Campaigns and Elections

Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

5.1 Analyze the components of a political campaign, specifically how the process of running and financing a campaign has changed over the years. 5.2 Describe the role that race and ethnicity play in politics, focusing on the importance of minority voters. 5.3 Describe the role that women have played in Texas politics and how that role has evolved. 5.4 Explain the complexities of voting and how the voting process promotes, and inhibits, voter participation. 5.5 Identify the differences among primary, general, Copyrightand © 2016 special Cengage elections. Learning. All 2 rights reserved. Political Campaigns

§ Conducting Campaigns in the 21st Century § Character/political style vs. issues § Physical appearance and personality § Importance of the media- § Hard to visit 254 counties

3 Political Campaigns

§ Conducting Campaigns in the 21st Century § Texas campaigners must rely more heavily on television, radio, and social media exposure than do candidate in other states § In addition to television and radio, use social media/Facebook,Twitter, and emails for fundraising 4 Political Campaigns

§ Conducting Campaigns in the 21st Century § Independent candidate-a candidate who runs in a general election without party endorsement or selection (Kinky Friedman) § Sound bite- a brief statement of a candidate's theme communicated by radio or television (10- to a full minute)

5 Political Campaigns

§ Conducting Campaigns in the 21st Century § Mudslide campaigns - negative comments about someone's character or an issue they didn't address or aligned themselves with (Gun rights/gun control) Takes on precedence when character important in a campaign

6 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Reform § Eliminating negative campaigning- § Media emphasizes poll results and the horserace appearance of a contest rather than basic issues and candidate personalities that relate to total leadership potential § negative commercials influence voters ( especially undecided voters) drawing

their preference away from the candidate7 being attacked Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Reform § Increasing free media access- § Increase broadcasters to make air wave more available at no cost to political candidates § (unlikely as media outlets necessary part of political campaigns and media outlets generate a significant source of revenue from political campaigns 8 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Reform § Increasing free media access (cont) § Smartphone apps

§ Social media now used by most candidates (Twitter/Facebook/YouTube

§ Sometimes hard for candidates to monitor what others put on these sites

9 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance § “Money makes the mare go” § Record spending in 2002 Texas gubernatorial campaign ($ 95 million)- Sanchez outspent Perry by more than two to one ($67 million to $28 million and still lost) § So money not always indicative of success but does help to get your 10 name out and cover the state Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance

§ Pales to California 2010 ($250 m) and New York 2002 ( $148 m )

§ Candidates need to raise large amounts of cash at the local, state, and national levels; becomes more expensive as you go up the ladder.

§ PACs- organizations created to collect and distribute contributions of political campaigns, donate because they agree11 with a candidate's position on the issues Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance

§ Donors receive “access” and not necessarily control of officials policymaking decisions

§ Texas laws on campaign financing are relatively weak and tend to emphasize reporting of contributions with few limits on the amounts of donations (exception: judicial races)

12 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance

§ Texas Ethics Commission-A state agency that enforces state standard for lobbyists and public officials including registration of lobbyists and reporting of political campaign contributions (electronically)

§ Requires financial disclosure from political officials but Texas has no laws that limit political contributions 13 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance

§ Prohibiting political contributions to members of the legislature while they are in session (Lonnie “Bo” Pilgrim handed out $10,000 checks on the Texas Senate floor, leaving the “payable to” lines blank, as legislators debated reforming the state's workers' compensation laws

14 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws

§ Campaign Reform Act-2002

§ prohibits soft money (unregulated political donations made to a national political parties or independent expenditure on behalf of a candidate)

§ Increased the limits on hard money(campaign money donated directly to

candidate or political parties and restricted15 in amount by federal law) Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws § 2003- McConnell v. FEC- McConnell said Campaign Reform Act unconstitutional. Restrain on freedom of speech and also addressed the 30/60 limit on issue ads in primary and general elections but the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the “soft Money” ban (appearance of impropriety important) 16 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § 2010-Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission-overturned a provision of the Campaign Reform Act that banned unlimited expenditures by corporations, unions, and nonprofit organization in federal elections.

