Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

May 6 and 8, 2015

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 1 / 138 Outline

Harmful Stinging plants

Technical plants Incense plants

Ornamental plants

The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 2 / 138 Outline

Harmful plants Stinging plants

Technical plants Incense plants

Ornamental plants

The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 2 / 138 Outline

Harmful plants Stinging plants

Technical plants Incense plants

Ornamental plants

The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 2 / 138 Outline

Harmful plants Stinging plants

Technical plants Incense plants

Ornamental plants

The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 2 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants

Harmful plants Stinging plants

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 3 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Stinging plants

I Covered with “glassy”, silica-tipped hairs (like nettles, Urtica spp., Laportea spp. and others from nettle family, Urticaceae) containing acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, formic acid or even stronger toxins (like moroidin from stinging , Dendrocnide excelsa, and D. moroides, same family, from Australia)

I Plants from other families like Loasaceae (Eucnide, desert rock nettle), Euphorbiaceae (Cnidoscolus, spurge nettle) and even Leguminosae (Mucuna, velvet beans) are similar to nettles.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 4 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Nettle stinging hairs

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 5 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Giant stinging

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 6 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Giant stinging tree leaves

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 7 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Moroidin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 8 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Desert rock nettle

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 9 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Spurge nettle

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 10 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Velvet beans

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 11 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Poisonous plants

I Allergic like poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans from Anacardiaceae, rich of urushiol)

I Phototoxic like giant hogweed (Heracleum spp. from Umbelliferae)

I Digestively poisonous like Strychnos from Loganiaceae (source of curare), rosary pea Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae, contain abrin protein toxin) and castor beans (Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae) which both deactivate eukaryotic ribosomes, and most poisonous U.S. water hemlock (Cicuta spp., Umbelliferae, contains terpene cicutoxin which blocks GABA receptors)

I Almost all Solanaceae and Ranunculaceae are poisonous

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 12 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Rosary pea

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 13 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Water hemlock

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 14 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Cicutoxin

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 15 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Parasitic plants

I Half-parasites (like root half-parasite Comandra, bastard toad-flax or stem half-parasite mistletoe) have chlorophyll, mycoparasites (like Pterospora) interact with fungi

I Full parasites: root (like Pholisma), or internal (only flowers will appear on surface, like Pilostyles)

I Full stem parasites dodder (Cuscuta spp., Convolvulaceae) and Cassytha (Lauraceae) are harmful for many cultivated plants, especially from legume and aster families

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 16 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Bastard toadflax

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 17 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Pterospora

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 18 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Pholisma

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 19 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Pilostyles

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 20 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Dodder

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 21 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Cassytha

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 22 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Weeds

I Plants which interfere in agro-ecosystems

I In North Dakota, most noxious native weeds are common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia from Compositae) and different milkweeds (Asclepias spp. from Apocynaceae); first is also highly allergic, seconds are poisonous.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 23 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Common ragweed

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 24 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Milkweed

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 25 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Invasive plants

I Invasive plants are normally not harmful in their native range, but in exotic range they start to spread uncontrollably

I Nice reciprocal examples are spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and boxelder (Acer negundo) in Eurasia and North America

I Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is the most problematic invasive plant in North Dakota

I Despite of numerous hypotheses formulated (e.g., presence of symbionts, epigenetic evolution), the reason of invasiveness is still not known

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 26 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Invasive vs. native knapweed

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 27 / 138 Harmful plants Stinging plants Invasive weed: leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula, Euphorbiaceae, East Europe

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 28 / 138 Technical plants Forage plants

I Need to contain balanced diet: not only carbohydrates, but also proteins, fats and vitamins

I Most important are different Gramineae (like oats, corn and sorghum) and Leguminosae (like clovers, vetches and alfalfa)

I Green parts of grasses are most often used as silage—fermented (with Lactobacillus plantarum) cellulose

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 29 / 138 Technical plants Silage

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 30 / 138 Technical plants Alfalfa, Medicago sativa, Leguminosae, Eurasia

I Root nodules contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, providing plant with nitrogen

I Up to 12 harvests a year

I High in proteins, vitamins C, K, E and some B

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 31 / 138 Technical plants Alfalfa pollination

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 32 / 138 Technical plants Lumber, paper and basket plants

I Mostly trees which give hardwood (/) and softwood (conifers)

