Appendix 1: Territories Under the Antilles Episcopal Conference (Including Population Figures)

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Appendix 1: Territories under the Antilles Episcopal Conference (Including Population Figures)

The Roman Catholic Church in the English-, Dutch-, and French-speaking Caribbean (except Haiti) comprises ﬁve Provinces, consisting of twenty-one ecclesiastical units: ﬁve Archdioceses, fourteen Dioceses and two Independent Missions.

Ecclesiastical units Population % RC RC population % of AEC

Province of St. Pierre and Fort-de-France Archdiocese of St. Pierre 414,516 90 373, 064 and Fort-de-France (Martinique) Diocese of Basse-terre and 426,493 95 405, 168 Point-a-Pitre (Guadeloupe) Diocese of Cayenne (French 220,000 75 165, 000 Guyana) Province of St. Pierre and 1,061,009 89 943,233 39 Fort-de-France Total Province of Port-of-Spain Archdiocese of Port-of-Spain 1,338,000 29 393, 372 (Trinidad and Tobago) Diocese of Willemstad: Curaçao 130,801 80 104, 641 Aruba 110,000 81 89, 100 St. Maarten 56,410 39 22, 000 Bonaire 10,797 77 8, 314 Saba 1,350 58 783 St. Eustatius 2,272 25 568 Subtotal Diocese of 311,630 72 225, 405 Willemstad Diocese of Paramaribo 493,000 23 113, 390 (Suriname) Diocese of Georgetown 750,000 8 60, 000 (Guyana) Diocese of Kingstown 121,000 13 15, 730 (St. Vincent and the Grenadines) 246

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Ecclesiastical units Population % RC RC population % of AEC

Diocese of Bridgetown 295,000 4 11, 800 (Barbados) Province of Port-of-Spain 3,308,630 25 819,697 34 Total Province of Castries Archdiocese of Castries 167,000 90 150, 300 (St. Lucia) Diocese of Roseau (Dominica) 67,000 90 60, 032 Diocese of St. George’s 106,000 53 56, 180 (Grenada) Diocese of St. John’s- Basseterre: Antigua and Barbuda 86,000 10 8, 772 St. Kitts and Nevis 51,000 11 5, 610 British Virgin Islands 24,000 15 3, 600 Anguilla 14,108 3 423 Montserrat 5,140 NA NA Subtotal Diocese of 180,248 10 18, 405 St. John’s-Basseterre Province of Castries Total 520,248 55 284,917 12 Province of Kingston Archdiocese of Kingston 2,728,000 4 109, 120 (Jamaica) Diocese of Mandeville (Jamaica) Diocese of Montego Bay (Jamaica) Diocese of Belize City and 320,000 50 160, 000 Belmopan (Belize) Mission Sui Iuris of the Cayman 48,000 3 1, 440 Islands Province of Kingston Total 3,096,000 9 270,560 11 Province of Nassau Archdiocese of Nassau 335,000 22 73, 700 (Bahamas) Diocese of Hamilton (Bermuda) 66,000 15 9, 900 Mission Sui Iuris of the Turks 22,352 20 4, 448 and Caicos Islands Province of Nassau Total 423,352 21 88,048 4 Grand Total AEC 8,409,239 29 2,406,455 100

Note: NA, Not available Source: http://www.aecrc.org; Data on religion (2008). Appendix 2: Socio-Economic Data of AEC Countries

Country Gender breakdown Life Infant Literacy Gender expectancy mortality (%) gap index (rank) MF

Anguilla 0.94 1 80.53 3.54 95 NA Antigua and 0.91 1 74.25 17.49 85.8 NA Barbuda Aruba 0.90 1 75.06 14.26 97.3 NA Bahamas 0.96 1 65.72 23.67 95.6 0.7128 (36) Barbados 0.94 1 73.21 11.05 99.7 0.7176 (31) Belize 1.0025 1 68.19 23.65 76.9 0.6536 (93) Bermuda 0.94 1 80.71 2.47 98 NA Bonaire 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NA British 1.05 1 77.07 15.2 97.8 NA Virgin Islands Cayman 0.96 1 80.32 7.1 98 NA Islands Curaçao 0.85 1 76.25 6.5 97.6 NA French 1.12 1 75 10.40 83 NA Guiana (Cayenne) Dominica 1.02 1 75.33 14.12 94 NA Grenada 1.02 1 65.6 13.58 96 NA Guadeloupe 0.97 1 79 8.41 90 NA Guyana 1 1 66.43 30.43 98.8 0.7090 (38) Jamaica 0.98 1 73.59 15.57 87.9 0.7037 (44) Martinique 0.98 1 80.5 6.0 NA Montserrat 0.96 1 72.6 16.46 97 NA 248

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Country Gender breakdown Life Infant Literacy Gender expectancy mortality (%) gap index (rank) MF

Saba 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NA St. Eustacius 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NA St. Kitts and 0.99 1 72.94 14.34 97.8 NA Nevis St. Vincent 1.03 1 74.34 13.62 96 NA and The Grenadines St. Lucia 0.96 1 76.25 13.8 90.1 NA St. Maarten 0.92 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NA Suriname 1.03 1 73.48 19.45 89.6 0.6407 (102) Trinidad and 1.02 1 67 23.59 98.6 0.7353 Tobago (21) Turks and 1.01 1 75.19 14.35 98 NA Caicos

Note: NA, not available Source: http://www.prolades.com/amertbl06.htm; (PROLADES is the Spanish acronym for Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program, located in San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica); http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___ statistics___additonal_files/articles/facts_and_figures_2009_0.pdf Appendix 3: HIV and AIDS Cases and Related Deaths in the AEC

Country Living with HIV/AIDS Deaths due to AIDS during 2009 All people Adult (15–49 years) prevalence %

Anguilla NA NA NA Antigua and 682∗ NA NA Barbuda Aruba NA NA NA Bahamas 6,600 3.1 <500 Barbados 2,100 1.4 <100 Belize 4,800 2.3 <500 Bermuda 163 0.3 392† Dominica 300 0.2‡ Guyana 5,900 1.2 <500 Grenada§ 1% Jamaica 32,000 1.7 1,200 St. Lucia 260∗∗ 0.12 217†† St. Kitts and Nevis 270‡‡ 0.55 St. Maarten 579§§ Between 1 and 2% Curacao 1,184§§ Between 1 and 2% Suriname 3,700 1.0 <200 St. Vincent and 408 0.4 223 The Grenadines (1984–1999) Trinidad and 15,000 1.5 <1,000 Tobago Turks and Caicos NA NA NA

∗Total number of cases between 1985 and 2007, Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, http://ab.gov.ag/; †2005; ‡2003, http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_ country_progress_report_dominica_en.pdf; §http://www.bb.undp.org/index.php?page=grenada; ∗∗2005 data; ##Deaths since 1985, http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_country_ progress_report_st_lucia_en.pdf; §§Between 1985 and 2007, http://www.undp.org.tt/NA/ MDGReportCURandSXM.pdf; ‡‡Cumulative total from 1984 to 2006, http://www.nachaskn. org/HIVinstkittsnevis.asp; http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/st_vincent_and_the_ grenadines_2008_country_progress_repor_en.pdf; St. Vincent data source, http://www.paho. org/english/dd/ais/cp_670.htm Note: NA, not available. Appendix 4: Overview of Key Socio-political and Ecclesial Occurrences in the Caribbean and in the Wider World, 1948–2011

Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1948 UWI started on Mona Benedictine Training School Campus, Jamaica. started in Trinidad. First Meeting of Bishops of the British West Indies. 1950 Jamaican Gladstone Orlando Stanislaus Wilson, PhD., MA, BA (Hons.), BD, DD, DCL, BCL, FRSA, Dip. Soc. Sc. (Diploma in Social Science) was elevated to monsignor (ordained in 1931 by His Eminence William Cardinal Van Rossum, by special permission of his Holiness Pope Pius XI). 1952 St. Michael’s Seminary started in Jamaica. 1955 The ﬁrst tourist hotel was built on Sint Maarten; it contained only twenty rooms. 1957 François Duvalier, known as The name “Antilles Episcopal “Papa Doc,” won the Conference” was adopted. presidency in Haiti. (He later AEC supported Catholic created a dictatorship and in Chaplaincy at UWI, Mona. 1964 declared himself “President for Life”. He weakened the Roman Catholic Church through his support for Vodun). 252