17 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § 2010 SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission- Federal Appeals Court ruled that campaign contribution limits on independent organizations using the funds only for independent expenditures are unconstitutional. This decision led to Superpacs

18 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § Super PAC – Independent expenditure- only committees that many raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, union, nonprofit organizations, and individuals § Able to spend limited sums to openly support or oppose political candidate; cannot coordinate with presidential or

senatorial/representative campaign and19 must show who contributed Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § 2014- McCutcheon v. FEC -Struck down the aggregate limits on the amount an individual may contribute during a two-year period to all federal candidates, parties and political action committee combined was unconstitutional ($117,000). So still the hard limits to candidates but can increase the number of candidates beyond the $117,000 limit 20 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § Texas 's state campaign finance laws have focused on making contribution information more easily available to citizens. § No limits on amount of donations- only restriction on the amount of donations only apply to some judicial candidates § File periodically with the Texas Ethics Commission(electronically) 21 Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § 2003 Texas law requiring officials of cities with a population of more than 100,000 and trustees of school districts with enrollments of 5,000 or more to disclose the sources of their incomes as well as the value of their stocks and real estate holdings § Candidates for state political offices identify

employers/ occupations of $500 or more22 to their campaigns and the “cash on hand” Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Federal and state laws (cont) § Prohibits state legislators from lobbying for clients before state agencies § “Dark money” money spent on elections by anonymous donors. In 2013 would have required nonprofit organizations that spent $25,000 or more on political campaigns to publicly disclose contributors who donate

more than $1000. (don't have to disclose23 donors. Vetoed for privacy concerns) Political Campaigns

§ Campaign Finance (cont.) § Learning check § Most Texas voters learn about candidates through newspaper editorials. § Which state commission requires financial disclosure from public officials?

24 Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ Latinos § LULAC and La Raza § Major impact beginning in 1960s-‘70s § New strategies and leaders in 1980s § Latino nominees to attract Latino voters- Bush- appointed many Latino candidates/Alberto Gonzales; Perry (Andrade/Sec. of State; Carrillo (RR

Commissioner) and two to the highest25 Courts in the land Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ Latinos § George P. Bush (Florida) § Democrats Latinos for high level statewide offices Dan Morales to Texas Attorney General/ Julio Castro to mayor of San Antonio, Leticia Van De Pute (nominee for Lt. Gov) § Bilingual and immigration( many Republicans do not endorse the traditional

immigration platform of the Republican 26 party Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ Latinos § Candidates and Issue oriented (not party-oriented) § Divisions occur between socioeconomic levels (greater than $50,000 more likely to support Republican candidates)

27 Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ Latinos

§ In 2012- Republican National committee launched the Growth and Opportunity project- strategies to expand to Latinos and African Americans

§ In 2014, Abbott garnered 40% of the Latino vote. Texas Latino voters vote more for Republicans than other Latino populations in the US 28 In an effort to win support among Latino voters, 2014 Rep. gubernatorial nominee Greg Abbott launched a website in Spanish.

Critical Thinking Question: How might developing a website in Spanish win support among Latino voters?

§ African Americans

§ African Americans not in statewide offices until 1990s (Democrats-Morris Overstreet to Texas Court of Criminal Appeal)

§ Bush appointed Michael Williams at the Railroad Commission, now appointed by Perry to Commissioner of Education

§ Bush appointed Justice Wallace Jefferson and Dale Wainwright to Texas Supreme 30 Court

§ § Identify with Democratic Party § In 2014, no African Americans were candidates for statewide office Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ African Americans

§ Barbara Jordan (US Representative)

§ Ron Kirk- Dallas mayor and US Trade Representative

§ 10% of the state's population voters and identify with the Democrat Party though in recent years support for the Democrat Party has decreased

31 Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ African Americans

§ 80% of Texans vote for Democrats; 5% for Republicans and 5% Independent (growing)

§ In 2014, no African Americans were candidates for statewide office (They had retired as earlier noted or reassigned to other offices)

32 Racial and Ethnic Politics

§ Questions: § Which party have Latinos traditionally supported? § In 2014, no African Americans were holding statewide elected offices

