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Trdoleskov Zapredkar (Yponomeuta Cagnagella, Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera) in Sorodne Vrste V Sloveniji

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Trdoleskov Zapredkar (Yponomeuta Cagnagella, Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera) in Sorodne Vrste V Sloveniji Strokovni članek Trdoleskov zapredkar (Yponomeuta cagnagella, Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera) in sorodne vrste v Sloveniji Maja JURC* V Sloveniji v zadnjih letih pogosto na različnih gr- obsega 231 vrst, med katerimi so številne z nejasnim movnih in drevesnih vrstah opažamo golobrste, ki jih taksonomskim položajem. Te vrste so razvrščene v 25 povzročajo gosenice metuljev roda zapredkarjev (Ypo- rodov (Gershenson in Ulenberg, 1998). V tej poddružini nomeuta). Neposreden razlog za prikaz prisotnih vrst je več gospodarsko pomembnih vrst. omenjenega roda v Sloveniji je letošnja namnožitev tr- V Sloveniji so prisotne vrste : Y. cagnagella, Y. doleskovega zapredkarja. Prikazujemo domače vrste za- evonymella, Y. padella, Y. malinellus, Y. irrorella, Y. predkarjev roda Yponomeuta, poškodbe ki jih povzro- plumbella (Lesar in Govedič, 2010). čajo, vzroke za namnožitve, naravne regulatorje in na- ravne dejavnike, ki zmanjšujejo velikosti njihovih popu- O vrstah rodu Yponomeuta lacij ter priporočene ukrepe za zmanjšanje populacij de- Metulje tega rodu z lahkoto prepoznamo. Vse vrste foliatorjev. imajo podolgovata krila z rahlo zaokroženimi vrhovi, prednja krila so bela ali sivkasta s številnimi drobnimi Določitev povzročiteljev poškodb na navadni tr- črnimi pikami, zadnja krila so temnosivorjava. Večina doleski vrst se med sabo loči po številu in razporeditvi pik na Dne 10.5.2016 smo dobili obvestilo dr. Lene Ma- prednjih krilih in oprsju ter po intenziteti sive barve rion, vodje oddelka za arboristiko podjetja Tisa d.o.o., prednjih in zadnjih kril. Y. sedella ima prednja krila po- Cesta v Prod 84, Ljubljana, da so na Poti spominov in polnoma siva in na terminalnem delu nima pik. Y. plum- tovarištva (tudi Poti ob žici) opazili gosenice na grmih. bella ima precej siva krila, razločevalen znak je ena Listi grmov so bili skeletirani in prepredeni z zapredki večja črna packa v bližini oprsja in druga na vrhu kril (slika 6, 7). Poročajo tudi o obžiranju grmičkov trdole- (slika 1). ske v Celju in na Bledu. Tudi naša opažanja obžiranja Vrsti Y. rorrella in Y. irrorella imata precej siva navadne trdoleske v bližini Naklega, Domžal, Kamnika, prednja krila, sivina se stopnjuje od osnove proti vrhu Kranja, Postojne in Ljubljane potrjujejo večjo velikost kril, najintenzivnejša pa je v centru kril ter oblikuje te- populacije povzročiteljev golobrsta. Analizirali smo po- men terminalen obrobek. Naslednje tri vrste (Y. padella, škodbe in nabrane gosenice na navadni trdoleski Y. malinellus, Yponomeuta mahalebella Guenée, 1845) (Euonimus europaea L.) in ugotavili, da se na navadni nekateri taksonomi ne priznavajo kot samostojne vrste trdoleski hranijo gosenice metulja – trdoleskovega za- in jih obravnavajo kot Y. padella kompleks (zbirna vr- predkarja Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hübner, 1813), sta). Metulji te skupine so spremenljivi v barvi, struk- Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera). turno pa so si zelo podobni. Ločevanje posameznih vrst te