RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ethnobiology and Conservation 2017, 6:1 (18 February 2017) doi:10.15451/ec2017­02­6.1­1­43 ISSN 2238­4782 ethnobioconservation.com Plant species and products of the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy in the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Julio Alberto Hurrell1* and Jeremías P. Puentes1

ABSTRACT

This paper is focused in medicinal plant species belonging to the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy whose products are commercialized in the pluricultural context of the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Chinese immigrants segment, like other recent immigrants groups in the study area, introduce their own plant products into the local urban scenario. In this framework, not only enter the new products but also their knowledge and beliefs associated, that become part of the mosaic of the knowledge in the local pluricultural system. Thus, the urban botanical knowledge constitutes a complex that includes the knowledge linked to the origin traditions of the immigrants segments, and the nontraditional one: the knowledge taught and learned, and the transmitted by the media, including scientific knowledge. The plant products incorporated by Chinese immigrants to their own restricted commercial circuit (linked to their traditions) are invisible for the majority of the local inhabitants. However, some of these products enter the general commercial circuit (nontraditional) and become visible for all local population. This visualization of the plant products implies the transmission of its associated knowledge, a process enhanced by the mass media, mainly the Internet. The results are interpreted within this theoretical framework. Also, the main features of the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy are summarized, due to its differences with our Western medicine. For the species considered the scientific names, botanical families, distribution, Chinese name and Latin denomination of the plant products, and the reference samples are indicated. For each species are included a list of its uses linked to traditions, and a revision work of the biological activity and effects evaluated (the validation context in terms of Western science). In the context of Urban Ethnobotany, the presence alone of invisible species is a significant issue because increases the local biocultural diversity (of useful plants, products, and its associated knowledge). Likewise, the species that become visible make evident the dynamics of changes in their visualization process, an adaptive phenomenon that allow the understanding of the local biocultural system complexity.

Keywords: Urban Ethnobotany – Urban Pluriculturality – Botanical knowledge complexity – Traditional Chinese Medicine, Buenos Aires city

1 ­ Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 64 nro. 3, 1900­La Plata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), República Argentina

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION the local cultural heterogeneity, i.e. the base of its complexity. This contribution presents the results of This contribution is framed in a research an ethnobotanical survey on plants of line on Urban Ethnobotany of the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy introduced Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica by Chinese immigrants in the pluricultural Aplicada (LEBA), developed for more than a context of the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos decade in the Área Metropolitana Buenos Aires, Argentina, and its traditional and Aires­La Plata (Hurrell and Pochettino 2014). biomedical uses. Ethnobotany is understood This framework argues that the UBK is not here in a broad sense, as the study of the accessible in a direct way, but can be complexity of the relationships between extrapolated from the actions that this people and plants (Albuquerque and Hurrell knowledge orients, e.g. strategies of 2010). In this framework, Urban Ethnobotany selection, use, and consume of plants or its can be defined as the Ethnobotany of the products. At the same time, these actions pluricultural contexts that constitute the become evident through the circulation of urban areas (Hurrell 2014a). Urban plant products inside the local commercial pluriculturality (heterogeneity) is enriched by circuits. This methodological proposal the increasing presence of diverse involves evaluate: 1) the diffusion of plant immigrants segments (immigration both products, 2) the action strategies that allow longstanding and recent) which introduce the such dissemination, 3) the UBK that guides plants and its associated knowledge into the the whole process (Hurrell 2014a). These local scenario. theoretical premises are consistent with the The Botanical Knowledge (BK) distinction established by Ladio and constitutes a complex set of knowledge and Albuquerque for Urban Ethnobiology, beliefs about the plant environment between “tangible” components, i.e. the elements: plants, parts thereof, derivative biological resources (in our context, products. In urban areas, BK includes (at circulating plant products) and “intangible” least) two subsets that interact in different components: values, norms, and rules ways (does not always clear): 1) prevailing in each particular worldview, which “nontraditional”, e.g. the knowledge that are we identify with the local UBK (Ladio and taught and learned, and the transmitted by Albuquerque 2014, 2016). the media, including the scientific one, 2) Plant products circulating inside the “linked to traditions”, e.g. local longstanding general commercial circuit are “visible” to all family traditions, and origin traditions of the urban inhabitants (including the different immigrants segments (Hurrell and immigrants segments). Plant products Pochettino 2014; Hurrell et al. 2015a, 2015b; circulating inside restricted commercial Hurrell 2014a). The latter subset cannot be circuit of each immigrants segment are considered as Traditional Botanical visible to the members of that particular Knowledge (TBK), in a narrow sense, segment and some urban inhabitants because the TBK mainly corresponds to (nonimmigrants and immigrants from other more homogeneous cultural contexts. Also, segments) interested in specific plant to assume that all the urban BK (UBK) is a products. However, in general terms, the nontraditional knowledge would be fall into a products that are exclusive of the reductionism, because we would be hiding commercial circuit of a particular immigrants