I For the paper, birch (Betula spp.) bark was used by ancient Russians and Ojibwe people (“Wiigwaasabak”), papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus, Cyperaceae) was used in ancient Egypt, and pulpwood is used now

I For baskets and similar things (like bast shoes), gourd (Lagenaria spp.) fruits, birch and linden (Tilia spp.) bark and willow (Salix spp.) twigs were used most frequently in our latitudes

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 33 / 138 Technical plants Russian and Ojibwe bark documents

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 34 / 138 Technical plants Bast shoes

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 35 / 138 Technical plants Baskets

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 36 / 138 Technical plants Hybrid poplar, Populus deltoides hybrids, Salicaceae, North America

I Sometimes referred as Populus ×euroamericana

I One of the fastest growing trees

I Accept wide range of soils, but require moist habitats, with high water level in soil

I Used for making pulpwood

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 37 / 138 Technical plants Hybrid poplar plantation

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 38 / 138 Technical plants Cork oak, Quercus suber, Fagaceae, Mediterranean

I Evergreen oak with extremely thick cork

I Used mostly for stoppers in wine bottles and in chemical labs

I Main producer is Portugal

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 39 / 138 Technical plants Cork oak

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 40 / 138 Technical plants Bamboos, Gramineae, East Asia (mostly)

I Subfamily of grasses, Bambusoideae

I Woody but temporary stems, plants often monocarpic

I Resistant to fungi and termites

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 41 / 138 Technical plants Bamboo house

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 42 / 138 Technical plants Fiber plants

I Normally, bast (phloem) is used for fibers

I Most important stem fibers are flax (Linim usitatissimum), jute (Corchorus spp., Malvaceae, South Asia) and hemp (Cannabis sativa); fruit fibers are cotton, coir (outer part of coconut, Cocos nucifera) and kapok (Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae, Central America); leaf fibers are abaka (Musa textilis, Musaceae, Philippines), sisal (Agave sisalana, Asparagaceae, Mexico), snake plant (Sanseviera spp., Asparagaceae, ) and New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax, Xnanthorrhoeaceae)

I Native Americans used “Indian hemp” (Apocynum cannabinum) stems

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 43 / 138 Technical plants Kapok

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 44 / 138 Technical plants Indian “hemp”

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 45 / 138 Technical plants Cotton, Gossypium spp., Malvaceae, West Asia

I Several species which were domesticated independently in Old and New Worlds, now the most cultivated species is American Gossypium hirsutum

I Requires high temperatures, humidity and (for best result) manual harvesting

I Biggest producers are China, India and U.S.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 46 / 138 Technical plants Vegetable lamb of Tartary

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 47 / 138 Technical plants Cotton

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 48 / 138 Technical plants Dye plants

I Most of these cultures are declined after invention of artifical dyes in 1920s

I Examples are: “bloodwood” Haematoxylum campechianum (Leguminosae, Central America, red haematoxylin); achiote Bixa orellana (Bixaceae, South America, yellow annatto), true indigo Indigofera tinctoria (Leguminosae, blue indigotin), safflower and others.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 49 / 138 Technical plants Achiote fruits

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 50 / 138 Technical plants True indigo

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 51 / 138 Technical plants Cochineal, Dactylopius coccus/Homoptera + Opuntia spp./Cactaceae, North America

I Almost unique combinational culture of scale insect and opuntia (similar to mulberry/silkworm): cultivated ecosystem

I For several centuries, have been Mexican most valued export

I Insect produces carminic acid

I Another similar “combination” is kermes scale insect (Kermes spp., Homoptera) and Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) in Mediterranean which used to produce crimson dye.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 52 / 138 Technical plants Cochineal

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 53 / 138 Technical plants Latex plants

I Latex is a stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer (mostly terpenes) microparticles

I Occur in many plants, but frequently used only several species, e.g., guayule Parthenium argentatum (Compositae, Mexico), Panama rubber tree Castilla elastica (Moraceae, Central America), little elastic and bio-inert Gutta-percha Palaquium spp. (, South Asia), tree chicle (Sapotaceae, Central America)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 54 / 138 Technical plants Rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae

I Large tropical tree originated in Amazonian but cultivated mainly in Southeastern Asia

I Natural rubber is extremely elastic but fragile at low temperatures

I In 1839, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanization (hyper-polymerization with sulfur)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 55 / 138 Technical plants Para rubber tree

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 56 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants

