Hsvol.16 (1) Article

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 43 February 2017, Vol. 16 (1)

Protest Movement’s Roles in the Egyptian Revolution Effectiveness Assessment 25 January 2011

Dr Ahmad Flaih Hamoud Al Kharabsheh

Abstract The study aimed in order to investigate the role of protest movements in the Egyptian revolution, this study is conducted. In addition, to reveal the nature of roles which protest movements played to stir the revolution and its continuity until it achieves their goals. The Egyptian protest movements succeeded. One of their success elements is the ability to use internet effectively. Also the international, regional and local political environment helped in the success of Egyptian revolution. Peaceful revolutions such as the Egyptian‟s make miracles. The reason for that, people have not completed their internal affairs. There is no real democracy that is achieved as a result of these revolutions, or any real development. Indicators show that Arab region is in its way towards a new regional system

Introduction Egypt does not deviate from the Arab framework in terms of political economic and social conditions, which it has been witnessed by Arab states and during former Egyptian president Mohammad Husni Mubarak‟s ruling since 1981 and lasted to more than three decades. During that era the role of the ruling national party overwhelmed over other political parties. This enhancement came through certain legislation and laws which affected on these parties role in the political process in the state. It increased economic conditions deterioration, and the spread of administrative and financial corruption, in addition to devouring state‟s revenues through economic policies that caused the increase in the ruling party‟s leadership wealth and making alliance with businessmen who support this party. All of these resulted in the marginalization of society‟s segments who rejected such polices, consequently, protest movements evolved, demanding reforms, Groups of the Egyptian society , whether through spontaneous or organized means, moved to express their rejection of political, economic and social situation that spread throughout the country. In addition, the success of Tunisian movement acted as motivation factor that prompted unity public opinion in Egypt to demand reform and change. Thus, protest movement‟s activity had surfaced in the calling for “hit the street” in protest marches and to form a public opinion that supports the demand for reforms. These movements, such as: Kefayah, youth movement for change, Tadamon (Solidarity) movement, 6 April movement, youth movement for freedom and justice; peaceful change movement, and public campaign for Baradi‟s support, All of us” Khaled Said” movement and other protest movements which were established in Egypt. Such movement were able to achieve their goal by removing the ruling regime represented in the person of former president “Mohammad Husni Mubarak” on 25 January 2011. Protest movements, with all their exuberance, attempted to play an effective rule in the rebuilding of Egyptian state through the demand and protest the authorities policies, whether during the military rule transition or during the rule of Muslim brothers and beyond. This protest reflects the continuity of these protest movements and the nature of the role which they played in Egypt. In order to investigate the role of protest movements in the Egyptian revolution, this study is conducted. In addition, to reveal the nature of roles which protest movements, played to stir the revolution, and its continuity until it achieves their goals.

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The Study hypotheses and variables The study stems from the following hypothesis: There is no correlative relationship between protest movements and their roles in the 25 January 2011 Egyptian revolution.

The importance of the study The important of this study is evident because it considered being a research contribution that helps in knowledge accumulation‟s effect to protest movements with their political and social nature. Whereas, there is a great interest of researchers and those who study protest movements along with the analysis of these movement functions‟ nature , activities, goals, and economic, political and social effects in general and democracy and political participation in particular. Thus, the importance of the study is detailed clearly in the following: - Provide theoretical and conception framework about protest movements and democratic transformation which the Arab region has experienced since 2010, and its development in terms of concept, reasons, motives and means and similarity among these protest movements. - Study and analysis of social movement‟s status in 2011 in terms of concept, instruments and objectives.

Study Methodology Case – study method is considered to be one of the oldest descriptive methods, which were used in social science, It represents a method or research entry, whereas, it focuses on a certain case which will be studied. This case can be a system, individual, group, society, organization, system or sub- culture or entire culture of society or a nation. The study of a case comes in excessive and sufficient fashion which examines all variables and phenomenon related to the case – study method is characterized by full description and analysis of the case, which may be individual behavior. Thus, the study attempts to explore individual‟s values, orientation, cognitive or awareness to situation surrounds them, and the individual‟s relationship with context or environment that surrounds him. This method has been utilized in protest movement‟s definition in the Arab region and Egypt (study‟s model). According to case – study method, protest movements are in need for scientific analysis, and the study of their evolvement, reasons, orientation, or attitude and internal and external influences that affect protest movement and reflection on political life in Egypt and towards democratic transformation prior and after 2011, which have led to the creation of dynamic and a rapid changes due to protest movements. Ultimately, it has led to the fall of former ruling under the presidency of Mohammad Husni Mubarak, then the removal of elected president Mohammad Mursi.

