Tomioka Silk Mill (Japan)

Technical Evaluation Mission An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the Tomioka Silk Mill property from 24 to 26 September 2013. (Japan) Additional information requested and received No 1449 from the State Party ICOMOS sent a letter to the State Party on 27 September 2013 requesting additional information with regard to: Official name as proposed by the State Party Expanding the comparative study of the property with Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites French and Italian sites involved in the production of raw silk; Location The possibility of reinstating disappeared sections of Cities of Tomioka (site S1), Isesaki (S2), Fujioka (S3) and the sites using virtual recreation techniques; the Shimonita Municipality (S4) The human resources for the sites’ management; Gunma Prefecture The operation of the property’s Coordination Japan Committee. Brief description The State Party sent additional documentation on 28 The Tomioka silk mill dates back to the early Meiji period. October 2013 which is taken into account in the present With its related sites consisting of silkworm farms, a evaluation. school and a cold storage facility (for silkworm eggs), it illustrates Japan’s desire, a traditional producer of silk in Date of ICOMOS approval of this report the Far East, to rapidly adopt the best mass production 6 March 2014 techniques. The government imported machinery and industrial expertise from France in order to create an integrated raw silk production system in Gunma 2 The property Prefecture. It included the production of eggs and their storage, silk worm farming in sericulture schools and the Description construction of a large mill for reeling and mechanised The historic sericulture and silk mill complex nominated for spinning. In turn, the Tomioka model complex and its inscription on the World Heritage List is located in the related sites were a decisive element in the renewal of south of Gunma Prefecture, a region lying to the northwest sericulture and the Japanese silk industry in the last of Tokyo with alternating inland plains and mountainous quarter of the 19th century, and a key element of the terrain. The property includes four distinct sites that attest country’s entry into the modern industrialised world. to the different stages in the production of raw silk: production of cocoons in an experimental farm (S2), a cold Category of property storage facility (eggs of the silkworm bombyx mori) (S4), In terms of categories of cultural property set out in reeling of cocoons and spinning of the raw silk in a mill Article I of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a (S1), as well as a sericulture school for the dissemination serial nomination of four sites. of sericultural knowledge (S3). Part 1 (S1): The Tomioka raw silk mill 1 Identification The Tomioka site is a large-scale industrial complex established in 1872 by the Japanese government with the Included in the Tentative List contractual assistance of French companies and 30 January 2007 technicians from the Lyon region, at the time the leading centre for the industrialised production of silk yarn and silk International Assistance from the World Heritage mills in the West. It is located on the banks of the Kabura Fund for preparing the Nomination River. The mill is arranged around three large original None buildings forming a squared U-shape open to the north. It reflects an architectural stylistic synthesis between the Date received by the World Heritage Centre Western French traditions in the construction of factories, 31 January 2013 and traditional Japanese materials and styles. It gives substance to numerous technical and architectural Background innovations in Japan, as well as being the first appearance This is a new nomination. in the country of the large functional and mechanised factory for the mass production of textiles. Consultations ICOMOS consulted the TICCIH and several independent To the south, the large building for cocoon reeling and raw experts. yarn production forms the heart of the factory. Measuring 140 metres long and 12.3 metres wide, it is orientated in 141 order to present the maximum amount of glazed façade to Part 2 (S2): The Tajima Yahei sericulture farm the natural sunlight. The openings are wide and their It is located near the Tone River, around 30 kilometres forms have been retained, following a restoration of the east of the mill (S1), in the locality called Shimamura. The windows. The building has a wooden frame and the infill soil was not very suitable for growing rice but tolerated walls are in red brick. The timber roof frame is of mulberry plants well, whose leaves were harvested to European type, with a rigid structure, which was an feed the silk worm larvae. It bears the name of the innovation in Japan. The roof covering includes a raised agronomist who developed a new sericulture breeding ridge to allow for the natural ventilation of the building, method here known as seiryo-iku. It was a prototype farm, which was a steam-filled place. The tanks, and the cocoon a place of experimentation and a school. The farm was reeling machines and those which spun the raw silk yarn also actively engaged in the production and sale of are still in place. The original machines were imported silkworm eggs. from France. The technical annexes are functionally arranged around this building, notably the six steam The main building dates from 1863. Its architecture is generating boilers, five for boiling cocoons and one to characterised by two levels and a pitched roof with a provide the motive power. These buildings are raised ridge and large windows to create good natural constructed in timber or brick. ventilation. It is 28 metres long by 12 metres wide. It is a new functional type of architecture in Japanese To the east, a long building (104 m) was designated for sericulture. An annexe or “microscope room” served as a storing and drying the cocoons, before they were reeled in laboratory to monitor the health of the eggs and larvae. the central building. Its built structure is of the same type, This building has undergone several alterations, mainly with numerous openings on three levels. The roof the disappearance of the entrance pediment. structure has a row of central pillars. To the west, a symmetrical building with the same proportions and The farm site also has a large barn for storing the technical functions sits opposite. It has an external mulberry leaves, an egg storage building, another for covered gallery. larvae hatching, a roofed well, a tool shelter, a torii (Shinto shrine gateway), and a monument commemorating a visit The original layout also included, outside this central U, by the Empress Teimei. Various remains of foundations various buildings for the staff, in particular the residence are located within the perimeter of the farm: another for the French instructors, an inspector’s house and the sericulture building extending from the existing building, residence of the director, Paul Brunat, set somewhat apart another barn, and a hangar. in the southeast. Colonial in style, this vast residence has a wide wrap-around veranda. It was subsequently Part 3 (S3): The Takayama-sha sericulture school converted into a dormitory and a school. It is located around 12 kilometres southeast of the mill In addition to the original buildings still present, various (S1), near the city of Fujioka, on a river terrace at the foot remains of structures illustrate this initial period of the mill: of a wooded hill. Sericulture in this small valley dates from the base of the boiler plant chimney, the position of the six the Edo period (17th to the 19th centuries). A new farm was wells supplying water for the boilers, a large sheet metal developed here at the start of the Meiji era (1875), tank on its foundations and a large masonry drain to encouraged by the setting up of the large Tomioka mill. collect the mill wastewater and channel it to the river. The school was started by the agronomist Chogoro Takayama in 1884, to teach the seion-iku sericulture At the very end of the 19th century, when the mill passed method. from the State into the hands of a private entrepreneur, several extensions were made: an additional workshop for The farm’s original building was extended with a two-level raw silk reeling and hank storage, a second women’s construction to the east (1891), measuring 17 metres long. dormitory and four residences in the north. Its ground floor was used as a dwelling and the upper storey for silk worm breeding. Raised roof ridges provided However, various original buildings have not survived or ventilation. Originally, these buildings were entirely have been demolished to make way for other facilities, in constructed in wood. Today, the roofs are tiled. The particular: the women’s dormitories, a cocoon drying silkworm raising boxes and their shelves are still in place. hangar, and the boiler buildings and reservoir in the east. Other old buildings (prior to 1908) have also disappeared, Near the main building, there is a covered gate, a small in particular the egg production laboratory and a large bathhouse and a kitchen. The foundations of other tank. The laboratory is now an archaeological site and its buildings, today disappeared, are discernable: a school, foundations have been unearthed. mulberry leaf barn, and a sericulture building. The location of the mulberry tree field has also been preserved. In the course of the 20th century through to the end of the mill’s operation in 1987, many small additional buildings Part 4 (S4): Arafune cold storage site were added as required, most of which have been This is an archaeological site of egg storage cellars, at an preserved.

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