University of Kentucky UKnowledge Music Arts and Humanities 2002 Country Music Annual 2002 Charles K. Wolfe Middle Tennessee State University James E. Akenson Tennessee Technological University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Wolfe, Charles K. and Akenson, James E., "Country Music Annual 2002" (2002). Music. 6. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_music/6 fflr IDSIC NNUA1 2002 oumi DSIC &NNUAL ^2002^ Edited by Charles K. Wolfe and James E. Akenson THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 2002 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 06 05 04 03 02 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-8131-0991-4 (pbk: alk. paper) INTENTS Introduction 1 Conway Twitty: The Man and His Image 3 Jimmie N. Rogers The Bill Monroe Biography: Journalism Assisting Scholarship 15 Richard D. Smith "Man of Constant Sorrow": Antecedents and Tradition 26 John Garst The Selling Sound of Country Music: Class, Culture, and Early Radio Marketing Strategy of the Country Music Association 54 Diane Pecknold Tex Morton and His Influence on Country Music in Australia During the 1930s and 1940s 82 Andrew Smith Country Music Publishing Catalog Acquisition 104 John Gonas, David Herrera, James I. Elliott, and Greg Faulk Postcards and the Promotion of Early Country Music Artists 117 Danny W. Allen The Drive-by Truckers and the Redneck Underground: A Subcultural Analysis 130 S. Renee Dechert and George H. Lewis WPAQ Radio: The Voice of the Blue Ridge Mountains 151 David B. Pruett Politics and Country Music, 1963-1974 161 Don Cusic Honky-Tonk Angels and Rockabilly Queens: Oklahoma Divas in American Country Music 186 George Carney The Bristol Syndrome: Field Recordings of Early Country Music 202 Charles K. Wolfe Contributors 223 INTRODUCTION Charles K. Wolfe and James E. Akenson This third annual collection of new studies in country music reflects, as have the first two, the continuing diversity of approaches taken by scholars in dealing with this complex and influential commercial art form. Because of the rich variety of papers submitted for the volume, we have as a matter of policy avoided trying to create issues devoted to a particular topic or approach. At the same time, we have resisted the temptation to create is- sues that were tied too specifically to the musical events and developments of the current year. As with earlier issues, this volume spans the history of country music, from the earliest commercial recordings in the 1920s to the modern alt country of the 1990s. Along the way, we are treated to a num- ber of subjects that have received their due attention: the scene of Austra- lian country music (Andrew Smith), the application of cultural geography to the music (Carney), the development of trade organizations in the field (Pecknold), and the role of regional radio stations (Pruett). One of the most notable trends in the country music scene in the last two years has been the rise in popularity of old-time country and blue- grass. The surprising commercial success of the soundtrack for the film 0 Brother, Where Art Thou?, filled with bluegrass, gospel, and old-time mu- sic, encouraged a number of mainstream country singers to do acoustic or tradition-based albums, and traditional performers like Ralph Stanley found themselves more popular than at any time in their careers. John Garst's study of the film's big hit song, "Man of Constant Sorrow," shows just how 2 Wolfe and Akenson deeply the roots of this ballad extend into the American past. The year 2002 also saw the seventy-fifth anniversary of the pioneering recording sessions at Bristol, Tennessee, and a number of national and regional events designed to commemorate it. Charles Wolfe's article "The Bristol Syndrome" puts these sessions in historical perspective and explores the ways in which commercial record companies first documented the music. Other topics explored in these articles include studies of specific artists (Conway Twitty Tex Morton, the Drive-by Truckers), the way in which songs from a particular era reflect their time (the 1960s), and the way in which the music functions as an industry. An area of study that country scholars are just beginning to explore is historiography. Though we have had for some time studies of the historians and critics of fields like jazz, blues, and even rock (see, for example, Jim DeRogatiss 2001 book on critic Lester Bangs), little of this has been developed for country. Richard D. Smith's account of the history of his own award-winning biography of Bill Monroe is an early start in this direction. We continue to invite ideas and submissions for later volumes of Coun- try Music Annual and continue to invite scholars and general readers to sample the fare within. HMUT f WITTY THE MAN AND BIS IMAGE Jimmie N. Rogers Conway Twitty is an icon in American culture. One way to know if some- one has reached iconic status is to note how little must be said to identify the individual in a joke. Consider the following: A young man was as- signed to a new church, and upon his arrival he thought he would canvass the neighborhood, introduce himself, and invite people to attend the church. When he knocks on the first door, a woman opens it and exclaims, "As I live and breathe, Conway Twitty!" The minister explains that he is not Conway Twitty; he is the new preacher at the local church out asking neigh- bors to visit on Sunday. The woman says she will think about it and once again comments on the minister's resemblance to Conway Twitty. At the next door a man responds to the knock with an observation similar to the first greeting. Once again the minister admits that while he might resemble Conway Twitty, he is in fact the new preacher from the church down the street and asks the man to attend Sunday services. He knocks and gets no immediate response at the third door. After knocking a second time, a young woman appears at the door with a towel draped around her, displaying evidence of having recently left a bath. She looks at the minister, drops her towel, extends her arms, and calls out "Conway!" The surprised preacher steps back and says, "Hello Darlin'." "Looking Back" Inclusion in the popular culture of the day offers other evidence of one's becoming an icon. Twitty is not mentioned in the first few minutes of Kris Jimmie N. Rogers Conway Twitty enjoyed a long and illustrious career in the music industry, recording numerous number-one hits. Kristofferson's song "The Pilgrim," but does seem to fit a description found in its lyrics. Kristofferson is talking about some other contemporary picker when he sings, "He's a walking contradiction, partly truth and partly fic- tion."1 Though written about someone else, the line aptly suits Twitty. Conway dedicated his life to creating a persona (partly true and partly fic- tion), which has allowed him to achieve great success as an entertainer. Twitty's early life was not much different from those of other country pickers. He was named Harold Lloyd Jenkins at birth in Friars Point, Mis- sissippi, on September 1, 1933. (This date must have been disagreeable to the star because it was not mentioned in the singer's authorized biogra- phy.)2 His father was a ferryboat captain who ultimately settled his family on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Helena, Arkansas, when Harold was ten years old.3 Young Jenkins excelled in sports in school and front-porch music out of school. He organized a band called the Phillips Country Ramblers that played regularly on the local radio station by the time he was twelve.4 His early performances were greatly influenced by the music he heard on the Grand Ole Opry and by some of the local bands he heard in Helena. KFFA, the radio station on which he began his career, was the home of the King Biscuit Boys, so Harold was able to hear some of the finest delta blues available anywhere. Perhaps Jenkins was better at baseball than pickin' during his school Conway Twitty 5 years in Helena. During the early 1950s in Arkansas, professional baseball scouts were watching high school, American Legion, and semi-pro or town teams actively looking for talent. A scout from the Philadelphia Phillies told Harold that he would probably be offered a contract after finishing high school. This dangling offer allowed the young man to make plans for the future. He also considered serving as a preacher and gave some examples of his success as an amateur practitioner in his authorized biography.5 After becoming disillusioned with the ministry, Jenkins concentrated on a future in baseball. He finished school in Helena and went north to work while waiting for the baseball draft.