ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR THE PROPOSED
HARBOUR RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN MAAMENDHOO, GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL
February 2013
Prepared for
Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
Maldives
Consultant
CDE Consulting, Maldives
ްނ ޢ ރްޝަމ ެގ މ ދެހ ރަދނަބ ެގ ދްނެމާމ .އގ
ްޓޯޕިރ ާރ ކްނާޔަބ ރަވްނިމ ެނާރ ކ ރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ
3102 ީރައ ރްބެފ
: ރާޔިދެއ ެގ ޢ ރްޝަމ
ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްނިއ ްޑްނެއ ގްނިސ އަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ
:ްޓްނަޓްލަސްނޮކ އ.ިއައ .ީއ ެގ ޢ ރްޝަމ
ްޑެޓިމިލ ްޓެވިއަރްޕ ީއ.ީޑ.ީސ
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... i List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... vi List of Abbreviations ...... vii Acknowledgements ...... viii Lead Consultant’s Declaration ...... ix Proponent’s Declaration...... x Executive Summary ...... xi 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the EIA ...... 1
1.2 Project Scope ...... 1
1.3 Project Rationale ...... 1
1.4 Aim and Objectives ...... 2
1.5 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions...... 2
1.6 Project Financing...... 2
1.7 Scope and Terms of Reference of EIA ...... 2
1.8 Summary of Assessment Methodology...... 3
1.9 Study Team Members ...... 4
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 5 2.1 Project Location ...... 5
2.2 Project Outline and Project Site Plan ...... 5
2.3 Detailed Project Outline and Work Methodology...... 11
2.3.1 Scope of Works ...... 11 2.3.2 Timing and Coordination ...... 11 2.3.3 Mobilization of equipment ...... 12 2.3.4 Harbour Basin and Reef Entrance Dredging ...... 12 2.3.5 Reclamation ...... 16 2.3.6 Quay wall Reconstruction ...... 16 2.3.7 Breakwater Extension ...... 17 2.3.8 Revetment Construction ...... 19 2.3.9 Culvert Construction ...... 21 2.4 Project Schedule and Life Span ...... 21
2.5 Labour Requirements and Availability ...... 21
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|i
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.6 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures ...... 22
2.6.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal ...... 22 2.6.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures ...... 22 2.6.3 Sediment Containment and Turbidity Control Measures ...... 22 2.6.4 Health and Safety Measures ...... 23 2.6.5 Utilities ...... 23 2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 23
2.8 Demobilization ...... 25
3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 26 3.1 Relevant Environment Legislation ...... 26
3.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)...... 26 3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ...... 27
3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project ...... 27
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note ...... 27 3.4 Responsible Institutions ...... 28
3.4.1 Ministry of Environment ...... 28 3.4.2 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure...... 28 3.4.3 Atoll Council ...... 28 3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents ...... 29
3.5.1 National Environmental Action Plan III (NEAP III) ...... 29 3.5.2 Waste Management Policy ...... 30 3.6 “Aneh Dhivehi Raaje” The Strategic Action Plan 2009 – 2013 ...... 31
3.7 International Conventions ...... 32
3.7.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 32 3.7.2 International Plant Protection Convention ...... 32 3.7.3 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol ...... 32 4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 34 4.1 Study Methodologies...... 34
4.1.1 Study Area and Survey Locations ...... 34 4.1.2 Coastal Processes ...... 34 4.1.3 Marine Water Quality ...... 35 4.1.4 Marine Assessments ...... 35 4.2 Physical Environment ...... 36
4.2.1 Meteorology ...... 36 4.2.2 Hydrology ...... 42
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|ii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2.3 Beach ...... 45 4.1 Coastal environment ...... 50
4.1.2 Marine water quality assessment ...... 53 4.1.3 Bathymetry ...... 53 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 54
4.2.1 Introduction ...... 54 4.2.2 Manta Tow Survey ...... 54 4.2.3 Photoquadrat Survey ...... 57 4.2.4 Timed Swim...... 59 4.2.5 Fish Census...... 62 4.2.6 Seagrass bed ...... 64 4.2.7 Marine protected areas and sensitive sites ...... 64 4.2.8 Breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species ...... 64 4.3 Natural Hazard Assessment for the Site ...... 64
4.4 Island Socio-Economic Setting ...... 66
4.4.1 Demography ...... 66 4.4.2 Island economic setting ...... 68 4.4.3 Land Use Planning and Natural Resource Use...... 70 4.4.4 Accessibility and Public Transport ...... 70 4.4.5 Service Quality and Accessibility ...... 71 5 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION ...... 72 5.1 Introduction ...... 72
5.2 Nature of potential impacts on key components ...... 72
5.3 Identification of significant impacts ...... 72
6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 79 6.1 Description of Impacts ...... 79
6.1.1 Degradation of the Marine Environment ...... 79 6.1.1 Degradation of the Terrestrial Environment ...... 80 6.1.2 Changes in Coastal Hydrodynamics ...... 81 6.1.3 Risks to Health and Safety ...... 81 6.1.4 Socioeconomic Impacts ...... 82 6.2 Mitigation Measures for Adverse Impacts ...... 82
7 ALTERNATIVES ...... 85 7.1 “No-project” Alternative ...... 85
7.2 Alternative Sediment Control Measures ...... 86
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|iii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
7.3 Alternative Dredging Method ...... 86
7.4 Alternative Dredge Material Disposal Site ...... 87
7.5 Alternative Harbour Locations ...... 87
7.6 Alternative Entrance Channel ...... 88
7.7 Alternative Design...... 88
8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 91 8.1 Environmental Management System ...... 91
8.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities ...... 92
8.2.1 Project proponent ...... 92 8.2.2 Environmental Consultant ...... 93 8.2.3 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 93 8.3 Reporting Requirements ...... 93
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 97 9.1 Introduction ...... 97
9.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan ...... 97
9.3 Aspects of the Monitoring Plan ...... 98
9.4 Monitoring Report ...... 99
9.5 Commitment for Monitoring ...... 99
10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 100 10.1 Consultation with Maamendhoo Island Council ...... 100
10.2 Public Consultation ...... 100
11 POTENTIAL DATA GAPS AND ASSESSMENT LIMITATIONS ...... 102 11.1 Gaps in Information ...... 102
11.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction ...... 102
12 CONCLUSIONS ...... 103 REFERENCES ...... 104 APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference ...... 105 APPENDIX B – Site Plan ...... 106 APPENDIX C – Detailed Drawings ...... 107 APPENDIX D – Survey Locations ...... 108 APPENDIX E – Beach Profiles ...... 109 APPENDIX F – Water Quality Results ...... 111 APPENDIX G – Bathymetry ...... 112
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|iv
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX H – CV’s of Consultants ...... 113 APPENDIX I – Land Use Plan ...... 114 APPENDIX J – Commitment Letter...... 115
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Location map of Maamendhoo ...... 6 Figure 2-2 Locality Map of Maamendhoo ...... 7 Figure 2-3 Project Site Plan (reduced version) ...... 8 Figure 2-4 Project foot print and Potential Affected Areas ...... 9 Figure 2-5 Actual dredge area based on bathymetric assessments ...... 10 Figure 2-6 Design details of the quay wall(Section A-A) ...... 17 Figure 2-7 Design details of the breakwater sections (Sections C-C and F-F) ...... 18 Figure 2-8 Existing revetment sections (Section H-H) ...... 19 Figure 2-9 Design details of the armour rock revetment (Section D-D) ...... 20 Figure 2-10 Design details of the geotube revetment (Section G-G) ...... 20 Figure 4-1 Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Central Maldives based on National Meteorological Center 10 year Data (adapted from Naseer, 2003)...... 38 Figure 4-2 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at National Meteorological Center...... 39 Figure 4-3 Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at National Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004) ...... 39 Figure 4-4 Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule’ (1975-2004) ...... 40 Figure 4-5 Maximum daily rainfall by year in Hulhule’ (1975-2005) - (Source: Hay, 2006) ..... 41 Figure 4-6 Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006) ...... 42 Figure 4-7 Observed current flow patterns on the reef – from low to high tide ...... 44 Figure 4-8 Predicted tides for August 2012, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives ...... 45 Figure 4-9 Geocorrected Aerial map of Maamendhoo ...... 47 Figure 4-10Existing Coastal modifications around Maamendhoo Island...... 48 Figure 4-11 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Maamendhoo ...... 49 Figure 4-12 Selected photgraphs the beach on the western side coastline...... 50 Figure 4-13 Selected photgraphs the beach on the northern end of the coastline...... 51 Figure 4-14 Selected photgraphs the beach on the eastern end of the coastline...... 52 Figure 4-15 Selected photgraphs the beach on the southern end of the coastline...... 52 Figure 4-13 Selected photgraphs along each tow area ...... 57 Figure 4-17 Mean benthic composition at Site 1 ...... 58 Figure 4-18 Selected photographs showing the benthic composition at Site 1 ...... 58 Figure 4-19 Mean benthic composition at Site 2 ...... 59 Figure 4-20 Selected photographs showing the benthic cover at Site 2...... 59
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|v
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-21 Selected photographs from the existing harbour basin ...... 60 Figure 4-22 Selected photographs from the timed swim of the entrance channel ...... 61 Figure 4-23 Selected photographs from the timed swim south of the existing harbour ...... 61 Figure 4-24Selected photographs from the timed swim north of the existing harbour ...... 62 Figure 4-25 Age-Sex Distribution of Maamendhoo Population ...... 67 Figure 4-26 Population Density by Island, G.A. Atoll ...... 68 Figure 4-27 Proportion of employment by economic activity ...... 69 Figure 4-28 Employment by sector and gender ...... 70 Figure 7-1 Alternative entrance channel ...... 89 Figure 7-2 Alternative dredge disposal site and bridge ...... 90 Figure 8-1 Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram ...... 92
List of Tables
Table 2-1 List of labour requirements ...... 22 Table 2-2 Major Project Inputs ...... 24 Table 2-3 Major Project Outputs ...... 25 Table 4-1 Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives ...... 36 Table 4-2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Center ...... 38 Table 4-3 Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhule’ ...... 41 Table 4-4 Tidal Variations at Male’ International Airport (Source: MEC, 2004) ...... 45 Table 4-5 Marine Water Quality Parameters ...... 53 Table 4-6 Summary of Manta tow survey ...... 54 Table 4-7: Fish census at transect site 1...... 63 Table 4-8: Predicted disaster risks in G.A. Villligili Island (Source DIRAM 2 – UNDP & MPND) ...... 65 Table 4-9: Modified Mercalli Intensity description (Richter, 1958)...... 66 Table 4-10: Maamendhoo population census figures of for 2000 and 2006 ...... 66 Table 5-1: Impact Identification Matrix ...... 73 Table 5-2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural and socioeconomic environment ...... 74 Table 6-1 Suggested mitigation measures for potential adverse impacts ...... 83 Table 7-1 Summary of “No Project” Alternative ...... 85 Table 7-2 Summary of Sediment Control Measures...... 86 Table 7-3 Summary of Dredging Alternatives ...... 86 Table 8-1: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase ...... 95 Table 9-1: Aspects of the Monitoring Plan ...... 98 Table 10-1 List of participants in consultation session with Maamendhoo Island Council ...... 100 Table 10-2 List of participants in public consultation session ...... 101
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|vi
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
List of Abbreviations
COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Envrionmental Impact Assessment GPS Global Positioning System IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy MHI Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure MoTAC Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture MoTCA Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation MSL Mean Sea Level MWSC Maldives Water and Sewerage Company NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NE North East NEAP II National Environmental Action Plan II NW North West SAP Strategic Action Plan SE South East SW South West TDS Total Suspended Solids ToR Term of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|vii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Acknowledgements
The lead author of this report is Dr. Ahmed Shaig.
Additional assessments were undertaken by the following team members.
Ms Aminath Afrah Rasheed (Impact assessment)
Mr. Zameer Zubair (Baseline assessment)
Field assistance was provided by
Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine assessment and stakeholder consultations)
The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix H of this report.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|viii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Lead Consultant’s Declaration
I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.
Dr. Ahmed Shaig
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|ix
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Proponent’s Declaration
As the proponent of the proposed project, I guarantee that I have read the report thoroughly and that to the best of my knowledge all information provided here is accurate and complete.
Name:
Signature:
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|x
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Executive Summary
The purpose of this document is to fulfil the requirements to get necessary environmental clearance from the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out the proposed harbour development project in Maamendhoo, Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The proponent of this project is Ministry of Housing & Infrastructure.
The main rationale for the project is to improve the access facilities of Maamendhoo Island to facilitate improvement in the social and economic condition of the island. The existing harbour in the island is in urgent need of repair and maintenance. Maamendhoo harbour is used by large fishing vessels, safari boats and cargo vessels, and the of the fishing and transport sectors of the island requires expansion of the harbour facilities for access and anchorage.
The project involves new and maintenance dredging of an area of 22,230 m2 to a depth of -3.0 m MSL, extension of the existing breakwater and construction of quay wall and revetments. A total area of 5,625 m2 will be reclaimed to +1.5 m (MSL) and protected using revetments. The existing harbour will be expanded by about 400 ft in length.
All project activities will be in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives, and relevant international conventions that Maldives is party to. The key laws and regulations applicable to this project are: Environmental Protection and Preservation Act and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012.
Significant impacts of this project during construction phase of the project are the potential impact of sedimentation on the marine water quality and consequent impact on marine life, direct loss of marine life within the project footprint and the health and safety risks to construction workers. All these impacts can be minimized with proper mitigation measures recommended in the report
The main mitigation measures include carrying out construction activities during low tide hours and calm weather, deployment of silt screen or construction of bunds on the northern side and where appropriate to reduce sediment dispersal and avoid adverse sedimentation impacts, relocation of live coral recruits to locations with similar conditions, and proper supervision of all activities by qualified personnel. The work schedule and duration will also be planned to avoid disruptive weather conditions and complete construction activities in the shortest time possible.
The alternatives evaluated for the project are dredging methods, sediment control methods, dredge waste disposal sites, alternative entrance channel and alternative harbour layout. The “No Project” option has also been explored and this option is not deemed preferable, given the current condition of the harbour and the need for expansion.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|xi
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
The monitoring plan is designed to assess any changes to the coral reef environment of the island, coastal changes and depth variations of harbour area as well the marine water quality as these are the key areas that will be impacted from this project.