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segment are “invisible” for the majority of the Traditional Indian Medicine, remain the most inhabitants of the local pluricultural context. ancient yet living traditions from the East At times, some invisible plant products (Patwardhan et al. 2005). Both traditions (tangible components) and its knowledge have been spread in the West, though its linked to traditions (intangible components) principles are complex and not always well become visible when entering the general understood. The main treatment modality of commercial circuit (nontraditional scenario). the TCM is the Traditional Chinese Herbal In these situations, a “visualization process” Medicine or Traditional Chinese occurs: invisible plant products gain visibility Phytotherapy (TCP) that is based on herbal (examples of plant species illustrating this products from different plant species, and process are presented in Results and mainly its combinations. It is founded on Discussion). This is a process enhanced by clinical practices within an integrative the mass media, especially the Internet that approach: “Therapy is based on plays a key role in the knowledge understanding relations between part and transmission in a rapid way and in multiple whole, distinguishing symptom and directions at the same time (Hurrell 2014a). appearance from true cause, and treating The visualization process implies a each individual case as unique” (Wu 2005). contextual change, in which the knowledge Chinese herbal theory assumes that the linked to the immigrants' traditions becomes body is traversed by the vital energy, called a nontraditional knowledge. In this sense, Qi (or Chi), which regulates the physical, the distinction between traditional and mental, emotional and spiritual balance. This nontraditional components is “complex and energy is affected by the opposing forces of often transient”, as had been suggested by Yin and Yang (universal dual principle), and Ladio and Albuquerque (2016). the disease arises from altering the vital This paper focuses on the segment of energy flow, when an imbalance of Yin­Yang Chinese immigrants. In the first half of the occurs. The Qi circulates through the body twentieth century the Chinese immigration by specific channels named “meridians”, that was low and settled in the Buenos Aires connecting different organs. The Chinese Metropolitan Area, but since the late organ system or Zang­fu is based more on twentieth century, Chinese immigrants organs functions than in their anatomy, e.g., outnumbered other groups of Asian the heart meridian is linked with their specific immigrants, such as the Japanese and functions and also conditions like anxiety Koreans, who previously dominated. In and/or restlessness. The meridians related Argentina, Chinese segment comprising to organs include: heart, lung, spleen, about 120,000 immigrants. It is the fourth gallbladder, liver, kidney, bladder, stomach, largest group of recent immigrants after small intestine, large intestine. Herbal those from Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru remedies can be characterized by those (Bogado­Bordazar 2003; Cerrutti 2009; meridians, and also by its properties: Hurrell and Pochettino 2014; Marcos and “temperature” and “flavor”. Temperature Mera 2015; Sassone and Mera 2007). includes: hot, warm, neutral, cool, and cold, The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) e.g., “hot and warm herbs” can be useful to includes a set of therapeutic practices treat “cool or cold diseases”, and vice versa. produced from experiences for more than Flavor includes: acrid, bitter, sweet, sour, three millennia. TCM and the Ayurveda, the and salty, it is said that bitter herbs are used

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to drain (e.g. purges the bowels) and dry the second half of the twentieth century, a (e.g. in cases as leukorrhea or diarrhea), new kind of recent immigration occurred, not while the sweet herbs nourish and tonify, massive, mainly from neighboring countries, e.g., the Qi (Adams and Lien 2013; Leung et whose destiny focused in Buenos Aires al. 2003; Wu 2005; Xutian et al. 2014; Zhu Metropolitan Area. Another recent 1998). immigration in the area corresponds to Far Eastern countries such as Korea, Japan, MATERIAL AND METHODS and China. Asian immigration in 2001 represented almost 2% of all foreigners in Study area the country, meager value compared to 67.96% coming from American countries and The study area corresponds to the 28.22% from European countries (Bogado­ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, federal Bordazar 2003; Cerrutti 2009; Hurrell and capital of Argentina. It has 202 km2 and Pochettino 2014; Marcos and Mera 2015; 2,890,000 inhabitants, according to the Sassone and Mera 2007). In this context, the National Census 2010 (INDEC 2016); the research line of the LEBA works with three population density is about 14,300 segments of recent immigrants taken as inhabitants / km2. This city and 24 reference: Bolivian, Paraguayan, and surrounding districts of Buenos Aires Chinese. For the Bolivian segment, partial province constitute the Buenos Aires results have been presented previously, in Metropolitan Area, with 2081 km2 and about which different plant products in visualization 15,000,000 inhabitants (as of 2014). The process were identified (Pochettino et al. population density is about 7200 inhabitants 2012; Puentes and Hurrell 2015). For the / km2. This metropolitan area is the largest in Paraguayan segment a preliminary work the country in both size and population, the were recently presented (Hurrell et al. 2016). second in South America (after the This time results of ongoing studies for the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil), the Chinese immigrants segment are presented. third in Latin America (after São Paulo and These results are circumscribed to medicinal Mexico DF.), the fifth of America and the products belonging to 32 plant species of the seventeenth in the world (Forstall et al. Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy. In 2009; Hurrell and Pochettino 2014). previous scientific meetings 12 species (Hurrell 2014b) and 10 species (Hurrell and Actors involved Puentes 2015) were cited. For this paper, the information about the above mentioned Argentina has received massive 22 species is updated, and 10 new species waves of immigration from the mid­ are added. nineteenth century and first half of the Of the total of Chinese immigrants in twentieth century. Most of these immigrants Argentina, it is estimated that 80% live in were of European origin: 44.9% Italian and Buenos Aires city. The most visible presence 31.5% Spaniards on the total of immigrants of this segment is located in a sector of registered until 1940. These migration flows Belgrano neighborhood, called “Barrio have helped to shape the country’s cultural Chino”, where restaurants, supermarkets heritage, and many current “family traditions” and shops were installed, and various have their roots in that early immigration. In cultural events related to Chinese festivities

