la-Chapelle, 131 population of, 388, 390 absolute war, 60, 70, 309 revolt in, 393 absolutism, 2, 58, 248 trade, and, 374, 377, 384–386 absolutist state, 35, 300 Analytic Review, 403 Adams, Abigail, 362 ancien regime,´ 5–7, 9, 13, 118, 181, 200, 203, Adams, John, 264, 292 346 African Americans, 160, 285–297. See United armies of, 10, 15, 58 States, slavery ﬁnancial struggle of, 11, 43 racism, 297 French Revolution and, 71, 302 Age of Reason, 5 warfare, and, 53, 84, 86 Alsace, 184, 313–330 Anderson, Benedict, 396–397, 398 American Civil War, 155, 297 Imagined Communities, 396 American Revolutionary War, 14, 103, 159, 161, Anson, George, 228 164, 171, 174, 263 Aristotle, 47 and Native American warfare, 145 Armee´ du nord, 8, 9, 191, 192 as global war, 103, 104 Armistead, Lewis Addison, 369 Britich technical advances, 230 Armstrong, John, 357–362, 367, 370 British debt, 43 Army of the Rhine, 180, 183, 184, 186, 324 British naval strategy, 231, 236 Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 331, 332, 339 British technical advances, 228 Basic Outlines of a German Military Order, 339 Coercive Acts, 267–268, 271–272, 274, Kurzer Katechismus fur¨ Deutsche Soldaten, 331 276 Arnold, Benedict, 167 Concord, 161, 271, 279, 283 Auschwitz, 4 inﬂuence of, 114 Austen, Jane, 399, 405 Lexington, 161, 271, 279, 283 Pride and Prejudice, 405 Loyalists, 165, 171–173 Austria, 124 Major General Samuel Smith, 360 anti-Napoleonic policy, 122 masculinity, and, 347 army, 335 popular mobilization and, 263, 265–267 economy of, 42 recruitment of Native Americans, 149 foreign policy, 124, 128 slavery, and, 285, 297 France, war with, 122, 123, 384 trade, and, 375 French Revolution, and, 126 Whigs, 164, 165, 174, 175, 270 Friedrich Gentz, and, 129 William Cowper, 399 limited conscription in, 78 Williamsburg, 264 military service in, 74–75, 78 Yorktown, 230, 233, 296, 363, 366 Napoleon’s victory in, 235

411

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89996-3 - War in an Age of Revolution, 1775-1815 Edited by Roger Chickering and Stig Forster Index More information

412 Index

Austria (cont.) Bonaparte, Louis, 377, 381, 386 pandurs, 82 Bouquet, Henry, 148, 150, 152 respublica christiana, 125, 126 Bourbon, 205 Russia, relations with, 124 Bourbon Monarchy, 78, 81, 185, 205, 216, 247, War of the Second Coalition, 107 248, 250, 252, 356 Bourcier, Sabin, 188, 189 Bacon, Francis, 40, 44–45, 48 Bourne, William, 230 trio of modernity, 40, 48 Boyen, Hermann von, 87, 90, 91, 99 balance of power, 45, 56, 122, 130, 131, 132 Braddock, Edward, 145 definition of, 131, 133 Braddock, General Edward, 143–145, 146, 149 Baltimore, 358, 366–371 Bradford Jr. William, 291 British siege of, 112, 234 Bradstreet, John, 148, 150 defense of, 354–355, 358–362 Brendel, François-Antoine, 319, 329 Gen. Winder’s Army, 364 Brienne, Lomenie´ de, 60 military resources, and, 370 Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 106, 302, 304 population of, 362 Brock, Isaac, 149 Bancroft, George, 265 Brooke, Arthur, 369 Barere,` Bertrand, 308–309 Brown, Howard, 209 Battle of Beatties Mill, 173 Burgoyne, General John, 165–166, 169 Battle of Bennington, 169, 171, 172 Burgoyne, John, 168, 169 Battle of Bunker Hill, 161, 280 Burke, Edmund, 106, 114, 120, 121, 288 Battle of Bushy Run, 152–153 Reflections on the Revolution in France, 120 Battle of Camden, 161, 166 Burkhardt, Johannes, 70 Battle of Cowpens, 162, 166 Burma, 219, 224 Battle of Fallen Timbers, 153 attacks on, 224 Battle of Jena, 87, 380 Bushnell, David, 230–231 Battle of King’s Mountain, 172 Byzantium, 27 Battle of Lake George, 146 Battle of Lepanto, 32 Callois, Roger, 50 Battle of Long Island, 163 Calvinists, 273, 313, 317, 320 Battle of Oriskany, 147 Canada, 234, 356, 357, 358 Battle of the Nile, 236 British Canada, 356, 371 Battle of Tippecanoe, 153 French Canada, 142–143 Battle of Trafalgar, 233, 235, 236, 239, 248, 378 militia of, 146, 149, 174 Baum, Friedrick, 171 New France, 146 Becker, Carl, 265 Nova Scotia, 143, 234 Bell, David, 3, 334 War of 1812, 353, 354, 372 Belton, Joseph, 231 War of the Conquest, 174 Bennett, Betty T., 403 canton system, 37, 74, 78, 86, 87, 89, 92 British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism, 403 Cardinal Ruffo, 201–204, 212 Bernstorff, A.P., 377 Carnot, Lazare, 59, 83, 90, 191, 308 Berr, Max, 321 Carthage, 26, 27, 66 Bertaud, Jean-Paul, 179 Catherine II, 227, 376 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 102 Catholics, 16, 84, 125, 126, 142, 255, 313–328, Bishop Rohan, 319 329 Black Hawk’s War, 146 persecution of, 326 Black, Jeremy, 14, 22 Chales,ˆ Louis, 305 Blake, William, 253, 362, 409 Champlain, Samuel de, 139–142 Milton, 409 Chandler, Clark, 275 Blankett, John, 232 Charles IV, 247, 248 Blanning, Tim, 106 Charles VII, 57 Blessig, Johann Lorenz, 321, 330 Charles VIII, 25 Bobbin War. See Kloppelkrieg¨ Charles XII, 37 Bonaparte, Hortense Eugenie´ Cecile,´ 386 Chase, Kenneth, 24, 38, 39