The Problem of the Study Since 2011, Egypt has experienced political transformations reflected in the protest movements success, though, the downfall of former president Mohammad Husni Mubarak; Whereas, Egypt went through a transition period aimed at Egypt‟s rebuilding on civil state‟s, liberty, justice and equality foundations, However, events have developed in Egypt Arab Republic since 25 January, 2011 until .

Terms of the study (Terminology) Protest Movements: This term‟s root protest goes back to the verb to protest, objects against which means not accepting on action. Protest synonyms are: objection, opposition condemning and rejecting. Its antonyms are: Agreement, acceptance, support, backing up and helping. Protests are comprehensive organizations or groups consist of groups with various interests, and include society‟s important classes such as: University‟s faculty staff members, state‟s employees, laborer, women societies or groups and students

British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 45 February 2017, Vol. 16 (1) also, it includes scholars. The common denominatorr among all these groups is their common feeling of congestion, injustices caused by their common awareness for the purpose to achieve democracy in a political situation. (Political, economic, social) Wahbeh et al (2011: 40-41) For the sake of this study, Egyptian protest movements are movements initiated by classes or groups in society, characterized by reform‟s attitude and political, economic or social dimensions. These expressed the will of the Egyptians and their ambition toward change and reforms which will achieve to the Egyptian‟s, freedom, and dignity which benefiting from the regional and international environments and all tools and means that assure goal‟s achieving which these movements were seeking. Until 30 June 2013 when development occurred and caused a problem in its conception: is it revolution or a cope attempt against legitimate political ruling and democratic transformation in Egypt. This problem cause a state of political instability in Egypt, and provoked enquires about the protest movement‟s real role in democratic transformation, and political participation. Which caused the problem of this study to be as follows: What are the roles which protest movements played in the Egyptian revolution? What the instruments that protest movements had utilized in achieving their goals in the Egyptian revolution.

Previous Studies Following is summary of previous studies related to the subject of this study: - (Rabee Wahbeh et. Al. 2011). Entitled. “protest movements in the Arab world ( Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon, Bahrain “ The study explains that social movements and protest have increased in the Arab world, however, their nature differs from one Arab country to another. Such movements have taken several and different shapes and images in the Arab world, from stage to stage and from reality or situation to another. Thu, it has become difficult to ignore their development and future on the Arab political and social de facto. The result of the study reveals the presence of differences in the path or the route that protest movements in the Arab countries had taken. In this study‟s subject, the Egyptian‟s experience indicates the blending between political and social protests, as the case of Morocco and Lebanon where social issues are employed to serve political accounts. This does not mean the absence of social issues or social protests did not reflect burdens. - Ahmad Fahmi study “2013” Analytical study of political transformation process in Egypt: “Stages, problems, and future scenarios. This study aimed at examining political transformations which Egypt experienced after 25 January 2011. Researcher clarified that Egypt after the revolution is going through serious political labor pains, and is fighting on multiple fronts and wages fierce battle with several participants. After Islamists won the majority seats in people‟s council, and after the winning of their candidate in the presidential election, and with what is prior to and accompanied that or followed of political events on the Egyptian‟s arena, the political science is engulfed with vagueness and is not clear too. This makes it difficult on ordinary citizen to predict how the next interval will be, and how the issues will be in Egypt. Thus, this makes it necessary for experts to study the current political process in Egypt and the attempt to forecast future so as to know potential scenarios of political transformation process and the stage through which it will pass and problem will face.

Uniqueness of the Study This study is distinguished from other studies in its attempt to examine the effect level of protest movements in a period of time that witnesses a transformation in these movements‟ action methods and ability in moving and arraying public in order to achieve their goals through the use of modern communication means, level of organization, exemplary action and tactics, from each other enabled them to achieve their goals, and their slogans.

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Furthermore, the study differs from others because it discusses this subject in this period of time which wetness increasingly concern and attention of protest movements, and political roles they play in the Arab world. Most of previous studies examined protest movements or democratic transformation in Egypt in general without describing a political views and effective role in Arab society which is protest movements of concepts which provoked controversial problems in concept and got mixed with other political concepts such as: clinging, protest marches, protest, boycott, civil disobedience and social protests.