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are organized. These characteristics interviewed, most of them sellers of both replicate the profile of Chinatowns in other sexes and various ages who demonstrated large metropolitan areas of the world, like know the properties of the products that sell, San Francisco, Paris, Sydney, and Toronto, and that guide consumers on their forms of among the main (Sassone and Mera 2007). employment. In all cases, reference samples The supermarkets in the Barrio Chino offer were obtained by the authors and deposited products that satisfy the demands of the in the ethnobotanical collections of the community itself, other communities LEBA. Each sample was identified with an (Japanese, Korean, Arabic), and local alphanumeric code. All the Chinese plant residents looking for new specific products. It products correspond to packaged dry is estimated that the Barrio Chino receives materials, sometimes fragmented or about 15,000 visitors every weekend. For powdered, corresponding to aerial parts: the Chinese segment it embodies a space stems, leaves, barks, flowers, for local tourism: restaurants offering inflorescences, fruits, and seeds, and Chinese foods oriented to “Argentine taste”. underground organs such as rhizomes, Paradoxically, restaurants that offer dishes bulbs, and roots. The species were identified preferred by the Chinese immigrants are not based on the external morphological located inside the Barrio Chino (Bogado­ characters of the samples. The products Bordazar 2003). Nevertheless, mentioned acquired in the dietéticas include herbal supermarkets introduce a wide variety of materials and also capsules containing novel plant products and constitute true extracts of the species that are listed in the centers for dissemination of products (and its official labels. Descriptive and distributional associated botanical knowledge) for local data of the species were obtained from Flora residents. The plant products that sell these of China (Wu et al. 1995­2013). For the supermarkets become visible when enter the correct scientific names, The Plant List general commercial circuit. database (2013) was consulted. Uses linked to Chinese tradition Field works corresponding to plant products sold in the supermarkets were defined based on data The ethnobotanical survey was coming from: 1) interviews, 2) the products focused on five large supermarkets of Barrio labels, 3) information available on the Chino, to analyze the restricted commercial Internet. Then, all data were checked with circuit of Chinese immigrants (linked to their the general available literature (Adams and origin traditions), and 120 health food stores Lien 2013; Chang et al. 2001; Foster and (locally called dietéticas) of the general Yue 1992; Hempen and Fischer 2009; Leung commercial circuit, in order to evaluate the et al. 2003; Li and Wei 2002; Liu et al. visibility of plant species and products in the 2015c; Tang and Eisenbrand 2013; Wu urban local scenario. The surveys followed 2005; Yang 2013; Zhu 1998). Data from all usual qualitative methods and techniques: these sources are mostly coincident. It is participant observation, free listings, semi­ noteworthy that the Internet constitutes a structured and free interviews (Albuquerque relevant source of information for the urban et al. 2014; Etkin and Ticktin 2010; Quinlan scenario. First, because the web constitutes 2005; Stepp 2005). With the prior informed an enhancer agent of the spread of consent, 250 qualified informants were knowledge, as was indicated above. Thus,

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the Internet information orients the strategies commercial circuit, i.e., are visible species. of selection and consume for many urban The medicinal products of these species residents interested in obtaining new include herbal materials but, mainly, dietary medicinal plant products. Second, the supplements (capsules, tablets). Curiously, Internet can act as point of direct sale for these products are usually not marketed in some consumers. Although not has been the Barrio Chino, probably because its broad considered in this sense for this study, distribution in local urban area implies that informal searches have allowed us to find can be acquired anywhere. the direct sale of fruits of Lycium barbarum L., locally known as “goji” (see below) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION through some web pages. The role of the Internet within the field of Urban The Table 1 summarizes the results Ethnobotany is evidently complex and obtained for the 32 species treated, requires deeper reflections. including:

Review work 1) the scientific names, botanical family, distribution, Chinese name and Latin This contribution is complemented by a denomination of the products, reference review of the literature about biological samples (alphanumeric code between activity and effects evaluated for each brackets) species considered. This kind of revision was also performed in previous works 2) uses linked to traditions (flavor, (Arenas et al. 2015; Hurrell et al. 2016, temperature, and meridians that refer to the 2015a, 2015b; Puentes and Hurrell 2015), TCP are indicated in italic) and it is pertinent because two main reasons: 1) It is useful information to know 3) biological activity and effects evaluated what uses have academic support, and/or (bibliographical sources between what uses require more validation studies, 2) parenthesis). Products belonging to the The uses assigned by people can proceed general commercial circuit are indicated with from the scientific knowledge diffused in the an asterisk. media, like Internet. This is a relevant aspect for plant products that access to the general commercial circuit. For the literature review various websites, especially the PubMed database (2016), were consulted.

Species excluded

Some plant species belonging to the TCP, like Ginkgo biloba L., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, have not been included in this contribution because they are widely disseminated through various products in the local general