Index 413

Chickering, Roger, 69 Cowper, William, 405, 409–410 Chief Cornstalk, 149 The Task, 399, 400, 402, 406, 407 China, 26, 27, 39, 47, 235 Crimean War, 227 Manchu, 39, 47, 219, 223, 224 Ming, 27, 39 da Gama, Vasco, 226 Mongols, and, 220 Danton, Georges, 308 Opium Wars, 222 Daudet, Leon,´ 65 trade, 377 David, Jacques-Louis, 340 war with Dzhungars, 219, 220, 224 The Oath of the Horatii, 340 Christensen, Jerome, 396–398 de Brienne, Lomenie,´ 60 Christianity, 316. See Catholics, Protestants de la Nautte, A.M. Blanc, 129 de-Christianization, 325, 326 De l’etat´ de la France a` la ﬁn de l’an VIII, 129 Moslems, and, 27 Deadly Christmas. See Mordweihnacht Native Americans, and, 142, 156 Debry, Jean, 303 patriotism, and, 341, 346 Declaration of Independence, 266, 267, 291, political rights, and, 351 293, 365 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 318–320, 324, Declaration of the Rights of Man, 120, 320, 347, 326 351 Clausewitz, Carl von, 73, 79, 104, 105, 119 Dederer, John, 171 absolute war, and, 70, 309 democracy, 52, 67, 305 criticism from van Creveld, 9 Denmark de Guibert, and, 54, 59 Napoleonic era, 373–394 French Revolution, and, 6, 336 Napoleonic Wars, and, 16 Clinton, Henry, 148, 294–296 naval warfare, 227, 236 Club of Republican Women, 306, 311 desertion, 8, 10, 76, 392 Cochrane, Alexander, 363–364, 365, 367–369, in Dutch army, 392 372 in French army, 8, 348 Cockburn, Admiral George, 357–358, 361, 363, in Wesphalian army, 76 364–368 military service, from, 76 coercive state. See Zwangsanstalt Dieskau, Jean-Armand de, 147, 148 Cold War, 91 Doig, Kathleen Hardesty, 50 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 396–399, 403, Douhet, Giulio, 16 409–410 Dubois-Crance,´ Edmond, 299–301, 312 Fears in Solitude, 397, 398, 403 Duckworth, John, 236 Colin, Jean, 9, 49 Duhesme, Guillaume Philibert, 248 Columbus, Christopher, 226 Duke of Wellington, 111, 233, 253 Concert of Europe, 133–134 Dumouriez, Charles, 306 Confederation of the Rhine, 75–79, 81, 84, 128, Dundas, Henry, 106–108, 110, 111, 113 379 Dunlop, James, 173 Congress of Vienna, 77, 84, 119 Dunmore, Lord John Murray, 149–150, 270, Coninck, Fred´ eric´ de, 377 289–292, 294, 296 conservatism, 119, 124, 126, 224 Dutch Republic. See Holland, Netherlands Continental Army, 105, 148, 155, 161–164, colonies, 107, 377, 378 166–169, 172, 285 economy of, 42 Native Americans, and, 148 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 375 recruitment of, 292–294 military expenditure of, 32, 37 Continental System, 16, 83, 338, 373–374, 380, Napoleonic era, 373–394 382, 383, 384, 386–392, 394 Native Americans, and, 142 Convention of Finckenstein, 109 naval warfare, 226, 231, 236 Convention of Paris, 88, 96 war of independence against Spain, 101 Cornwallis, General Charles, 160, 168, 172, 233, 296 Earl of Sandwich, 231 Count Mirabeau, 37 East India Company, 103, 108, 110, 222, 267, Count Saint-Germain, 60, 81 377, 401