Technical plants Incense plants

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 57 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Incense plants (ceremonial odors)

I Used in many religions, most often in Eastern Christian churches, Hindu and Buddhism

I Multiple plants with essential oils, plus some specific species like (, West Asia), styrax Sryrax benzoin (Styracaceae, West Asia) and sandalwood Santalum spp. (Santalaceae, Old World tropics)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 58 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Incense stick in Buddhist temple

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 59 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Sandalwood cultivation

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 60 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Frankincense, Boswellia sacra, Burseraceae, Africa

I Aromatic resin from Boswellia trees

I Burning of frankincense came from ancient Egypt to Hebrew church and then to Christian churches

I Contains a complicated set of terpenes which have also medicinal effects

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 61 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Frankincense tree

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 62 / 138 Technical plants Incense plants Frankincense in church

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 63 / 138 Ornamental plants Indoor plants

I Should be adapted for dry and relatively dark conditions

I We already covered cacti and other succulents in February excursion

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 64 / 138 Ornamental plants Some groups of indoor plants

I Orchidaceae: tropical orchids; Phalaenopsis is one of the most frequently cultivated

I Bromeliaceae: South American bromeliads; Cryptanthus, Neoregelia and Guzmania are frequently cultivated

I Begonia from Begoniaceae, all tropics, is extremely shade-tolerant (and also ferns)

I Many ornamentals (indoor or outdoor) are variegated plants: induced variegation or naturally pigmented leaves

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 65 / 138 Ornamental plants Begonia

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 66 / 138 Ornamental plants Neoregelia, naturally variegated

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 67 / 138 Ornamental plants Rubber ficus (Ficus elastica, Moraceae, Old Word tropics), variegated mutant

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 68 / 138 Ornamental plants Bonsai

I Specific way of cultivation resulted in dwarf plants

I Variety of temperate tree species used, cultivation is in-house but outdoor (in patio)

I Specific techniques are: leaf trimming, stem pruning and wiring, use stony substrate and small pots

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 69 / 138 Ornamental plants Bonsai pine

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 70 / 138 Ornamental plants Cut plants

I Cultivated throughout the year in greenhouses and/or open grounds, then cut

I Forcing of flowering is needed for most cases (hormones, temperature, day length, selection)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 71 / 138 Ornamental plants Most frequent cut plants

I Rose: Rosa spp., Rosaceae, China

I Carnation: Dianthus caryophyllus, Caryophyllaceae, Mediterranean

I Lily: Lilim spp., North Hemisphere

I Chrysanthemum: Chrysanthemum ×koreanum, Compositae, East Asia

I Gerbera hybrids: Gerbera, Compositae, South Africa

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 72 / 138 Ornamental plants Carnation

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 73 / 138 Ornamental plants Gerbera

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 74 / 138 Ornamental plants Outdoor annuals and perennials

I Plants from diverse families

I Annuals should (like petunia, Petunia hybrida, Solanaceae, South America) be fast-growing

I Biennials like pansy (Viola x wittrockiana, Violaceae, Europe) produce vegetative part in the first year

I Perennials normally have underground rhizomes (like peony, Paeonia spp., Paeoniaceae, East Asia) or bulbs (like daffonlids, Narcissus spp., Mediterranean), often wintering indoor (like geraniums, Pelargonia spp., Geraniaceae, South Africa)

I Traditionally, flowering shrubs like roses, lilacs (Syringa spp., Oleaceae) are also referred here

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 75 / 138 Ornamental plants Hardiness zones

I Determined from average lowest temperature

I North Dakota belongs to 3/4 zones

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 76 / 138 Ornamental plants Hardiness zones in U.S.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 77 / 138 Ornamental plants Petunia

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 78 / 138 Ornamental plants Pansy

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 79 / 138 Ornamental plants Peony

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 80 / 138 Ornamental plants Bulb plants

I Liliaceae: lily Lilium, tulip Tulipa, fritillary Fritillaria

I Amaryllidaceae: daffondil Narcissus, snowdrop Galanthus

I Asparagaceae: grape hyacinth Muscari, hyacinth Hyacinthus, squill Scilla, common bluebell Hyacinthoides

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 81 / 138 Ornamental plants Common bluebell

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 82 / 138 Ornamental plants Landscape woody plants

I Trees, shrubs, rarely vines

I Evergreen and deciduous

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 83 / 138 Ornamental plants Conifers

I Pinaceae: Picea (especially blue spruce, Picea pungens, North America), Pinus, Larix

I Cupressaceae: Cupressus, Juniperus

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 84 / 138 Ornamental plants Blue (Colorado) spruce

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 85 / 138 Ornamental plants Special groups

I Plants for alpine (rocky) gardens like stonecrops, Sedum spp., Crassulaceae

I Aquatic ornamentals: ponds (like waterlily, Nymphaea spp.) and fishtanks (like Pistia, Elodea etc.)