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Table 1. Plant species and products of the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy (TCP) commercialized in the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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According to the results, 32 species of the galanga, Leonurus japonicus, Lilium brownii, Lycium TCP are marketed in the Barrio Chino barbarum, Nelumbo nucifera, Ophiopogon japonicus, supermarkets. Only for Nelumbo nucifera two and Schisandra chinensis (18 species). The distinct therapeutic products are concept of "adaptogenic" has different discriminated: seeds and plumules; however, meanings according to different authors; its uses linked to traditions and the biological here it is used in its more restricted sense of activity overlap considerably, so these anti­fatigue or anti­stress, easier to compare products were treated together. It is with the traditional uses (Hurrell et al. 2013, noteworthy that only three species are 2015a). The species used to treat sexual exclusively medicinal (Leonurus japonicus, dysfunctions and genital sickness are: Ligusticum striatus, and Prunella vulgaris), while Angelica sinensis, Astragalus mongholicus, the remaining 29 are also used for food, as Cinnamomum cassia, Codonopsis pilosula, vegetables, condiments, and sweeteners Eleutherococcus senticosus, Eucommia ulmoides, (Facciola 2001). In this regard, these Fallopia multiflora, Gastrodia elata, Glycyrrhiza species could be considered functional uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, Ligusticum striatum, foods, i.e., foods that are consumed in the Nelumbo nucifera, Paeonia lactiflora, Rehmannia daily diet, and are a source of nutrients and glutinosa, Schisandra chinensis and Ziziphus jujuba important benefits to maintain health or (16 species). The species used for the reduce the risk of disease (Ferreira­Montero respiratory system illnesses are: and Luengo­Fernández 2007; Hardy 2000). Chrysanthemum morifolium, Codonopsis pilosula, From the viewpoint of the medicinal uses, Dioscorea oppositifolia, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Glehnia of the total 32 species only eight (25 %) are littoralis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, considered within the denominated “50 Kaempferia galanga, Lilium brownii, Lonicera japonica, fundamentals herbs” (Wong 1976) of the Lycium barbarum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Scaphium TCP: Astragalus mongholicus, Cinnamomum cassia, affine, Schisandra chinensis, and Siraitia grosvenorii Eucommia ulmoides, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Leonurus (15 species). The species mostly used to japonicus, Ligusticum striatum, Rehmannia glutinosa, treat the digestive system disorders are: and Schisandra chinensis. Also, 12 of the 32 Amomum tsaoko, Atractylodes lancea, treated species (37.5 %) are likewise used in Cinnamomum cassia, Codonopsis pilosula, Coix Ayurveda medicine: Chrysanthemum morifolium, lacryma­jobi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Kaempferia Cinnamomum cassia, Coix lacryma­jobi, Dioscorea galanga, Lonicera japonica, Nelumbo nucifera, oppositifolia, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Gastrodia elata, Ophiopogon japonicus, Paeonia lactiflora, Prunella Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, Kaempferia vulgaris, Rehmannia glutinosa, Schisandra chinensis, galangal, Ligusticum striatus, Nelumbo nucifera, and and Ziziphus jujuba (15 species). For Prunella vulgaris (Khalsa and Tierra 2008; dermatological affections the species mostly Khare 2008, 2011; Pole 2012). used are: Astragalus mongholicus, Chrysanthemum The species used as anti­fatigue, anti­ morifolium, Cinnamomum cassia, Fallopia multiflora, stress (adaptogenic), anti­aging, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Houttuynia neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancer are: cordata, Kaempferia galanga, Leonurus japonicus, Angelica sinensis, Astragalus mongholicus, Lonicera japonica, Lycium barbarum, Prunella Atractylodes lancea, Codonopsis pilosula, Coix vulgaris, and Siraitia grosvenorii (13 species). lacryma­jobi, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Eucommia The species used for the circulatory system ulmoides, Fallopia multiflora, Gastrodia elata, disorders are: Angelica sinensis, Astragalus Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, Kaempferia mongholicus, Cinnamomum cassia, Fritillaria cirrhosa,

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Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Leonurus japonicus, Ligusticum mass media do focus on this kind of striatum, Lycium barbarum, Nelumbo nucifera, conditions linked to the big cities lifestyle, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Ziziphus jujuba (11 and spread the scientific knowledge about species). For osteo­arthro­muscular system the ailments, the plants that allow cure them, affections the species used are: Angelica and the plant products accessible for the sinensis, Atractylodes lancea, Coix lacryma­jobi, urban inhabitants. This complex dynamics in Eleutherococcus senticosus, Eucommia ulmoides, the transmission of botanical knowledge Gastrodia elata, Glehnia littoralis, Houttuynia cordata, through their products in the urban scenario Ligusticum striatum, and Scaphium affine (10 is reflected in many selling arguments, e.g. species). The species used for the urinary "plant products of a millenary tradition system disorders are: Chrysanthemum (Chinese) with scientifically studied effects". morifolium, Cinnamomum cassia, Dioscorea The consumer finds on these arguments two oppositifolia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Houttuynia good reasons to select those products: cordata, Leonurus japonicus, Nelumbo nucifera, tradition and science. The strategies Rehmannia glutinosa, Schisandra chinensis (9 selection operating on the information species). transmitted by the media are significant The comparison between the columns of instances of the visualization process. "Uses linked to traditions" and "Biological Heretofore, the visualization of Chinese activity and effects evaluated" shows that plant products involves five species, about mostly uses indicated in the first column 15.6 % of the total of surveyed species for have correlative studies listed in the second. the study area: Astragalus mongholicus, Thus, it is possible to assert that the vast Chrysanthemum morifolium, Eleutherococcus majority of uses awarded to the treated senticosus, Lycium barbarum, and Schisandra species have validation studies for the chinensis. The other 27 treated species (84.4 context of Western science. In the same %) still remain invisible to most of the local way, it becomes evident that many effects urban population. For the five visible evaluated exceed the list of uses linked to species, the products that are sold in the traditions. These effects generally include: Barrio Chino are also sold in the general anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory commercial circuit. C. morifolium has only been or immuno­enhancer, anti­HIV, found in one health food store of the general cardioprotective, anti­hypertensive, anti­ commercial circuit, so its visibility is scarce. atherosclerotic, hypocholesterolemic, anti­ By contrast, L. barbarum has been found in hyperlipidemic, anti­obesity (slimming), various outlets, and has wide diffusion in the antidiabetic, neuroprotective (Alzheimer, Internet due to its many effects Parkinson), cognitive enhancer (memory and (adaptogenic, antioxidant, cognitive learning), anti­insomnia, anxiolytic, enhancer, hypocholesterolemic, anti­ antidepressant, adaptogenic (anti­fatigue), atherosclerotic, sexual enhancer, anticancer, and sexual enhancer (libido, frigidity, erectile and antidiabetic, among others), so it is dysfunction, and premature ejaculation). It is considered that its visibility is very wide. A. self­evident that these effects are evaluated mongholicus, E. senticosus, and S. chinensis are because they respond to needs that are also represented in the general commercial characteristic of health in the context of our circuit through dietary supplements. These Western societies, particularly, in our are capsules containing extracts of different extensive metropolitan areas. In correlation, species marketed specifically to treat the