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1958 AEC becomes full member of CELAM; Decision taken to include Dutch Antilles and Suriname, the French Antilles, Bermuda, and the Bahamas. 1959 Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro. 1960 Rioting on Martinique over lack of island authority. 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Inauguration of Aquinas Centre to serve Catholics on the UWI, Mona 1962 West Indies Federation goes Second Vatican Council formally out of existence. (Vatican II) is opened by Pope Jamaica and Trinidad and John XXIII. Tobago become the ﬁrst independent countries in the English-speaking Caribbean.In a referendum held in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana, the majority of voters support the constitutional status (introduced in 1946) of these territories as French overseas departments/regions rather than a move toward greater autonomy or independence. 1963 The Chaguaramas peninsula in Giovanni Battista Montini the northwest of the island of elected Paul VI. Trinidad, which was used as a US naval base since the 1940s, is returned to the control of the now independent state of Trinidad and Tobago. Curaçao began its offshore banking in 1963 with an agreement with the United States that was beneﬁcial for both parties. 1964 The United Theological College of the West Indies (UTCWI), a merger of three theological schools, is formally founded. It becomes operational on a single campus (Mona, Jamaica) in 1967. 253

1965 Anti-Chinese riots in Jamaica. Vatican II is closed by Pope Paul VI. Publication of Gaudium et Spes [Joy and Hope], Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. 1966 Barbados and Guyana become The Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile independent. Selassie, visits Jamaica and is welcomed by the Rastafarian community who considers him divine (God Incarnate, the Black Messiah, the Second Advent or Reincarnation of Christ). Samuel E. Carter, SJ, became auxiliary in Jamaica. HIM Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visited Jamaica. 1967 A rebellion in Anguilla starts a Populorum Progressio four-year period of protest against (Development of Peoples), the island being a part of a Encyclical by Pope Paul VI. The federation with St. Kitts and changes introduced by Vatican Nevis. This period is known as the II begin to be implemented in the Anguillan Revolution, which Caribbean with the introduction includes a referendum in which of laymen and laywomen as Anguillans vote for separation lectors. This marks the beginning from the federation as well as a of increased lay involvement in the (nonviolent) occupation of the Roman Catholic Church’s liturgy, island by British paratroopers. ministries and administration. Roman Catholic Church and World Council of Churches form a joint Committee on Society, Development and Peace (Sodepax). It has been disbanded in 1980. 1968 UWI lecturer Walter Rodney II Conference of CELAM (Latin banned from Jamaica. He was a American Episcopal Conference), Guyanese historian and the held in Medellin (Colombia). intellectual leader of the Black Theme: Church and Human Power movement in the Liberation. Caribbean. The ban leads to Gordon Anthony Pantin riots in Jamaica as well as (1929–2000) is consecrated the demonstrations in Trinidad, ﬁrst locally born Archbishop Barbados, Guyana, and in of Port of Spain, Trinidad Caribbean communities in (1968–2000). New York and Montreal. A new labor union in Antigua stages a mass demonstration in February, followed by a general strike in March, demanding recognition of the union and 254

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

protesting foreign dominance of the economy. The Government of Vere C. Bird calls a state of emergency. CARIFTA, the Caribbean Free Trade Area, is created to provide continued economic linkages between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean following the dissolution of the West Indies Federation in 1962. CARIFTA is superseded by CARICOM in 1973. The Kourou Space Centre in French Guiana becomes operational. The first satellite launch takes place in 1970. 1969 May. A labor strike at the oil Formation of CADEC refinery in Curaçao evolves into (Christian Action for social protests and rioting. Development in the (Eastern) May 30, 1969 is a key Caribbean). landmark in Curaçaoan history St. Michael’s Seminary as the events of that day fuel a relocated to lands adjacent to social movement in the 1970s the UWI and UTC. that results in more rights and greater influence over the political process for Afro-Curaçaoans. October. The Caribbean Development Bank is established with headquarters in Barbados. Statement on the Black Power Movement by the Bishops of the AEC. 1970 Government of Forbes The Seminary of St. John Burnham (Peoples National Vianney and the Uganda Congress) in Guyana turns to Martyrs on Mount St. Benedict “cooperative socialism”, in Trinidad and Tobago, nationalizing large parts of the established in 1943, is economy, taking control of the designated as the Regional media, and militarizing the Seminary to prepare priests to state. Guyana becomes a serve in the various Dioceses of Republic. the AEC. 255

February. For fifty-five days, labor unions, urban unemployed, students, and Black Power exponents in Trinidad and Tobago protest against the establishments of business, Church, and state. Known as the February Revolution or Black Power Revolution, the protest starts with a Black Power demonstration and includes a mutiny in the Defence Force. The Government of Eric Williams calls a state of emergency. 1971 Octogesima Adveniens, Apostolic Letter and call to action on social problems by Pope Paul VI. French Antilles join AEC as observers Roman Catholic Synod of Bishops held in Rome, resulting in the publication of the statement Justitia in Mundo (Justice in the World). Caribbean Ecumenical Consultation on Development held in Trinidad and Tobago. Publication of the seminal In Search of New Perspectives by Rev. Idris Hamid, dealing with Caribbean theology and development. Peruvian Catholic priest Gustavo Gutierrez Merino, considered the father of Latin American liberation theology, publishes his seminal Historia, politica y salvacion de una teologia de la liberacion (A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation). 1972 Price of oil rises. The Trinidadian economy experiences a boom (1972–78). PNP wins General Elections in Jamaica. The four independent countries of Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago establish diplomatic relations with Cuba. The Turks and Caicos got their own local government and held their first elections in 1976. 256

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1973 The Bahamas gains independence. Caribbean Conference of March. During a period of Churches (CCC) is established at civil unrest in Bermuda, the its inaugural assembly held in UK-appointed Governor and Jamaica (Archbishop Carter as Police Commissioner are AEC President influential in this assassinated by people who have process). CADEC becomes its been linked to the militant Black development arm. Beret Cadre, a small Bermudian The Catholic Charismatic Black Power group. Renewal is introduced into Trinidad. Wilhelm Michel Ellis (1926–2003) becomes the first locally born bishop of the Diocese of Willemstad (1973–2001). CARICOM, the Caribbean Community and Common Market, is established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas. 1974 Grenada becomes independent. Government of Michael Manley (Peoples National Party) in Jamaica opts for “democratic socialism” and expands the state sector. 1975 First Lomé Convention on trade Justice and Peace in a New and aid between the European Caribbean, first Pastoral Letter of Union (EU) and African, the Bishops of the AEC. Evangelii Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) Nuntiandi, Pastoral exhortation countries (1975–80). on evangelization in the modern Suriname achieves independence world by Pope Paul VI. Cuba sends troops to Angola. Secretary of the Vatican’s Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples recognized the AEC as one of the first to obtain recognition by the Holy See. 1976 Trinidad and Tobago becomes a November. Statement on the Republic. Catholic Charismatic Renewal, by the AEC Bishops. 1978 Dominica becomes independent. Year of three Popes: Paul VI, who November. Guyana receives passed away on August 6; John considerable international Paul I, from August 26 to September 29; and John Paul II as of October 16. 257

attention when over 900 almost entirely American members (including more than 300 children) of the Jim Jones-led cult called Peoples Temple die in a mass suicide/murder in Jonestown and nearby Port Kaituma in the northwestern part of the country. 1979 St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the III Conference of CELAM, held Grenadines gain independence. in Puebla, Mexico. Theme: The New Jewel Movement led The Present and Future of by Maurice Bishop takes over Evangelization in Latin America. government in Grenada after an Redemptor Hominis (Redeemer uprising. The “Peoples’ of Humanity), Encyclical by Pope Revolutionary Government” John Paul II. establishes a mixed economy and receives considerable aid from January. On his very first Cuba. This period is known as international pontifical trip, Pope the Grenada Revolution John Paul II visits the Bahamas (1979–83). (together with the Dominican Republic and Mexico). April. La Soufrière, a volcano on the island of St. Vincent, erupts causing extensive agricultural damage and the evacuation of thousands of inhabitants. Sir William Arthur Lewis (1915–91) of St. Lucia, Director of the Caribbean Development Bank and a former Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies, wins the Nobel Prize in Economics. He was the first person from the English-speaking Caribbean to win the Nobel Prize (in any category) and the first person of African descent in the world to win the Nobel Prize in a category other than Peace or Literature. IX General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) passes a resolution calling upon all states to recognize the Caribbean as a Zone of Peace. 258

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1980 Walter Rodney is assassinated in December. The CCC sponsors a Guyana. Consultation in Barbados on Anguilla secedes from St. Kitts Caribbean Theology and and Nevis to become (and Development: Issues in the 1980s. remain) a separate British Overseas Territory, while St. Kitts andNevisgoesontobecomean independent state in 1983. In Dominica, elections are won by the Dominica Freedom Party and Eugenia Charles (1919–2005) becomes the English-speaking Caribbean’s first female prime minister, the first woman elected inherownrightasheadof government in the Americas, and the world’s longest continuously serving female prime minister (1980–95). The publication of the Sante Fe document—a US foreign policy document to counteract the influence of liberation theology in Latin America. A military coup in Suriname brings Desi Bouterse to power. The conservative Edward Seaga-led Jamaica Labour Party is elected into office in Jamaica. 1981 Start of the Third UN Decade of Laborem Exercens (On Human Development, later known as the Work), Encyclical by Pope John “Lost Decade” because of the Paul II. debt crisis and lack of growth in the Third World. Second Lomé Convention between the EU and the ACP (1980–85). A group of American and Canadian self-styled “mercenaries” attempts to overthrow the government of Eugenia Charles in Dominica but fails. 259