The management plan for this project is designed to produce a framework for anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. In addition provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
In conclusion, this project has been designed in conformance to the relevant laws and regulations of Maldives. The most significant impacts are expected to be short-term impacts on the marine water quality, coral reef and lagoon bottom habitats. However, mitigation measures have been proposed to adequately minimise these significant impacts.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|xii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
ާސާލ ހ ާދާސ
ރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނެގިޅ ގ ިއާއ ޢ ރްޝަމ ެގ މ ރ ކީގްއަރަތ ރަދނަބ ެގ ދްނެމާމ.އގ ީކަޓޯޕިރ ާސާރިދ ިމ
ްޑްނެއ ގްނިސ އަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ީކަރާޔިދެއ ެގ ޢ ރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެއާސާރިދ ާވިއަފިވެރ ކ ްނ ތޮގ ެގ މ ރ ކްނަޒަވ
ާވްނ ނބ ްށައަދްއ ހ ެގީށެވާމިތ ާވްނނ ބ ިއަކަޓްށަމ ގްނިހ ޢ ރްޝަމ ީކަމ ނ ބ ޑނަގިއަމ ެގ ޓޯޕިރިމ .ެވެއ ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްޕްނިއ
.ެވެމ ޅެހަށ ހ ްށައީސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްޓްނެމަރަޔަވްނެއ ްއަތ ތާމ ލ އަމ
ވެރ ކ ރ ތިއ ްށަނިމ ގިދ ެގ ރަދނަބ ްނ ރ ތިއ ެގ ކަތ ބާސިހ ާވިއަފެވަލިތ ެގ ރެނ ިއާރަދނަބ ދްނެމާމގ.އގ ްނ ށަދ ެގ ޢ ރްޝަމިމ
ެގ ރަދނަބ .ެވެއެވިއަފިވ ރ ްށަމ ކްއިހ ްއެދްއަހަރަސ ެގ ރަޓީމ ަކައ 52635 ިދައ .ެވެއެނ ވެރކްނ ފ ދްއަހަރަސ ެގ ޓ ފ 400
.ެވެއެވިއަފިނެމިހ ިއަގ ޢ ރްޝަމިމ ްސެވްނދެހ ްޓްނަމްޓެވިރ ިދައ ިށޮތ ޑނަކ ިއާމ ރ ލ ތާމާރަމ ިށޮތ މަގްއެއ
ކެއިއާމ ބިލަދްއ ހ ްށޮކްސާފ ްނކަތާރާދިއ ހެބ ިއާމަކ ްޓޯޕިރ ާސާރިދާރ ކ ިއަކަޓްށަމ ތަގެނެދ ރަސައާރ ކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ
ްށަމަކެނާގނިހ ްށައ އ ރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއެނ ވ ނޮފ ްށައ ދްނެމާމ ްނ ހީމ ތަކްއަސަމިދައ ނާމާސ ިއާޗްއެކަތ ާވްނ ނ ބ ްށަތަކްއަސަމ
.ެވެހަވ ދްސަމ 12 ީކަތަދްއ މ ާވިއަފިވެރ ކާފަލ
ީނަވ ދްއަހަރަސ ެގ ރެނ ިއާރަދނަބ ްނ ތޮގިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެލާލަބ ްށަތަލާހ ެގ ރާހިމ ެގ ދްއަހަރަސިމ ިއަގާސާރިދިމ
ަނިގ ިއަގްއެދްއަހަރަސ ޑޮބ ެގ ޅަފ ިދައ ްނަކ ދަމ ްނ ނެފ ަކަރ މ ރިދ ިއަގ ދްއަހަރަސ ެގ ރެނ ިއާރަދނަބ .ެވެއަފެވ ރަޔްއަޣަތ
.ެވެއެވެރ ކަގަހާފ ްނަކިރ ހ ަނިވ ދ މ ްށަކަދަދައ
ވެދ ނ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ިއަގާލަހ ރަމ ެގ ތަކްއަސަމ ީލަމައ ްނ ބަބަސ ެގ އ ރްޝަމިމ ިއަގ ތޮގ ނ ވެރ ކަގަހާފ ްނިއާސާރިދިމ
ެނާދިބިލ ްށަންނިރެތްތަކްއަސަމ ިދައ ްނ ވ ރަޔްއަޢަތ ޑނަގ ނޮލ ިއާމ ލްއެގެނާދިބިލ ްށަކަތްނ ރިދ ެގ ޑނަކ ިއަގ ރެތ ެގ ކަތ ރަސައ
.ެވެއެނ ނެމިހ ތާމ ލ ޢަމ ެގ ކަތްނ ލްއެގ
ްށައާމ ރަފ ރަދނަބ 2ިއާމ ގްނިހ ނ ޢ ރްޝަމ ްނ ތޮގިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފާލާލަބ ްށަކަތ ލަދަބ ެނާދިވެނެގ ްށައ ރްޝަމ ިއަގާސާރިދ ިމ
ގެނެވިދާނެބަދަލާއި، ބަނދަރ ކޮނ މގައި ބ ނ ންކ ރެވިދާނެ އިތ ރ ގޮތަތައް ފާހަގަކ ރެވިފައިވާނެއެވެ.
ްނ ލްއެގ ެނާދިބިލ ްނ ކަމްނަކ ަދަފެއ ިއާށަމ ތަގެނެދ ރަވްނިމާރ ކ ްށަތ ރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ާވިއަފްށޮކްނާޔަބ ިއަގ ޓޯޕިރިމ
ިއަކަޓްށަމ ތަގެނެދ ްނަކްނަކެއ ިއަގްއެތަލާހ ެޖްއެވިތަމިރ ކ ްއެމަކ ްތެނިއަފިވެރ ކްނާޔަބ ިއަގ ޓޯޕިރ ިމ ިދައ ިއާށަމ ރ ކަޑ ކ
ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމ ލެބ ްނ ތޮގިމ .ެވެއެވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމ ރ ކްނީރްކްސ ްށަމަކްނަކ ަދަފިމ ިއަގ ކަތާލަހ ރަމ ިކެއ ެގ އ ރްޝަމ
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|xiii
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
މައިގަނޑ ކަންތައްތަކ ގެ ތެރ ގައި މ ދ ގެ ލޮނަށް އަންނަ ބަދަލ ބެލ މާއި، ރަށ ގެ އައްސ ރިފަށަށް އަންނަ ބަދަލތައް ބަލާ
.ެވެއެނެމިހ ްނ ރ ކާސާރިދ
ިވެންނެދިމ ްސެވަމަންނެހެއ .ެވެއެވްނެގީށަކެއ ްނ އައ ްއެކަތ ލަދަބ ްސެވެމްނޮކްށަޓްއެވ ެގ ށަރ ްނ ބަބަސ ެގ އ ރްޝަމ ިމ
ަދަފ ނވެންނެދ ަމަނިފްސޮގްނެގ ްށައިރ ކ ޢ ރްޝަމ ެވ ލާމަސ ްށަމަކްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރ ކަގަހާފ ްނ ތޮގ ެގ މ ރ ކަޑ ކ ްއަތ ރަސައ
ިވެންނެދ ިއަގީތަމ ްނ މަކްނެހެއ .ެވެއެނާދިވެރ ކަޑ ކ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްށަތ ރަސައ ވެދ ނ ާރ ކ ްނ ބަބަސ ެގ ކަތ ލަދަބ
ިރ ހ ާދިއަފ ނަހ ނ ްށަންނ ތިޔްއަރ ދްނެމާމ ީކައ ޢ ރްޝަމިމ ިއަގްއެތޮގަލްމ ޖ ރިއާލަބ ްށޮކްތަޔާޢިރ ްށަމަކްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރ ކްނާޔަބ
.ެވެކެއ ޢ ރްޝަމ
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|xiv
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the EIA
This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report is an evaluation of the potential environmental, socio-economic and natural impacts of the proposed harbour reconstruction project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The project is proposed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure and the project contractor MT Hojgaard. The EIA consultant is CDE Consulting.
This document has been developed based on the Terms of Reference (Appendix A) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on 21 January 2013. This document is submitted to EPA by the proponent to fulfil the requirements of Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA) of the Maldives (4/93), more specifically the clause 5 of the Act which states that a report should be submitted before implementation of any project that may have a potential impact on the environment.
1.2 Project Scope
The project involves the redevelopment of the harbour in the island of Maamendhoo, Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The main components of the project are:
Maintenance dredging of shallow areas within the harbour and the entrance channel Expansion of the harbour basin Land reclamation using dredged material Extension of the breakwater Construction of quay wall and sea wall
See next chapter for more details.
1.3 Project Rationale
The harbour of Maamendhoo is used for mooring large fishing vessels in cluding vessels not belonging to the island, as well as safari vessels from Male’. Large cargo vessels also make use the harbour. Hence, the existing harbour is usually congested and adequate harbour facilities to accommodate all the vessels requiring services cannot be provided.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|1
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
The quaywall has suffered extensive damage, compromising the safety of the people using the harbour.
Areas within the harbour basin and the entrance channel have become shallow, presenting a safety hazard to vessels with deeper draughts.
Congestion and the need for repair and maintenance presents a barrier to the expansion og the transport sector of the island.
Fishing is an important economic activity throughout the atoll, and adequate harbour facilities are required for strengthening the fisheries sector of the island.
1.4 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to improve the access infrastructure of Maamendhoo Island.
The specific objectives are to:
1. Provide safe and convenient access to Maamendhoo 2. Provide safe anchorage for large vessels and reduce congestion within the harbour basin
1.5 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions
All the EIA related work is undertaken by consultants from CDE Consulting. Design criteria and technical specifications have been developed by the proponent. The contractor s MT Hojgaard, Denmark, which has a local office based in Male’.
No donor agencies are involved in this project. The project will be financed by the government and executed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure.
1.6 Project Financing
It is estimated that the project will cost around MVR 40 million. The project finance is provided from the Government of Maldives.
1.7 Scope and Terms of Reference of EIA
The scope of this EIA is broadly based on the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012. The assessment more specifically adheres to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on 21 January 2013. The ToR is based on scoping meetings held between the stakeholders on 17 January 2013. A copy of the ToR is attached in Appendix A.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|2
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
The EIA report contains the following main aspects.
A description of the project including the need for the project, how the project will be undertaken, full description of the relevant parts of the project, implementation schedules, site plans and summary of project inputs and outputs (Chapter 1&2).
A description of the pertinent national and international legislation, regulations and policies that are relevant and applicable to the project and a demonstration of how the project conforms to these aspects (Chapter 3)
Information on the baseline environmental condition of the project site; this includes information on marine flora and fauna, marine water quality, marine environment near the project site (Chapter 4).
An assessment of the potential impacts during both construction and operational stages of the project as well as identification and cost of the potential mitigation measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts during both construction and operation stages of the project (Chapter 5 & 6).
Assessment of alternatives for the proposed project (Chapter 7)
Details of the environmental management plan (Chapter 8).
Details of the environmental monitoring plan (Chapter 9).
Stakeholder consultations (Chapter 10),
Potential gaps in information (Chapter 11)
Main conclusions (Chapter 12)
1.8 Summary of Assessment Methodology
The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of five parts. These are: scoping consultations; literature review; field surveys; analysis of results; and compilation of the assessment in the form of a report.
The first step of the process covered consultations with client and government agencies to determine the scope of the impact assessment. During this stage the client clearly outlined their development needs and assessment was geared to match the development plan and environmental assessment needs. The environmental assessment needs was determined based on
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|3
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll the EIA Regulations 2012 and the issues brought forward by the Environmental Protection Agency in the scoping meeting.
During the second stage, a literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations 2012, best practices from similar development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.
The third stage involved field assessment on the island and areas covered by the EIA scope. Conditions of the existing environment were analysed using established scientific methods. The fourth stage involved in house analysis using scientific analysis methods to identify, predict and assess the impacts and alternatives. These methods will be explained in detail in later sections.
The final stage involved compilation of individual consultants’ findings.
The methods used in field assessments and impact prediction are summarised in their respective chapters.
1.9 Study Team Members
The team members of this EIA are:
Dr. Ahmed Shaig (Lead Author and Coastal Environment Consultant) Ms. Aminath Afrah Rasheed (Impact Assessment) Mr. Zameer Zubair (Surveying and Impact Assessment) Mr. MohamedAli (Marine Surveyor)
The curriculum vitae of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix H of this report.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|4
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Location
The island of Maamendhoo is located on the eastern rim of Huvadhu Atoll at approximately 73°26'22" E and 0°42'53" N (see Figure 2-1 and 2-2).
Four uninhabited islands and one resort island- The Residence Maldives at Falhumaafushi Island are located in the same reef system as Maamendhoo. Kooddoo Airport and the fish processing facilities of Kooddoo Fisheries Maldives Limited are located on the neighbouring Kooddoo Island, located less than a kilometre north of Maamendhoo. The nearest inhabited islands are Villigili and Nilandhu, located about 4 km north and 7 km south of Maamendhoo, respectively. Five Environmentally Sensitive Areas are located within a 10km radius from the island, the nearest one being Villigili Kandu- located about 3 km N of Maamendhoo.
The project site is located at the site of the existing harbour area, on the western side of Maamendhoo Island.
2.2 Project Outline and Project Site Plan
The proposed site plan is presented in Appendix B. A Reduced version of the site plan is provided in Figure 2-3 below. The areas potentially affected by the project are presented in Figure 2-4.
This project involves construction of the harbour.
The main components of the project are:
1. Mobilization 2. Site preparation 3. Dredging 4. Reclamation 5. Quay wall reconstruction 6. Shore protection 7. Breakwater construction 8. Demobilization
The next section provides the details of the project components.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|5
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 2-1 Location map of Maamendhoo
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|6 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 2-2 Locality Map of Maamendhoo
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|7 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 2-3 Project Site Plan (reduced version)
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|8 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 2-4 Project foot print and Potential Affected Areas
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|9 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 2-5 Actual dredge area based on bathymetric assessments
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|10 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.3 Detailed Project Outline and Work Methodology
2.3.1 Scope of Works
This project mainly involves maintenance dredging and new dredging within the harbour basin as well as the entrance channel to a depth of -3.0 m MSL, dredge material disposal by reclamation and construction of shore protection structures, i.e. breakwater, quay wall and revetments.
The existing harbour basin will be expanded 400 ft to the south of the existing harbour area. Maintenance dredging will be carried out in the existing harbour basin and entrance channel and the quay wall will be reconstructed. Breakwter sections and revetments will be constructed to for shore protection. A stone-lined culvert will be constructed, to allow water movement into the harbour basin.
Details of the harbour layout and design are presented in Appendix B and Figure 2-3.
Detailed drawings for the breakwater, quay wall and revetments are presented in Appendix C.
2.3.2 Timing and Coordination
Weather and Climate
Wave conditions will be generally calm at the end of the NE monsoon, but is expected to increase in severity during the transition period from NE to SW monsoon.
Project activities may therefore be hampered due to severe weather
Work plan
The work plan proposed for the project is presented in Section 2-4 below.
In general, the works are expected to be completed within 4-5 months.
Coordination
Coordination with regards to the other components of the project, particularly the dredging, shore protection and backfilling will be carefully planned.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|11 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.3.3 Mobilization of equipment
The equipment is expected to arrive in via barges and other transport vessels. As the contractor for the project is yet to be determined, the location from which the equipment will be mobilised is not yet clear.
Dredging Equipment and Fleet
The likely dredging fleet will consist of the following:
o Two excavators
o One truck
o One loader
Construction Equipment
The likely equipment for construction of breakwater, revetments and quay wall are:
o One crane (if required)
o One barge
o One excavator
o One truck
Land Reclamation
The dredging fleet above will be used for this component as well. In addition the following equipment will be used:
o One truck
o One loader
o One dump truck
2.3.4 Harbour Basin and Reef Entrance Dredging
2.3.4.1 Design Details
General Specifications
Harbour basin and entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.0 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL) where required.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|12 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
The size of the new harbour basin is 274 m x 75 m, and reef entrance is 140 m x 21 m.