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erectile dysfunction, widely disseminated products and species inventory, and its through the media. In addition to its associated knowledge, as well as the novel dissemination as a male sexual enhancer, approach of applied methodology, these three species are usually valued by constitutes an effort to provide adequate the same mentioned effects for L. barbarum. explanations for the complexity of the The results obtained constitute the first inherent phenomena in Urban Ethnobotany. inventory of species of medicinal plants Nevertheless, the results obtained and the introduced by Chinese immigrants in the discussion about them should not be study area. The inventory itself is a considered a finished work but the current contribution of this work to the composition state of a dynamic process characteristic of of the local botanical knowledge, through the pluricultural contexts. plant products that commercialize this immigrants segment. It should be highlighted CONCLUSIONS that this is the first time that an ethnobotanical work of this nature is carried From the above discussion it is clear that out on Chinese immigrants in our country. most of the TCP products surveyed in the Although this contribution is limited to the Barrio Chino of Buenos Aires city still remain TCP plants, it is an important incentive for invisible to most of the local population, but future works on other useful plants its presence alone is significant because it (especially food plants) introduced by the increases the local diversity of useful plants, Chinese immigrants in the Buenos Aires its products, and its associated knowledge. Metropolitan Area. In sum, plant products that were entered In addition, the distinction between through the Chinese immigrants segment invisible and visible plant products for the into the local pluricultural context increase majority of local urban inhabitants their biocultural diversity, i.e., the diversity of constitutes not only a conceptual distinction life, both in its biological dimension (species, but also a methodological tool to address the plant products) and its cultural dimension study of the visualization process of invisible (knowledge, beliefs, language, behaviors). In plant species that become visible: for the this framework, the biological and cultural case of this contribution, 5 of 32 species dimensions are not separate: do not go on surveyed. This is an original methodological parallel tracks, on the contrary, these tool developed in the research line on Urban dimensions interact in complex ways and co­ Ethnobotany of the Laboratorio de evolve (Maffi 2001, 2005). Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA) The visualization process, that involves that allows evaluate the dynamics of the the passage of plant products from the local botanical knowledge in relation to the restricted circuit of immigrants to the general circulation of the plant products in the local commercial circuit, is not only a mercantile commercial circuits. Also, this movement but a communication process. It methodological strategy has been is necessary to remember that not only satisfactorily tested in different contributions circulate the plant products (tangible or of the mentioned research line for the study material component), together with these area (i.e. Puentes and Hurrell 2015; products circulate its associated knowledge Pochettino et al. 2012, for the segment of (intangible component), i.e., the products Bolivian immigrants). The value of the plant work as messages (information source). In

20 Hurrell and Puentes 2017. Plant species and products of the Traditional Chinese Phytotherapy in the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Ethnobio Conserv 6:1 this context, from the circulation of the plant ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS products emerges the information (for that matter, the botanical knowledge), enhanced The authors thank Dr. María Lelia by the mass media. In turn, that knowledge Pochettino, Dr. Patricia M. Arenas, and the orients selective strategies of action about members of the Laboratorio de Etnobotánica the plant products to consume. The entry of y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA), for their new plant products and its associated continued collaboration, and the anonymous knowledge orients new strategies for reviewers for their enriching comments. This consumption by local people that affect, to a research line is carried out with financial greater or lesser extent, the whole botanical support of the Universidad Nacional de La knowledge of the local pluricultural system. Plata and the Consejo Nacional de In terms of processes, new knowledge (new Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas information) orients new strategies of action (CONICET), Argentina. that act retroactively on the system of the local botanical knowledge, that is modified and adjusted to the new situations: it adapts, it evolves. In this way, plant products entering by the Chinese immigrants segment remain invisible and increase the biocultural diversity of the local pluricultural system, as noted above, or become visible and change the complex local system of knowledge and strategies of action, making possible its evolution. The plants of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Buenos Aires city reveal the intrinsic complexity of the local botanical knowledge, especially by the contrast between Eastern traditions and the Western lifestyle of our large cities. However, visible Chinese species indicate that its incorporation to the local pluricultural mosaic is possible. The challenge ahead is to observe the becoming of Chinese plants that still remain invisible, and its role in the dynamic of changes of the local biocultural system.