The OECS, Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, is established by the Treaty of Basseterre. Antigua and Barbuda and Belize become independent states. 1982 The price of oil falls. The True Freedom and Development, economy of Trinidad and Tobago second Pastoral Letter of the crashes. Bishops of the AEC. October. The Regional Security The CCC publishes Peace: System (RSS) is established in A Challenge to the Caribbean. which four member states of the OECS and Barbados pledge each other assistance for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean sub-region. The US invasion of Grenada in 1983 includes RSS forces. The RSS, based in Barbados, cooperates with the CARICOM Regional Task Force on Crime and Security since 2001 and forms part of the US-Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI) since 2009. St. Kitts and Nevis become an independent state. The Reagan Administration of the United States launches the Caribbean Basin Initiative, a program of trade, investment and aid that excludes Cuba and Grenada. The United States also increases military aid to friendly governments in the region. The General Assembly of the CCC calls on the CCC to request the UN to declare the Caribbean a Zone of Peace. Fifteen opponents of the military leadership in Suriname are executed. 1983 St. Kitts and Nevis gains March. Pope John Paul II visits independence. Belize. Maurice Bishop and others leaders of the People’s Revolutionary Government in Grenada are assassinated by rivals. The Grenada Revolution collapses. 260

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

Military invasion of Grenada by the United States supported by the conservative governments of Antigua and Barbuda (V.C. Bird), Dominica (E. Charles), St. Kitts and Nevis (K. Simmonds), St. Lucia (J. Compton), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (M. Cato), Barbados (T. Adams) and Jamaica (E. Seaga). 1985 February. Pope John Paul II visits Trinidad and Tobago. 1986 January 1. Aruba separates from July. Pope John Paul II visits the Netherlands Antilles St. Lucia. federation, gaining internal self-governance while remaining within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. December. The thirty-year dominance of Trinidad and Tobago’s governance by the People’s National Movement (PNM) ends as the party loses the election to the National Alliance for Reconstruction, led by A. N. R. Robinson, who subsequently becomes prime minister. “Baby Doc” Duvalier ousted and exiled from Haiti. 1987 SollicitudoReiSocialis (On Social Concern), Encyclical by Pope John Paul II. 1988 September: Category ﬁve hurricane Gilbert hit Jamaica and other Caribbean islands including the Cayman Islands, Haiti, and St. Lucia The United States broke relations with Curaçao for offshore banking due to problems with the drug trade. 1989 The PNP won the elections in Jamaica 261

1990 On Friday July 27, 1990, 114 May. Pope John Paul II visits members of the Jamaat al Curaçao. Muslimeen, led by Yasin Abu Bakr and Bilaal Abdullah (located at the Red House) attempted to stage a coup d’état against the government of Trinidad and Tobago. Forty-two insurgents stormed the Red House (the seat of Parliament) and took the prime minister, A. N. R. Robinson and most of his Cabinet hostage. After six days of negotiation, the Muslimeen surrendered on August 1, and were taken into custody. 1991 Aristide ousted in Haiti. CentesimusAnnus (On the Hundredth Anniversary), Encyclical by Pope John Paul II. 1992 Derek Walcott (1930), a poet, Caritas Antilles, a Catholic relief, playwright, writer, and visual artist development, and social service from St. Lucia, wins the Nobel organization reporting to the Prize for Literature AEC, establishes its headquarters The People’s Progressive Party in St. Lucia. It is a member of (led by Cheddi Jagan) wins the the Caritas Internationalis elections in Guyana, ending the confederation which is dominance of the country’s headquartered in Vatican City. governance by the People’s May. Evangelisation for a New National Congress (led by Forbes Caribbean, Pastoral Letter of the Burnham) during the 1970s and AEC Bishops. 1980s. The West Indian Commission presents its report, Time for Action, to CARICOM with proposals for advancing the goals of CARICOM by both deepening and widening regional integration. The establishment of the Association of Caribbean States in 1994 is partly in response to the report. August. Hurricane Andrew causes severe damage to northwestern Bahamas, destroying many houses, leaving some 1,700 people homeless, and causing four deaths. 262

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1993 August. Pope John Paul II visits Jamaica. 1994 July. The Association of Caribbean February. The First Conference States (ACS) is established with on Catholic Theology in the headquarters in Trinidad and Caribbean is held in St. Lucia. Tobago. July. Evangelising Family Life for a Its aim is to promote consultation, New Caribbean, Pastoral Letter of cooperation, and concerted action the AEC Bishops. among all the countries and Caribbean Contact, the territories in the Caribbean and progressive, monthly, regional circum-Caribbean. newspaper of CADEC/CCC that was immensely popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, is discontinued. 1995 July. Suriname became a full Evangelium Vitae (The Gospel of member of CARICOM. It was the Life), Encyclical by Pope John first non-English-speaking Paul II. country to join the regional body. August. Statement Calling for July. Two-thirds of Montserrat’s Lifting of Embargo against Cuba population was forced to flee the and for Dialogue between US and island because of an eruption of Cuba, by the AEC Bishops. the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano remains active today, but on a reduced scale, damage being confined to the southern part of the island (the exclusion zone). A provisional government center was established and a new airport built in the north. 1998 The University of the West Indies UTCWI holds a Consultation in (UWI) celebrated its 50th Jamaica on An Evaluation of anniversary of establishment. Caribbean Theology. Fides et Ratio It was founded in 1948 as the (Faith and Reason), Encyclical by University College of the West Pope John Paul II. Indies (UCWI) at Mona in May. The Cathedral of Castries, Jamaica, in special relationship St. Lucia, the largest in the AEC with the University of London. region, is elevated to the status of Today (2012) it has physical a minor basilica during its campuses in Barbados, Jamaica, centenary celebrations. and Trinidad and Tobago, and an Open Campus. 263

August. A referendum is held in Cuba made history by hosting a Nevis. Although the majority of visit from Pope John Paul II and voters choose independence, the permitting him to be broadcast vote falls short of the two-thirds without censorship. He urged the majority needed for the option of island to break away from independence from the federation socialism, but also urged other with St. Kitts to succeed. countries, particularly the United September. Hurricane Georges States, to end trade restrictions cuts right across the Caribbean, against Cuba. making landfall in Antigua and Barbuda, Guadeloupe, St. Kitts andNevis,theVirginIslands, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, and the United States. The Caribbean islands most impacted by the long-lasting hurricane in terms of damage and deaths were: Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Haiti, and especially the Dominican Republic. Jamaica became the ﬁrst English-speaking Caribbean nation to qualify for the FIFA World Cup. 1999 November. Hurricane Lenny forms in the western Caribbean and maintains an unprecedented west-to-east track for its entire duration, severely affecting many Caribbean countries while directly hitting the Leeward Islands area (especially Anguilla, St. Maarten/St. Martin, and Antigua and Barbuda). 2000 The CBI program is expanded The Archdiocese of Port of Spain through the US – Caribbean celebrates its 150th anniversary. Basin Trade Partnership Act The Archdiocese of St. Pierre and (CBTPA), which continues in Fort de France celebrates the effect until 2020. 150th anniversary of its establishment as a Diocese (It became an Archdiocese in 1967). November. Capital Punishment, Pastoral Letter of the AEC Bishops. 264

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

November. On the Ministry of Catechetics, Pastoral Letter of the AEC Bishops. December. Two men attacked worshippers in the minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Castries, St. Lucia. They identiﬁed themselves as Rastafarians. Twelve persons were seriously injured and a seventy-two-year old nun later died from her injuries. 2001 Caribbean Court of Justice was established. The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) is the Caribbean regional judicial tribunal established on February 14, 2001 by the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice. The agreement was signed on that date by the CARICOM states of: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. In April 2005, CCJ is inaugurated at its seat in Trinidad and Tobago. The CCJ has original, compulsory, and exclusive jurisdiction for interpreting the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (the basis for CARICOM) and is a court of last resort in civil and criminal matters for those member states that chose to accede to this optional, appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ. April. The Bush Administration of the United States introduces the term “Third Border” to refer to the Caribbean region, in the sense that it considers its borders with Canada, Mexico (its First and Second Borders), and the Caribbean important to defend against perceived migration-related security threats. 265