33 Women in Politics

§ Until 1990, only four women in statewide office § Notable Texas women in office: § Governor “Ma” Ferguson § Governor Ann Richards § Mayor Annise Parker (Houston) Annette Strauss (1988-1991) mayor of Dallas 34 Women in Politics

§ 1990s—female mayors in 150 cities § Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison ( R ) and comptroller Carole Keeton Rylander ( R and later and Independent) led all candidates on either ticket in votes § Perry appointed (2013) Indian American Nandita Berry as Secretary of State

35 Women in Politics

§ In 1971, no women served in the Texas's congressional delegation (US) and two served in the Texas legislature

§ 2009 44 women who served in the Texas Legislature and now 37; 7 in the Texas Senate and 30 in the Tx. Also many in the US House of Representatives

§ Presence of women changing public policy in education, family violence,

sexual abuse 36 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Universal suffrage not until 1960s § Literacy tests (not used by Texas as a prerequisite for voter registration) § Grandfather clause-exempted people from educational, property, or tax requirements for voting if qualified to vote before 1867 or were descendants of such persons (Also, not used in Texas) 37 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § All-white primaries-A nominating system designed to prevent African Americans and some Latinos from participating in Democrat primaries from 1923-1944. (in Texas) § Smith v. Allright (1944)

38 § Questions: § Women candidates received the most votes for a single ofice in some elections early in the 21st century § By 2015, how many women had served as the governor of Texas

39 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Poll tax- Levied in 1902 until voters amended the Texas Constitution in 1966 to eliminate its poll tax (annual tax of $1.75; not paying it made you ineligible to vote in party primaries or in special and general elections)

40 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Racial gerrymandering-drawing the boundaries of a district designed to affect representation of a political party or group in a legislative chamber, city council, commissioners court or other representative body § Packing or Diluting minority votes

41 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Although racial gerrymandering that discriminates against minority votes is disallowed, federal law allows affirmative racial gerrymandering that results in the creation of “majority- minority” districts favoring election of more racial and ethnic minority candidates

§ Also known as minority opportunity 42 districts Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Districts must be reasonable in their configuration and cannot be based solely on race. Shaw v. Reno, the US Supreme Court condemned two extremely odd-shaped African American minority opportunity districts in North Carolina § Used economics as a proxy 43 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § In 2011, The Texas legislature passed controversial redistricting plans § In February 2012, the US District Court for the Western District of Texas agreed and drew interim congressional district maps that included two new districts with Latino majority and two new districts with Anglo majorities 44 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § In August 2012, three-judge federal district court in Washington said was intentional discrimination but congressional and legislate redistricting maps were allowed for the November 2012 election

45 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § In Shelby County v. Holder (2013) the US Supreme court declared unconstitutional Section 4b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which established a formula for determining which jurisdictions were required to obtain preclearance from the US Department of Justice before making any alteration to their election laws 46 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Attorney General , Gregg Abbott ( now Governor) announced that “redistricting maps passed by the Legislature could also take effect without approval from the federal government.” § US District Court didn't release Tx from preclearance just yet (motion to dismiss) but allowed the maps to be used as interim plans for the 2014 election 47 § Still using Voter ID (2016 city election) Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § Minority voting strength may be diluted is through the creation of an At- large majority district – A district that elects two or more representatives for state legislatures and city councils vs. the single member districts.

48 Voting

§ Obstacles to Voting § The votes of a minority group can be diluted when combined with the votes of a majority group. Nevertheless, in Houston we have 5 at large with single member groups (overall vs select areas)

49 Voting

§ Democratization of the Ballot § Federal voting rights legislation

§ Voting Rights Act of 1965-Prohibits residency requirements of more than 30 days for voting in presidential elections

§ Requires states to provide some form of absentee or early voting

§ Allows individuals as well as Department of Justice (DOJ) to sue in federal court to request that voting examiners be sent to a particular area 50 Voting

§ Democratization of the Ballot § Federal voting rights legislation (cont)

§ Requires states and jurisdictions withing a state to have different language ballots (Chinese, Vietnamese, and Spanish in Houston)

§ Texas voter ID law- certain ID's. Student ID's not allowed. Pros and Cons on page 183. Some changes made in 2016

51 Voting

§ Democratization of the Ballot § Motor voter law- Requires certain government offices ( motor vehicle licensing agency to offer voter registration applications to clients) § Second part of this law which has not been addressed by the DOJ is that states would be allowed to review the rolls to make sure individuals are eligible to vote ( check jury notices) 52 Voting

§ Democratization of the Ballot § Two trends in suffrage

§ Steadily expanding- all persons, all genders 18 years or over

§ Movement toward uniformity in all states- Questionable???