The harbour basin and entrance channel is proposed to be dredged on the western side of the island, where the existing harbour facilities are located.
The harbour basin shall be protected on the western side such that it provides a safe mooring area throughout the year.
The harbour shall be designed with adequate water circulation.
Harbour design layout shall consider minimum sediment accumulation inside the basin to allow for a maintenance dredging period of not less than 5 years.
Harbour component shall be designed for a minimum maintenance free period of 10 years. Design life of all structures shall not be less than 30 years.
The specifications are given for different option for the material and workmanship for breakwater. Contractor is to follow the respective specification, based on his detailed design.
Dredge Area and Volume
The proposed harbour basin and reef entrance covers an area of 22,230 m2. This area also contains the existing basin and reef entrance covering 2,940 m2.
The existing basin size is 500 ft x 250 ft and the existing reef entrance size is about 460 ft x 70 ft. The proposed harbour basin will expand the harbour by 400 ft on the southern side (see Figure 2-3).
An analysis of the actual area required to be dredged is undertaken using GIS software based on cut/fill assessment. The results of the assessment are presented in Figure 2-5 above. The results indicate that some areas within the existing basin and channel will require dredging. The total volume of sand expected from excavation is 21,592 m3.
A summary of the dredge area details are presented in the table below.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|13 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Feature Specification Dredge area 22,230 sq. m (approx.) Dredge depth -3 m MSL Dredge Volume 21,592 cb m (approx.) Basin Dimensions 305 m x 90 m Reef entrance dimensions 21 m x 140 m
Reef Entrance Design
Entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.0 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Entrance channel shall be oriented in a direction that gives maximum safe usage during the year.
Layout shall ensure minimum sediment accumulation at the entrance channel to allow for a maintenance dredging period of not less than 5 years.
The dredged waste should be placed no closer than 10 m from the channel.
Channel profile should be sloped on the sides
2.3.4.2 Dredging Method
Dredging will begin by using an excavator deployed in the lagoon on a barge (for deep areas) or on a temporary sand bed (for shallow areas).
The temporary sand bed will be will be constructed parallel to the existing structure by dredging material from the lagoon. Sand will be obtained by excavation of the shallow area adjacent to the sand bed.
The bed will extend on either side of the channel with a width of about 2m- just enough width for the mobility of the excavator. The elevation will be about 0.7-0.8m above MSL.
The bed will be dismantled during demobilization and the excavated material will be placed in the lagoon.
The excavator will have a bucket size of about 1.5 m3.
Transportation to the dredge waste disposal site will be undertaken using trucks.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|14 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Dredge waste will be disposed to the sites proposed in the site plan. It will be used for backfilling and reclamation of land for conducting harbour activities.
2.3.4.3 Dredging Alternatives
Use of excavator was considered as an alternative. However, due to the dredge depth required and the scale of the project, it was impractical to use one.
2.3.4.4 Justification of design and equipment
The proposed harbour is be enlarged to 900 ft (274 m), which is about the average size of harbours constructed in the islands of Maldives outside the major population centres and atoll capitals. The expansion is size is justified by the fact that Maamendhoo harbour is used for mooring a large number of sizable vessels.
The harbour is proposed to be constructed on the same site as the previous harbour. This is to reduce the costs of dredging, environmental impacts of dredging another site and to avoid major changes to land use plan.
The proposed equipment for dredging is excavator on sand beds or barge. This is due to the small size of the project.
2.3.4.5 Dredge waste and its disposal
Dredge waste will be disposed to the sites proposed in the site plan (See Appendix B). These locations are preferred because it provides additional land required for harbour activities as per consultation with the Island Council.
It is estimated that 80% of the material could be used as sand suitable for backfilling. The remaining deemed not suitable to use as backfilling would be disposed or used by locals for construction purposes.
Total footprint of the reclamation sites is estimated at approximately 5,625 m2 reclaimed to a height of +1.5 m from lagoon bottom on average.
Additional material required for geotube revetment and breakwater backfilling amount to approximately 400 m3 and 450 m3 respectively
An alternative area for disposal of excess dredge material has been proposed and is discussed in detail in Section 7.4.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|15 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.3.5 Reclamation
2.3.5.1 Design Details
- The dredge waste will be used to reclaim three areas, as shown in Figure 2-3 and Appendix B. - The existing reclaimed area behind the breakwater will be extended to the south by an area of about 2,225 m2 - An additional area of about 3,000 m2 adjacent to the harbour basin on the southern side will be reclaimed. - An area of 400 m2 on the northern side of the harbour will also be reclaimed, to be used as a loading area. - The total footprint of the reclaimed areas is estimated at approximately 5,625 m2 reclaimed to a height of +1.5 m from lagoon bottom on average - The volume of dredge material required for land reclamation is estimated to be about 14,462 m3.
Feature Specification Reclamation height +1.5 m MSL Material source Dredge waste Average Depth -1 m MSL Volume required 14,462 m3 Reclamation Area 5,625 m2
2.3.6 Quay wall Reconstruction
The existing quay wall will be reconstructed and extended to include the Loading Area and the reclaimed area at the southern end (See Figure 2-3). The total length of the quay wall will be about 1330 ft.
L-shaped reinforced concrete blocks, used commonly in harbour projects across the country, will be used for the quay wall. The capping beam will be of reinforced concrete and coral concrete will be used for the top slab.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|16 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.3.6.1 Design Details
Figure 2-6 Design details of the quay wall(Section A-A)
2.3.6.2 Construction Method and Justification
The quay wall units will be placed in the water using excavators and anchored to land using anchor rods.
The proposed material is proven to efficient and cost-effective for local conditions.
2.3.7 Breakwater Extension
A 20 m long breakwater section will be constructed adjacent to the revetment along the reclaimed area, at the northern end of the area, along the southern side of the entrance channel.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|17 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
An additional breakwater section of 51 m will be constructed north of the entrance channel, to protect the loading area (See Figure 2-3).
2.3.7.1 Design Details
Feature Specification Length (total) 20 m + 51 m Height + 1.2 MSL Width at Top 1.5 m Construction Material 2 layers of 0.15-0.5T armour rock; Geotextile sheet; 30-100 kg filter stones; Coral sand core
Figure 2-7 Design details of the breakwater sections (Sections C-C and F-F)
Section C-C refers to the breakwater section north of the entrance channel. Section F-F refers to the breakwater section adjacent to the reclaimed area, south of the entrance channel.
2.3.7.2 Construction Method
Installation of the structures will be undertaken by placing a crane or an excavator mounted on a sand bed. Armour rock will be moved using a loader.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|18 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
The breakwater core will be assembled using large coral pieces from the dredge waste and general dredge waste. Filter stone and armour rock will be placed after creating and profiling the underlying bed using dredge material.
2.3.7.3 Justification
Armour rock is proposed since it is the most commonly used material for harbour breakwaters at present. It is proved to be effective and cost-efficient in local conditions, and the contractor has extensive experience in constructing breakwaters of the proposed design.
2.3.8 Revetment Construction
Revetments will be used for shore protection along the reclaimed areas (See Figure 2-3). The revetments along the existing reclaimed areas (Section H-H) will be repaired as required, but will not be replaced.
Figure 2-8 Existing revetment sections (Section H-H)
2.3.8.1 Design Details
Armour rock will be used for the revetment section adjacent to the breakwater (on the northern end of the existing reclaimed area) and for shore protection in the proposed reclamations area at the southern end of the harbour. Geotubes tubes will be used for the revetment section along the loading area and the new reclamation areas offshore (See Figure 2-3).
Component Feature Specification Section D-D Length 20 m Height +1.3 MSL Construction Material 100-700 kg Armour rock; Coral fill material;
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|19 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Geotextile Section G-G Length (total) 180 m Height +1.0 MSL Construction Material Geotubes
Figure 2-9 Design details of the armour rock revetment (Section D-D)
Figure 2-10 Design details of the geotube revetment (Section G-G)
2.3.8.2 Construction Method
Installation of the structures will be undertaken by placing a crane or an excavator mounted on a sand bed. Armour rock will be moved using a loader.
The core of the armour rock revetment will be assembled using large coral pieces from the dredge waste and general dredge waste, on geotextile laid atop the reclaimed land. Armour rock will be placed after creating and profiling the underlying bed using dredge material.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|20 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2.3.9 Culvert Construction
A stone-lined culvert will be constructed at the opening to the harbour basin on the southern side, between the two reclaimed areas (See Figure 2-3). The width of the culvert is about 6 m.
2.3.9.1 Justification of Design
The culvert is designed to prevent sedimentation of the harbour basin through the opening, and to limit wave energy entering the harbour basin, while allowing movement of water in and out of the harbour basin.
2.4 Project Schedule and Life Span
Mobilisation for the project will begin after the EIA is approved. The works are target to end before the next NE monsoon. It is anticipated that the completion of the whole project will take approximately 4-5 months.
The preliminary work plan is provided below. The actual details may be dependent on the final contractor.
Time line (weeks) Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Precast Site Mobilization Quay wall Construction Installation of L-units Cast capping beam Bund Walls Installation Dredging Break water Construction Revetment Construction Seawall Installation Reclamation Removal of Bund Walls Demobilization
2.5 Labour Requirements and Availability
Approximately 24 staff members of the contractor will be involved in the project.
The tentative list of labour requirements is given in Table 2-1.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|21 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 2-1 List of labour requirements
Activity or work group Specialists Engineer/supervisor 1 Workers 12 Special equipment 5 Surveyor 2 Administrative 1 Support Staff 3 Total 24
2.6 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures
2.6.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal
Construction wastes that will be created are mainly dredge material and construction debris. As discussed above, all dredge material will be used for land reclamation. Large coral remnants will be used as base material for the coastal structures.
Small amounts of waste oil may be generated from the operation and maintenance of vehicles. All waste oil will be disposed as per the approved standards of the Environment Ministry.
2.6.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures
The following measures will be taken to ensure minimal pollution during construction stage.
Machinery will be properly tuned and maintained to reduce emissions and minimize risk of spills/leaks.
All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site will be stored in secure and bunded location to minimize risk of spill.
2.6.3 Sediment Containment and Turbidity Control Measures
The proponent is committed to prevent any sedimentation of the reef system from this proposed project. The following specific measures will be undertaken during the project.
Use bund walls, where applicable, to control sediment disbursing in the reclamation area. Bund walls will be removed after the sediment has been adequately settled within the lagoon.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|22 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Undertake dredging work during calm weather conditions.
2.6.4 Health and Safety Measures
The contractor would ensure that Health and Safety procedures are complied with at all times.
Construction activities would be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person.
All reasonable precautions will be taken for the safety of employees, and equipment will be operated by competent persons.
Health checks will be administered before work commences
Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times.
Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. In general, water-based fire extinguishers would be used.
Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left free-standing. All welding and cutting will be done in accordance to high safety regulations by experienced personnel.
First aid kits will be made available on site
The construction site will be properly closed to unauthorised personnel
2.6.5 Utilities
Electricity and sanitation facilities will be provided for construction workers from the existing facilities on the island.
Water will be produced from a portable desalination plant.
2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs
The types of materials that will go into the development and from where and how this will be obtained are given in Table 2-2 and the type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to the outputs are given in Table 2-3.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|23 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 2-2 Major Project Inputs
Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Construction workers Local and foreign Contractor’s employees or by announcement Engineers and Site Local and foreign Contractor’s employees or by supervisors announcement Construction material Sand, cement, aggregates, armour rock, Import and purchase where geotextile rolls, geotubes, steel re-bars, locally available at competitive steel rods, casts prices – Main Contractor’s responsibility. Water supply (during Bottled water; portable desalination Purchased from local construction) plant businesses; contractor equipment Machinery Excavators, loaders, trucks, barges, Contractor’s machinery or hire cranes.etc locally where available Maintenance material Maintenance parts and fluids required Import or purchase locally for the machinery and piping. where available Food and Existing houses or purpose built Contractor’s equipment or hire Accommodation accommodation locally Fire fighting equipment Fire Extinguishers...etc. Contractor’s equipment Fuel Light Diesel, LPG Gas, Petrol, Local suppliers Lubricants Telecommunication Mobile phones, fax machines and Contractor’s equipment internet facilities Food and beverage PET bottles, glass bottles, packaging Contractor’s equipment bottles waste, plastic bags and various frozen, packaged and fresh food.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|24 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 2-3 Major Project Outputs
Products and waste Anticipated Method of disposal materials quantities Dredge waste Large quantity Used for land reclamation. Remaining materials used as base material for breakwater Construction waste Moderate quantity Used as base material for breakwater Waste oil Small quantities Barrelled and sent to Thilafushi site during demobilisation. Hazardous waste Small quantities Barrelled and sent to Thilafushi site during (diesel) demobilisation. Noise Only localised Excavator and truck operation will be noisy. No option available. Food waste Small quantities Managed under existing waste management system of the island Plastic and packaging Small quantities Managed under existing waste management wastes system of the island
2.8 Demobilization
The proponent advocates a phased demobilization plan to commence in the last month of the contract. The actual demobilisation plan depends on contractor preferences.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|25 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
These legal and policy provisions have to be fully respected in carrying out the proposed development. All contractors and sub-contractors will be informed of these requirements. This project conforms to all relevant laws and regulations of the Maldives.
3.1 Relevant Environment Legislation
3.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)
Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93) is the framework law on environmental management in the Maldives. Articles 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the law are relevant to this project. Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities. The project proponent shall abide by any guidelines or advice given by the concerned Government authorities for the project. The concerned Government authorities are identified in this Chapter. Article 4 states that the Ministry of Environment and Energy shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protections and preservation. The proponent shall ensure that there is no negative impact from the proposed project on any protected areas. According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Energy before implementing any activity that may have an impact on the environment. This EIA report is prepared and submitted by the project proponent to fulfil the legal requirement stipulated in Act (4/93) Article 5. According to Article 6, the Ministry of Environment and Energy has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation. The project proponent is aware of this provision and will take all practical measures to ensure there is no irreversible and significant negative impact of the project. Article 7 of the Environment Protection Act (4/93) prohibits the disposal of wastes, oil and gases in a manner that will damage the environment. Wastes, oil and gases has to be disposed of in areas designated by the Government. Hence, the project proponent shall use the Environmental Management Plan for this project which specifies how the wastes, oil and gases generated by the project will be disposed.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|26 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Article 8 of the Environment Protection Act (4/93) prohibits the disposal of hazardous wastes. Any hazardous wastes that may be generated from the project shall be transferred to the designated waste site in Thilafushi for disposal according to Government regulations and standards.
3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines
- Environmental Impact Assessment regulations were issued by Environment Ministry on 8th May 2012. The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an EIA or not. Based on this decision, the Ministry then decides the scope of the EIA which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The consultants then undertake the EIA starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. This report follows the principles and procedures for EIA outlined in the EIA regulations. - The EIA report is reviewed by the ministry, following which an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who will have to implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the Ministry. The project proponent is committed to implementing all impact mitigation measures that are specified in this EIA report. Furthermore, the proponent is committed to environmental monitoring and shall fulfil environmental monitoring requirements that may be specified in the EIA decision note as a condition for project approval. - Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim has been banned through a directive from President’s Office dated 26 September 1990. Coral would not be mined and used in any stage or activity of this project.