During the Cold War (1945–89), the Caribbean and Latin America were referred to as America’s “backyard.” Trinidad-born V. S. Naipaul wins the Nobel Prize for Literature. With the signing of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (see 1973), CARICOM replaces the original idea of a Common Market with the goal of a Single Market and Economy and clears the way for a Caribbean Court of Justice. 2002 The British Overseas Territories Act establishes the name of British Overseas Territories (BOT) for the non-independent territories that fall under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, replacing the previous terms British Dependent Territories and Crown Colonies. The BOT in the Caribbean are: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands. By the BOT Act of 2002, inhabitants of the BOT in the Caribbean have full UK citizenship with residency rights in the UK. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, consisting of the developed countries, blacklists forty-seven countries, including fifteen in the Caribbean (especially the non-independent Caribbean territories of the UK and the Netherlands) that are deemed offshore financial centers or corporate tax havens. The OECD claims that these financial centers encourage tax evasion, cause the OECD tax losses, and facilitate money laundering and the financing of terrorism. In the wake of the OECD report and 266

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Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

9/11 (the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, DC, of September 11, 2001), Caribbean countries and territories, cooperating within the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), agree to take appropriate measures to avoid blacklisting and sanctions by the OECD countries. 2003 December. In a referendum November. Crime and Violence: organized in Martinique and Justice and Peace Shall Embrace, Guadeloupe, the electorate rejects Pastoral Letter of the AEC the proposed transformation of Bishops. these two overseas regions of Stewardship and the Revitalisation France into new autonomous of Parish Life in the Caribbean, regions with more responsibility Pastoral Letter of the AEC and less financial assistance from Bishops. France. 2004 Hurricane Ivan caused November. The CCC publishes catastrophic damage to Grenada Guidelines for Caribbean and severe damages to Grand Faith-Based Organisations on Cayman, Jamaica, and parts of Developing Policies and Action Cuba. Plans to Deal with HIV/AIDS. Venezuela and Cuba launch the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, best known by its acronym in Spanish, ALBA. Today (2012) ALBA’s eight member states include Dominica (since 2008), St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Antigua and Barbuda (both since 2009). 2005 April. The Caribbean Court of April. Caring for the Earth—Our Justice (CCJ), established in Responsibility, Pastoral Letter of 2001, is inaugurated at its seat in the AEC Bishops. Trinidad and Tobago. The CCJ April-May. After twenty-six years has original, compulsory and as Pope (the second longest exclusive jurisdiction for documented pontificate), Pope interpreting the Revised Treaty of John Paul II dies and is succeeded Chaguaramas (the basis for by Pope Benedict XVI. CARICOM) and is a court of last resort in civil and criminal matters December. Deus Caritas Est (God for those member states that is Love), the first Encyclical by Pope Benedict XVI. 267

chose to accede to this optional, appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ. June. Venezuela launches PETROCARIBE, an agreement through which several Caribbean and circum-Caribbean states can purchase Venezuelan oil on preferential terms. All CARICOM states except Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago are signatories. 2006 January. Signing of Treaty The Archdiocese of Castries establishing the CARICOM celebrates the 50th anniversary of Single Market. its establishment as a Diocese (It became an Archdiocese in 1974). The Archdiocese of Kingston celebrates the 50th anniversary of its establishment as a Diocese (It became an Archdiocese in 1967). Portia Simpson-Miller became Jamaica’s ﬁrst female prime minister. 2007 JLP won elections in Jamaica after eighteen years of PNP rule March-April. The West Indies host the Cricket World Cup. The ﬁfty-one tournament matches are played on eight English-speaking Caribbean islands. 2008 March. The Gift of Life, Pastoral Letter of the AEC Bishops. April. The Diocese of Willemstad marks its golden jubilee (Fiftieth anniversary of establishment). August. The Diocese of Paramaribo marks its golden jubilee. October. A new small Seminary for French-speaking Caribbean seminarians is opened at Saint-Jean Bosco in Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe. Hurricane Dean hit the Caribbean: devastated the Cayman Islands. 268

(Continued)

Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

2009 August. Because of allegations of Caritas in Veritate (Charity in systemic corruption by the local Truth), Encyclical by Pope government of the Turks and Benedict XVI. Caicos Islands (a British Overseas Territory), the United Kingdom suspends self-government and reintroduces direct UK rule. The UK-appointed Governor becomes responsible for the government of the Turks and Caicos Islands and for putting “affairs back in good order.” CARICOM, of which the Turks and Caicos Islands are an associated member, condemns the measure taken by the UK. January-March. Labor unions and related organizations in Guadeloupe strike for a period of forty-four days, demanding a salary increases for low-income workers in the context of recent, sudden price hikes for food and petrol on the island. 2010 Kamla Persad-Bissessar sworn in April. The Benedictine monastery as Prime Minister of Trinidad and in Bartica, Guyana, is closed. The Tobago on May 26 and is the monks are transferred to Trinidad country’s first female Prime and Tobago’s Mount St. Benedict Minister. Abbey. May. The Regional Seminary of St. John Vianney and the Ugandan Martyrs on Mount St. Benedict in Trinidad and Tobago is closed for a period of three years for the purposes of improving the facilities and enrolment, increasing resident faculty, and developing its financial base. During this period, AEC seminarians will enroll in the Seminario Pontificio Santo Tomás de Aquino, Dominican Republic. July. The Archdiocese of Nassau celebrates the 50th anniversary of its establishment as a Diocese (It became an Archdiocese in 1999). 269

January. In referenda in The Cathedral of Sts Peter and Martinique and French Guiana, Paul, Paramaribo, Suriname, was increased local autonomy for these re-consecrated, after being closed overseas regions of France is for twenty-one years. It’s the rejected by large margins: 80 per biggest and tallest wooden cent of the voters in Martinique structure in the western and 70 per cent in French Guiana. hemisphere. October. The Netherlands Antilles federation is disbanded. Curaçao and St. Maarten both gain internal self-governance within the Kingdom of the Netherlands (a status similar to that of Aruba, which gained it in 1986). Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba each become an integral part of the Netherlands as a “special administrative body” (overseas municipality) of the Netherlands. 2011 January. UTCWI and the Caribbean Association of Theological Schools hold a Conference on Caribbean Theological Education: Mapping the Contours of the Future. April. Catholic Education in the Territories of the AEC, Pastoral Letter of the AEC Bishops. May. World Council of Churches International Ecumenical Peace Convocation to end the Decade to Overcome Violence held in Kingston, Jamaica, on the UWI Mona Campus. Portia Simpson-Miller and the PNP win elections in Jamaica.

Prepared by June Wheatley, adapting and expanding upon the overview for 1962–83 prepared by Peter Jordens for Chapter 4 (in this volume). Additional sources include: http://caribbean-guide. info/past.and.present/history/socialism.politics/index.html Appendix 5: The Antilles Episcopal Conference: Early Days