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Techniques in Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology. roots of Gastrodia elata Bl. International Springer New York, New York, USA, pp. 293–309 Immunopharmacology 10:147–154 Hurrell JA, Pochettino ML, Puentes JP, Arenas Jeon S, Lee C­H, Liu QF, Kim GW, Koo B­S, Pak PM (2013) Del marco tradicional al escenario SC (2014) Alteration in brain­derived urbano: Plantas ancestrales devenidas neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after treatment of suplementos dietéticos en la conurbación mice with herbal mixture containing Euphoria Buenos Aires­La Plata, Argentina. Boletín longana, Houttuynia cordata and Dioscorea Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas japonica. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicinales y Aromáticas 12:499–515 Sciences 22:77 Hurrell JA, Puentes JP (2013) Medicinal and Jeon WK, Kim YE, Park SO, Kwon DY, Ahn SW, aromatic species of Asteraceae Lee JH, Ji MS, Ko BS (2008) The modified commercialized in the conurbation Buenos Je–Ho–Tang, Korean herbal medicine, inhibits Aires­La Plata (Argentina). Ethnobiology and whole–blood aggregation and platelet Conservation 2:7 adhesion to collagen under flow. Thrombosis Hurrell JA, Puentes JP (2015) Nuevos registros Research 122:804–809 de productos de la Fitoterapia Tradicional Jeong EJ, Jegal J, Ahn J, Kim J, Yang MH (2016) China comercializados en la ciudad de Anti­obesity Effect of Dioscorea oppositifolia Buenos Aires, Argentina. Boletín de la Extract in High­Fat Diet­Induced Obese Mice Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 50 (Supl):150. and Its Chemical Characterization. Biological & Hurrell JA, Puentes JP, Arenas PM (2015b) Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39:409–414 Medicinal plants with cholesterol­lowering Ji S, Li Z, Song W, Wang Y, Liang W, Li K, Tang effect marketed in the Buenos Aires­La Plata S, Wang Q, Qiao X, Zhou D, Yu S, Ye M (2016) conurbation, Argentina: An urban Bioactive Constituents of Glycyrrhiza ethnobotany study. Ethnobiology and uralensis (Licorice): Discovery of the Conservation 4:7 Effective Components of a Traditional Herbal Hurrell JA, Puentes JP, Arenas PM (2016) Medicine. Journal of Natural Products Estudios etnobotánicos en la conurbación 79:281–292 Buenos Aires­La Plata, Argentina: productos Jia W, Gao W, Tang L (2003) Antidiabetic de plantas medicinales introducidos por herbal drugs officially approved in China. inmigrantes paraguayos. Bonplandia 25:43–52 Phytotherapy Research 17:1127–1134 Hussain T, Tan B, Liu G, Oladele OA, Rahu N, Jiang J, Li Y, Feng Z, Yang Y, Zhang P (2015) Tossou MC, Yin Y (2016) Health­Promoting Glucaric acids from Leonurus japonicus. Properties of Eucommia ulmoides : A Fitoterapia 107:85–89 Review. Evidence­Based Complementary and Jin D, Cao M, Mu X, Yang G, Xue W, Huang Y, Alternative Medicine 2016:1–9 Chen H (2015) Catalpol Inhibited the Hwang SM, Kim JS, Lee YJ, Yoon JJ, Lee SM, Proliferation of T24 Human Bladder Cancer Kang DG, Lee HS (2012) Anti­Diabetic Cells by Inducing Apoptosis Through the Atherosclerosis Effect of Prunella vulgaris in Blockade of Akt­Mediated Anti­apoptotic db/db Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. The Signaling. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics American Journal of Chinese Medicine 71:1349–1356 40:937–951 Jin J­S, Lee J­H (2012) Phytochemical and INDEC (2016) Instituto Nacional de pharmacological aspects of Siraitia Estadística y Censos. Censo 2010. grosvenorii, luo han kuo. Oriental Pharmacy [http://www.indec.gob.ar/] Accessed December and Experimental Medicine 12:233–239 20, 2016 Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K, Shang P (2013) Ishikawa T, Swga Y, Kitajima J (2001) Water­ Biological activities and potential health Soluble Constituents of Glehnia littoralis benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated Fruit. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin from Lycium barbarum L. International Journal 49:584–588 of Biological Macromolecules 54:16–23 Jang YW, Lee JY, Kim CJ (2010) Anti­asthmatic Jin M, Zhao K, Huang Q, Shang P (2014) activity of phenolic compounds from the Structural features and biological activities of

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the polysaccharides from Astragalus (2013b) Effect of Gambisan on the inhibition membranaceus. International Journal of of adipogenesis in 3T3­L1 adipocytes. Biological Macromolecules 64:257–266 Evidence­Based Complementary and Alternative Ju Y, Xue Y, Huang J, Zhai Q, Wang X (2014) Medicine 2013:1–11 Antioxidant Chinese yam polysaccharides Kato E, Inagaki Y, Kawabata J (2015a) and its pro­proliferative effect on endometrial Higenamine 4'­O­β­d­glucoside in the lotus epithelial cells. International Journal of plumule induces glucose uptake of L6 cells Biological Macromolecules 66:81–85 through β2­adrenergic receptor. Bioorganic & Jung HA, Karki S, Kim JH, Choi JS (2015) Medicinal Chemistry 23:3317–3321 BACE1 and cholinesterase inhibitory Kato S, Kato Y, Shibata H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N activities of Nelumbo nucifera embryos. (2015b) Repressive effects of oat extracts on Archives of Pharmacal Research 38:1178–1187 intracellular lipid­droplet formation in Jung Y­H, Kwon S­H, Hong S­I, Lee S­O, Kim S­ adipocytes and a three­dimensional Y, Lee S­Y, Jang C­G (2012) 5­HT1A receptor subcutaneous adipose tissue model. Materials binding in the dorsal raphe nucleus is Science and Engineering C 49:269–273 implicated in the anxiolytic­like effects of Kato T, Horie N, Matsuta T, Naoki U, Shimoyama Cinnamomum cassia. Pharmacology T, Kaneko T, Kanamoto T, Terakubo S, Biochemistry and Behavior 103:367–372 Nakashima H, Kusama K, Sakagami H (2012) Jung YB, Roh K­J, Jung J­A, Jung K, Yoo H, Cho Anti­UV/HIV activity of Kampo medicines and Y­B, Kwak W­J, Kim D­K, Kim KH, Han C­K constituent plant extracts. In Vivo (2001) Effect of SKI 306X, a New Herbal Anti­ 26:1007–1014 Arthritic Agent, in Patients with Osteoarthritis Kavandi L, Lee LR, Bokhari AA, Pirog JE, Jiang of the Knee: A Double­Blind Placebo Y, Ahmad KA, Syed V (2015) The Chinese Controlled Study. The American Journal of herbs Scutellaria baicalensis and Fritillaria Chinese Medicine 29:485–491 cirrhosa target NFκB to inhibit proliferation of Jung Koo H, Sohn E­H, Kim Y­J, Jang S­A, ovarian and endometrial cancer cells. Namkoong S, Chan Kang S (2014) Effect of the Molecular Carcinogenesis 54:368–378 combinatory mixture of Rubus coreanus Khalsa KPS, Tierra M (2008) The Way of Miquel and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge Ayurvedic Herbs. Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI, extracts on ovariectomy­induced USA. osteoporosis in mice and anti­RANK Khan S, Shehzad O, Jin H­G, Woo E­R, Kang signaling effect. Journal of Ethnopharmacology SS, Baek SW, Kim J, Kim YS (2012) Anti­ 151:951–959 inflammatory Mechanism of 15,16­Epoxy­3α­ Kaeidi A, Taati M, Hajializadeh Z, Jahandari F, hydroxylabda­8,13(16),14­trien­7­one via Rashidipour M (2015) Aqueous extract of Inhibition of LPS­Induced Multicellular Zizyphus jujuba fruit attenuates glucose Signaling Pathways. Journal of Natural induced neurotoxicity in an in vitro model of Products 75:67–71 diabetic neuropathy. Iranian Journal of Basic Khare CP (2008) Indian Medicinal Plants: An Medical Sciences 18:301–306 Illustrated Dictionary. Springer Science + Kakatum N, Jaiarree N, Makchucit S, Itharat A Business Media, LLC, Berlin, Germany (2012) Antioxidant and anti­inflammatory Khare CP (2011) Indian Herbal Remedies. activities of Thai medicinal plants in Springer, Berlin, Germany Sahasthara remedy for muscle pain treatment. Journal of the Medical Association of Kim E­C, Kim HJ, Kim T­J (2015a) Water extract Thailand 95:120–126 of Cinnamomum cassia suppresses angiogenesis through inhibition of VEGF Kang C, Lee H, Hah DY, Heo JH, Kim CH, Kim E, receptor 2 phosphorylation. Bioscience, Kim JS (2013a) Protective effects of Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 79:617–624 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. on Gentamicin­ induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity Kim ES, Weon JB, Yun B­R, Lee J, Eom MR, Oh in rats. Toxicological Research 29:61–67. K­H, Ma CJ (2014) Cognitive Enhancing and Neuroprotective Effect of the Embryo of the Kang JW, Nam DW, Kim KH, Huh JE, Lee JD Nelumbo nucifera Seed. Evidence­Based