3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note
The most important environmental permit to initiate project work would be a decision regarding this EIA. The EIA Decision Note, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in which the project activities must be undertaken. This EIA report assists decision makers in understanding the existing environment and potential impacts of the project. Therefore, the Decision Note may only be given to the Proponent after a review of this document following which the Ministry may request for further information or provide a decision if further information is not required. In some cases, where there are no major environmental impacts associated with the project, the
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|27 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Ministry may provide the Decision Note while at the same time requesting for further information.
3.4 Responsible Institutions
The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below.
3.4.1 Ministry of Environment
The Ministry of Environment and Energy (formed in 2012) formerly the Ministry of Housing and Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has now been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of individual projects.
The Ministry of Environment also seeks the advice of National Commission for the Protection of Environment (NCPE) on all significant environmental matters. The commission is appointed by the president and is mandated to advice the Minister of Environment on environmental matters such as environment assessment, planning and management, and political decisions with regard to the protection of environment.
3.4.2 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
The Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (MHI) is responsible for managing public infrastructure in the Maldives. In this case MHI is the proponent of this infrastructure development project.
3.4.3 Atoll Council
Recently the Government has grouped the 20 administrative areas of the Maldives under a new local governance system and decentralised decision making enshrined in the new constitution of the Maldives adopted in 2008. Gaafu Alifu Atoll has an elected Atoll Council located in Viligili. The Atoll Council Office is the main focal point of Government Ministries in Male’ Atoll and they co-ordinate and liaise with government ministries and elected island councils on all issues relating to the Atoll. A copy of this EIA will be submitted to the Atoll Council.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|28 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents
3.5.1 National Environmental Action Plan III (NEAP III)
The Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) of the Government of Maldives sets out the agenda for environmental protection and management for the period 2009 till 2013. NEAP III provides the basis for environmental planning, budgeting, performance measurement and accountability. The key target of NEAP III is to achieve measurable environmental results that matter to the people of the Maldives.
NEAP III provides the following principles to be adhered to in environment protection and environmental management.
1. Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual. Protection of the natural environment and practicing environment friendly lifestyles is a responsibility of every Maldivian.
2. Achieve results. The actions, activities, regulations, supervision, reporting, incentives, information and advice for environmental management shall be directed and well-coordinated to achieve the results the citizens want.
3. Promote and practice sustainable development. In environmental management the principle of sustainable development shall be followed. Conditions shall be created to give equal distribution of environmental goods and services both geographically and between generations including future generations. Special attention shall be given to address the concerns of the most vulnerable groups in the population.
4. Ensure local democracy. In environmental management the actions and decisions shall be taken and authority exercised at the most appropriate level.
5. Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation. Co-ordination and co-operation is essential from all sectors. For environmental management all should work informatively and co-operatively toward the goal of integrating environmental aspects into the goals and actions of all sectors.
6. Informed decision making. Actions for environmental management should be based on documented facts to as great extent as possible and not to pursue self-interest or short term gains.
7. Precaution first. Where there is threat of irreversible damage and when the factual basis is inadequate or uncertain, the precautionary principle shall apply.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|29 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
8. Continuous learning and improvement. Favorable conditions shall be created for continuous learning and improvement in the work with environment management at the national, regional and local level
9. Right to information and participation. The citizens have a right to information about status of the environment as well as the right to participate in decisions affecting their environment. They also have the right to actively participate in protecting the environment.
10. Environmental protection complements development. Environmental protection efforts shall not be portrayed as competing with the development needs and aspirations of the present people. Healthy debate about values as they relate to ecological and social sustainability shall be encouraged.
More importantly, NEAP III consists of the following six strategic results that shall be attained during the period 2009-2013:
Resilient Islands, Rich Ecosystems, Healthy Communities, Safe Water, Environmental Stewardship, and Carbon Neutral Nation The proponent is aware of NEAP III and is committed to work with the 10 guiding policies and towards achieving the strategic results of NEAP III.
3.5.2 Waste Management Policy
The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:
Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;
Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;
Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste. The proponent is aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project will be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|30 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
3.6 “Aneh Dhivehi Raaje” The Strategic Action Plan 2009 – 2013
The Strategic Action Plan 2009 - 2013 (SAP) of the Government of Maldives sets out the agenda for environmental protection and management as one of the key area. SAP provides the basis for environmental planning, budgeting, performance measurement and accountability. The new policy focus is to ensure sustainable adaptation measures and is developed on the view that ability to adapt to environmental degradation is fundamentally linked to good governance and careful planning.
Strategic Action Plan provides the following policies to be addressed for the attainment of proper environmental management.
1. Strengthen EIA process with an emphasis on EIA Monitoring
2. Conserve and sustainably use biological diversity and ensure maximum ecosystem benefits.
3. Develop resilient communities addressing impacts of climate change, disaster mitigation and coastal protection
4. Strengthen adaptation and mitigation responses for beach erosion and develop a system to assist communities where livelihood and property are affected by beach erosion
5. Ensure management of solid waste to prevent impact on human health and environment through approaches that are economically viable and locally appropriate.
6. Ensure protection of people and the environment from hazardous waste and chemicals
7. Improve air quality to safeguard human health.
8. Enable a fully functional decentralized environmental governance system.
9. Develop a low carbon economy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2020
10. Inculcate environmental values in the society and enable environment friendly life style.
More importantly, Strategic Action Plan highlights and indicates other directive documents that were adopted by the government. Key documents that were highlighted are;
National Solid Waste Management Policy Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development Environment Impact Assessment Regulations
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|31 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The proponent is aware of Strategic Action Plan 2009 – 2013 and is committed to work with the 10 guiding policies and towards achieving the strategic results of Strategic Action Plan.
3.7 International Conventions
3.7.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”. The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value. Therefore it is unlikely there will be a major loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensures that silt screens are used during dredging and construction works to minimise any impact on the marine biodiversity.
3.7.2 International Plant Protection Convention
The Maldives has become a party to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as a step to protecting native plant species in the Maldives from the risk of diseases introduced by imported plant varieties. The Maldives adhered to the IPPC on 3 October 2006 and the Convention requires that certificates of phytosanitary condition and origin of consignments of plants and plant products be used for import and export of plants and plant materials. Contracting parties have the full authority to regulate entry of plants and plant products and may prescribe restrictions on imports or prohibit importation of particular plants or plant products. Thus it is advisable that the proponent be aware of the requirements of IPPC and obtains the necessary phytosanitary certificates if any plants are to be imported to stabilise the beach or for landscaping.
3.7.3 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. The objective of the Convention is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|32 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
The IPCC defines mitigation “as an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.” The greenhouse gas inventory of the Maldives forms an integral part of the First National Communication of the Maldives to the UNFCCC. In March 2009, the President of the Maldives has announced the target to make Maldives carbon neutral by 2020. Hence, in the implementation of the project, careful attention needs to be given to ensure energy efficiency and reduce transport related fuel consumption. Furthermore, planting of beach vegetation would help in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the project.
The IPCC defines adaptation “as an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects.” Various type of adaptation include anticipatory and reactive adaptation; private and public adaptation; and autonomous and planned adaptation. The adaptation policies and strategies of the Maldives are given in the Maldives National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|33 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Study Methodologies
Baseline environment of the study area were analysed by using standard scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area were divided into marine, coastline and terrestrial environment. The marine environment of the island covered the lagoon habitats including coral patches and marine water quality particularly emphasis was given to those areas near and along the project areas. The coastal environment covered the beaches, the beach rock formations and coastal processes including longshore sediment transport, near shore currents, tides and wave climate.
Particular attention was placed in detailed surveys on the marine environment life, as this component is likely to involve the most significant environmental impacts. The different methods used in assessing and presenting the conditions of the existing environment of the island are given in the following subsections.
4.1.1 Study Area and Survey Locations
Details of the study areas and survey locations, including map coordinates, are presented in Appendix D.
4.1.2 Coastal Processes
Five beach profiles were taken from designated locations around the island using standard levelling techniques. These profile locations are marked in Appendix D. The measurement of beach profiles involves standard practice of surveying with a staff and a dumpy level. Beach profile data is presented in Appendix E. Measurements were taken along the beach profile line at different intervals wherever there occurred a distinctive morphological feature such as beach ridge, high water mark, an erosion scarp, dip, rise, or other significant break in the beach slope up to a minimum distance of 30m from the Benchmark. Other beach attributes such as beach rock were marked using handheld GPS.
Lagoon currents were measures using drogue method. About 5 measurements were undertaken from every site and an average value is determined.
Tide data has been taken from tide gauge at Male’ International Airport.
Wave patterns have been estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|34 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.1.3 Marine Water Quality
One of the main environmental components that would be affected by implementing the project would be marine water quality. Water quality was assessed from MWSC laboratory. Water quality was assessed at different locations. These locations were selected based on proposed developments. The measured parameters, which include temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), were analysed at the Male’ Water & Sewerage Company using methods prescribed in “Standard Methods for Examining Water and Wastewater”. Samples were collected in clean 0.5L PET bottles after washing them with the water to be sampled. Water samples were collected at mid depth.
4.1.4 Marine Assessments
4.1.4.1 Manta tow survey
Manta tow survey was conducted to determine the general benthic cover and reef condition along the study area. A snorkeler (observer) was towed behind a slow moving boat, along the reef edge for a series of set periods of 2 minutes. At each stop the observer noted down the estimated percentage cover of Live Corals, Dead Corals, Dead Corals, Sand/Silt and Rubble along the tow area. The GPS coordinates were recorded at the start and end of each new tow.
4.1.4.2 Photoquadrat survey
A quadrat of 0.5m2was placed at points on every 05 meters along a 50 m transect on a random basis. The quadrats were photographed and analysed using Coral Point Cover software which is a Microsoft excel based program used to determine coral species and percentage of coral cover.
4.1.4.3 Timed swim
Timed swim carried out at five locations, to qualitatively determine the benthic substrate composition at these locations. Swims were timed at 5 minutes, during which two observers swam across the site noting down the main benthic substrates, seagrass and coral species observed. Three replicate swims were made at each site.
4.1.4.4 Fish census
Fish census was carried at each line transect survey location. All fishes observed along 50 m belt transect at each site was recorded and their abundance recorded as follows: Single (1), Few (2- 10), Many (11-100) and Abundant (>100).
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|35 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2 Physical Environment
4.2.1 Meteorology
4.2.1.1 Climate
The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. The average temperature ranges between 25C to 30C and relative humidity varies from 73 to 85 per cent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1,948mm. As Maldives lies on the equator, Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Significant variation is observed in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls. On average southern atolls receive 2704 hours of sunshine each year. Table 4-1 provides a summary of key meteorological findings for Maldives. The nearest meteorological station is Gaaf Dhaal Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office. This study uses National Metrological Centre at Hulhule’ Island due to availability of more comprehensive data.
Table 4-1 Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives
Parameter Data Average Rainfall 9.1mm/day in May, November; 1.1mm/day in February Maximum Rainfall 184.5 mm/day in October 1994 Average air temperature 30.0 C in November 1973; 31.7 C in April Extreme Air Temperature 34.1 C in April 1973; 17.2 C in April 1978 Average wind speed 3.7 m/s in March;5.7 m/s in January, June Maximum wind speed W 31.9 m/s in November 1978 Average air pressure 1012 mm in December; 1010 mm in April
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|36 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2.1.2 Monsoons The climate of Maldives is characterised by the monsoons of Indian Ocean. Monsoon wind reversal significantly affects weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed in Maldives: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
4.2.1.3 Winds
The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoons. The two monsoons are mild, as Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and line squalls can occur, usually in the period from May to July. During stormy conditions gusts of up to 60 knots have been recorded at Male’.
Wind has been uniform in speed and direction over the past twenty-plus monsoon seasons in the Maldives (Naseer, 2003). Wind speed is usually higher in central region of Maldives during both monsoons, with a maximum wind speed recorded at 18 ms-1 for the period 1975 to 2001. Mean wind speed are highest during the months May and October in the central region. Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003).
Besides the annual monsoonal wind variations there are occasional tropical climatic disturbances (tropical storms or low intensity tropical cyclones) in the central region which increases wind speeds up to 110 km/h, precipitation to 30 to 40 cm over a 24 hour period and storm surges up to 3 m in open ocean (UNDP, 2006).
Table 4-2 summarises the wind conditions in central Maldives throughout a year. Medium term meteorological data from the National Meteorological Centre (see Figure 4-1, Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3) and findings from long-term Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) are used in this analysis.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|37 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 4-2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Center
Season Month Wind NE - Monsoon December Predominantly from NW-NE. January High Speeds from W February Transition Period 1 March From all directions. Mainly W; High Speeds from W. April SW - Monsoon May Mainly from W. June High Speeds from W. July August September Transition Period 2 October Mainly from W. November High Speeds from W
Figure 4-1 Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Central Maldives based on National Meteorological Center 10 year Data (adapted from Naseer, 2003).
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|38 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
N NNW NNE 2500
NW 2000 NE 1500 1000 WNW ENE 500
W E
WSW ESE
SW SE
SSW SSE S
Figure 4-2 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at National Meteorological Center.
Figure 4-3 Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at National Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004)
The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives (UNDP, 2006) reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years, none of which crossed south of 2.7°N. All of these events were of Category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|39 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2.1.4 Rainfall
The average annual rainfall for the archipelago is 2,124 mm. There are regional variations in average annual rainfall: southern atolls receive approximately 2,280 mm and northern atolls receive approximately 1,790 mm annually (MEC, 2004). Mean monthly rainfall also varies substantially throughout the year with the dry season getting considerably less rainfall. This pattern is less prominent in the southern half, however. The proportions of flood and drought years are relatively small throughout the archipelago, and the southern half is less prone to drought (UNDP, 2006).
The mean annual rainfall in Hulhule’ is 1991.5 mm with a standard deviation of 316.4 mm and the mean monthly rainfall is 191.6 mm. Rainfall varies throughout the year with mean highest rainfall during October, December and May and lowest between February and April (See Figure 4-4).
Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule' 250
200
150
100 MenRainfall (mm) 50
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Month
Figure 4-4 Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule’ (1975-2004)
Analysis of daily maximum annual rainfall data shows high variability, including extremes (see Figure 4-5 below). However, no significant long term trends are evident in the Hulhule data.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|40 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-5 Maximum daily rainfall by year in Hulhule’ (1975-2005) - (Source: Hay, 2006)
The probable maximum precipitations predicted for Hulhule’ by UNDP (2006) are shown in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3 Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhule’
Station Return Period 50 year 100 year 200 year 500 year Hulhule’ 187.4 203.6 219.8 241.1 Source (UNDP, 2006)
4.2.1.5 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967- 1995 was 30.4C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7C, the next highest being 32.6C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7C was recorded in July 1992.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|41 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
There is considerable inter annual variability in extreme temperatures for Hulhule as shown in Figure 4-6. A maximum temperature of 33.5oC is rare at Hulhule and has a return period of 20 years (Hay, 2006).