414 Index

Egypt anti-French sentiments, 128, 198, 202, 249, British presence in, 219, 236 305, 384, 391, 393, 394 French invasion of, 107, 112, 113, 115, 219, Austria, war with, 122, 127 236 Britain, war with, 106 Mamelukes, 39, 48, 113 Britain, war with, 106, 115, 241, 377, 395, Sultan Selim III, 107 396 Enlightenment, 58, 66, 117, 144, 281 Code Militaire, 169 Friedrich Gentz, and, 119 compaignies d’ordonnance, 23 gender, and, 339 Constitution, 300, 304, 307 in France, 58, 118, 340 economic warfare, and, 377, 380 in Germany, 119, 121 economy of, 42, 43, 314 in Scotland, 121 English-Angevin empire, 27 Epp, Rene, 319 French army, 22, 36, 86, 188, 301 Esdaile, Charles, 246, 249 French Constitution, 120, 321 Espoz, Francisco, 256–258 gender in, 334, 338, 339, 349 Etherington, George, 137 great power politics, and, 126 Ewald, Johann, 167 great power status, 235, 236 Guadeloupe, 227 Ferling, John, 171 Guibert, and, 52, 55, 60, 62 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 122, 130 India, and, 108, 109, 112 Finland, 37, 382 invasion of Egypt, 108 ﬁrearms Martinique, 234 African Americans, and, 296 Mauritius, 109, 234 cost of, 31 military expenditure of, 28, 31, 189 cost of war, and, 30 military losses in, 104 introduction of, 1, 21, 23, 38, 39, 44, military reforms, 58, 60, 63, 71, 105, 190, 192 45, 46 military service, and, 58, 72, 75, 78, 89, 300, Native Americans, and, 138, 140, 141, 143 301, 308, 337, 348 uses of, 24, 28, 57, 98 military thinkers in, 57 First Burmese War, 222 modern warfare, and, 177 First World War, See World War I National Assembly, 62, 120, 193, 300, 301, Fischer, Jean-Jacques, 327 303, 304, 318, 320, 321 Fistum, Ivan, 239 National Convention, 299, 305, 307, 308, Folard, Jean de, 53, 57 310, 311 Fontainebleau Decree, 386 National Guard, 299, 300, 301, 303, 321, 328 Forbes, John, 149 naval warfare, 225, 226, 231, 235, 236 Fort Detroit, 151 patriotism in, 336, 346 Fort Duquesne, 144, 145, 149 political division, in, 117, 127 Fort McHenry, 360, 361, 368, 369 Prussia, occupation of, 88 Fort Michilimackinac, 137, 138 religion in, 319, 326 Fort Niagara, 147, 148, 151 Reunion,´ 234 Fort Orange, 142 Seven Years War, 52 Fort Pitt, 151, 152 Seven Years War, and, 104 Fort Recovery, 153 size of army, 61 Fort Stanwix, 147 slave liberation, and, 106 Fort Ticonderoga, 165, 168 Spain, alliance with, 110 Fort Washington, 358, 366 St. Dominique (Haiti), 106, 107, 234 Fort William Henry, 149 strikes, and, 311 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 375 subsidization of Sweden, 37 Foy, Maximilien,´ 245 universal conscription, 75, 90, 335 France Vendee´ rebellion of 1793, 244 Alsace, and, 313, 314 War of the Second Coalition, 107 American Revolutionary War, 287 Wordsworth, and, 406 American Revolutionary War, and, 103 Franco-German war (1870–71), 78