Protest movements Protest movements begot a set of political and public class which had effectives contribution and a distinguished role in 25 Jan. whether before or after revolution. Boycott calls, which came out from a young woman called” Isra abdulfalah in 2008, on her face book account, to have a peaceful protest on 6 April 2008 to protest living conditions deterioration. This call rapidly found 70 thousand people from Al Mahala Al Kubra City to protest. Due to this boycott‟s success the girl is called then “Face book girl” or “Virtual leader” after that many opposition movements started on awareness program throughout governorates residents so as to initiate protest against bad conditions in Egypt. One of these major movements is 6 April youth movement and Kefayah movement. The killing of Khaled Sa‟eed by an Egyptian police intelligence agent, when they attacked him upon his entrance to a café, beating him until death, provoked a public anger wave in Egypt and reactions by international human rights organizations. This incident followed by a series of peaceful protest in the street of Alexandria and Egypt which were organized by human rights activists. In solidarity with Khaled, activist Wa‟el Ghanaim, along with political activist Abdul Rahman Mansur established face book site called “ All of us Khaled Sa‟eed . From this site the called upon the Egyptian‟s to get rid of the political system and enhance to the better police treatment to the people. These two activists used communication technology which played a vital role in the call for Egyptian revolution, especially web networks which political activities used in Egypt to communicate with each other, express their thoughts. All this activity followed by a call for a strong March on 25 January which coincides “ National Police Day” The timing of that day was very significant in its meaning and mission ( Message) which were directed to the Ministry of Interior and methods it uses ( Salha, 2013). The Egyptian citizen was aware that political inheritance means political systems continuity, and Mubarak regime contradicts the well of people to have changed after it lost it hops in reforms. Thus it was not a coincidence that the great majority of political protest movements and opposition that were formed in the last years of Mubarak regime did not demand reforms instead they were demanding change. After the formation of the Egyptian movement for change “Kefayah” which adopted the motto, “no to extension, no to inheritance:, this is followed by qualitative classes movement such as “youth for change” and “workers for change” and “engineers for change.” 6 April youth movement called upon all young people from different political orientations and all Egyptians to express their rejection to what they called certain practice conducted by the ministry of interior in its dealings with citizens. According to this call statement, the activists of free front peaceful change on 20 Jan 2011 distributed about 3 thousand invitation in the areas of Sharabiyeh, and Bab AL Shireiah to participate in what they called “people‟s uprising on 25 Jan. which coincides police Day.” The statement called citizens to move in magnificent protest so as to get rid of oppression Abdul Haleem Qandeel, the former coordinator of Kefayeh movement had left Journalist association‟s secretariat to work in the street. He said, “I hope to have protesters number reaches 10 thousand, keep protesting for a week in Cairo so as to change the political regime.” Anger day came to end on Tuesday 25 Jan. 2011, when ministry of interior announced they killing of central public security Corpu in Al Tahreer Square. He died when he fell down and got rampaged by protesters in the day called “the day of anger” at the same time three citizens were killed in the governorate of Swais.