Figure 4-6 Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006)
4.2.2 Hydrology
4.2.2.1 Waves
There are two major types of waves observed along the islands of Maldives. The first type is wave generated by local monsoon winds with a period of 3-8 seconds and the second type is swells generated by distance storms with a period of 14-20 seconds [Kench et. al (2006), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000), Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b)]. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves which are typically strongest during April-July in the south-west monsoon period. Wave data for Male and Hulhulé between June 1988 and January 1990 (Lanka Hydraulics 1988a & 1998b) shows that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for June was 1.23 m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. The maximum recorded Hs for July was 1.51 m with a Tm of 7.74s. The mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0 s and the peak wave periods were within 8.0 – 13.0 s.
Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda 1988). The swell waves of height 3 m that flooded Male’ and Hulhulé in 1987 are said to have originated from a low pressure system off west coast of Australia (refer the next section for more detail). In addition, Maldives have
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|42 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll recently been subject to earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than one occasion. Most notable has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa (Choi et al., 2003).
Being located on the eastern rim of the atoll, the island is exposed to the NE monsoonal wind waves, but largely protected from the SW wind waves.
4.2.2.2 Swell Waves and Storm Surges
Waves studies around Maldives have identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a southerly direction Kench et. al (2006), Young (1999), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000) and Naseer (2003).
The location of the island on the eastern rim of Gaaf Alif Atoll provides protection to the island from SW swell waves approaching from the Southern Indian Ocean. The timing of the long distance swell waves are associated with the South Indian Ocean storm activity Young (1999). Waves generated from abnormal events could also travel against the predominant swell propagation patterns (Goda, 1998), causing flooding on the eastern and southern islands of Maldives (UNDP, 2009).
The island is exposed to periodic swell waves approaching from the SE. These waves affect the oceanside shoreline of the island and are unlikely to have any impact on the proposed harbour area.
In addition to swell waves, islands of the Maldives are also exposed to storm surges associated with localised storms and cyclonic events (UNDP 2009). However, the Disaster Risk Assessment report (UNDP, 2006), reported that Maamendhoo is located in the Very Low storm surge hazard zone, owing to the low cyclone hazard estimated for the southern atolls.
4.2.2.3 Currents
Currents that affect the reef system of the island and the proposed harbour redevelopment site can be caused by tidal currents, wind-induced currents and wave-induced currents. It is presumed that generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds. Westward flowing currents are dominant from January to March with the change in current flow pattern taking place in April and December (Kench et. al, 2006). In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent. Hence, currents within the site are very likely to be heavily influenced by the monsoons.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|43 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
In situ current measurements vary based on location and tide. Data on current flow from low tide to high tide is provided in Figures 4-7. Peak current flow on the northern side of the lagoon is 0.09 m/s. The current flow was generally in a southern/southwestern direction. These measurements should be treated with caution as it represents data for a single day and was observed only in a one hour window. Prolonged measurements over two seasons are required to provide accurate current measurements.
Figure 4-7 Observed current flow patterns on the reef – from low to high tide
4.2.2.4 Tidal Pattern
Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal. Tidal variations are referred to the standard station in at Hulhulé Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0m and 0.3m, respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Hulhulé is approximately 1.1m. There is also a 0.2m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1m during September to November. Table 4-4 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhulé, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|44 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 4-4 Tidal Variations at Male’ International Airport (Source: MEC, 2004)
Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56
The predicted tide curve for the period for the month of August at Hulhule is presented in Figure 4-8 below.
Figure 4-8 Predicted tides for August 2012, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives
4.2.3 Beach
4.2.3.1 Beach erosion and coastal changes
Historical changes and Long-term erosion
The island coastal environment has been modified with a harbour basin, a quay wall, a breakwater island, a reef entrance and land reclamation (see Figure 4-10). These modifications appear to have somewhat altered the hydrodynamics and geomorphologic behaviour of the island. However, the extent of this change appears to be smaller since the island is oriented North-south and located on the rim of the atoll. These islands usually have volatile areas on the northern and southern ends but the central areas on the lagoon ward side are generally detached from other coastal processes, particularly on the ocean ward side.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|45 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Nonetheless, Maamendhoo is generally regarded as a stable island with specific erosion hotspots on the southern and northern end. Evaluation of historical shoreline data confirms this observation by the islanders and also suggests that other sections of the shoreline, particularly the ocean side, have been relatively stable for long periods, when compared with similar islands.
Historical changes to the beach line can be analysed by comparing historical aerial photographs or satellite images. Analysis of historical aerial photographs from 1969 (see Figure 4.9) against - satellite image data from 2004, 2008 and GPS surveys of 2013 (see Figure 4-11), shows modifications to the shoreline due to land reclamation. Approximately 2 ha of new land have been reclaimed during harbour protection project. The most notable feature from this assessment is the volatility of the northern and southern ends. The shoreline on the NW and NE corner of the island contracted by expanding northward. The southern end of the island, is perhaps the most volatile with a 30 m shift even in the last 9 years. This pattern is evident in the neighbouring uninhabited islands as well.
There is also a noted growth of new land on the SW side of the island. This material may have originated from the reclaimed material through a process of natural erosion and accretion.
There were also observed medium-term shifts on the northern end of the island. This trend is generally characteristic of north-south oriented islands on the eastern rim of Maldives.
Shore-term erosional pressures
Short-term erosion pressures have concentrated mainly on the northern end and the southern end of the harbour. Erosion in the areas close to the harbour can be largely attributed to the presence of the harbour. Erosion is being experienced on either side of the harbour.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|46 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-9 Geocorrected Aerial map of Maamendhoo
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|47 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-10Existing Coastal modifications around Maamendhoo Island
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|48 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-11 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Maamendhoo
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|49 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.1 Coastal environment
4.1.1.1 Western side of the island
Western side of the island has been heavily modified with the harbour and associated dredging and reclamation works. Harbour is situated towards the northern side. At the south western end a white sandy beach exists of about 5m in width, as progressed towards the beach narrows significantly with severe erosion. As shown in the following photographs recently felled coconut palms are observed along the beach specially toward the south.
Just south of the harbour the coastline is composed or coralline material and construction waste.
Figure 4-12 Selected photgraphs the beach on the western side coastline.
4.1.1.2 Northern end
Northern end is tapered with a small beach observed at the northern tip with a width of just 2-3 m in width.
Severe erosion is observed with coconut palms at the brink of being felled and some recently felled coconut palms have also been observed. This side of the islad is also heavily used as a dumping site and garbage was seen all along the beach. The following photographs show the beach along the northern end.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|50 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-13 Selected photgraphs the beach on the northern end of the coastline.
4.1.1.3 Eastern side
Eastern side of the island shows a relatively stable stretch of beach upto 2-3m in width in most areas. Approximately 50 m of beach rock with 2 m width was observed just beyond the mid point of the island. The designated dump yard is found on this side. Piles of metals and biodegradable waste has been found exposed to the beach and during high tide is sometimes washed out in to the lagoon.
Erosion is rather minimal towards the southern end. However, moderate erosion is observed on the north eastern side as shown in the following photographs.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|51 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-14 Selected photgraphs the beach on the eastern end of the coastline.
4.1.1.4 Southern end
Southern is characterised by a 40-45m long sand pit with a tepered end. The sand pit would be about 10m in width at the broadest point. As shallow lagoon exists on wither side during high tide water flows with high current erosing the tip of the sand pit.
Erosion is characteristically severe on the south western side. Root systems of coastal vegetation is heavily exposed upto 10m stretch on this side.
The following photogrpaphs shows the sand pit and rather stable beach on the southern end.
Figure 4-15 Selected photgraphs the beach on the southern end of the coastline.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|52 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.1.1.5 Beach profiles
Beach profiles for the island are presented in Appendix E.
4.1.2 Marine water quality assessment
The primary objective of the lagoon water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water in around Maamendhoo. Water samples were collected from three locations. Water samples were collected from mid depth following the protocols mentioned in Annex of the Terms of Reference approved for the project.
All water quality tests were done at the Water Quality Assurance Laboratory of the Male’ Water & Sewerage Company. The water test report is presented in Appendix F.
The following table shows the test results of the marine water samples collected in January 2013. The pH of the lagoon water on the southern side of the harbour is more alkaline than optimum, and the pH of the water sample from the reef edge is just within the optimal range for sea water. Salinity of water at all sample sites is high, but not exceptionally so, for marine water. Turbidity and TSS are within acceptable ranges.
Table 4-5 Marine Water Quality Parameters
Parameter Optimal Range Results (EPA) W1 W2 W3 pH 8.0 – 8.3 8.15 8.44 8.3 Temperature (oC) 18 - 32 25.0 25.0 25.1 o Salinity ( /oo) 32-34 35.37 35.08 35.12 Turbidity (NTU) 3 – 5 0.433 0.212 0.738 Total suspended solids - 0 1 0
4.1.3 Bathymetry
A detailed bathymetric survey of the proposed borrow sites was undertaken during February 2013. Survey results have been summarised in bathy charts Appendix G. The depth figures presented are in meters below MSL.
The project site comprises of a lagoon of about -1.0 m MSL on average.
The existing harbour basin is approximate -3.0 m deep with some shallow areas reaching up to - 2.0 m. The existing channel has an average depth –4.0 m MSL. However, there are shallow areas reaching -2.0 m MSL on either side of the channel, which could become navigation hazard overtime.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|53 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2 Biological Environment
4.2.1 Introduction
The aim of this assessment is to establish the baseline condition at the proposed project location. Assessments were carried out in January 2013. Weather conditions during the assessments; clear sky with typical weather conditions.
Main objective of this survey was to determine the benthic substrate composition and fish fauna present at the project location.
4.2.2 Manta Tow Survey
Manta tow surveys were conducted to determine the general benthic cover and reef condition of the area. Weather during the survey was sunny. Eleven tows were conducted along the reef edge.
Table 4-6 summarizes the results of manta tow survey; the numerical values in the table for each substrate category refer to percentage estimate benthic cover: 1 = 0-10%, 2 = 11-30%, 3 = 31- 50%, 4 = 51-75% and 5 = 76-100%.
Live coral coverage varied between 40-80 %. Majority of live corals comprises of corals belonging to Family Acroporidae and Poritidae.
Table 4-6 Summary of Manta tow survey
# F Observation
Live Live Coral Rock Rubble Sand DCA 1 50 30 10 5 5 H Gentle slope, porites, Acropora, turbid & lot of garbage 2 40 40 10 10 H Gentle slope, porites, Acropora, turbid & lot of garbage Gentle slope,table corals, porites, Acropora, dead table coral, 3 60 10 10 10 10 H few green sea turtles & hawksbill turtle Steep slope, porites, Acropora, channel, turbid, garbage & dead 4 50 20 20 5 5 H table coral 5 50 20 10 5 15 H Steep slope, acropora, garbage & old channel 6 70 10 5 5 10 H Steep slope, acropora, porites & dead table coral 7 50 30 10 5 5 H Steep slope, porites, acropora & over hang Steep slope, acropora, porites, garbage, green sea turtle, dead 8 50 20 20 5 5 H table coral & napoleon fish 9 50 25 10 5 10 L Steep slope, acropora, green sea turtle, dead table coral 10 40 30 10 5 15 L Steep slope, porites, acropora & dead table coral 11 80 10 5 5 H Gentle slope, porites, acropora & red water on the surface
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|54 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Tow 1
Tow 2
Tow 3
Tow 4
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|55 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Tow 5
Tow 6
Tow 7
Tow 8
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|56 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Tow 9
Tow 10
Tow 11
Figure 4-16 Selected photgraphs along each tow area
4.2.3 Photoquadrat Survey
4.2.3.1 Site 1
The transect line measuring 50 m was laid along North-South direction, along the reef edge. Depth along this length was around 3 m.
The dominant benthic substrate is sand, pavement and rubble, with 71% of total benthic cover. A quarter of the area was covered by live coral. The main live coral family observed near the reef edge towards the reef slope is Acroporidae, along with Pocilliporidae and Poritidae.
Figure 4-17 summarizes the benthic composition along the site. The following photographs (Figure 4-18) show the benthic cover along the transect one.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|57 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
25% CORAL (C)
DEAD CORAL WITH 4% ALGAE (DCA) SAND, PAVEMENT, RUBBLE (SPR) 71%
Figure 4-17 Mean benthic compositionalong Site 1
Figure 4-18 Selected photographs showing the benthic composition at Site 1
4.2.3.2 Site 2
The transect line measuring 50 m was laid in the North-South direction, along the reef edge parallel to the island. The depth of the area is about 3 m on average.
The dominant benthic cover is found to be similar to transect site 1, with 73% covered by sand, pavement and rubble. Live coral covered 22%, and dead coral for 4% of the total benthic substrate.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|58 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Acroporidae dominated the live coral community in this site as well. Pocilloporidae, Poritidae and Favidae were also observed.
The following figure (Figure 4-19) summarizes the benthic composition of the main substrates along the site.
22% CORAL (C)
1% OTHER LIVE (OL) 4% DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE (DCA) SAND, PAVEMENT, 73% RUBBLE (SPR)
Figure 4-19 Mean benthic composition at Site 2
The following photographs (Figure 4-20) show the benthic cover along the transect one.
Figure 4-20 Selected photographs showing the benthic cover at Site 2.
4.2.4 Timed Swim
Time swim with visual observation was carried out in the channel and lagoon area to determine the benthic composition along the site.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|59 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2.4.1 Existing Harbour Basin
The generl depth of the existing harbour is -3.0 MSL and a little deeper in the middle. Harbour is highly turbid and the bottom is composed of muddy sand with coralline material on some edges.
Iron bars, ropes and metallic waste is found. Due to high turbidity the visibility is considerably low in the barbour.
Figure 4-21 Selected photographs from the existing harbour basin
4.2.4.2 Entrance Channel
Th entrance channel is -3MSL and is bordered by rocky basement. However in some points live porites and table corals are found. Northern side of the entrance channel just near the exist point of the harbour dense seagrass patch is observed. The seagrass in of Turtleseagrass (Thalassa Testudinum) species commonly found in Maldives.
The benthic cover at the channel is dominantly sand with some coralline rubble.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|60 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 4-22 Selected photographs from the timed swim of the entrance channel
4.2.4.3 South of the Existing Harbour
Southern end of the harbour has accumulated sediments making it murky. A dense seagrass patch of Turtleseagrass (Thalassa Testudinum) is gound. However to the most past seagrass is covered in muddy sediments. Towards the southern end small coral recruitment spots are found.
The proposed extension zone in the harbour is domainated by coralline rubble and sparse seagrass.
Figure 4-23 Selected photographs from the timed swim south of the existing harbour
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|61 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.2.4.4 North of the Existing Harbour
The area have seen accretion at the existing sand bed and the beach towards north has been eroding at a fast pace accoding to the locals. The marine environment at the site is highly turbid with dense seagrass patch and high sedimentation.
Figure 4-24Selected photographs from the timed swim north of the existing harbour
4.2.5 Fish Census
A total of 16 fish families were recorded, all of which were observed in Site 1, and 15 of which were observed in Site 2.