Michael James

The very first meeting of the bishops of the then colonial British West Indies, later to become the Antilles Episcopal Conference (AEC) with the incorpo- ration of the French and Dutch West Indies, took place on January 21–22, 1948, in Kingston, Jamaica. Among those attending the meeting were Archbishop Finbar Ryan, OP, of Port of Spain, Trinidad; Bishop Thomas Emmet, SJ, of Jamaica; Bishop George Weld, SJ, of British Guiana; and Bishop Antoine Demets of Roseau, Dominica. The only Caribbean-born attendee was Jamaican Fr. (later Msgr.) Gladstone Wilson in his position as the Secretary to the Conference. The meeting took place at a time of major social and political changes around the world, particularly in the British Empire. The “winds of change” had brought independence to India and Pakistan, and independence movements had already taken root in the colonial Caribbean. The major issues addressed at this first meeting of the incipient AEC, included the relationship of the Catholic Church in the region to the fledg- ing University College of the West Indies (UCWI), which later became the University of the West Indies (UWI). The bishops agreed that they should offer the fullest cooperation in the development of higher education in the region. Bishop Emmet, noting that it would probably take a long time before the University could provide adequate buildings and facilities for its premedical course, proposed exploring the possibility of making the services and facilities of the Jesuit-run St George’s College in downtown Kingston available to the budding University until it could develop its campus at Mona. It was also noted that Dr T. W. J. Taylor, principal of the University Col- lege, would welcome the cooperation of the Catholic Hierarchy, including the establishing of a Catholic Chaplaincy to the University and the Catholic Chaplain joining the teaching faculty. Very early discussions on possible philo- sophical and theological inputs to the University would be later realized in the establishment of close links between UWI and the academic programs of the Catholic St. Michael’s Seminary in Jamaica and St. John Vianney Seminary 272 Appendix 5: The Antilles Episcopal Conference in Trinidad, the ecumenical United Theological College of the West Indies at Mona, and the Anglican Codrington College in Barbados. Catholic involvement in early West Indian university education was also recognized by the AEC in 1948 as an important aspect of promoting greater local Catholic involvement in the social, political, and public life of the region. The bishops at that inaugural meeting also addressed as urgent the development of a local diocesan Catholic clergy, made even more urgent by the growing nationalism in the region and the general trend of the European powers to cede greater self-determination to their colonies. In 1943, the Benedictine Order had started a training program for local candidates to the priesthood for its monastery community in Trinidad. Archbishop Ryan, however, obtained permission from the Vatican to open a Seminary for training diocesan priests at a site just below the Monastery in 1948 and with great foresight predicted that it would become the “Central Religious Seminary” for the whole of the West Indies region. The Seminary officially became the AEC Regional Seminary of St. John Vianney and the Uganda Martyrs in 1970, and has trained scores of Caribbean priests as well as larger numbers of lay university theology students. (Teaching at the Seminary has been suspended for a period of three years from June 30, 2010, for the purposes of improving the facilities and enrolment, increasing the resident faculty, and developing the financial base for the Regional Seminary.) The Conference was represented by Archbishop Ryan as an Observer at the first Continental Meeting of Bishops of Latin America and the Caribbean (CELAM) in Rio de Janeiro in 1955 and the following year approved the statutes for the AEC whose objective was “to study problems of common interest pertaining to the Catholic Church in the area.” The decision was taken in 1957 to adopt the name “Antilles Episcopal Conference” making way for it to broaden its membership across the region. The bishops also agreed to set up a Permanent Secretariat in Kingston, Jamaica. The AEC Secretariat would remain in Kingston until 1990 when, at the initiative of the then President Archbishop Kelvin Felix of Castries, St. Lucia, the AEC took the decision to move the Secretariat to an AEC-acquired property in Port of Spain, Trinidad, and to appoint a full-time general secretary. By 1957, with full AEC support, a Catholic Chaplaincy headed by Fr. Louis Grenier, SJ, was established at UCWI Mona to serve the nascent Univer- sity whose student population was then just 480 from across the Caribbean, including 80 Catholics. Fr. Grenier had argued convincingly for the establishment of a “first class Catholic Student Centre” on the grounds that the present students in years to come would be occupying the very top posts in government, business, and the professions across the Caribbean. A permanent, modern “Aquinas Centre” to serve the needs of the Uni- versity community was inaugurated 1961 (Today it is St. Thomas Aquinas Church). Appendix 5: The Antilles Episcopal Conference 273

In 1958, the AEC became a full member of CELAM, while the decision was taken to also work towards a broadening of the regional conference to include the Dutch Antilles and Suriname, the French-speaking territories of French Guyana, Martinique and Guadeloupe, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. In 1963, the first non-English-speaking bishop Stephen Kuijpers of Paramaribo represented the Dutch Antilles at an AEC Annual Plenary Meet- ing (APM). In 1971, the French Antilles joined the AEC as observers. (They would confirm their status as full members at the AEC meeting in 1983 in Cayenne, French Guyana.) The first AEC APM hosted by a non-English- speaking territory, Martinique, in 1975, was attended by the Secretary of the Vatican’s Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Archbishop Lourdusamy, in tribute to the pioneering role of the AEC, which by 1956 had become one of the first Episcopal Conferences to receive official recognition by the Holy See, well before the holding of Second Vatican Council. In 1968, Archbishop Samuel Carter of Kingston, Jamaica, was elected the first Caribbean-born president of the AEC, succeeding Archbishop John McEleney. When Archbishop Carter was re-elected two years later, Archbishop Anthony Pantin of Port of Spain was elected vice president and Bishop Anthony Dickson of Bridgetown, Barbados, Episcopal Secretary, prompting the AEC to note that “for the first time in the history of the Con- ference since its inception in 1957, all the officers are West Indians—two Jamaicans and a Trinidadian” (Press release November 12, 1970). A Trinidad Catholic News article on the 1971 APM of the AEC quoted from the bishops’ press release:

The most notable change in the Church in the past ﬁve years had been the West Indianization of the episcopacy. Since Archbishop Carter of Jamaica was ordained bishop in 1966, there have been 10 local priests elevated to the rank of bishop. Two of these were in the French Territories, another seven in the English-speaking lands and a West Indian Bishop (Bowers) in Ghana has been transferred to Antigua. (Catholic News, July 12, 1971)

Archbishop Carter, while president of the AEC, was also a key ﬁgure in the formation of the Caribbean Conference of Churches (CCC). As the chairman of the 1969 Steering Committee for the formation of the ﬁrst regional ecumenical body worldwide, Archbishop Carter led the Roman Catholic Church into full membership; this followed the unanimous decision by the AEC to become a founding member of the CCC. The year 1969 also saw the AEC taking an increasingly active role in responding to the urgent social, cultural, and political problems facing the region, including addressing controversial issues such as the Black Power movement in the Caribbean. In 1975, the AEC published its widely-cited pastoral Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean (JPNC). In it the Caribbean bishops fully endorsed the 274 Appendix 5: The Antilles Episcopal Conference conclusions of a landmark 1971 Synod in Rome, attended by AEC President Archbishop Carter, and declared that the most important statement to emerge from the Synod was the following:

Action on behalf of justice and participation in the transformation of the world fully appear to us as constitutive dimension of the preaching of the Gospel, or, in other words, of the Church’s mission for the redemption of the human race and its liberation from every oppressive situation. (Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean §4)

“These,” the AEC stated, “are strong and clear words. They mean that we cannot separate action for justice or liberation from oppression from proclaiming the Word of God. The expression of our religious faith must go hand in hand with our active promotion of justice” (JPNC). And they continued,

It follows immediately from this that the work of the Church cannot be con- ﬁned to the sacristy or the sanctuary. On the contrary, it is the Church’s vocation to be present in the heart of the world by proclaiming the Good News to the poor, freedom to the oppressed, and joy to the afﬂicted. Christ clearly proclaimed that this was his own mission. It must therefore also be the mission of the Church He founded. (Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean §4)

Even as the Conference spoke out on social and human rights issues, it was also calling on the Church in the Caribbean to practice what it preached. In 1972 following its Grenada APM, the AEC called on all educators, parents, and teachers in Catholic schools across the region “to strive by word, example, projects as well as suitable courses to inculcate in their pupils, principles and practice of social justice” (Press release number 4, November 11, 1972). They invited “Boards of Management, administrators and other authorities in our Catholic Schools to make it possible for parents and teachers both religious and lay, to participate in the decision making processes of our schools,” and they urged “these same parents and teachers to accept this challenge.” Another press release from the same meeting called for full transparency: “We accept the principle that the annual income and expenditure and the holding in real property and in ﬁnancial assists and liabilities of dioceses, parishes, church organizations and religious institutes should be open to public knowledge” (Press release number 1, November 12, 1972). Archbishop Pantin of Port of Spain was among those who led by example in moving from his residence in Port of Spain to live in Laventille, one of the poorest and most marginalized and ostracized communities in Trinidad. This and other actions demonstrated that the Catholic Church in the Caribbean had come of age. This brief account of the early days of the AEC has shown a clear trajectory: Appendix 5: The Antilles Episcopal Conference 275

● The Church discerned the movement of the Holy Spirit in the historical liberation struggles throughout the region, and played a prophetic role, that is, it attempted to re-interpret the developing social and economic events in light of the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the teaching tradition of the Catholic Church. ● The Church mobilized and organized its human and material resources in the mission of justice and peace throughout the region. ● Similar to the political leaders of the pre- and post-independence era, Church leaders identified closely with the pain and struggles of the Caribbean people, and carved out its prophetic role in the liberation movement. ● The Church’s missionary efforts for justice and peace in the region were in tandem with the missionary work of the Universal Church. ● The Church confidently asserted itself and played a significant role in the formation of the future religious and political leaders of the region.

This is the meaning of the expression “to come of age.” Despite the Church of the region still being considered by some as “missionary,” this account presents evidence that the Church is growing in maturity, that is, taking own- ership and responsibility for the mission of Jesus Christ to the people of the region.