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The Egyptian security forces attempted to disperse protesters and aggregated people by water cannons and gas canisters (AL Laban 2012. 139) Protest marches launched in several governorates in Egypt such as: Mahala Alexandria and Swais. By the end of 25 Jan. 2011 protest, it was clear for the organization and security force that something different is taking place, namely the wide response by protesters that day. As a result of this success, the youth called for another protest on Friday 28 Jan. under the slogan, “Friday‟s anger, to revolt against corruption, injustice, unemployment and torture. “This protest was not planned previously; however, several political powers announced its participation in Friday‟s march including Muslim brothers, Al Wafd party, in addition to several political personalities such as: Mohammad Baradii who returned to Egypt on 27 Jan. 2011, to participate in next day‟s protest. Several secret places for gathering were agreed upon by youth leaders. On 28 Jan. 2011 hundreds of thousands protesters appeared in Cairo and several other governorates after Juma (Friday) prayer. They were chanting loudly “the people want the downfall of the regime. “The same slogan protesters in Tunisia utilized. Alliance activists did not agree previously over this slogan, rather, it came naturally out of protesters mouths, to be turned into the revolution‟s primary slogan. Protests on 28 Jan. 2011 was met by excessive violence by police who used bullets and rubber bullets and gas canisters extensively live bullets were used in several locations against protesters (Hassan, 2013). Armed forces had the decisive role in ending conflict between revolutionaries in one side, and President Mubarak and his regime in the other side. The army clearly announced since it has deployed to the street on 28 Jan, that it will not use violence against protesters, instead, the army‟s responsibility is to protect protesters. However, in the last days, when protests increased, especially when labor powers and other groups joined the revolution, along with probability increased of the occurrence of protesters that they will face republican guards in a violent way, especially when revolutionaries announced their intention to march to presidential palace. This coincides with Mubarak‟s regime to manage crisis politically, then, the army declared that it is taking the revolution‟s side and to their demand. Consequently, the army forced Husni Mubarak to step down from presidency on 11 February, 18 days after continuous protests in which millions of Egyptians participated (Qurni 2012:144). The protest movements in Egypt revealed the youth‟s most significant role in calling and organizing protests during 25 Jan 2011 events which removed President Mubarak and his regime from ruling Egypt. Groups of active youth gathered in several protest movements to prepare for protest marches in a day coincides with the celebration of National Police Day. Their aim is to demand for the interior minister‟s resignation, lifting of martial law state and assign worker‟s minimum wage. 6 April movement had organized in previous years protests in “Police Day”. However, and because election events in 2010 and Tunisian revolution and the downfall of Tunisian president Zain Ben Ali on 14 January 2011, all of these caused the acceptance to protest by youth protest movements. They gathered to coordinate their protest activities. Such movements turned into alliance of 25 Jan 2011 revolution. Participated movements are: 6 April, public campaign to support Baradii and Front Party Youth, Freedom Youth Movement, Adaleh (leftist group), and Brotherhood youth. Whereas, an agreement took place among these youth movements and powers so as to organize protest marches in certain areas of Cairo, later to gather all in Tahreer Square they agreed to adopt the slogan “Bread, freedom, and human dignity” (Qurni 2012:139) Movements played a direct role in the Egyptian Revolution: Egypt had experienced a wave of social movements which never witnessed in its political history. Such movements were able to cause a state of political and social movements within the Egyptian history. Such movements had the impact to spread the protest culture, break down the fear partition and demanding their rights. Some of these movements are:

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Youth movements: Are the most important movements which played a significant role against the regime. It assured frequently its rejection to have any dialogue without the stepping down of President Husni Mubarak, have his vice president takes his place and to establish a national unity government. Kefayah Movement: played significant role in the revolution, had coordinator said, “the revolution‟s demands are have Husni Mubarak steps down, while indicating that the army can do so in a twinkle of an eye.” The National Movement for Change: this front was formed from the Democratic Front Party, headed by Dr. Ussama Al Ghazali Harb, and Al Ghad party which was established by Dr. Ayman Nour. It issued a statement on 2 February 2011, in which they point out to five demands. First: rejection of Mubarak statement on 1 Feb. 2011, Negotiation after the stepping down of Mubarak. Establish a field committee to follow youth revolution. It consists of Abdel Jaleel Mustafa, Ussama Ghazali Harb, Abu ALez Hareeri (leftist leader), Mohammad Baltaji (Muslim brotherhood leader) Ayman Nour, Ahmad Maher and Yasser Al Hawari. Opposition Leader Moh’d Baradii Campaign: A member of executive office belongs to Baradii campaigne assured that the campaign stands and position matche the protesters‟ which is no negotiation before the fall down of the regime. It considered that the end of the revolution comes by the removing president Mubarak from office and to establish a transition government. However, if Mubarak stays “this makes people angrier and they become more determinants to continue their protest.” (Al Jazerrah 2011). Egyptian Youth Movement They had an active role in 25 Jan 2011 revolution. Youth were the main activator of this public revolution. Youth alliance was the sole spokesperson of the revolution and the ones who were communicating the revolution‟s demands with other groups of youth such as Al Teras who joined the revolution. They were the Ahli football club‟s fans, and Zamalek fans and supporters and Qubtic youth in addition to several groups of youth from working and middle class. The Role Assessment of protest Movements in the Egyptian’s revolution: Egypt has reached a new era of political development and maturity, which has achieved by social protest movements since early 21 century. It was a move from focus on general political protests, into protests carry economic and social demands. Even, there were national protest supporting the Palestinian uprising, and against the American invasion of Iraq. Then there is a protest move demanding change issues and regime‟s nature in Egypt. From grand political slogans to tangible demands comes out from Tahreer Square. Events indicate that social sector has been opened to larger horizons until it reaches its peak in 2005; when movements get involved in presidential and parliamentary elections and constitution‟s amendment. In 2006 political arena relatively shrank, however social and protest movements experienced some progress in quantity and quality throughout 2007 – 2008. In economic and social local protest grew rapidly to reach factories, neighborhoods, villages and government institutions. Also, the sectorial protests grew rapidly especially industrial sectors such as textile sector, teachers, physicians and university faculty staff. Horizontal coordination of protest across governorates witnessed kind of protest expansion. The protest of Mahala textile factory had become the issue concerns the entire city of Mahala. From Mahala to Menufiah, Kufr Zayat and Kufr Dawar and others. Protest movements showed growth and expansion as a result. The Total statistics of such protests reached up to 283 in 2007 and 166 protest in 2008 (Earth Ctr. for studies 2007-2008). These movements reflected that national awareness, organization and the use of people array and deployment and the pressure to make a positive change in policies (6 April 2013). Workers boycott was the straw to break the camel‟s back, it spread to other sectors. With the communication and cooperation with Kefayah movement, protest movements began to be stronger than ever, even it expands to include the judiciary system and the judges (Ibrahim 2013).