I Lawn plants: Lolium perenne, ryegrass and species of bluegrass (Poa) and bentgrass (Agrostis)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 86 / 138 Ornamental plants Water lily

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 87 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 88 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: main food

I Rice

I Soybeans

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 89 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: fruits and vegetables

I Peach

I Orange

I Radish

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 90 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: sugar and oil

I Tung

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 91 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: spices and drinks

I Tea

I Camphor tree

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 92 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: medicinal

I Ginseng

I Ginkgo

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 93 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: technical

I Bamboos

I Gutta percha

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 94 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins East Asian center: ornamental

I Chrysanthemum

I Ornamental maples

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 95 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 96 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: main food

I Buckwheat

I Chickpea

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 97 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: fruits and vegetables

I Mango

I Cucumber

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 98 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: sugars and oils

I Sugarcane

I Sesame

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 99 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: spices and drinks

I Black pepper

I Cinnamon

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 100 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: technical

I Jute

I Cotton (partly)

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 101 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: medicinal

I Turmeric

I Gotu kola

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 102 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South Asian (Indian) center: ornamental

I Rhododendron

I Ficus

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 103 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 104 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: main food

I Wheat (partly)

I Lentils

I Barley

I Oats

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 105 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: sugars and oils

I Sugar beet

I Olive

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 106 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: fruits and vegetables

I Grapes

I Pomegranate

I Walnut

I Cabbage

I Pear

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 107 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: spices and drinks

I Coriander

I Cumin

I Dill

I Bay leaf

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 108 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: technical

I Alfalfa

I Flax

I Clover

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 109 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: medicinal

I Chamomile

I Senna

I Deadly nightshade

I Autumn crocus

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 110 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins West Asian center: ornamental

I Rose

I Tulip

I Carnation

I Lilac

I Primrose

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 111 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 112 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: main food

I Sorghum

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 113 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: fruits and vegetables

I Watermelon

I Date palm

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 114 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: sugars and oils

I Castor

I Oil palm

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 115 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: spices and drinks

I Coffee

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 116 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: technical

I Gourd

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 117 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: medicinal

I Aloe

I Madagascar periwinkle

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 118 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins African (Ethiopian) center: ornamental

I Geranium

I Gerbera

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 119 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 120 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: main food

I Corn

I Beans

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 121 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: fruits and vegetables

I Avocado

I Squash

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 122 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: sugars and oils

I Sunflower

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 123 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: spices and drinks

I Red pepper

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 124 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: technical

I Cochineal

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 125 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: medicinal

I Quassia

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 126 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Central American (Mexican) center: ornamental

I Marigold

I Cacti

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 127 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 128 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: main food

I Potato

I Sweet potato

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 129 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: fruits and vegetables

I Pineapple

I Tomato

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 130 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: sugars and oils

I Peanut

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 131 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: spices and drinks

I Cocoa

I Vanilla

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 132 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: technical

I Para rubber tree

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 133 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: medicinal

I Quina

I Ipecac

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 134 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins South American (Andean) center: ornamental

I Canna

I Bromeliads

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 135 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Really short anonymous voluntary survey

1. What do you like most in ethnobotany course? 2. What do you dislike most in ethnobotany course? 3. Which lab do you remember most of all? 4. Please grade (1—bad, 5—excellent): 1 Lectures 2 Labs 3 Exams

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 136 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins Summary

I Main groups of harmful plants: prickly, stinging, poisonous, parasitic, weed/invasive

I Main groups of technical plants: forage, wood, fiber, dye, latex, incense

I Main groups of ornamental plants: indoor, cut, outdoor annuals and perennials, landscape woody

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 137 / 138 The most important cultivated plants and their centers of origins For Further Reading

A. Shipunov. Ethnobotany [Electronic resource]. 2011—onwards. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

Heinrich et al. 2012. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lectures 38 and 39 May 6 and 8, 2015 138 / 138