Index 415

Franklin, William, 58, 270, 291 civil-military relations, and, 82 Frederick II. See Fredrick the Great conscription, and, 63 Frederick the Great, 8, 51, 52, 53, 57, 62, Gentz, and, 127 64 Luther, and, 125 Frederick William I, 92 masculinity, and, 350 Frederick William III, 74, 93, 94, 95 military service, and, 76 Frederik Crown Prince of Denmark, 382 Napoleonic occupation, and, 114, 128, 338, free-trade imperialism, 110 378, 380, 382, 394 French Revolution, 69–71. See levee´ en masse Napoleonic Wars, and, 16 absolute war, as, 70 National Socialists, 66 Callois, and, 50 nationalism, 124 citizenship, and, 346, 351 naval warfare, 241 citizen-soldiers, 302 popular philosophy, 121 Enlightenment philosophy, and, 118 revolutionary ideals, and, 80 foreign supporters of, 126 Thirty Years War, 105 Gentz, and, 120, 126 trade, and, 378, 384 Guibert, and, 49, 61, 62 world war, and, 102 historial narrative, and, 11 Girardon, Pierre, 180 ideals of, 59, 67 Girondists, 106, 303 inﬂuence of, 114, 336 Gleig, George, 245, 355, 365, 366, 368 limited warfare, and, 82 Glete, Jan, 223, 227 military service, and, 299, 310, 337 Gneisenau, Neidhardt von, 94, 95 naval warfare, and, 233 Godechot, Jacques, 188 professional armies, and, 83 Godoy, Manuel, 247, 248, 249 Prussia, and, 90 Gordon, James, 366 religious views on, 313 Grande Armee,´ 73, 83, 335, 337, 392 sans-culottes, 305, 306, 307, 310 Grandmaison, Geoffroy de, 245 September Massacres, 304 Gray, Robert, 172, 173 storming of the Bastille, 60, 117 Great Britain territorial changes, and, 83 American Revolutionary War, 161, 174, 263, Tocqueville, and, 118 267, 273, 276, 281, 282, 287 total war, and, 3, 78, 309 Angevin Empire, 27 universal conscription, and, 299 Anglo-Dutch War, 375 French Wars, 84, 103, 105, 106, 114, 115, 332, balance of power, and, 131 333, 352 colonies in India, 109 Fulton, Robert, 221, 239, 240 Continental System, and, 373 Demologos, 222 Danes, alliance with, 382 debt, 43 Gage, Thomas, 148 Dutch colonies, and, 377 Gardane, Claude Matthieu, 109 economic warfare, and, 375–387 Gentz, Friedrich von, 13, 119–134 economy of, 42, 43, 115 anti-Napoleonic support, 122, 123 France, war with, 106, 107, 115 Berlinische Monatshefte, 119 globalization of warfare, and, 114 Fragments, 127, 128, 132, 133 impact of war on civilians, 395, 406 Fragments on the Balance of Power in Europe, 127, innovation of the warship, 228, 229 132 League fo Armed Neutrality, and, Historische Journal, 122 376 international relations theory, 130 military expenditure, 32, 38 natural rights theory, 120, 121, 125 military strategy, and, 107 George III, 232, 271, 280, 288 Napoleonic Wars, 110, 233 German confederation, 124 Native American warfare, and, 146 Germany naval warfare, and, 226, 228, 231, 233, 235, Alsace, and, 313 236, 238, 239, 241, 373, 378 anti-Napoleonic revolts, in, 374, 392 Ottaman Empire, and, 108

416 Index

Great Britain (cont.) India, 109, 230 Romantic movement, 397 British India, 108 size of military, 37, 38 colonial wars in, 399 slaves, and, 285, 288, 296 Delhi Sultanate, 39 South America, and, 111 Dutch Republic in, 378 trade blockade against, 381, 386 Haidar Ali of Mysore, 103 trade, and, 15, 110, 111, 238, 378, 383 Lord Minto, 109 War of 1812, 225, 353–356, 362 Maratha, 103, 109, 221, 224 War of the Second Coalition, 107 Mughal Empire, 39, 47, 223 Greene, John, 387 Mysore, 103, 108, 112, 113, 224, 236 Greene, Nathanel, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, Nizam of Hyderabad, 103, 108 168, 174, 175 Tipu Sultan, 108, 112, 113 Grenier, John, 171 Industrial Revolution, 114, 238 Grenville, Lord Grenville, 106, 111 industrialization, 3, 40 Grotius, 187 Ireland, 38, 73, 237, 395 Grouchy, Emmanuel, 250 Islam, 27 Guibert, Jacques-Antoine Hippolyte de, 9, Italy, 25, 73 49–67, 71, 84, 105 anno nero, 199 De la force publique, 61, 62, 64, 65 anticlericalism in, 125 Defense´ du Systemeˆ de Guerre modern, 61 anti-Napoleonic revolts, 198 Essai gen´ eral´ de la Tactique, 52 Austrian intervention in, 124 Essai gen´ eral´ de Tactique, 49, 54 brigand war, 198 patriotism, and, 57 epoca francese, 197, 198, 199, 210 Guilford Court House, 168 fortiﬁcations in, 25, 27 Guilford Courthouse, 166 French occupation of, 188 Guillon-Lethiere,` Guillaume, 341, 344 giacobini, 199, 202 The Fatherland is in Danger, 341 imperial departments, 197, 208, 209, Guillouet, Louis, 232 210 Gustavus Adolphus, 2, 37, 57, 58 military service, 217 Napoleonic Italy, 15, 197–217 Habsburg Empire, 60, 78, 123–125, 201 Napoleonic wars, 210 French occupation of, 75 nationalism, 124 Holy Alliance, 124, 125, 131 Papal states, 197, 208, 213 Quadruple Alliance, 124, 131, 393 reformers, 198 Hale, John, 30, 31 Tyrolean revolt, 197, 198 Hamon, Leo,´ 51 Hannibal, 26 Jacobin regime, 187, 303 Hardy, Charles, 232 economic policy, and, 182 Harmar, Josiah, 147 foreign occupation, and, 188 Harrison, William Henry, 153 French Revolution, and, 302, 308 Hastings, Warren, 103 Jacobin Club, 112, 192 Hessian soldiers, 167, 169, 171, 172, Napoleon, and, 198 296 Paris, 322 Hiroshima, 4 size of army, 72 Hohenzollern monarchy, 87, 92 Japan, 39, 48, 224, 235, 241 Holland, 16 Battle of Nagashimo, 39 Napoleonic era, 373–394 Oda Nobunaga, 39 tax system, 390 Paciﬁc War (WWII), 15, 240 Holy Roman Empire, 71, 73–75, 83, 302, Jefferson, Thomas, 225, 226, 264, 294 314–320, 324–326, 379 Jeffrey, Francis, 399 Huguenot, 119 Jeney, Louis Michel de, 169 humanism, 55 The Partisan, 169 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 120 Jews, 66, 223, 313, 316, 317, 318, 321, 326, 328, Hundred Years War, 23, 27, 58 329, 351