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine Koonrungsesomboon N, Na­Bangchang K, 2014:1–9 Karbwang J (2014) Therapeutic potential and Kim HG, Jeong HU, Hong SI, Oh MS (2015b) pharmacological activities of Atractylodes Houttuyniae Herba attenuates kainic acid­ lancea (Thunb.) DC. Asian Pacific Journal of induced neurotoxicity via calcium response Tropical Medicine 7:421–428 modulation in the mouse hippocampus. Kou J, Tian Y, Tang Y, Yan J, Yu B (2006) Planta Medica 81:1697–1704. Antithrombotic Activities of Aqueous Extract Kim HJ, Seo J­Y, Suh H­J, Lim SS, Kim J­S from Radix Ophiopogon japonicus and Its (2012) Antioxidant activities of licorice­ Two Constituents. Biological & Pharmaceutical derived prenylflavonoids. Nutrition Research Bulletin 29:1267–1270 and Practice 6:491–498 Kuchta K, Ortwein J, Rauwald HW (2012) Kim S­J, Kim J­S, Choi H­S, Kim Y­M, Hong S­W, Leonurus japonicus, Leonurus cardiaca, Hum Yeon S, Kim Y, Lee S­M (2015c) HS­23, a Leonotis leonurus: A novel HPLC study on Lonicera japonica extract, reverses sepsis­ the occurrence and content of the induced immunosuppression by inhibiting pharmacologically active guanidino derivative lymphocyte apoptosis. Journal of leonurine. Die Pharmazie ­ An International Ethnopharmacology 171:231–239 Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 67:973–979 Kim SY, Koo YK, Koo JY, Ngoc TM, Kang SS, Kumar A (2014) Chemical composition of Bae K, Kim YS, Yun­Choi HS (2010) Platelet essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Anti­Aggregation Activities of Compounds Kaempferia galanga L. International Journal of from Cinnamomum cassia. Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 5:225–231 Medicinal Food 13:1069–1074 Kumar M, Prasad SK, Hemalatha S (2014a) A Knipping K, Garssen J, van’t Land B (2012) An current update on the phytopharmacological evaluation of the inhibitory effects against aspects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. rotavirus infection of edible plant extracts. Pharmacognosy Reviews 8:22–35 Virology Journal 9:137 Kumar M, Prasad SK, Krishnamurthy S, Ko HJ, Kwon OS, Jin JH, Son KH, Kim HP Hemalatha S (2014b) Antihyperglycemic (2013) Inhibition of Experimental Systemic Activity of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Inflammation (Septic Inflammation) and Streptozotocin­Induced Diabetic Rats. Chronic Bronchitis by New Phytoformula BL Advances in Pharmacological Sciences Containing Broussonetia papyrifera and 2014:1–12 Lonicera japonica. Biomolecules and Kumar T, Chaiyasut C, Rungseevijitprapa W, Therapeutics 21:66–71 Suttajit M (2011) Screening of steroid 5­ Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M, Ogihara J, Kato J, reductase inhibitory activity and total Oishi K (2000) Inhibition of HIV­1 Reverse phenolic content of Thai plants. Journal of Transcriptase by Methanol Extracts of Medicinal Plants Research 5:1265–1271 Commercial Herbs and Spices. Nippon Kurokawa M, Kumeda CA, Yamamura J, Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 47:642–645 Kamiyama T, Shiraki K (1998) Antipyretic Kong C­S, Um YR, Lee JI, Kim YA, Yea SS, Seo activity of cinnamyl derivatives and related Y (2010) Constituents isolated from Glehnia compounds in influenza virus­infected mice. littoralis suppress proliferations of human European Journal of Pharmacology 348:45–51 cancer cells and MMP expression in HT1080 Kwan C­Y, Zhang W­B, Sim S­M, Deyama T, cells. Food Chemistry 120:385–394 Nishibe S (2004) Vascular effects of Siberian Konoshima T, Takasaki M (2002) Cancer­ ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): chemopreventive effects of natural endothelium­dependent NO­ and EDHF­ sweeteners and related compounds. Pure and mediated relaxation depending on vessel Applied Chemistry 74:1309–1316 size. Naunyn­Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 369:473–480 Kook M, Lee SK, Kim SD, Lee HY, Hwang JS, Choi YW, Bae YS (2015) Anti­septic activity of Kwon G, Kim HJ, Park SJ, Lee HE, Woo H, Ahn α­cubebenoate isolated from Schisandra YJ, Gao Q, Cheong JH, Jang DS, Ryu JH (2014) chinensis. BMB Reports 48:336–341 Anxiolytic­like effect of danshensu [(3­(3,4­