References Antilles Episcopal Conference, Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean, 1975. Antilles Episcopal Conference press releases: November 12, 1970; Novem- ber 11, 1972; November 12, 1972. Catholic News, July 12, 1971. General Bibliography

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Editors Donald Chambers is a pastor of the Holy Cross Church, Kingston, Jamaica, and former lecturer/formator at the Regional Seminary, St. John Vianney and the Uganda Martyrs, Trinidad. He holds theology degrees from the Uni- versity of the West Indies, Mona; Xavier University, New Orleans; and the Gregorian University, Rome. He is currently also the regional director of the Pontifical Mission Societies for the Antilles Episcopal Conference of Bishops and lecturer of St. Michael’s Theological College, Kingston. Anna Kasafi Perkins is a former dean of studies at St. Michael’s Theolog- ical College, Jamaica. She holds degrees from the University of the West Indies, Mona; The University of Cambridge; and Boston College. She is currently the senior programme officer, Quality Assurance, University of the West Indies, Mona, and an adjunct faculty at St. Michael’s Theological College. Her research interests include faith and political life, sex and sexuality, theology and culture. Jacqueline Porter is currently a lecturer in Religious Education and Spanish at the St. Joseph’s Teachers’ College in St. Andrew, Jamaica. She taught Scrip- ture at St. Michael’s Theological College and coordinated the Sunday School Programme at her Church for many years. She holds degrees from the Uni- versity of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica, and Franciscan University of Steubenville, Ohio.

Contributors Gerald M. Boodoo, a native of Trinidad and Tobago, is currently associate professor of theology at Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit, Pittsburgh, USA. A former dean of studies at the Regional Seminary of St. John Vianney, he also is a founding member of the Conference on Catholic Theology in the Caribbean Today and of Caribbean Catholics of North America. He has served on various committees and groups in the Catholic Theological Society of America and is a member of EATWOT (Ecumenical Associa- tion of Third World Theologians) and the World Forum on Theology and Liberation. Peter Bunting is the general secretary of the People’s National Party and the minister of national security and member of parliament Central Manchester 296 Notes on Contributors in Jamaica. His private sector career has been spent in ﬁnance and banking. Peter earned a Bachelor of Engineering (Mech.) from McGill University and an MBA from the University of Florida. Clyde M. Harvey is a parish priest and a lecturer at the Seminary of St. John Vianney and the Uganda Martyrs, Trinidad, an afﬁliate college of the Univer- sity of the West Indies. He teaches courses in the Ethics of Human Sexuality and the Study of Religions. He is a graduate of the University of the West Indies, the Catholic University of Leuven, the University of Lancaster and the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. He is the recipient of a National Hummingbird Award. Michael James is a Roman Catholic deacon who has served as the Assistant Editor of the Catholic Standard, Guyana, and Associate General Secretary of the Caribbean Conference of Churches. Peter B. Jordens is a native of Curaçao where he has been a freelance consultant and writer since 1998. He holds a master’s degree in Regional Planning from Cornell University, United States of America (1991). His interests focus on Caribbean political economy, theology, and spirituality in the current postmodern, secularized, and liberal context. He is a participant in the regional Conference on Catholic Theology in the Caribbean and coor- dinates a religious/spiritual discussion group in Curaçao. He has recently published The ‘Our Father’ Prayer: Our Solemn Promise to Collaborate with God (in Papiamentu). R. Anthony Lewis is associate professor and dean of the Faculty of Educa- tion and Liberal Studies at the University of Technology, Jamaica, where he teaches French, English, and writing. A PhD in linguistics (translation) from the University of Montreal, his research interests include translation theory and non-standard languages, creolization and nationalism as well as HIV and sexuality in Afro-American communities. He has worked with the Gay, Les- bian and Bisexual Community (GLABCOM) outreach program at Jamaica AIDS Support for Life and serves as the secretary to the board of direc- tors of the Caribbean Vulnerable Communities Coalition, a pan-Caribbean non-governmental organization working with groups most affected by HIV and AIDS. Christopher Llanos obtained his doctorate in religion and society from Harvard University. He specializes in the ethical dimensions of public policy, and has done research and writing on migration and its moral dimension. He currently lectures in theological ethics at St. Michael’s Theological College in Jamaica. Peter McIsaac, SJ, is a currently the regional superior of the Society of Jesus in Jamaica. He holds degrees in philosophy from the University of Toronto and in theology from the Catholic University of East Africa, and Regis Col- lege of the Toronto School of Theology. He is a lecturer at the St. Michael’s Notes on Contributors 297

Theological College in Jamaica, and a director of the Diaconate Programme for the Archdiocese of Kingston. Gerry McLaughlin is a member of the Society of Jesus who earned his MA in philosophy and Licentiate in Theology from Boston College in the 1960s. He began living in Jamaica before Independence in 1962. He was a pioneer in the Jamaican Credit Union and Cooperative Movement, parish priest, Civil Servant in the Ministry of Housing. Currently he is an assistant to the newly installed Archbishop of Kingston. Malcolm Rodrigues is a Guyanese Jesuit priest, who has spent a large part of his life at the University of Guyana in the Faculty of Natural Science, later holding the post of deputy vice chancellor for two years. He has been involved in broad church work, serving the faith and promoting justice. At present, he is working on the rights of the indigenous peoples and has been appointed to the Commission of Indigenous Peoples. Danielle Roper is a Jamaican doctoral student in the Spanish and Portuguese Department at New York University. She holds degrees in Performance Stud- ies from New York University and in Hispanic Studies from Hamilton College. She is also the 2006 recipient of the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Lester Orville Shields is a member of the Society of Jesus. He holds a PhD in pastoral counseling. He is Catholic chaplain at the University of the West Indies, Mona (UWI), and the University of Technology, Jamaica. He is employed full time as a psychologist in the counseling unit of the UWI Health Centre. He also lectures in pastoral counseling at St. Michael’s Theological College. Sylvia Rose-Ann Walker (PhD with distinction) is a teacher educator who holds the position of assistant professor, Language and Literature, at the Centre for Education Programs at the University of Trinidad and Tobago. She is certiﬁed in tertiary-level teaching, is a practicing Catholic, and identi- ﬁes transformative pedagogy, ethics, and literary theology to be her primary research interests. Duncan Wielzen, PhD, is currently a pastoral worker in The Hague, the Netherlands. He holds degrees from the Catholic University Leuven, and Radboud University, Nijmegen. His area of expertise is Liturgical Studies and Ritual Studies. Index