Index 417

Jones, William, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 367 Liu, Alan, 409 Joseph II, 125, 227 Livet, Georges, 313 Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, 312 Lloyd, Henry, 53 Jugel,¨ Johann Heinrich, 340 Lobstein, Jean-Michel, 328 Two Riflemen Bid Farewell to their Parents, Locke, John, 283 340 Louis XIV, 28, 36, 37, 58, 61, 70, 236, Julius Caesar, 28 315, 327 Louis XVI, 120, 302 Kamehameha I, 220, 221 Ludendorff, Erich von, 65, 66, 67 Kant, Immanuel, 52, 119, 121, 122, 130 Lutherans, 294, 313, 316, 317, 320, 321, 327, Treatise on Perpetual Peace, 122 328, 330 vom Ewigen Frieden, 52 Lynn, John, 8, 9, 25, 26 Kantonsystem, See canton system Kellermann, François-Etienne Christophe, Machiavelli, Niccolo,` 57, 283 322 Madison, Dolley, 365 Keppel, Augustus, 232 Madison, James, 161, 285, 291, 353, 354, 356, Key, Francis Scott, 354, 369 361, 364, 367, 370, 371 The Defence of Fort McHenry, 354 Malartic, Count Anne Joseph Hippolyte de The Star Spangled Banner, 354 Maures,` 112, 113 King Philip’s War, 143, 154, 156 Manuel, Pierre, 243, 247, 302 Kingdom of Italy, 197, 198, 205, 210, Marat, Jean-Paul, 305 214 Marie-Antoinette, 302 Kingdom of Naples, 197, 201, 205, Maris Luisa of Parma, 247, 248 206 Marshal de Segur,´ 60 Kleber,´ Jean-Baptiste, 322 Marx, Karl, 40 Kloppelkrieg¨ , 75 massacre at Wounded Knee, 157 Knox, William, 288 Mehmet Ali, 108, 219 Korea, 223, 235 Metternich, Clemens von, 13, 119, 123–126, Kwasny, Mark, 167 128, 130, 134 Middleton, Charles, 228 L’Enfant, Pierre, 362 military revolution, 21, 44 Ladrix, Alexandre, 180 culmination of, 4 Lake George, 148 military service, 77–79, 83, 346 Lameth, Alexandre, 300 African Americans, and, 293 landsturm, 95, 96 exemption from, 194, 311, 336 Landsturmverordnung, 13, 95, 96, 99 French revolution, and, 7 Landwehr, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99 masculinity, and, 17, 334, 347, 348, 352 Lasource, Alba, 303 military expenditure, as, 29 League of Armed Neutrality, 376, 377 patriotism, and, 77 Lefebvre, George, 104, 251 reforms in, 88 Lemkin, Raphael, 66 resistance to, 75–76, 88 l’Encyclopedie´ , 50 slavery, and, 295 Leopold II, 302 Milton, John, 408 Leulier, Philoxene,` 191 Paradise Lost, 408 levee´ en masse, 86, 89, 193 Mina, Javier, 256, 258 as response to war, 90 Miranda, Francesco, 111 definition of, 3, 299 Moltke, Helmut von, 11, 102 domestic implications of, 15 Monroe, James, 356, 358, 367, 369 French Revolution, and, 6, 56, 72, 303, Montcalm, Joseph de, 149 304–312, 335 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 52, 66, 67 Girondist politics, and, 303 Esprit des Lois, 52 Guibert, and, 50, 60, 67 Mordweihnacht, 75 masculinity, and, 178, 338, 347 More, Hannah, 404 military service, and, 83 Morgan, Daniel, 166