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Economic movements are linked to its ability to build a comprehensive strategy for change that is connected with political and social demands such as protest activities in November 2011 focused on timing to surrender the army‟s authority and dissolve the government and the parliamentary election on 22 Jan 2012. The republic was divided into three divisions to hold the election: First 168 member- 36 individuals and 112 as election lists. 3809 candidate competed in this first election 2357 for individual seats and 1452 from party‟s lists. 8941 judges supervised the election. 60% was the voter‟s percentage. However, during election, youth weakness was evident. This weakness due to the lack of political awareness and experience, fragmentation of youth groups, loss of demands attractiveness such as security and economic conditions and the lack of serious political entity. The measuring of such protests took place according to sectors of protests whereas 10s of teachers protest took place in one day, however, it measured as (1) protest. In order to lead the youth after the revolution, several youth organizations began to evolve such as: 1- Revolution youth alliance- National – Naseri – movement and religious sector (Brotherhood - Islamic) Liberals with its independent youth, left wing activists. However, this alliance was dissolved after year and half from Mubarak removal. 2- The free front for peaceful change: Their demand is the removal of Mubarak and have the killers of protesters face justice. It started after 25 Jan 2011 3- Revolution youth Federation Similar demands it had (Jad Abdulkareen 2012) The role of Egyptian role in popular protest movements 1- It used different role from routine movement into revolutionary had demands. 2- Muslim brotherhood was the most protestors and organized, however, their youth did not initiate the revolutionary protest against Mubarak. 3- Liberal movements (Al Ghad and Democratic Front) attribute many activists into the protest movement. 4- Civil societies contributed to the revolutions by programs directed to youth awareness and training. 5- The Egyptian youth is the maker of movements and very educated used and benefitted from internet application. - A few days ago the Revolutionary Youth Coalition (RYC), one of the more prominent offshoots of the January 25 uprising against ousted president Mubarak, called for a mass rally in Tahrir Square on 9 September under the slogan of “Correcting the Path.” The path to democracy seems to blocked with several hurdles, and by the looks of things, many groups agree with them and are planning to join the protests.

- In recent days, RYC‟s call for protests against the council has picked up thousands of endorsements by various youth coalitions and activist groups, as well as thousands of social network users.

- In sum, the Egyptian revolution of 2011, locally known as the January 25 Revolution began on 25 January 2011 and took place across all of Egypt. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, riots, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The revolution included Islamic, liberal, anti-capitalist, nationalist and feminist elements. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters burned over 90 police stations. The protests took place in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.

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- The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues, including police brutality, state-of-emergency laws, lack of free elections and freedom of speech, corruption, and economic issues including high unemployment, food-price inflation and low wages. The protesters' primary demands were the end of the Mubarak regime and emergency law, freedom, justice, a responsive non-military government and a voice in managing Egypt's resources. Strikes by labour unions added to the pressure on government officials.

- During the uprising the capital, Cairo, was described as "a war zone" and the port city of Suez saw frequent violent clashes. Protesters defied a government-imposed curfew, which was unenforced by the police and military. Egypt's Central Security Forces police, loyal to Mubarak, was gradually replaced by military troops. In the chaos, there was looting by gangs which was instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organized by civilians to protect neighborhoods.

- International reaction has varied, with most Western nations condoning peaceful protests but concerned about the stability of Egypt and the region. The Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions have influenced demonstrations in other Arab countries, including Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, Syria and Libya.