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dihydroxyphenyl)­lactic acid)] in mice. Life (2016a) Anti­diabetic and anti­obesitic effects Sciences 101:73–78 of aqueous extracts of Yangkyuksanhwa­tang Ladio AH, Albuquerque UP (2016) Urban and its two major compositions on db/db Ethnobiology. In: Albuquerque UP, Alves RRN mice. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (eds) Introduction to Ethnobiology. Springer, New 83:431–438 York, USA pp. 33–38 Lee JE, Kim MH, Choi YY, Lee HJ, Yang WM Ladio AH, Albuquerque UP (2014) The concept (2016b) Regulation of osteoclastic and of hybridization and its contribution to urban osteoblastic differentiation marker ethnobiology. Ethnobiology and Conservation expressions in osteoblast­like saos­2 cells by 3:6 Eucommia ulmoides. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine 16:53–57 Lam CTW, Chan PH, Lee PSC, Lau KM, Kong AYY, Gong AGW, Xu ML, Lam KYC, Dong TTX, Lee K­H, Choi E­M (2006) Stimulatory effects Lin H, Tsim KWK (2016a) Chemical and of extract prepared from the bark of biological assessment of Jujube (Ziziphus Cinnamomum cassia blume on the function jujuba)­containing herbal decoctions: of osteoblastic MC3T3­E1 cells. Phytotherapy Induction of erythropoietin expression in Research 20:952–960 cultures. Journal of Chromatography Bioanalysis Lee K­P, Kang S, Park S­J, Kim J­M, Lee J­M, of Traditional Chinese Medicines 1026:254–262 Lee A­Y, Chung H­Y, Choi Y­W, Lee Y­G, Im D­S Lam CTW, Gong AGW, Lam KYC, Zhang LM, (2015a) Anti­allergic effect of α­cubebenoate Chen J­P, Dong TTX, Lin H­Q, Tsim KWK isolated from Schisandra chinensis using in (2016b) Jujube­containing herbal decoctions vivo and in vitro experiments. Journal of induce neuronal differentiation and the Ethnopharmacology 173:361–369 expression of anti­oxidant enzymes in Lee Y, Choi H, Seo M, Jeon H, Kim K, Lee B cultured PC12 cells. Journal of (2015b) Kaempferol suppresses lipid Ethnopharmacology 188:275–283 accumulation by inhibiting early Lam TL, Lam ML, Au TK, Ip DTM, Ng TB, Fong adipogenesis in 3T3­L1 cells and zebrafish. WP, Wan DCC (2000) A comparison of human Food & Function 6:2824–2833. immunodeficiency virus type­1 protease Lee YJ, Kho MC, Tan R, Lee JY, Hwang JinS, inhibition activities by the aqueous and Cha JD, Choi KM, Kang DG (2015c) Beneficial methanol extracts of Chinese medicinal effect of combination with Korean Red herbs. Life Sciences 67:2889–2896 Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Lam W, Jiang Z, Guan F, Huang X, Hu R, Wang Multiflori on cholesterol and erectile J, Bussom S, Liu S­H, Zhao H, Yen Y, Cheng Y­C dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats. The Korea (2015) PHY906(KD018), an adjuvant based on Journal of Herbology 30:69–75. a 1800­year­old Chinese medicine, enhanced Leung PC, Xue CC, Cheng YC (2003) A the anti­tumor activity of Sorafenib by Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Medicine. changing the tumor microenvironment. 2o ed. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Scientific Reports 5:9384 Singapore Lee B­J, Kim Y­J, Cho D­H, Sohn N­W, Kang H Li C, Huang Q, Fu X, Yue X­J, Liu RH, You L­J (2011) Immunomodulatory effect of water (2015) Characterization, antioxidant and extract of cinnamon on anti­CD3­induced immunomodulatory activities of cytokine responses and p38, JNK, ERK1/2, polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris Linn. and STAT4 activation. Immunopharmacology International Journal of Biological and Immunotoxicology 33:714–722 Macromolecules 75:298–305 Lee G­H, Lee M­R, Lee H­Y, Kim SH, Kim H­K, Li C, Lin L­M, Sui F, Wang Z­M, Huo H­R, Dai L, Kim H­R, Chae H­J (2014) Eucommia ulmoides Jiang T­L (2014) Chemistry and pharmacology Cortex, Geniposide and Aucubin Regulate of Siraitia grosvenorii: A review. Chinese Lipotoxicity through the Inhibition of Journal of Natural Medicines 12:89–102 Lysosomal BAX. PLoS ONE 9:e88017 Li CM, Wu JH, Yang RF, Dong XL, He ZY, Tian Lee IS, Kim KS, Kim KH, Park J, Jeong HS, Kim XL, Guo DJ, Wong MS, Qiu TQ, Chan SW Y, Na YC, Lee SG, Ahn KS, Lee JH, Jang HJ (2013a) Ligusticum chuanxiong prevents

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