AIDS, 68 African clothing, wearing of, 58 CCC, 211 attack on church, 43, 47, 48 Faith-based organizations Black Panthers, 42, 52 (FBOs), 210, 211 Caribbean, 51–7 Morality, 204, 209, 212, 214 Césaire, Aimé, 7 People, living with, 9–10, 211 Church reaction, 44–5, 49–51, 57 Same sex practice, 207 Fanon, Franz, 7, 53, 186 Sex workers, 203, 206, 207, 209 Government response, 45–7, 55 Stigma and discrimination, 9, 29, Graffiti, 53 56, 67, 101, 201, 203, 204, Henry, Claudius, 54 210, 215 impact, 47 see also HIV influence of Marcus Garvey, 52–3 Antilles Episcopal Conference, 1, 4, Islam, 57 8, 36, 41, 61, 75, 95, 101, 103, Jamaica, 54–5 107, 118, 128, 151, 155, 167, James, CLR, 7, 53 179, 183, 202, 219, 233 liturgy, 58 anti-Chinese Riots, 5 Malcolm X, 42, 45, 53 Aparecida, 65, 71, 108, 109, 113, Padmore, George, 53 175 Rat Island Black Power see also (Catholic) church Conference, 43 (Arch) bishops State of Emergency, 56 Carter, Samuel, 21, 41, 49, 174 Trinidad and Tobago, 55–7 Clarke, Edgerton, 21 United States of America, 52–4 Lourdusamy, Simon, 273 women’s role, 55 McEleney, John, 50, 273 body of Christ, 195–6, 201–2 Pantin, Anthony, 273, 274 Boodoo, Gerald, 7, 22, 30, 31, 83, Reece, Donald, 21 179–199 Romero, Oscar, 175 Bunting, Peter, 26, 117–26 Ryan, Finbar, 271, 272 Singh, Benedict, 62, 167 CADEC, 58 CAFFE (Citizens Action for Free Benedict XVI (Pope), 36, 83, 87, and Fair Elections), 175 99, 110, 112, 205, 206 Campbell, Roy, 50 Caritas in Veritate,87 Canon Law, 158, 162, 163 see also Vatican documents Code of Canon Law, 143 Bishop, Maurice, 64 capitalism, 3, 19, 24, 58, 76–9, 81, Black Power, 41–59 83, 86 300 Index capital punishment/death penalty, 227, 228, 233, 238, 271, 272, 131–2ff 273, 274 Caribbean see also Aparecida; Charismatic Antilles, Greater, 4 Renewal; Antilles Episcopal Antilles, Lesser, 4 Conference; body of Christ; definition, 4 (Arch) bishops; Caribbean Diaspora,4,6,7,160 Council of Churches (CCC), ethno-historical, 4 Catholic identity; Catholic Francophone, 6, 8, 17, 118 Social Teaching; catechesis; identity, 5, 8, 20, 28, 31, 52, 77, CELAM (Latin American 80, 106, 184, 185–9 Episcopal Conference); immigrants, 6-7 Parish, Church; dogma; Eucharistic prayer; Nedelanderphone, 8 Eucharistic presence; religion in the, 18 evangelization; hospitality; transnational, 4, 6, 15, 17 liturgy; Magisterium; Pastoral Caribbean community authority; Pastoral care; (CARICOM), 20, 219 Pastoral Circle; preferential Caribbean Council of Churches option for the poor; (CCC), 21, 58 education, principle of see also (Catholic) church subsidiarity; restitution; Caribbean Court of Justice, 133 stewardship; sexuality; Caritas Antilles, 86 tradition Caritas Internationalis, 86 Catholic education, 152–4 Caritas in Veritate, 87 responsible citizenship, 37 Carmichael, Stokely, 42, 45, 52 Catholic identity, 19, 184–6, 189, Toure (Ture), Kwame, 47, 52 190, 191, 193 Carter, Samuel E. (Archbishop), 21, Catholic Social Teaching, 50, 75, 41, 49, 66, 174 84, 134, 143 Cartey, Wilfred, 233, 236 see also capitalism; common good, catechesis the; justice; socialism; Adult Sunday School, 151 (Catholic) church Catechetical Institute of Jamaica Catholic Standard Newspaper,65 (CIJ), 150 CELAM (Latin American Episcopal catechetics, 144–5 Conference), 30, 65, 71, 79, evangelization, 143 83, 84, 103, 106, 107, 108, guidelines, 27, 145 109, 171, 176, 177, 272, 273 liturgy, 148 see also Aparecida; (Catholic) ministry of, 27, 144 church; Medellín stages of, 147–50 Chambers, Donald, 30, 167–78 catechetics, 144, 148 Charismatic Renewal, 33, 34 (Catholic) church, xvi, 1, 21, 26, 32, Christian Action for Development in 37, 49, 57, 62, 65, 79, 81, 86, the Eastern Caribbean, 58 95, 128, 141, 145, 156, 163, see also CADEC 183, 189, 211, 220, 224, 226, citizen, 121 Index 301 civic duty, 125 development, 24, 37, 50, 58, 62, Coke, Christopher, 72 63, 64, 70 see also Dudus sustainable, 81, 227 colonialism, xv, xvi, 6, 18, 23, 48, trickledown theory, 63 52, 79, 169, 170 underdevelopment, 31 effects, 6, 33, 48, 52, 169 Dick, Devon, 45 historical Roots, 18 dogma, 127, 206 common good, the, 24, 27, 30, 66, see also (Catholic) church 72, 76, 85, 129–36, 168, 181, Donders, Petrus, 105 238, 240, 242 Dudus, 72 see also (Catholic) church; see also Coke, Christopher Catholic Social Teaching Dutch Antilles, 273 communism, 24, 76, 79, 81, 83 compassion, 29, 97, 137, 202, 205, ecological awareness, 195, 227 215 school of liturgy, 31, 227 conscientization, 123–4 stewardship, 111, 181, 194 Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano education, 36 (CELAM). see CELAM (Latin Black Power, 42, 50 American Episcopal catechesis, 143, 147 Conference) Catholic education, 36, 152–153 contextualized doctrine, 127 Catholic Social Teaching, 84 Cooper, Carolyn, 46 contribution of the Catholic creation, 9, 30, 76, 79, 81, 101, church, 37, 50, 57, 105 104, 109, 110–112, 124, 180, philosophy of Catholic education, 194, 195, 209, 223, 224, 227, 153 241 popular education, 124 crime and violence, 1, 16–18, 27, principle of subsidiarity, 122–3 29, 85, 130, 157 role of Catholic education, 37 challenge to the church, 169 sexual, 69 contextual reality, 168 emancipation, 22, 41, 50, 58, 81 main causes, 168 from oppression, 169 reactions, 168, 170 political emancipation, 142 relationship to faith, 175 Embargo, Cuba, 33–6 solutions, 169, 176, 235, 266 environment theological pastoral response, 168 deforestation, 222 Cuba, 15, 35, 46 ecological: (crisis, challenge, see also Embargo, Cuba problem), 31, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 228 cultural values, 62, 108, 113, 162 ecosystem, 222, 223, 225, 228 Curacao, 245, 249 environmental, problems, 219, 221, 225 Departments de’outre-mer. see erosion: land, 222 Guadeloupe; Martinique; rising sea levels, 222 French Guyana waste, 122, 222, 226 deterrence, 134, 136 ethic of life, 130, 134, 135, 234 302 Index

Eucharistic community, 184 Gospel principles, 108, 109, 112 see also (Catholic) church Gospel values, 113, 131, 152, Eucharistic prayer, 195 183, 213 see also (Catholic) church government, 2, 7, 15, 23, 35, 36, Eucharistic presence, 197, 198 44, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, Evangelium Vitae, 213 59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 76, 81, evangelization, 23, 25, 30, 33, 89, 96, 97, 122, 133, 134, 171, 103–4, 107, 109–11, 144, 149, 180, 209, 219, 225, 226 152, 213, 242, 256–7 Grenada, 9, 10, 14, 25, 43, 57, 64, catechesis, 144 82, 87, 160 of culture, 25, 109, 111 see also communism; Bishop, deﬁnition, 144 Maurice family Life, 33, 81, 85, 183, 262 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 8 inculturation, 25, 111 Guadeloupe, 16, 117, 119, 243 new evangelization, 25, 30, 104, Guevara, Che, 46 107, 109, 112–13, 165, 179, Guyana, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 183, 237, 240 18, 19, 20, 30, 43, 46, 47, 51, popular religiosity, 109 58, 61–72, 96, 110, 124, 167, see also (Catholic) church 176, 194, 237 see also politics; People’s family planning, 68 Progressive Party (PPP); Natural Family Planning (NFP), Peoples National Congress 33 (PNC); violence, domestic Farrakhan, Louis, 20 violence freedom, 23, 50, 52, 78, 87, 96, 98, 106, 107, 167, 169, 170, 172, Haiti, 1, 15, 58, 184 173, 176 Hamid, Idris, 48, 58 true freedom, 24, 32, 75, 78, Troubling of the Waters,48 125, 143, 147 French Guyana, 273 Harvey, Clyde, 32, 155–66, 176 HIV Garifuna, 5 abstinence, 205 Garvey, Marcus, 7, 53 and Aids, 202–4 inﬂuence, 52–3 condoms, 68, 205, 206, 212 message, 53 epidemic, 205, 206, 208 Gaudium et Spes, 49, 50, 66, 80, heteronormativity, 208 130, 234, 240 HIV-positive, 68, 201, 204, 205 see also Vatican documents incidence, 9, 207 gay, 207 John Paul II, 213 see also homosexuality; lesbian; Men who have Sex with Men MSMs (MSM), 203, 204, 207, 208 gender, 9, 67, 80, 86, 96, 239 ostracism, 202 Gospel, 25, 28, 30, 37, 50, 62, 87, prevention, 205, 208, 214 104, 105, 149, 151, 152, 165, punishment from God, 202, 203, 180, 202, 240 204 faith, 144 social taboo, 204 Index 303