The highest number of fish species were observed from family Pomacentridae (05 species at Site 1 and 09 species at Site 2), Labridae (05 species at Site 1 and 06 species at Site 2), Acanthuridae (04 species at Site 1 and 06 species at Site 2), and Scaridae (04 species at each site). Results of the fish census are presented in Table 4.7.
Spratelloides delicatulus (Blue Sprat) were abundant at both sites. Many individuals of Scarus sordidus (Shabby Parrotfish) were also observed at both sites. A single Zebra Shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) was observed at Site 1.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|62 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 4-7 Fish census at transect site 1
Family Genus Species Common Name T1 T2 Serranidae Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod F F Carangidae Caranx melampygus Blue-fin Jack F F Mullidae Parupeneus macronema Long-barbel Goatfish F
Chaetodon trsifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish F F Chaetodon fulca Double-saddle Butterflyfish F Chaetodontidae Chaetodon triangulum Triangular Butterflyfish F
Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish F F Pygoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish F F Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish F F Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri Forster's Hawkfish F F Chromis ternatensis Swallow-tail Puller F
Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller F F Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel F F Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel F F Pomacentridae Pomacentrus philippinus Philipine Damsel F F Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel F F Amblyglyphlyphidon batunai Green Sergeant F
Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Jewel Damsel F
Plectroglyphidodon dickii Narrowbar Damsel F
Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse F
Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse F F Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse F F Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse F F Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse F
Oxycheilinus digrammus Cheek-line Maori Wrasse F
Stethojulis albovittata Blue-lined Wrasse F
Halichoeres vrolikii Vroliks's Wrasse F
Scarus frenatus Bridled Parrotfish F F Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish M M Scaridae Scarus scaber Five-saddle Parrotfish F
Scarus nigger Dusky Parrotfish F F Scarus rubroviolaceus Ember Parrotfish F
Meiacanthus smithi Smith's Venomous Blenny S Blenniidae Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Tube-worm Blenny S
Acanthurus leucosternin Powder-blue Surgeonfish F F Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish F
Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish F Acanthuridae Ctenchaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth F F Ctenchaetus truncatus Gold ring bristletooth F F Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang F F Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish F F
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|63 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish F F Monacanthidae Oxymonacanthus longirostris Long-nose Filefish F F Clupeidae Spratelloides delicatulus Blue Sprat A A Carcharhinidae Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra Shark S
Tridacnidae Tridacna maxima Large Giant Clam F F *Abundance codes: S-= Single (1), F = Few (2-10), M = Moderate (11-100). A = Abundant (>100).
4.2.6 Seagrass bed
There are large patches of sea grass colonies throughout the island lagoon. The seagrass survey conducted on the western lagoon showed that it comprised of Thallasia hempreichii and Thalassia testudinum species.
Underwater visual fish census conducted in the seagrass bed showed that it is a habitat for juveniles and other bottom dwelling organisms like holothuroids.
4.2.7 Marine protected areas and sensitive sites
There are two marine protected areas within 10 km of the project site- Boava Faru and Maththidhuvaa. Five environmentally sensitive areas and two terrestrial protected areas (Maththidhuvaa and Odagalla) are also located within 10 km from Maamendhoo.
4.2.8 Breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species
All coral reef areas have the potential to be used as breeding/nurseries for reef fishes. No literature is available to indicate that reef system of Maamendhoo is used as breeding/nursery for fishes, crustaceans, marine mammals, sharks or turtles. Further studies are required to determine the specificity of the sites.
4.3 Natural Hazard Assessment for the Site
According to the UNDP Disaster Risk Assessment Reports of Maldives in 2006 and 2009, Maamendhoo is located in an area exposed to tsunamis, wind storm and rainfall flooding. The 2004 tsunami did impact the island and a future severe magnitude tsunami along specific points of the Sumatran Ridge is likely to flood large sections of the island.
A detailed risk assessment study was undertaken on G.A. Villigili by UNDP in 2009. This assessment is taken to be indicative of the risk of natural disasters for Maamendhoo, due to the close physical proximity of the two islands. The tables below summarises the findings from the report.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|64 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 4-8: Predicted disaster risks in G.A. Villligili Island (Source DIRAM 2 – UNDP & MPND)
Rapid onset flooding hazards
Hazard Max Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Predictio Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe n Impact Impact Impact Swell Waves NA < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m High Moderate Low (wave heights on reef flat – Average Island ridge height +1.9m above reef flat) Tsunami 3.7m < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Moderat Low Very e low (wave heights on reef flat) SW monsoon high 1.5m < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m High Very low Unlikely seas
(wave heights on reef flat) Heavy Rainfall 241mm <60mm > 60mm >175m High Moderate Low m (For a 24 hour period)
Slow onset flooding hazards (medium term scenario – year 2050) Hazard Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe SLR: Tidal Flooding < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Moderate Very Low Very Low
SLR: Swell Waves < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Very high Moderate Low
SLR: Heavy Rainfall <60mm >60mm >175mm Very High Moderate Low
Other rapid onset events Hazard Max Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Prediction
Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe
Wind storm NA <30 > 30 knts > Very High Moderate knts 45Knts High Earthquake I < IV > IV > VI Very Unlikely none (MMI Low value*)
*Refer to table 4-9 Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|65 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 4-9: Modified Mercalli Intensity description (Richter, 1958).
MMI Shaking Description of Damage Value Severity I Low Not felt. Marginal and long period effects of large earthquakes. II Low Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or favourably placed. III Low Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of light trucks. Duration estimated. May not be recognized as an earthquake. IV Low Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of heavy trucks; or sensation of a jolt like a heavy ball striking the walls. Standing motor cars rock. Windows, dishes, doors rattle. Glasses clink. Crockery clashes. In the upper range of IV, wooden walls and frame creak. V Low Felt outdoors; direction estimated. Sleepers wakened. Liquids disturbed, some spilled. Small unstable objects displaced or upset. Doors swing, close, open. Shutters, pictures move. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. VI-XII Light Light to total destruction Catastrophe
4.4 Island Socio-Economic Setting
4.4.1 Demography
The total registered population of Maamendhoo as of January 2013 is 1424, of which 663 are female and 761 are male. The total enumerated population from the Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2006 is reported as 1000 (Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008). There were 508 males and 492 females (MPND, 2008) with a male-female sex ratio of 0.93. Table 4-11 below shows the population figures for Census 2000 and Census 2006.
The annual population growth rate is estimated at 2.01 and shows a controlled growth.
Table 4-10: Maamendhoo population census figures of for 2000 and 2006
Census 2006 Census 2000 Total Population 1000 886 Male 508 427 Female 492 459 Source: (Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2002, Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2006)
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|66 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
4.4.1.1 Population Structure
The general structure of the population is shown in Figure 4-25 below.
65+ Female 60-64 Male 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 4-25 Age-Sex Distribution of Maamendhoo Population
Age classes of between 5-9 and 10-14 years are the largest age classes of the population, resulting in a large dependent population (i.e. population less than 15 years and over 65 years) which makes up 47% of the total population. The working age population (between 15 and 65 years) comprises of 52% of the total population.
The sex ratio of working age population is 0.9 compared to the 1.1 and 1.4 for children and the elderly respectively. This could indicate the temporary emigration of men for employment outside the island.
4.4.1.2 Population Density
The total area of the island is 49 hectares. The population density is therefore 21 persons per hectare. Figure 4-266 shows the population density of the islands in North Huvadhoo Atoll, including Maamendhoo.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|67 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
100 90 80 88 70 60 50 54 40 30 36 20 23 23 21 10 18 9 2 2 PopulationDensity 0
Island
Figure 4-26 Population Density by Island, G.A. Atoll
4.4.2 Island economic setting
4.4.2.1 Employment and occupational structure
According to Census 2006, the total economically active population is 378. Amongst these, 281 are employed and 97 are unemployed. The economically not active population is reported as 174 and the labour force participation rate is 65.3 %. The unemployment rate is reported as 25.7% , indicating the large number of voluntarily unemployed persons on the island. Much of the voluntary unemployment is amongst the students below 19 and the female population.
In terms of the employment sectors, much of the employment is in Manufacturing (30%), Fishing (17%) and Education (14%). Construction and Wholesale and Retail Trade account for 9% and 5% of the employed population respectively. Together, these five sectors represent 75% of the employed population.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|68 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
2% Manufacturing 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% Fishing 2% Education 2% Construction 2% Whole sale and retail trade 30% Not stated 4% Public administration and defense Health and social work 4% Quarrying 5% Transport, storage and communication Other community, social and personal Agriculture and forestry 9% Electricity, gas and water 17% Financial intermediation Hotels and restaurants 14% Real estate, renting and business Extra-territorial
Figure 4-27 Proportion of employment by economic activity
There are differences in the employment structure with regard to sex (see Figure 2-28 below). The total employed male population is 182 and female population is 99. There are variations in employment based on type of the economic activity.
Only males are actively involved fishing; construction; quarrying; transport, storage and communication; electricity, gas and water; financial intermediation; and real estate, renting and business activities. Males also dominate public administration and defence sector, hotels and restaurant businesses and other community, social and personal services.
Comparable numbers of males and females are involves in wholesale and retail trade, and manufacturing. Sectors in which females are most active are education, health and social work, and agriculture and forestry.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|69 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Extra-territorial Real estate, renting and business Hotels and restaurants Financial intermediation Electricity, gas and water Agriculture and forestry Other community, social and personal Transport, storage and communication Quarrying Health and social work Public administration and defense Not stated Whole sale and retail trade Construction Education Fishing Manufacturing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Male Female
Figure 4-28 Employment by sector and gender
4.4.3 Land Use Planning and Natural Resource Use
The proposed land use plan for G.A. Maamendhoo is attached as Appendix K. The total land area of Maamendhoo is about 49 hectares. Most of the land area has been awarded as housing plots.
The other major planned land use is agricultural plots, to be located on the southern side of the island. An area of land has been designated for tourism activities on the southern end of the island.
4.4.4 Accessibility and Public Transport
Transport: The key transport infrastructure on the island is the local harbour. The harbour infrastructure consists of a dredged basin, quay wall and breakwater. The harbour is in urgent need of repair and maintenance dredging. Shortage of space is also experienced, as the harbour is often used for mooring large fishing vessels and cargo vessels. The vessel fleet of the island consists of 2 fishing vessels, 4 dhonis and around 10 speed boats.
A domestic airport has recently been constructed in G.A. Kooddoo, less than 2 km from Maamendhoo. Frequent, but informal ferry transfers operate between Maamendhoo and
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|70 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Kooddoo Airport. An intra-atoll ferry operates within G.A. Atoll, with G.A Villigili as the hub connecting the atoll to the inter-atoll ferry network.
The roads are unsealed and there are no facilities or machinery present on the island to maintain roads.
4.4.5 Service Quality and Accessibility
Water supply: Most households (84%) use mineral water for drinking. Goundwater is used by 12%, and rain water by 4% of the population. A water distribution network has been established on the island and a water desalination plant has been procured. However, the service is currently not being provided due to lack of a desalination plant house.
Waste management: Designated areas for waste disposal have been identified, but not enforced. No waste management equipment is used in the island, and most of the waste is disposed by open burning.
Sanitation: Household septic tanks are used to dispose of sewage. There is not sewage treatment facility on the island.
Energy Supply: Electricity services on the island are currently being provided by Upper South Utilities.
Health care: There is one health care facility- Maamndhoo Health Centre, in the island, with one doctor and four nurses. Health care services are provided 18 hours a day.
Education: Maamendhoo School offers classes from Grade 1-12, with A’ levels in business and science stream subjects. As of January 2013, 345 students are enrolled in Maamendhoo School. A private pre-school is also operating on the island.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|71 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
5 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION
5.1 Introduction
Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of construction and operation stage of the harbour development are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies the environmental and socio-economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines the significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.
5.2 Nature of potential impacts on key components
Nature of potential impacts is defined here as No Impact, Adverse Impact or Beneficial Impact. Table 5.1 below provides the nature of potential impacts from the proposed project on environmental and socio-economic aspects by the project components. Where impacts are not applicable to different components, this is indicated as ‘X’. Some aspects may be affected both adversely (indicated as [-]) and beneficially (indicated as [+]) from the project.
5.3 Identification of significant impacts
Environmental and socio-economic aspects that may be impacted by the project as identified in Table 5.1 are further evaluated to identify significant impacts. Assessments of the impacts are conducted using the four criteria of Magnitude, Reversibility, Duration and Distribution as described below. Evaluation of key impacts is provided in Table 5.2.
1. Magnitude: Refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact.
2. Reversibility: Refers to the degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. ease of reversing the conditions).
3. Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects.
4. Distribution: Refers to the spatial scale of the area impacted (e.g. a small portion of a reef or an entire lagoon)
Estimates for negative impacts represent a ‘worst case scenario’ based on the assumption that the project will undergo full-scale development with no consideration for its environmental and social consequences, i.e. significance is assessed prior to implementation of mitigation measures. Values are attributed by the EIA team on the basis of direct observation of surveyed sites, professional judgment and pre-existing experience in development projects of similar nature.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|72 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 5-1 Impact Identification Matrix
d d
Activity
Noise Level Noise Quality Air emissions GHG processes Coastal Groundwater Flora Terrestrial fauna Terrestrial condition Soil Freshwater water Marine fauna and flora Marine Protecte Unique/ habitats species/ integrity Landscape risk hazard Natural safety and Health economy Local cohesion Social Construction Stage Site setup and mobilization - x x - x - x x x - x x - x - x x Workforce - x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + - Dredging - - - - x x x - - - - - x x - x x Land reclamation - - - - x x x x x - - - + - x x Harbour protection construction - - - - x x x x x - - x x + - x x Demobilization - x x x x x x x x x x x + x x - x Operation Stage Operation of the harbour - x x - x x x x x x x x x + + + + X (no impact), - (negative impact) + (positive impact)
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|73
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 5-2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural and socioeconomic environment
Impact area Potential impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance
Ambient Noise pollution: Operation of vehicles, machineries Moderate Easily Short and Vicinity of Minor noise level during site preparation, dredging, reclamation and negative reversible long term project site construction activities. However these will not be operated continuously for a long period of time. The noise level during the operational stage will not be higher than the current ambient noise level at the site.
Ambient air Air quality degradation: Negligible level of dust and Minor Reversible in Long Island-level Minor quality air emissions during transport of labour force and negative the long term term equipment to the project site, and operation of equipment during the construction stage. As equipment will not be operated continuously for a long time, the level of degradation will be minimal
GHG Increase in GHG in atmosphere; Transport of Minor Reversible in Short Island level Minor emissions equipment and workforce, and operation of equipment negative the long term term and vehicles during the construction stage will result in the emission of GHGs. The increase in GHG emissions due to the project will be negligible.
Groundwater Groundwater contamination: Accidental Moderate Irreversible Short Island level Major spillage/leakage of fuel and lubricants from vehicles, negative term vessels and equipment used in construction and operation
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|74
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Impact area Potential impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance
can contaminate groundwater
Groundwater salinisation: Seepage of sea water into the groundwater table at the reclaimed areas could lead to localised groundwater salinization.
Coastal Coastal erosion: changes to the the flow velocity and Minor Reversible in Long Island level Major Processes direction due to changes in depth (dredging) and coastal negative the long term term morphology (coastal structures, reclamation) can change with costly the coastal hydrology, potentially leading to localised implications erosion.