skupine je pri odraslih osebkih nezanesljivo, vendar Taksonomska uvrstitev trdoleskovega zapred- se jasno razlikujejo glede na gostiteljske rastline in karja (Yponomeuta cagnagella) oblike gosenic. Nekateri menijo, da se populacija te Vrsto uvrščajo avtorji v novejšem času v družino zbirne vrste deli na rase (forme), ki se v sedanjem času Yponomeutidae (Reichholf-Riehm, 1991; Gershenson oblikujejo v vrste, – zato razlike med njimi še niso ve- in Ulenberg, 1998; Ulenberg, 1999), po avtorjih iz sta- like. Tako se gosenice Y. padella prehranjujejo v velikih rejšega obdobja pa v poddružino Hyponomeutinae skupinah v zapredkih na vrstah iz družine rožnic (Ro- (Escherich, 1931). Predstavnike družine Yponome- saceae) (preglednica 1). Y. malinellus ima podobno živ- utidae so raziskovali že v 18. stoletju. Leta 1738 je en- ljenjsko okolje kot prej omenjena vrsta, prehranjuje pa tomolog Réaumur objavil risbe jajčnih legel, gosenic, se samo z listi jablane in hruške, Yponomeuta maha- bub in odraslih osebkov (adultov) še neopisanih metu- lebella Guenée, 1845 pa z listi rašeljike (preglednica 1). ljev zapredkarjev. Prvi opisi le-teh segajo v obdobje Lin- Y. cagnagella se pojavlja na navadni trdoleski in na go- neja, ki je opisal nekaj vrst (Ulenberg, 1999). Rod Ypo- jeni sorodni vrsti Euonymus japonica Thunb. (pregle- nomeuta Latreille, 1796 je že pred pribl. 200 leti obsegal dnica 1). Navadna trdoleska je hrana tudi vrstama Y. vrste Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus, 1758) – črem- irrorella in Y. plumbella (preglednica 1). Y. sedella se sov zapredkar, Yponomeuta padella (Linnaeus, 1758) – lahko prehranjuje tudi z navadno trdolesko, v Veliki Bri- slivov zapredkar, Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, 1838 – taniji se značilno pojavlja na homulici (Sedum telephium jabolčni zapredkar, Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hübner, L.) (preglednica 1). Y. rorrella je bila najdena na vrbah. 1813) – trdoleskov zapredkar, Yponomeuta rorrella Vrsta Y. evonymella (čremsov zapredkar) (slika 8, 9, 10, (Hübner, 1796) – vrbov zapredkar, Yponomeuta 11, 12) se vedno pojavlja samo na čremsi (Reichholf- irrorella (Hübner, 1796), Yponomeuta plumbella (Denis Riehm, 1991), Živojinović (1970) pa navaja kot možne & Schiffermüller, 1775), Yponomeuta sedella Treit- gostitelje še vrste rodu jerebik (Sorbus) ter navadno krh- schke, 1832 – homuličin zapredkar. Vrste družine Ypo- liko (Frangula alnus Mill.) (preglednica 1). nomeutidae so razširjene po celem svetu, le v arktičnih predelih in puščavah jih ni. Poddružina Yponomeutinae Novice iz varstva gozdov 9, 2016 14 Preglednica 1: Vrste rodu Yponomeuta, ki se pojavljajo v zahodni Evropi (nomenklatura prilagojena po Escherich, 1931; Živojinović, 1970; Povel, 1984; Torossian in Roques 1989; Menken in sod. 1992; Gershenson in Ulenberg, 1998; Fauna Europea) (Jurc, 1999, dopolnjeno) Vrsta rodu Yponomeuta Gostitelj Značilnosti vrste slivov zapredkar Rosaceae - enoletna generacija Yponomeuta padella - črn trn (Prunus spinosa L.) - 5 stadijev gosenic - enovrati glog (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) - gosenice s črno glavo Sinonima: - navadni glog (Crataegus laevigata /Poiret/ - mlade gosenice ne grizejo listje tako kot = diffluellus Heinemann, 1870 DC.) ostale vrste tega rodu, začnejo s skeletira- - sliva (Prunus domestica L.) njem od roba proti sredini lista = rhamnellus