418 Index

Moritz of Saxony, 105 Nassau, Maurice of, 2, 57 Moser,¨ Justus, 120 nationalism, 3, 10, 51, 70, 71, 99, 103, 128, Moslems, 27 396 Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, 294 German nationalism, 90, 123 Muller,¨ Adam, 121, 123, 125 Kulturnation, 350 Muller, Claude, 315 rise of, 125 Murat, Joachim, 205, 213, 249–250 Spanish nationalism, 255 Native American, 171 Nadaud, Pierre, 186 Abenaki, 155 Napier, William, 245 Caughnawaga, 146 Napoleon Cayuga, 140, 148 Battle of Austerlitz, 122, 127, 378, 379 Cherokee, 149, 155 Battle of Waterloo, 105 Chief Blue Jacket, 147, 150 Berlin Decrees, 380 Chief Cornstalk, 149, 150 Clausewitz on, 73 Chief Pontiac, 137, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, Coalition of 1813–14, 124 151 Denmark, alliance with, 382 Delaware, 156 Egypt, invasion of, 107 Delaware, 148, 151, 152 ﬁnancing of armies, 389 Eastern Woodland Indians, 137, 139–141, First Italian campaign, 198, 200 148, 154, 156 Gentz, and, 121–125, 128, 131 Ghost Dance Movement, 157 Grand Empire, 71 Huron, 139, 140 Great Britain, and, 235, 354, 356, 373, 377, Iroquois, 139, 142, 143, 148, 155 383 Mohawk, 140, 147 Guibert, and, 13, 56, 59 Montagnais, 139, 140 imperial collapse, 394 Niagara, 151 Indian expansion, 108, 110 Ojibwa, 137, 138 Jean Colin on, 49 Old World diseases, and, 142, 151 masculinity, and, 331, 334 Ottawa, 151 Milan Decrees, 381 Prophetstown, 153 military service, and, 72 Sauk, 137, 138 Napoleonic army, 78, 189, 390 Seneca, 140, 145, 147, 148, 151 Napoleonic Code, 197 Shawnee, 112, 145, 147–150, 151, 152, 155, Napoleonic wars, 16, 38, 84, 98, 199 156 naval warfare, 239 slave rebellion, and, 286 naval warfare, and, 236 Stockbridge, 155 neutral rights, and, 380 Native Americans opposition to, 84, 91 modernization of warfare, 154 Ottoman Empire, and, 48 Nelson, Horatio, 235, 378 Persia, alliance with, 113 Netherlands, 107, 131. See Dutch Republic, reforms, and, 114 Holland religion, and, 346 French conquest of, 376 Russian campaign, 104, 220, 335, 391 New Orleans, 296 Saint Cloud Decrees, 383 New York Gazette, 270 Second Italian campaign, 197, 205, 207 New York Gazetteer, 277, 278 Spanish occupation, 243–259 New Zealand, 220 Treaty of Tilsit, 93, 382 Ney, Michel, 253, 254, 255 universal conscription, 72 Nicholson, John, 367 War of the Third Coalition, and, 378 Nipperdey, Thomas, 114 warfare, and, 115 Nordic League, 377, 378 Wordsworth, and, 407 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Napoleonic Wars, 335, 338, 351, 373, 393, 394, 63, 98 402 North German Confederation, 77 impact of, 335 Norway, 373, 377, 382, 393

Index 419

Nußbiegel, Johann, 342, 344 Poland, 73, 109, 129, 134, 189, 376 The Cultural Progress of the Human Race, 342 Pontiac’s War, 137, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 156 Oberlin, Johann-Friedrich, 327, 328 Popham, Home, 111 Ohio Indian War, 145, 146, 147, 153 Port Royal, 143 Oliver, Peter, 264 Portugal, 248, 253 Oman, Charles, 225, 246 naval expansion, 227 Opie, Amelia Alderson, 404 rebellions against Spain, 42 Ottoman Empire, 46, 113, 221, 225 Prince of Conde,´ 314, 322 and Wahhabi uprising, 108 Protestant, 16, 125, 142, 313–328 decline of, 47 Prrusia independence movements in, 124 French occupation of, 88 introduction of ﬁrearms, 39 Prussia military conquests of, 45, 112 economy of, 42 military expenditure of, 32 French occupation of, 81, 93 Napoleon expansion, and, 48 French Revolution, and, 126 naval warfare, 220, 225 gender in, 334, 339, 348, 352 Russian conquests, and, 235 Gentz and, 122, 128 War of the Second Coalition, 107 great power status, 103, 129 Guibert, and, 60 Palafox, Jose,´ 251 League of Armed Neutrality, 377 Palmer, Robert R., 105 levee´ en masse, 340 Papal states, 198, 205, 206, 210, 216 military reforms, 85–99 Papin, Denis, 222 military service, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 92, 98, Parker, Geoffrey, 2, 4, 5, 12, 22–25, 27–29, 34, 336, 338 101, 102 Napoleon’s victories in, 235, 380 patriotism nationalism in, 350 Ancien Regime´ ,and,10, 53 patriotism in, 74, 84, 336, 346 Coleridge on, 398 population of, 37 French Revolution, and, 178, 190, 192 universal conscription, 86–93, 349 Guibert, and, 55, 57, 59 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 187 Italy, 217 masculinity, and, 332, 337, 350 Quarles, Benjamin, 285 military service, and, 77 Quebec,´ 139, 230 Prussia, 332 Quimby, Robert, 9 religion, and, 320, 321 Quintana, Manuel, 243 Spain, 255 Semanario Patriotico´ , 243 United States, 370 patriotism, French Revolution, and, 193 Raeff, Marc, 209 Patten, Mattew, 266, 280, 282, 283 Rapp, Jean, 322 Paul I, 377 regnalism, 55 Paula, Francisco de, 250, 251, 252 Reichshofen, Sebastian Krummeich von, 324 Peace of Campo Formio, 115 Reuss, Rodolphe, 326 Peace of Gulistan, 109 Revolutions´ de Paris, 300 Pequot War, 143 Reynaud, Jean-Louis, 245 Pere` Duchesne, 307 Reynolds, Susan, 55 Persia, 26, 109, 112, 113, 223, 224 Rivington, James, 277–278 Nadir Shah, 225 Roberdau, Daniel, 161 Shah Fath Ali, 109, 113 Roberts, Michael, 1–3, 4, 5–6, 11, 12, 21–23 Pickens, Andrew, 162 Robespierre, Maximilien, 186, 308, 325, 329 Pitt, William, 106, 111 l’Antifed´ eraliste´ , 186 Pius VII, 198 Robinson, Mary, 404–406, 409 Point Pleasant, 149, 150, 153 Rodger, Nicholas, 223 Poirier, Lucien, 51, 59 Rœderer, Pierre Louis, 302