§ Democratization of the ballot has been pressed on the states largely by the US Congress, by federal judges, and by presidents who have enforced voting laws and judicial orders 53 Voting

§ Voter Turnout-The percentage of the voting-age population casting ballots in an election § In Texas, turnout higher in presidential election years than in mid-terms/local

§ But lower than national average (44% Tx. vs 54% for national average

§ 14% of residents ineligible (citizenship status)

§ Voting eligible (limited by illegals, felony incarceration) vs. voting age population (over54 18) Voting

§ Voter Turnout

§ Of all the socioeconomic influences on voting, education is by far the strongest. As it rises, so does the likelihood of voting

§ Educated people more income, leisure time for voting, and knowledgeable about candidates

§ Education also strengthen voter efficacy, the belief that one's vote makes a difference

55 Voting

§ Voter Turnout

§ Income strongly affects voter turnout.

§ People of lower income often lack access to the polls (not as much true to today with all volunteers to drive) , information about the candidates (don't do the research as much as others), or opportunistic to learn about the system

56 Voting

§ Voter Turnout

§ Age Young people (18-25) have the lowest voter turnout of any age group. Has increased in the last 10 years

§ People from 45-65 greatest turnout

§ Women more than men

57 Voting

§ Voter Turnout

§ Race and ethnicity

§ In Texas (2012), African Americans exceeded the average for all races

§ Latino vote slightly below the state average in both primaries and elections (narrowing)

§ Eligible voters (Latinos) was 12% below that of Anglos and more than 19% below that of African Americans and voting rate remained approximately two-thirds of state average58 Voting

§ Voter Turnout § Factors influencing voting

§ Voter fatigue- the influence of pollsters and media consultants.

§ Influenced by many elections -Tx. Legislature limits most elections to two uniform elections dates (May and November) however many exceptions. ex. Runoff elections , local option elections, bond or levy, emergency elections called by governor or to fill vacancies by death

59 Voting

§ Voter Turnout § Factors influencing voting

§ Psychological factors-negative campaigning by candidates

§ Lack of information about candidates

§ Costs (time, money, experience, etc.)

§ Cultural and socioeconomic factors

§ Education, income, gender, age

§ Ethnic/racial factors 60 Voting

§ Administering Elections § State responsibility (counties carry out this responsibility)

§ Texas Election Code-body of state law, concerning parties,primaries, and elections § Qualifications for voting

§ Citizen of U.S.

§ 18+ years old

§ Resident for 30+ days 61 Voting

§ Administering Elections § Resident of area covered by election

§ Registered 30 days before election

§ Not felon or mentally incompetent

§ Voting Early

§ Mail-in ballot- over 65, physically disabled (child birth), in jail, and military

§ Voting Early- anyone eligible can early vote 62 NASA astronaut Michael Fincke, Expedition 18 commander, sent a message from the International Space Station urging all citizens to vote.

Critical Thinking Question: With Texas’s new law requiring photo identification to vote, how might this affect astronauts’ ability to cast ballots from space?

§ Administering Elections § Voting precincts-the basic geographic area for conducting primaries and elections; Texas is divided into more than 8,500 voting precincts § Election officials → election judge, ( appointed by the county commissioners court to administer an election in a voting precinct (trained by the county 64 Voting

§ Administering Elections § Voting systems

§ Paper ballot, optical scan and touch screen

65 An elections official explains the use of an electronic voting machine to a voter.

Critical Thinking Question: What type of voting system does your county use? Why do you believe your county commissioners selected this system?