Marine water Pollution of marine environment: There is a possibility Moderate Reversible in Long Island level Major of accidental spillage of waste, fuel and lubricants into negative the long term term the marine environment during construction activities.
Increased turbidity and sedimentation: Dredging, reclamation and construction of coastal structures will disturb the bottom sediment, which can be dispersed in the water column, increasing turbidity, accompanied by sedimentation of the benthic environment.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|75
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Impact area Potential impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance
Terrestrial Loss of terrestrial flora and fauna: Temporary Minor Reversible in Short Site level Minor Flora and stockpiles of construction materials and waste, as well as negative the long run term Fauna negligent actions by work force during construction phase can also result in damage to flora and fauna in the area.
Soil Soil contamination: Accidental spillage/ leakage of fuel, Minor Reversible in Short Site level Minor Condition lubricants, etc. from vehicles and equipment can negative the long term term contaminate soil in the area.
Marine Flora Habitat loss and degradation: The habitat of marine Moderate Reversible in Long Site level Major and Fauna organisms in the direct footprint of the area to be dredged negative the long term term and reclaimed will be lost.
Biodiversity loss: Contamination, increased turbidity and sedimentation of the marine environment can affect physiological fitness of marine organisms, and community composition of the marine ecosystem.
Landscape Loss of visual amenity: Temporary stockpiling of Minor Easily Short Site level Minor Integrity/ materials for construction will have a negative impact on reversible term Scenery landscape. Practically Long Reclamation will also change the landscape in the area. irreversible term Moderate
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|76
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Impact area Potential impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance
Natural Erosion mitigation: Construction of habour and shore Minor Reversible Long Island level Minor Hazard Risk protection structures reduces the risk of natural disasters positive term by reducing exposure of moored vessels and coastal areas to high wave and wind activity, and flooding.
Health and Risks to health and safety: Accidents related to Moderate Possibly Long Island level Moderate Safety equipment handling and pollution can occur during irreversible term construction.
Demand for Increased Demand: Demand for freshwater, energy and Negligible Reversible Short Island level Insignificant Resources waste disposal will increase slightly during construction, term and Services both for construction activities and construction workforce. The existing facilities on the island are expected to be sufficient to meet the increased demand, which will not last beyond the construction period.
Local Economic growth: Temporary employment Minor Reversible Short Island level Minor Economy opportunities will be created for construction related positive term activities. Trade of food and beverages, and other daily necessities would also temporariliy improve, with the
influx of external construction workers.
The operation of the harbour will facilitate the expansion Moderate Long of the transport and fisheries sectors of the island in the positive Reversible term Island level Moderate long term
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|77
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Impact area Potential impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance
Social Social discontent: Employment of external workers for Minor Reversible Short Island level Minor Cohesion construction could create social discontent. negative term
Disruption to passenger and cargo transfers during the construction period can cause dissatisfaction.
Community wellbeing: A harbour with adequate Moderate Reversible Long Island level Moderate capacity and facilities for economic growth is expected term to strenghten the social wellbeing of the island residents.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|78
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 Description of Impacts
6.1.1 Degradation of the Marine Environment
Significant adverse impacts are expected on the marine environment, including the marine water quality and marine flora and fauna. The benthic organisms in the footprint of the dredged area, reclaimed area and coastal structures will be completely removed. According to the field survey, live coral cover at the project site is low. However, large patches of sea grass were observed.
Dredging, reclamation and construction of coastal structures will also involve disturbance to the bottom sediments, generating sediment plumes. Accidental spillage of waste, fuel and lubricants used in the construction activities into the marine environment can also lead to water contamination and habitat degradation.
Suspended sediments are carried by water and/or accumulate in a loose unconsolidated form on the reef bottom. While large particles settle on the bottom of the water body, sediment particles less than 0.063mm in size (mostly clay and silt) will remain suspended in the water column. Significant increases in the level of suspended and bedded sediment within the water column for a prolonged period will alter the habitat and adversely affect the living organisms at the site.
Significant changes to the physical and biological processes of coral reef ecosystems are expected. Most coral species cannot tolerate even minute rises in the sedimentation level, and only a very few species show high tolerance. Furthermore, coral recruitment will also be reduced as coral larvae are unlikely to settle on shifting sediment bottoms. Corals may display various strategies to cope with sedimentation; such as self-cleaning and selective tissue die-backs. However if the conditions persist, it is unlikely that the corals will survive.
Foraging behaviour of fishes may be impeded by turbid conditions as well; gills maybe clogged by sediment particles and sediment deposition may cover and suffocate eggs and larvae of benthic spawning fishes. Prolonged exposure to high sediment levels can lead to a decrease in fish immunity against parasites and diseases. As fishes can readily disperse they are likely to relocate in nearby reefs if high sediment conditions persist.
Of particular concern is the loss of seagrass during the construction stage of the project, which will lead to loss of spawning ground and habitat for juvenile fish species and other invertebrates like holothuroids (sea cucumber) which inhabit the area. Seagrass acts as a natural sediment trap, settling sedimentation and reducing turbidity of the lagoon environment.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|79 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
In addition, sedimentation is likely to cause major shifts in invertebrate populations as sediment is deposited at the crevices/crannies blocking their habitat. This favours domination of invertebrate populations that are more tolerant of the condition. The overall population diversity, size and quality of reef ecosystem are likely to decline due to increased and prolonged sedimentation arising from the proposed activities.
The potential affected area does not include any known unique/ threatened species, according to the marine surveys. Similarly, no identified threatened/unique habitats fall within the potential affected area shown in Figure 2-5. There are five Environmentally Sensitive Areas within a 10 km radius from the project site, the nearest located at about 3 km north of the project site. The marine environment in these areas is not expected to be significantly impacted due to the project.
6.1.1 Degradation of the Terrestrial Environment
Accidental spillage/ leakage of contrcution materials, waste, fuel, paint, etc. on the terrestrial environment during construction can lead to contamination of the soil as well as the groundwater. While such contamination is expected to be restricted to the project site, the effects would be practically irreversible, especially for groundwater contamination. Groundwater contamination from a point source can affect the entire groundwater resource of the island, as aquifers are not separated by impermeable strata, but extend continuously throught the extent of the island.
Groundwater can also become salinized near the project site, if sea water from dredged material used for land reclamation seep into the groundwater layer. However, this effect is expected to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the reclamation area. No groundwater will be extracted for construction purposes.
Contamination of the soil and groundwater can affect the terrestrial flora and fauna, and exclude certain species or limit their growth at affected sites. This can reduce biodiversity and change community composition in the affected area. Indiscriminate temporary stockpiling of construction material/ waste can also damage plants near the project site, and degrade faunal habitats. Noise and vibrations caused by construction activities also result in habitat degradation. Faunal species are expected to relocate from the vicinity of the project site until the habitat is restored.
As the potentially affected areas do not include the habitat of any threatened/ unqiue species, and the biodiversity of the island as a whole is not expected to be affected, the damage to terrestrial flora and fauna from the project is not expected to be significant. Mitigation measures are suggested to reduce the risk of contamination of the terrestrial environment (See Table 6-1).
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|80 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
6.1.2 Changes in Coastal Hydrodynamics
Dredging, reclamation and construction works are expected to result in changes to coastal hydrodynamics. The presence of a harbour parallel to the shoreline has been known to cause significant changes to the coastal processes. Since the harbour had existed for more than 10 years the coastal processes would have largely adjusted to the existing harbour by now. This project involves further changes to the coastline by reclaiming land adjacent to the harbour and offshore and constructing shore protection structures. While it is not possible to model the exact nature of change to coastal processes, changes in the flow velocity and direction of longshore currents and sediment transfer are anticipated.
This may lead to temporary erosion on the island and changes to coral growth. Of concern is the immediate severe erosion that may follow these activities, particularly in the newly reclaimed areas, as the coastal processes adjust to the changes. The revetments are intended for mitigating such erosional pressures on the reclaimed areas. Regular monitoring of coastal processes and morphology will be required to detect changes, identify any significant erosion problems and take corrective measures.
The disposal of dredge waste for beach replenishment or coastal land reclamation provides a positive benefit by increasing the sediment budget of the island.
In general terms, elongated islands located on the rim of the atolls have volatile beach zones on the northern and southern ends of the island. The central areas particuallry on the lagoonward and oceanward side are more stable. There is also a known lack of seasonal interation between the sediments on the lagoonward side and oceanward side, with bulk of the activity bein located on both ends. Thus, the impacts from the proposed harbour, given the harbour positioning, are likely to have lower erosional pressure on the island compared to islands with circular shapes or those located within the atoll.
6.1.3 Risks to Health and Safety
Health and safety risks arising from construction work is high, especially due to the use of specialised equipment and machinery. Accidents related to equipment use can lead to injury, and fatalities. Materials used in construction in addition to the equipment and machinery also involve risks to health and safety. Accidental spills/ leakage of hazardous substances can contaminate the site and pose risks to human health, including workers on the site and the local population. The project activities include measures to minimise risks to health and safety of workers (presented in Section 2.6.4).
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|81 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
6.1.4 Socioeconomic Impacts
The main negative socioeconomic impact expected to arise from the project is the potential conflict between external workers hired for the construction stage and the local population. About 24 workers will be involved in construction activities for a period of 4-5 months.
On the other hand, the influx of external workers will also temporarily increase sale of general consumer products like food and beverages, etc. from the island.
Local recruitment for temporary positions in the construction crew would be preferable, as it would provide temporary employment opportunities to the island residents, and conflicts with expatriate workers can be minimised. The recruitment of construction workers is the responsibility of the contractor.
The demand for resources and services, especially freshwater and electricity, would increase during construction. Freshwater will be obtained from a temporary desalination plant installed by the contractor. Hence, the freshwater supply of the island will not be affected. The existing capacity of the island powerhouse would be sufficient for meeting the additional demand for electricity. The use of the existing access facilities on the island will be restricted during the construction period, possibly disrupting passenger transfer and import/ export activites.
This project involves upgrading the existing access facilities, which would improve safety and convenience of the access facilities., and facilitate the expansion of the fisheries and transport sectors. This would improve the socioeconomic status of the island in the long term. The harbour and shore protection structures are also designed to reduce the exposure of the harbour area to high wave and wind action, thereby reducing the disaster risk from natural hydrogeological hazards.
6.2 Mitigation Measures for Adverse Impacts
The suggested mitigation measures and anticipated costs for mitigation of the potential significantly adverse environmental impacts are presented in Table 6-1 below.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|82 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 6-1 Suggested mitigation measures for potential adverse impacts
Environmental Aspect Mitigation Measures Mitigation Cost Responsible Party
Noise Level Complete all construction activities in the shorted possible N/A duration Air Quality Contractor/ Carry out all activities during the day N/A proponent GHG emissions Tune and maintain all vehicles and equipment Included in contract value Shore protection along the reclaimed shoreline to minimise Included in contract Proponent/ Coastal processes erosion value consultant Continuous monitoring to identify abnormal erosion activity. $300 per survey
Land and Proper maintenance of vehicles and equipment Included in contract Contractor/ Groundwater Close supervision of construction activities value proponent
Clear instructions regarding stockpiling, waste disposal and Included in contract Terrestrial flora & care for biodiversity value Contractor/ fauna Close supervision of construction activities Included in contract Proponent value Clear procedures for safe offloading of waste N/A Close supervision of offloading activities Included in contract Marine water Proponent/ Construct bund walls to contain sediments during dredging and value contractor reclamation Included in contract value Proponent/ Marine flora & fauna Continuous monitoring to identify population and community US$ 200 per survey consultant level changes
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|83 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Clear all construction materials and waste during Included in contract Landscape integrity Contractor demobilisation value The contractor would ensure that Health and Safety procedures are complied with at all times. Construction activities would be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person. All reasonable precautions will be taken for the safety of employees, and equipment will be operated by competent persons. Health checks will be administered before work commences Included in contract Proponent/ Health and safety Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided value contractor and used. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left free-standing. First aid kits will be made available on site The construction site will be properly closed to unauthorised personnel Employ local residents as far as possible Provide proper orientation to all workers regarding local values and customs Social cohesion N/A Proponent Inform and consult all stakeholders at all stages of the project Plan cargo and passenger transport to avoid disruption due to construction works within existing harbour
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|84 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
7 ALTERNATIVES
7.1 “No-project” Alternative
The option of a no project alternative has been considered for the harbour construction. The advantages and disadvantages of the No Project option are presented in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1 Summary of “No Project” Alternative
Options Advantages Disadvantages No harbour Marine habitats are not disturbed Safety of people accessing the development Existing hydrodynamics are not island is compromised altered Economic losses associated Impacts of beach erosion due to with poor accessibility coastal developments avoided High opportunity cost No disruption to island life due Social discontent with the to construction activities government Growth of major economic industries hampered
Given the disadvantages of not proceeding with the proposed harbour development project, the preferred option is to go ahead with the project.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|85 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
7.2 Alternative Sediment Control Measures
Table 7-2 presents an evaluation of the alternative methods for sediment containment.
Table 7-2 Summary of Sediment Control Measures
Measures Advantages Disadvantages
Bund walls Durable High impact on marine environment (preferred option) Cost effective
Locally available
Silt screen Durable Large quantities not locally available
East to handle Costly
Environmentally friendly
Given the size of the project size, bund walls are the preferred option, as it is easily available locally and cost-effectively, and provide adequate containment of sediments.
7.3 Alternative Dredging Method
Table 7-3 Summary of Dredging Alternatives
Dredging Advantages Disadvantages Method
Excavator on Most common method Smothering of corals, seagrass and temporary sand practiced by contractors increased siltation due to extra dredging bed/ barge for small scale projects for the creation of temporary sand bed
Does not require specialized skill
Very cost-effective
Cutter Suction Dredging works can be Requires highly skilled operators Dredger completed within a short time frame Not suitable for small scale dredging works
High costs
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|86 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Given the scale of the project, the preferred option is to use excavator on a temporary sand bed as this the most common, practical and cost effective method.
7.4 Alternative Dredge Material Disposal Site
The dredge material is proposed to be used for land reclamation behind the offshore breakwater and on the southern side of the harbour, as well as for backfilling the loading area on the northern side of the harbour. The total volume of material required for reclamation is about 14,462 cm3. The volume of usable dredged material is expected to be 17,273 cm3. An alternative disposal site for the dredge material, on the northern side of the harbour is suggested. Figure 7-2 shows the alternative dredge material disposal site.
This represents the best option for disposing of the excess dredge material from dredging, after reclamation of the proposed areas. This option is preferable, as the area will be used for boat yard activities, and the additional land area would be made available for this purpose.
7.5 Alternative Harbour Locations
The proposed location for the harbour is the site of the existing harbour, on the western side of Maamendhoo Island. Possible alternative locations for the harbour include the northern and northeastern coastlines.
Alternative locations for the harbour are not preferable for the following reasons.
Involves greater extent and severity of potential negative environmental impacts
Involves greater financial cost for dredging entire extent of harbour basin and entrance channel
Lack of additional socio-economic benefits from changing harbour location
Proposed location is preferable to the island community, based on the existing land use plan.