transmission, 9, 29, 204, 205, church, 125 206, 209 effects of US policy, 82 women, 9 individualism, 78, 119–21, 142 see also AIDS integral human development, 76, homosexuality, 22, 28, 29, 32, 95, 85, 87 97 interfaith relations, 190–3 behavior, 97 Caribbean response, 99, 100, 208 Jagdeo, Diane celibacy, 100 authentic, 172–3 consensual homosexual activity, inauthentic existence, 173–5 28 relationship, quality of, 172 homonegativity, 99 Jamaat al Muslimeem, 20 homophobia, 99, 207 see also Black Power; Muslim homosexual. see gay Jamaica, 1, 6, 9–10, 17–22, 26, 41, Jamaica Forum for Lesbians, 43–7, 50, 59, 63, 67, 96, 99, All-sexuals and Gays 100, 120–2, 124–5, 128, 134, (J-FLAG), 96, 97 150–1, 155, 167, 207–10, legislation, 97 226–7, 235 Men who have Sex with Men. see Jamaica Council Churches, 21 MSM Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), 46 same sex unions, 98. see also see also Jamaica homosexual unions Jamaican Language Bible shame, 101 Translation (Jiizas: Di Buk We sin, 98, 207 LuukRait Bout Im),25 homosexual unions, 98, 101 John Paul II (Pope), 213 Evangelium Vitae, 213, 238 hospitality, 151, 193–4 Redemptor Hominis, 175 see also (Catholic) church Redemptoris Missio, 108, 213 human dignity, 23, 76, 79, 80, 81, Joint Pastoral Letter, 62 85, 86, 87, 98, 107, 169, 171, Jordens, Peter, 24, 75–94 173, 224, 234 justice see also Catholic Social Teaching; “community of justice”, 137 women, the cross distributive justice, 76, 85, 86, humanist, secular, 24, 78, 79 132 human rights, 18, 24, 53, 72, 80, injustice, 3, 8, 24, 41, 56, 75, 97, 131, 132, 133, 134, 208, 105, 106, 118, 167, 169, 210, 215 175, 215, 228, 239 justice and peace in the incarnation, 25, 111, 153, 172, 181, Caribbean,3,8 189, 195 see also Catholic Social Teaching inclusiveness, 67 inculturation, 25, 26, 104, 108, Kenosis, 172, 177 111–13, 175, 190 see also Gospel lesbian, 29, 96–7, 98, 207, 210 indentureship, 5, 105, 106 Lewis, R. Anthony, 29, 100, 201–18 independence, 6, 22 Lex talionis, 131 304 Index liberalist, 24, 78, 82 revivalism, (listed as Revival), 18 liberation, 24, 63, 76, 77–85, 96, Shango, 18, 58 125, 166, 170–2, 208, 238 Spiritual Baptist, 18 see also salvation; redemption Vodun, 58, 184, 186, 189, 192, limbo, 184 251 liturgy. see (Catholic) church Winti, 18, 58 Llanos, Chris, 31, 219–32 neocolonialism, 56, 77 local government reform, 122–3 Nobel Laureates, 7 Lost Decade (1980s), 25, 82, 83, 87 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7 Magisterium, 105, 127, 129, 137 Lewis, Arthur, 7 see also (Catholic) church Naipaul, VS, 7 Manley, Michael, 54 Walcott, Derek, 7, 186, 233, 235, Maroons, 5, 110 236 Jamaica, 5 Suriname, 110 Pan-African movement, 51 Martinique, 5, 7, 16, 18, 19, 53, United Negro Improvement 119, 227 Association (UNIA), 53 Mashramani, 68 parish, church, 182, 184 materialism, 142 see also (Catholic) church Maya, 110, 111 participation, 26, 62, 68, McIsaac, Peter, 7, 27, 127–39 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 144, McLaughlin, Gerry, 7, 22, 41–59 145, 147–9, 153, 182, Medellín, 61, 68 194, 237 media and ICT, 8, 14–16 cable TELEVISION, 16 Pastoral authority, 129 cultural penetration, 16 see also (Catholic) Church internet technologies, 16 Pastoral care, 75, 95, 97, 98, 101, mobile phone, 15, 16 131, 157, 239 satellite, 15, 254 see also (Catholic) church television, 15, 16, 53 Pastoral circle, 220 mission, 19, 21, 28, 104, 106, 108, see also (Catholic) church 110, 113, 130, 137, 141, 144, Pastoral strategy, 136 148, 149, 151, 153, 168, 170, Paul VI (Pope), 34, 50, 61, 83, 87, 182, 191, 213, 237, 241, 242 109, 144, 193, 242 MSMs, 203–4, 208 Peoples National Congress (PNC), Muslim, 19–20 64 see also Guyana native religion, 19, 58 People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 65 African-Caribbean religion, 104, see also Guyana 109 Pereira, Joseph, 46 impact, 53 Perkins, Anna, 1–37, 41–59, 205 Obeah, 58 Persad-Bissessar, Kamla, 9 Orisha, 58 Plutonium shipments, 31, 220, 226, Rastafarianism, 6, 18 227 relationship to Christianity, 18 political activities, 122 Index 305 political authority, 122 restitution, 130–2, 136–7 political tribalism, 125 revenge, 131 politics Rodney, Walter, 43, 45–6, 54, church and, 61 55 elections, 6, 46, 62, 65–8, Rodney riots, 45, 55, 57 119–21 Rodrigues, Malcolm, 23, 61–74, “Paramountcy of the Party”, 64 237, 240, 241 racial tension, 61 Roper, Danielle, 7, 26, 117–26 shared governance, 23, 66–7 Roper, Garnett, 5, 16 popular religion, 103–4, 112–13 evangelization, 109–10 St. Lucia, 5, 6, 7, 10, 86, 99, 155, role in creation, 104 209, 210, 227, 272 role in inculturation, 25 salvation, 24, 76, 78, 104, 107, 113, shared cosmovision, 25 128, 144, 197, 213 popular religiosity, 25, 103, 104, see also redemption 109 Santa Fe Declaration, 63 Porter, Jacqueline, 27, 141–54 secular, 24, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, post-colonial, 186–90 102, 142, 155 postmodern, 78, 82, 187, 213 secularism, 86, 109 postmodernity, 87 secularization, 86, 142, 237 poverty, 8, 16, 17, 44, 56, 58, sex, 8, 9, 29, 205, 206, 207, 209, 76, 107, 113, 136, 159, 214 162, 169, 222, 223, 226, sex work, 208–9 229, 240 sex workers, 209 preferential option for the poor, 85 sex tourism, 209 Public Order Act (1970), 47 see also AIDS, sex workers public policy, 132, 212, 296 sexual abuse, 32, 70, 155, 157, 159–60 Rahim, Jennifer, 239 in church, 162–3 Rastafarianism. see native religion clergy and, 164 reconciliation, 138 cultural practices and, 162 redemption, 174, 175, 181, 195 eastern Caribbean, 160–2 religion sexuality, 209, 210 African-derived expressions, 19 Shearer, Hugh, 45, 54 Caribbean Catholics of North Sherlock, Hugh, 44, 45, 48 America (CCNA), 22 Shields, Lester Orville, 28, double belonging, 19 95–102 ecumenical, 21, 49, 58, 62, 82, Simpson-Miller, Portia, 9 83, 89, 127, 168, 255, 269, slavery, 50, 128 273 Bishops’ condemnation, 105 evangelical Churches, 63, 83 fight against, 50 Nation of Islam (NOI), 20, 53 historical impact, 5, 8, 18, 29 non-Christian, 109, 191 relationship to love, 172 skepticism, 21 social system, 169 see also native religion triangular trade, 105 306 Index slavery—continued Trinidad and Tobago, 5–7, 9, 10, United States, 42 15, 17–23, 31–2, 47–57, 61, violence, 168 67, 72, 97, 172, 209–10, West Indies, 42 227–8, 236 Small Island Developing States (SIDS), 81, 223 UNIA (United Negro Improvement Smith, Ashley, 49 Association). see Garvey, social exclusion, 17, 65 Marcus socialism, 2, 62, 64, 83 United Nations, 33, 56, 80, 221, state, the, 27, 44, 51, 54, 80, 131, 223 213, 240 United States of America (USA), 4, intervention, 82 6, 7, 15, 18, 25, 33, 35, 51, 52, islamic, 57 53, 55, 57, 64, 72, 82, 87, 156, leaders, 129 158, 209 legitimate authority, 43, 51 political posturing, 133, 134 Vatican documents responsibility, 64, 124, 132–4 Caritas in Veritate,87 Evangelium Vitae, 213 tyrant, 239 Gaudium et Spes, 49, 50, 66, 80, stewardship, 25 130, 234, 240 Christian dimension, 95 Redemptor Hominis, 175 definition, 195 Redemptoris Missio, 108, 213 hospitality, 31 Vatican II, 24, 34, 72, 80, inculturation, 111–12 109 liturgy, 19, 111, 181 violence, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, primary sacrament of God’s love, 29, 30, 42, 44, 48, 62, 67, 69, 195 70, 71 see also (Catholic) church The Challenge of Violence, subsidiarity, principle of, 26, 167 118–23, 125 crime patterns, 17 see also Catholic Social Teaching; domestic violence, 18, 69–72 (Catholic) Church drug trafficking, 65 sufficiency, 76, 81, 87 extra-judicial killing, 17 Suriname, 4, 5, 6, 10, 18, 22, 58, garrisonization, 17 61, 67, 82, 105, 110, 111 homicide, 16, 17, 206 see also Maroons interpersonal conflict, 17–18 sustainable development, 81, property crimes, 17 227 slavery and, 168 “subculture of violence”, 17 tradition, 32, 80 transnational crime, 17 catechesis, 143 vigilante justice, 17 Catholic Social Teaching, 1, 25, 234 Walker, Sylvia Rose-Ann, 32, church, 223 233–42 definition, 127 Wielzen, Duncan, 7, 25, see also (Catholic) church 103–16 Index 307

Williams, Eric, 7, 47, 56, 57, 255 leadership, 9 Wilson, Gladstone, 271 relationship network, 16 women sex work, 208 abuse, 18, 69–72, 162 unemployment, 9 common-law union, 33 worldview, 113 the cross, 173 cosmovision, 25, 110, 111 exploitation, 239–40 ecological, 222–3 HIV, 9, 204 utilitarian, 110