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All 66 rights reserved. Primary, General and Special Elections § Primary- A preliminary election conducted within the party to select candidates who will run for for public office in a subsequent general election (2 or more Republicans or 2 or more Democrats (Need majority of the vote, so often run-offs)

§ General Election- Held in November of even-numbered years to elect county and state officials from among candidates nominated in primaries or (for small parties)

in nominating conventions (Dem/Republican67 candidate. Only need the most votes Primary, General and Special

Elections§ Development of Direct Primaries- Political parties conduct primaries to select their nominees for public office. Usually occurs every two years (US Congress and many state, district, and county offices.

§ Presidential primaries occur every four years and allow the parties (Democrat/Republican) to select delegate to their parties' national conventions 68 Primary, General and Special

Elections§

§ Direct primary-a nominating system that allows voters to participate directly in the selection of candidates to public office

§ Runoff primary-held after the first primary to allow party members to choose a candidate from the first primary's top two vote-getters

§ Closed primary- A primary in which voters must declare their support for a party before they are permitted to participate in the selection of its candidates 69 Primary, General and Special Elections

§ Open primary- A primary in which voters are not required to declare party identification

§ Jungle primary-A nominating process in which voters indicate their preferences by using a single ballot on which are printed the names and respective party labels of all persons seeking. Nomination. A candidate who receives more than 50% of the vote is elected; otherwise, a runoff between the top two candidate must be held

§ Could possible have 2 Democrats/2 Republicans

§ Used in Louisiana and California 70

§ Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Texas Primaries

§ 2014 elections primaries

§ Republican primaries in 246 counties

§ Democratic primaries in 231 counties

§ In Texas we have a mixture of open and closed primaries- Open in when you register to vote, you do not have to state if you are a republican or a democrat.

71 Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Closed primary, where voters declare party membership by voting in one of the party's primary. So one declares at the time of voting rather than before, party membership by voting in one of the primaries. Card is stamped R/D

§ Closed in that one cannot go and vote in the other primary or participate in their convention once they have voted and may not not do so if there is a run-off 72

§ Primay, General and Special Elections

§ In the general election they can vote for whomever they want regardless of any party affiliation they declared in the primary

73 Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Texas Primaries

§ Crossover voting- A practice whereby a person participates in the primary of one party, then votes for one or more candidates of another party in the general election

§ Crossover voting is evidence of a long-term trend toward voter independence of traditional party ties

74 Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Texas Primaries

§ 1950 Democrats would cross over, vote in the Republican primary, and then vote Democrat in the general election.

§ In 2008, Republicans crossed over to vote for Hillary to keep her in the race ( Operation Chaos)

§ Both are means of influencing the candidate

of the other party ( the one less threatening75 in the general election) Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Administering Texas Primaries

§ Most states, political parties sponsor and administer their own primaries

§ Texas Election Code allocates responsibility to each party's county executive committee. First Tuesday in March/even numbered years.

76 Primay, General and Special Elections

§ Renting facilities for polls, printing ballots and other election materials, and paying election judges and clerks

§ 30% of the cost of holding Texas primaries has come from filing fees paid by candidates

§ The balance of these expenses is usually paid by the State of Texas. In 2014, Tx. Spend $13 million to assist with the cost77

§ Primay, General and Special Elections

§ In lieu of paying a fee, a candidate may file a nominating petition containing a specified number of signatures of people eligible to vote for the office for which that candidate is running

78 Primary, General, and Special Elections § General and Special Elections § General: first Tuesday in November § Off-year: Texas governor and other statewide office holders (so as not to be influenced by presidential elections) § In general election, must have a plurality (most votes) to win an election. Don't need majority of votes as primary. § Runoff of primary need plurality (Garcia79 and Alvardo) Primary, General, and Special Elections § General and Special Elections § Special elections § The governor appoints Judicial appointments and executive appointments (bureaucracy) until the next election. Also will appoint US Senator in case of death or resignation until next upcoming election

80 Primary, General, and

§Special Elections

§ Special elections (cont) § Governor does not appoint for Texas Legislature (House and Senate) or US House of Representative. So special elections are conducted for vacancies in US congressional and state legislative offices § Bond issues and members of city councils and special districts 81 Primary, General, and

§Special Elections

§ Questions: § Political parties are responsible for conducting primary elections § On which day are general elections held?

82 Ann Richards as Texas Governor

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