420 Index

Rogers, Robert, 155 Seven Years War, 37, 71, 80–82, 145, 148–149, Roman Empire, 55 151, 154–155, 160, 231, 232 civil-military relations, 57 as ﬁrst total war, 102–104 expansion of, 26 Guibert and, 51, 52, 60 patriotism in, 55, 57 trade, 375 republican ideals, 58 Shakespeare, William, 408 republican ideals, and, 55 Sherlock, John, 274–275 Roman army, 26, 36 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 16 sieges, 28 Showalter, Dennis, 8 Romanticism, 121, 125, 131, 403 Siam, 219, 224 Roon Reforms (1859–60), 91 Siege of Detroit, 151–152 Ross, General Robert, 364–367, 369 Simcoe, John Graves, 170 Rouget de Lisle, Claude, 322 Sixty Years War, 14, 137, 139, 144–147, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 53, 105 148–149, 152–157 Roux, Jacques, 305–307 Lord Dunmore’s War, 150 Royer, Charles, 307–309 Slade, Thomas, 228 Rush, Richard, 362 Smith, Adam, 40 Russia Smith, Charlotte, 404 Austria, foreign relations with, 124 Smith, Major General Samuel, 355, 360–362, balance of power, and, 131 364, 368–369, 371 Cossacks, 82, 392 Snyder, Simon, 364 Franco-Persian alliance against, 109 Soboul, Albert, 193 Great Britain, and, 382, 384, 386 Sorel, Albert, 381 great power status, 129 Soult, Marshall Nicolas, 244, 252–255 League of Armed Neutrality, 376, 377 Spain, 80, 110, 245, 252, 256, 258 military expenditure of, 31 American Revolutionary War, and, 103 military service, 74, 336 Council of Castile, 248 Napoleon, and, 220, 235, 335, 337, 380, debt, 43 391 Dos de Mayo, 243, 247, 249–250, 251 naval expansion, 226 Dutch war of independence against, 101 Persia, war against, 112 economy of, 42 Seven Years War, and, 102 Ferdinand VII, 248–252 War of the Second Coalition, 107 Ferdinand VII of Spain, 249 French occupation of, 93, 110, 243–259 Safavid, 39 military expenditure of, 28, 31, 37 Sattelzeit, 12, 13 military revolution, and, 22 Saxe, Maurice de, 53, 169 mutiny of Aranjuez, 247, 248–249, 251 Reveries, 169 Napoleonic wars, 214 Scharnhorst, Gerhard, 87, 90, 93, 94, 99 Napoleonic Wars, and, 98 French Revolution, and, 6 naval warfare, 226, 231, 236 Scharnhorst-Boyen reforms, 91 religion, and, 27 Schieder, Theodor, 103 Revolution of 1808, 247, 259 Schlegel, Friedrich, 121, 125 revolution of Zaragoza, 246–247, 250–252 Schlieffen, Alfred von, 11 rising of Aranjuez, 247 Schneider, Eugolius, 325, 327, 329 Roman expansion, and, 26 Argos, 327, 329 Seven Years War, and, 104, 107 Schroeder, Paul W., 119, 131–132, 133 South American colonies, 110, 111 Schuyler, Philip, 166 Spanish army, 22, 79, 255 Scott, Joan, 332 Spanish Philippines, 107, 234 Scott, Samuel, 7 total war, and, 79 Sech´ e,´ Alphonse, 65 trade, and, 42 Second Coalition, 198, 377 War of Independence, 243, 247, 259, 295, 394 Second Mysiore War, 401 St. Clair, Arthur, 147, 148 Servan, Joseph, 303 St. Lawrence River, 139, 142, 174, 234