Gershenson, 1974 - češnja (Prunus avium L.) - zabubijo se v zapredkih in kokoni so pogo- - jerebika (Sorbus aucuparia L.) sto združeni v gručah - šmarna hrušica (Amelanchier ovalis Med.) - nikoli čremsa (Prunus padus L.) jabolčni zapredkar Rosaceae - enoletna generacija Yponomeuta malinellus - jablana (Malus domestica Borkh.) - 5 stadijev gosenic - lesnika (Malus sylvestris Mill.) - gosenice s črno glavo - hruška (Pyrus communis L.) - kokone oblikuje v urejenih vrstah na dnu - drobnica (Pyrus pyraster /L./ Burgst.) zapredka - zimska hruška (Pyrus nivalis Jacqu.) Yponomeuta mahalebella Rosaceae - enoletna generacija - rašeljika (Prunus mahaleb L.) - 5 stadijev gosenic - gosenice s črno glavo čremsov zapredkar Rosaceae - enoletna generacija Yponomeuta evonymella - čremsa (Prunus padus L.) - 5 stadijev gosenic - vrste rodu Sorbus - gosenice s črno glavo Sinonim: - Frangula alnus Mill. - zapredek bel, v kepah = padi Zeller, 1844 vrbov zapredkar Salicaceae - enoletna generacija Yponomeuta rorrella - bela vrba (Salix alba L.) - 5 stadijev gosenic - beka (Salix viminalis L.) - gosenice s črno glavo Sinonim: - iva (Salix caprea L.) = gigas Rebel, 1892? - pepelnatosiva vrba (Salix cinerea L.) in druge vrste rodu Salix Yponomeuta irrorella Celastraceae - enoletna generacija - navadna trdoleska (Euonymus europaea) - majhna rodnost (4-9 jajčec) - 5 stadijev gosenic - gosenice s črno glavo - gosenice živijo posamično v zapredkih na listih trdoleskov zapredkar Celastraceae - enoletna generacija Yponomeuta cagnagella - navadna trdoleska (Euonymus europaea) - 5 stadijev gosenic Euonymus japonica - gosenice s črno glavo Sinonim: - zapredek bel, v kepah, postane rahlo zle- = cognatella Hübner 1825 pljen - gosenice oblikujejo kokone v urejenih vr- stah Yponomeuta plumbella Celastraceae - enoletna generacija - navadna trdoleska (Euonymus europaea) - jajčeca odlaga posamično - 5 stadijev gosenic - gosenice s rjavorumeno glavo - njune gosenice se ne prehranjujejo v skupi- nah in bube se pojavljajo posamično. homuličin zapredkar Crassulaceae - dvoletna generacija Yponomeuta sedella - homulica (Sedum telephium L.) - 4 stadiji gosenic - gosenice s črno glavo Sinonim: Celastraceae =. vigintipunctata Retzius 1783. - navadna trdoleska (Euonymus europaea) Trdoleskov zapredkar Yponomeuta cagnagella pokrovi so črni, mlade gosenice so temnejše (slika 2, 3, Opis vrste: Majhen metulj; čez sprednja krila meri 4). Gosenice se levijo petkrat, odrasle se zabubijo v sku- od 19 do 26 mm, sprednja krila so pretežno bela, so re- pinah, v zapredkih v motno belih kokonih, ki so zlepljeni sasto obrobljena in imajo štiri podolžne linije črnih pik med sabo v gručah. Na lokaciji pri Kranju so letos pri (ki vključuje tudi linijo 4-7 pik proti spodnjemu robu). nabiranju vzorcev gosenic 15. 5. 2016 že opazili zbiranje Odrasle gosenice so dolge 18-22 mm, rumeno sive do gosenic za zabubljenje (R. Pavlin) (slika 5). zeleno sive, s črnimi pikami. Glava, predprsje in analni Habitat: Pojavlja se na robovih listnatih gozdov, na presežen. Vroča in suha poletja ustrezajo samicam, ki posamično rastočih grmih trdolesk. Najdemo ga v nižin- takrat optimalno ležejo jajčeca. Obdobja dolgotrajnej- skih listnatih gozdovih pa tudi drugje, kjer uspeva nava- šega deževja v času rojenja ovirajo letenje, prepoznava- dna trdoleska. nje med partnerji ter hranjenje,
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