- Mubarak dissolved his government, appointing former head of the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate Omar Suleiman vice-president in an attempt to quell dissent. Mubarak asked aviation minister and former chief of Egypt's air force Ahmed Shafik to form a new government. Mohamed ElBaradei became a major opposition figure, with all major opposition groups supporting his role as negotiator for a transitional unity government. In response to mounting pressure, Mubarak announced he did not intend to seek re-election in September. To understand the role of movements after the political charge we have to know the movement‟s political agenda. This agenda consists of 5 dimensions: - State‟s primary principles - Egyptian‟s people rights - Political reform dimensions - Economic system. - Social options dimensions

Movements demand to prevent and eliminate oppressions of people eradicate the corruption and dictatorship gang, preserve people‟s identity and Islamic values. The transition period must be a time to spread the real democracy principles, with political reform then economic reforms. And have a check and balance system between the three branches of government. (6 April blog, 2012). After the revolution about 30 political party came to existence three of these parties succeeded in attracting and recruiting youth into its ranks such as: Egyptian Democratic Party, (mid, 2011), justice (Adel) party and Al Dustur party (2012) as a result of Dr. M.Baradii initiative. However, most youth preferred the street protests (Jad Kareem, 2012). The reasons for youth failure are: 1- Lack of unified leadership, difficulty in agreement over issues. 2- Youth has no desire to establish a political system. 3- Youth lacks of political experience in leadership. 4- There are few youth alliances, difficulty in coordination. 5- Have no focus on election. 6- Funding abilities weakness

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Conclusion Although Egyptian revolution was unique due to youth participation and the use extensively of internet and its application, however it did not give a fruit; the same can be said about Arab spring uprisings, on Arab, local or regional levels. The reason for that, people have not completed their internal affairs. There is no real democracy that is achieved as a result of these revolutions, or any real development. Indicators show that Arab region is in its way towards a new regional system. There are no moderation and resistance axes. Monarchies in the Arab word (KSA, Jordan, Morocco) started to have reforms to avoid revolutions superpowers stated to draw the land marks of the Arab region. Thus competition is taking place between Turkey, Iran and Israel. Three patterns of protest have started in the Arab region: 1- Political protest movements such as Kefayah in Egypt, 18 October in Tunisia. 2- Economy protest movements: Labor movements in Egypt, Algiers and Tunisia which focused on economic and social demands. 3- Protest movements for ethnic or minorities demands such as Sudan Yemen, Bahrain which demand for equality or self-rule. The results of this study indicate that protest movements in Egypt had limited demands, linked to a certain group to achieve social, political and economic benefits. Later they start demanding more than that. Array the Egyptian public opinion towards political change “downfall with the regime Then, bread (living) liberty, social justice and human dignity” protest movements were capable to cause political change. Dismantle the wall of fear. And by using means: protest marches, gathering in squares and street, such movement were able to bring down Mubarak and his regime. The Egyptian protest movements succeeded. One of their success element is the ability to use internet effectively. Also the international, regional and local political environment helped in the success of Egyptian revolution. Peaceful revolutions such as the Egyptian‟s make miracles. References - Ibrahim, Hind A.(2013) social movement role in revolutionaries a study case (Kefayah movement aid 6 April) - Earth center for studies 2007-2008 /http://www.ichr.eg.org/ - Jad Al kareem wala (2012) youths political participation between party structure and revolution (Egypt case) Ma‟et for peace and development and human rights- Cairo. - Rabee wahbeh et al 2011, protest movement In the arab world: Egypt, Morocco, labanon and Bahrain, arab unity studies center- bierut - Salha abdulrahman (2013) Egyptian revolution- Danay Al watan Ciaro - Fahmi ahmad 2013, Egypt- Riyadh, al bayan magazine, analytical study - Qurni, B. 2012 Arab spring in Egypt: arab Mustakbal journal No.406 - Al Laban, S.D. 2012-25 Jan. 2011 revolutions media Dar Arab world- Cairo - Maher Ahmad- ahram interview- al ahram newspaper - 6 April youth movement Web site. https//arar-facebook.com/shabab6April - Aljazeera 2011, http://studies.Aljazeera .net - Hassan, mazen, „institucional factor affecting party systems in new democracies endogenous or exogenous predictors?‟ democratization, forthcoming 2013; shvets-ova olga „endogenous selection of institutions and their exogenous effects‟, constitutional political economy, 14:3, pp.191-212.