Index 421

Stadion, Johann Graf, 122–123 impact on civilian population, and, 395 Stamp Act, 287 Jacques-Antoine Hippolyte de Guibert, and, Stansbury, Tobias, 364 51, 65 Stark, John, 165, 166, 172 military reforms, and, 85 Steuart, George H., 359 military service, and, 79, 90 Straßburgische Zeitung, 321 narrative of, 3–6, 7, 10, 13–14, 394 Suetonius, 55 Native Americans, and, 155, 156 Suffren, Andre,´ 232 naval warfare, and, 237, 240 Sumter, Thomas, 159 Prussia, 96 Susquehanna River, 145 Spain, 247 Sweden, 373, 378, 380, 384, 390, 393 Treaty of Amiens, 109 Continental System, and, 382–383 Treaty of Ghent, 353, 370 League of Armed Neutrality, 377 Troncoso, Marcelino, 254 naval expansion, 227 Tse-Tung, Mao, 160 Russian conquests, and, 235 Swedish army, 37 United States, 110, 114, 164 trade, 376 British navy blockades, 371 trade, and, 386, 387 Continental Congress, 264, 266, 268, Swiss Confederation, 62, 73, 319, 326 270–272, 275, 279–280, 292–293 Federalists, 225, 353, 356, 358, 369 Tacitus, 55 Native American warfare, and, 146, 147 Tamboise, Jacques-Joseph, 186 Republicans, 225, 353, 358, 367 Tarleton, Banastre, 166, 174 slave resistance in, 285–287, 294 Tecumseh, 112, 147, 150, 156 slavery, 15, 285–297, 362, 363 the Caribbean trade, 111, 376, 379 American Revolutionary War, 103 U.S. Army, 155 French colonies in, 107 universal conscription, 77, 78, 86–93, 99, 299, naval warfare, and, 231, 234 310, 312, 336, 339, 349 Seven Years War, and, 103 universal suffrage, 93 slave trade, and, 142, 292 universalism, 55 The Edinburgh Review, 399 The Morning Post, 405 van Creveld, Martin, 9 The Spirit of the Public Journals, 403 Van Ness, John Peter, 359, 361–362 the Terror, 119, 127, 186, 322 Vattel, Emerich de, 187 Friedrich Gentz, and, 120 Vauban, Sebastien´ Le Prestre, 28, 52 religion, and, 328 Venice Third Punic War, 26 French invasions of, 205 Thirty Years War, 22, 58, 66, 70, 316, 394 military expenditure of, 28, 31–32 losses in, 105 Venetian revolts against the French, 210, resource mobilization, and, 80 211 Sweden, 37 Virginia Thomas, Isaiah, 277 African-American soldiers, and, 293 American Oracle of Liberty, 277 frontier raiding in, 145 Massachusetts Spy, 277 Native American attacks, and, 149 Thompson, I. A. A., 31 role of European armies in, 143 Tingey, Thomas, 366 Seven Years War, 160, 161 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 118 slavery, 288, 290, 294 Toreno, JoseMar´ ´ıa, 244 Virginia Committees, 273, 276, 283 total war, 4, 16, 65, 84, 309, 395 Virginia Gazette, 277 American colonies, and, 143 Virginia Militia, 161 American Revolutionary War, and, 175 War of 1812, 364 deﬁnitions of, 65–66, 79, 259 French Revolution, and, 305, 309, 311, 330 Waldersee, Alfred, 102 guerrilla war, and, 99 War Council of 1787, 60–61, 181

422 Index

War of 1812, 112, 145–146, 353, 361 Watteau de Lille, Franc¸ois Louis Joseph, 340 British navy, 234 The Departure of the Volunteer, 340 Native Americans in, 147, 149, 154–155, 156 Wayne, Anthony, 153 submarines, 239 Weigley, Russell, 3, 6 use of gunboats, 226 Wellesley, Arthur, 111. See Duke of Wellington War of the Polish Succession, 200 Wellesley, Richard, 108, 113 War of the Second Coalition, 72, 74, 107 Werner, Robert, 183 War of the Third Coalition, 205, 235, 378 West Afr ica, 103, 219 Wardrobe, David, 276–277, 278 Hausa states, 219 Glasgow Journal, 276 Sokoto Caliphate, 219 Warren, Admiral John Borlase, 356, 358, 363, Westphalia, Kingdom of, 76 372 Wetzler, Peter, 185 and India, 103 White House, 362, 366 Wars of Liberation, 74, 86, 91, 96 Williams, Helen Maria, 404 brigade organization, 98 Wilson, Woodrow, 354 Friedrich Gentz, and, 128 History of the American People, 354 military service, and, 76, 88–89 Winder, Gen. William, 364–365, 366, 368, 370 nationalism, and, 84, 90 Winder, Levin, 360, 364, 368 Washington, D.C., 364 Windham, William, 106, 111, 114 burning of, 112, 234, 354, 363, 365, 368, 370, Wochentliche¨ Nachrichten, 321 372 Wordsworth, William, 399 defense of, 358–362 Lyrical Ballads, 406, 407 Gen. Winder’s army, 364 The Excursion, 406 lack of resources, 370 The Prelude, 406, 409 warfare, 355 World War I, 9, 86, 101, 239, 241, 337, 344 Washington, George, 174, 175, 264 Native Americans, and, 155 and African Americans, 290 World War II, 15, 240, 344 and criticism of the militia, 159–160, Native Americans, and, 155 162–164 Wurmser, Dagobert-Sigismund von, 322 and Guibert’s inﬂuence, 49 and successful uses of the militia, 165–167 Yearsley, Anne, 404 and warships, 231 Guibert, and, 13 Zwangsanstalt, 77