The proposed location for the harbour represents the lowest environmental and financial costs and is the preferred option, since the area has already been dredged for creating the existing harbour area.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|87 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
7.6 Alternative Entrance Channel
The existing entrance channel is located on the northern side of the harbour. This project involves maintenance dredging of the existing entrance channel. Consultations with the island residents raised suggestions for an additional entrance channel on the southern side of the harbour, as shown in Figure 7-1. The rationale for this suggestion is to reduce congestion within the channel and facilitate easier access to the harbour basin.
However, this option is not deemed preferable due to the following reasons.
- The reef are in the proposed location of the additional entrance channel has high live coral cover. Dredging activities in this area would result in high environmental damage - The expansion of the harbour basin would ease the congestion within the harbour and provide additional space for manoeuvring, limiting the need for an additional channel. - This component involves a change to the project scope, and would there incur changes in project cost and contractual agreements. Incorporation of this component could lead to unavoidable delays in project execution.
7.7 Alternative Design
The consultations with the island residents and the Island Council yielded suggestions for changes to the harbour design.
The suggested alternative is to construct a small bridge between the sea wall on the southern side of the harbour basin and the extended breakwater section, as shown in Figure 7-2. This is to allow access to the offshore breakwater and reclaimed area behind the breakwater by foot. This would allow almost the entire length of the breakwater to be used for mooring small vessels, and carrying out harbour activities.
The construction of the bridge would involve changes in the project cost and contractual agreements. Hence, the preferability of this option would depend on the availability of finance for this component.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|88 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 7-1 Alternative entrance channel
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|89 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Figure 7-2 Alternative dredge disposal site and bridge
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|90 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important component of the EIA process, needed to determine the accuracy of impact prediction, the adequacy of mitigation measures, and level of compliance with commitments regarding implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring of relevant environmental aspects.
The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:
Produce a framework for managing anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
8.1 Environmental Management System
The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on the standards and policies set out by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Maldives.
- Environmental Management Planning and establishment of key performance indicators: The EMP specifies environmental management measures and required performance standards - Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions - Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.
The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the following figure.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|91 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Commitment to environmental regulations, policies and guidelines
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Implementation of EMP
Improvements to Corrective and EMP preventative actions Monitoring EMP
Review of EMP
Figure 8-1 Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram
8.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities
The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project:
Project proponent Environmental consultant Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are as follows.
8.2.1 Project proponent
Execution of all project activities Preparation of EMP
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|92 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Detailed designs of bridge Monitoring of the project activities Submission of annual environmental monitoring reports as required by the EPA
8.2.2 Environmental Consultant
Preparation of EMP Monitoring of performance of project activities according to the EMP Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved Making amendments to the EMP according to the results of the audits Preparation of environmental monitoring report as required by the EPA (detailed in Chapter 9 of this report)
8.2.3 Environmental Protection Agency
Review environmental monitoring report Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions
8.3 Reporting Requirements
Reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover any training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non-conformances, incidents, complaints and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the project proponent and the Environmental Consultant.
The environmental reporting process is summarized in the figure below. All non-compliances and complaints during the execution of the project are to be reported to the EPA. The environmental management plan for execution of the project is provided below.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|93 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase
Environmental Protection Agency Project proponent Environmental consultant
Issues raised from periodic review Training of personnel Training of personnel of project Environmental monitoring Environmental monitoring Recording of complaints Recording of incidents audits Recording of complaints and Review of EMP follow up actions Review of EMP
Preparation of draft environmental report
Submission of report Annual environmental monitoring report finalized
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|94
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Table 8-1: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase
Activity Management measures Responsible party Timing
Training of staff and All construction workers and project management staff will be Project proponent & Before contractors provided information on general environmental issues, commencement of compliance with environmental permits and EMP. Environmental construction Consultant activities All staff involved with environmental monitoring will be provided training in environmental monitoring procedures.
Documenting non- All non-conformances to the environmental permit conditions, Project proponent & Continuous during conformances and corrective observed during monitoring will be documented. construction phase actions Environmental Necessary corrective actions and preventative actions will be consultant identified
Corrective actions will be implemented, with systematic follow ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures
Control of water Oil, solid waste and hazardous waste handled carefully and Project proponent Continuous during contamination transported in sealed containers. construction phase
All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site stored in a secure and bunded location.
Littering and accidental disposal of construction wastes avoided by preplanning.
All raw materials stored away from the vicinity of the coastal areas.
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|95
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Activity Management measures Responsible party Timing
General refuse stockpiled in one central area.
Construction activities carried out under the supervision of an experienced person.
Regular visual inspection of surrounding marine environment for waste
Waste management All waste segregated, stored temporarily and transferred to the Project proponent Continuous, during existing waste management site and domestic sewage generated construction phase (Waste generated from will be dealt through the existing sewerage system or septic tanks construction activities, the construction workforce will generate domestic and sewage waste)
Supervision of project Assign suitably experienced and qualified personnel to supervise Project proponent Before activities the entire project and ensure that all activities are carried out with commencement of minimal adverse impact on the environment the project
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|96
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
While the negative environmental impacts of the project can be significantly minimised if proper mitigation measures are taken, as identified in Chapter 6, the potential for unforeseen impacts still exists. Furthermore, some of the predicted impacts may turn out to have greater significance than predicted, making the suggested mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, frequent and regular monitoring of the relevant environmental aspects is a vital component of environment management. This chapter outlines the environmental monitoring plan for the proposed project.
9.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan
The main objectives of the monitoring plan are:
To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest To identify and resolve any issues of social unrest at the earliest To eliminate or reduce environmental costs
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|97
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
9.3 Aspects of the Monitoring Plan
Table 9.1 below summarizes the key aspects of the monitoring plan. The Table indicates the methodology, frequency and estimated cost for each monitoring attribute that will be required for the proposed project.
Table 9-1: Aspects of the Monitoring Plan
Monitoring Estimated Indicator Methodology Frequency Attribute Cost
Water Laboratory On completion of project and US$300 Contamination Water quality analysis thereafter annually per survey (Marine)
Visual Daily for the duration of the Oil spills NA observation project
Marine Water Contamination Oil leakage maintenance from and tuning of Weekly during the US$75 per machinery or all machinery construction phase week vessels & vessels
Percentage of Line transect live coral survey; Coral reef cover, and fish On completion of project, US$200 Fish census health species and thereafter annually per survey abundance and Manta tow composition survey
Surveying using level, Beach profiles staff, compass & D-GPS Erosion and Two months after US$100 Coastal beach line (at D-GPS tracks completion of the project and per survey Changes high tide & along the thereafter annually low tide) beach
Longshore Drogue currents method
Two months after Sonarmite or completion of the project and US$500 Water Depth Water Depth handheld echo thereafter annually for two per survey sounder years
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|98
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
9.4 Monitoring Report
Monitoring activities will be undertaken according to the schedule outlined in Table 9-1. Preliminary monitoring reports will be compiled and submitted every six months after commencement of project activities, during the construction phase. During the operational phase, an annual monitoring report will be prepared and submitted to the relevant authorities for compliance. The report will include methodologies and protocols followed for data collection and analysis, quality control measures and indicate the uncertainties.
9.5 Commitment for Monitoring
The proponent is fully committed to undertake the monitoring program outlined in this Chapter (refer Appendix J of this report).
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|99
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Stakeholder consultation sessions were held with the island council members and the local community on 27 and 28 January 2013. Fisherman, boat owners, business owners and the general population at large were invited to the public consultation meeting.
10.1 Consultation with Maamendhoo Island Council
The island council was consulted on 27 January 2013. Table 10-1 provides details of the participants of the consultation session.
Table 10-1 List of participants in consultation session with Maamendhoo Island Council
Name Designation Address Contact No. Ahmed Afeef Council President Green Mead 7904346 Saudhulla Rasheed Council Vice President Coralberry 7902666 Mohamed Nafiz Concilor Minivanhiyaa 7903884 Anwar Kareeem Councilor 7904345 Ahmed Shafeeu Administrative Officer Chand 7763780
Following are the main points of discussion during the consultation session.
There is high need for improved harbour facilities as fishing vessels and safari vessels from Male’ dock at Maamendhoo harbour and use the slipway facilities The quay wall is in urgent need of repair, especially since the 2006 tsunami The management plan for the harbour is being developed. The current proposal is to charge vessels using the harbour for longer 24 hours or more. There is no existing legislation on charging user fees. The final harbour maintenance and management plan will be included in the annual island development plans.
10.2 Public Consultation
The consultation session was held as a group discussion forum where the purpose of the project was introduced followed by presentation of the proposed design. Subsequently, all participants were asked to openly express their opinions on the current status of the harbour and were asked to provide comments and concerns on the proposed design. The list of participants and contact details are presented in Table 10-2. Following are the main points raised by participants in the consultation session.
Dredge an additional entrance via the opening on the southwestern corner of the harbour basin (current proposed location of culvert)
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|100
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Extent the breakwater on the southern side so that the entire reclaimed area is protected (already proposed in the current design) Place boulder rocks on the seaward side of the reclaimed area behind the breakwater for erosion mitigation. The existing reclaimed area was originally 70ft wide, but has eroded since. Provide access to the reclaimed area behind the breakwater by placing a concrete slab over the opening between the seawall on the southern side of the harbour and the breakwater. This would allow mooring of small vessels along the breakwater. The project should lead to sustainable benefits to the community, according to the principles of sustainable development.
Table 10-2 List of participants in public consultation session
Name Occupation Address Contact No. Mujuthabaa Teacher Aasam 7941401 Fahumee Driver Alhivilage 7622844 Mohamed Azeez Businessman Green Mead 7891433 Solih Ohugiriage 7670428 Mohamed Saeed Public administration Mars 7903887 Rauf Driver Irudheymaage 7625419 Rasheed Haveeree Manzil Mason Nasru Ranhadhaage 7911110 Ahmed Azeez Businessman Bahaaruge 7904354 Hassan Fiyaz Businessman Javaahiruvaadhee 7912022 Abbaas Fisherman Javaahirumaage 7614148 Jameel Labourer Kaneerumaage Ahmed Manik Public administration Heart 7776242 Ahmed Afeef Public administration Green Mead 7904346 Saudhulla Public administration Coralberry 7902666 Nafiz Public administration Minivanhiyaa 7903884 Shafeeu Public administration Abdulla Rasheed Venus 7936326 Ahmeem Driver Long Life 7648715 Arif Ali Worker- council secretariat Abdul Rasheed 7719193 Shareef Welder West Yard
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|101
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
11 POTENTIAL DATA GAPS AND ASSESSMENT LIMITATIONS
11.1 Gaps in Information
The environment of Maldives is generally poorly understood. This may be due to the lack of detailed studies in the Maldives. Much of the literatures on coral islands are derived from studies done in the Pacific which unfortunately has very different climatic and geologic settings.
Detailed environmental analysis for an EIA is often required to be undertaken in a relatively short period of time. Give the seasonal climatic variations in Maldives and the differences in local geomorphologic and climate settings in individual islands such a short time frame is often too little to assess selected aspects of the environment. This problem is compounded by the absence of long-term studies in other parts of Maldives. Hence, most EIA’s end up being based on an environmental snapshot of specific point in time. However, experienced EIA specialists can deliver a close match to reality based on a number of similar assessments. In this regard, the following gaps could be identified in information.
Absence of long-term site specific or even regional data (at least 2 years). Most critical data include current, wave and terrestrial modification history. Absence of historical and long-term records on reef and lagoon environment. Lack of detailed data on geology and soil due to time limitation in EIA submission.
These gaps are seriously considered in the assessment and care has been taken to address the issue in designing mitigation measures and the monitoring programme.
11.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction
Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As note earlier, there is also no long term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. It is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|102
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
12 CONCLUSIONS
The key conclusions of this EIA are summarized below.
The proposed developments are generally in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives. The development is designed based on environmental best practices suitable for marine construction in Maldives. The project involves maintenance dredging of the existing harbour basin and entrance channel, new dredging for expansion of the existing harbour by about 200 ft in length, reclamation of an area of about 5,625 sq. m, and construction of breakwater, quay wall and revetments. The existing harbour basin and entrance channel represents an altered environment. The dominant benthic cover in the lagoon areas close to the shore is sand, pavement and rubble. Large patches of seagrass was observed throughout the survey sites. Live coral cover and fish abundance was low in the project site. Significant impacts of this project during construction phase of the project are potential significant impacts on the marine environment due to excessive sedimentation, turbidity and direct excavation. The specific impacts on the coral reef and lagoon environment include loss of lagoon benthos organisms along the sand bed areas, temporary sedimentation in surrounding areas particularly with table corals, loss of coral life and temporary impacts on fish life. These impacts are likely to persist only in the short-term. Significant risks related to coastal erosion in the long term are unlikely. During the operation phase the main concern are the potential risks to health and safety of users. Most of these impacts can be minimized with proper mitigation measures recommended in the report. Key mitigation measures for the construction stage include deployment bund walls to minimise damage to the surrounding coral reefs. The alternatives evaluated for the project are dredging methods, sediment control methods, alternative harbour location and design, and alternative dredge disposal site. The monitoring plan has been designed with a focus to analyse the significant impacts over time, particularly the effect on water quality and the impacts on marine life. A management framework has been proposed and it is essential that this framework be used in the construction stage of the project. This project mainly has beneficial socio-economic impacts.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|103 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
REFERENCES
BINNIE BLACK & VEATCH 2000.Enviromental / Technical study for dredging / reclamation works under Hulhumale' Project - Final Report. Male': Ministry of Construction and Public Works.
DHI 1999.Physical modelling on wave disturbance and breakwater stability, Fuvahmulah Port Project. Denmark: Port Consult.
GODA, Y. 1998. Causes of high waves at Maldives in April 1987. Male': Asia Development Bank.
KENCH, P. S., BRANDER, R. W., PARNELL, K. E. & MCLEAN, R. F. 2006. Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology, 81, 1-17.
MEC 2004. Maldives: State of the Environment 2004, Male', Ministry of Environment and Construction.
NASEER, A. 2003. The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. PhD, Dalhousie University.
UNDP 2006. Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives, Male', United Nations Development Programme and Government of Maldives.
YOUNG, I. R. 1999. Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. International Journal of Climatology, 19, 931–950.
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|104 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|105 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX B – Site Plan
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|106 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX C – Detailed Drawings
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|107 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX D – Survey Locations
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|108 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX E – Beach Profiles
Beach Profile 1
0.2 0 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.4 -0.6
Depth -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 Distance
Beach Profile 2
0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.5
-1 Depth -1.5 -2 -2.5 Distance
Beach Profile 3
0.5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.5
-1 Depth -1.5
-2
-2.5 Distance
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|109 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
Beach Profile 4 0.5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-0.5
-1 Depth -1.5
-2
-2.5 Distance
Beach Profile 5
0.5
0 0 5 10 15 20 25
-0.5
-1 Depth -1.5
-2
-2.5 Distance
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|110 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX F – Water Quality Results
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|111 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX G – Bathymetry
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|112 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX H – CV’s of Consultants
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|113 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX I – Land Use Plan
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|114 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Maamendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX J – Commitment Letter
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|115