Three New Species of Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy from China (Diptera: Tachinidae)

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Three new species of Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy from China (Diptera: Tachinidae)

CHUN-TIAN ZHANG & CHAO FU Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Three species of the genus Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) are described from China as new to science: D. borealis sp. nov., D. guangxiensis sp. nov. and D. nigrisquama sp. nov. Illustrations of the head and male terminalia are given as well as a modified key.

Key words: Tachinidae, Dinera, new species, China

Introduction

The genus Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy is known from the Nearctic, Palaearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Eight species have been recorded from the Palaearctic Region and ten from the Oriental Region (Zhang & Shima 2006), one of which also occurs in the Nearctic Region (O’Hara & Wood 2004). There are seven species known from the Afrotropical Region (Crosskey 1980). Dinera is close to Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy in morphological characters including those of the male terminalia. These genera are sometimes difficult to separate, especially in female specimens, and some species appear to have rather intermediate characters, such as a developed or undeveloped facial carina, and hind tibia with a row of dense and regular-sized anterodorsal setae. The definition of these two genera needs much more study in the future. We here treat Dinera as differing from Billaea in having a narrow vertex in male, fronto-orbital plate bare or sparsely with minute hairs, fore tarsi distinctly longer than head height, and anterodorsal setae irregular in length on the hind tibia. We describe three new species of Dinera from China. Illustrations of the head and male terminalia are provided.

Material and methods

Specimens examined during this study are from the collections of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS) and the Insect Collection, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China (SYNU). Terminology of the male terminalia follows Sinclair (2000) and that of other structures follows McAlpine (1981). The dissection of male terminalia was carried out following the method described in detail by O’Hara (2002). Dissected male terminalia were preserved in glycerine in small plastic tubes pinned together with the specimens. Drawings were prepared using an Olympus SZX7 stereoscopic microscope equipped with an ocular microm- eter.

20 Accepted by J. OHara: 2 Mar. 2012; published: 23 Apr. 2012 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited.

Taxonomy

Dinera borealis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2, 7–11)

Diagnosis. Facial carina low and indistinct, prementum 5–7 times as long as wide, abdomen mostly black, with brown on side and venter, syntergite 1+2 without median marginal setae. Description. Body length 12.0–15.0 mm. Male. Head black in ground color, gena reddish brown; fronto-orbital plate, parafacial and gena with grayish white pruinosity; frontal vitta black; lunula brown; antenna reddish brown except apical 4/5 of flagellomere 1 and arista dark brown; palpus reddish yellow. Frons at narrowest point 1/8–1/7 of head width; frontal vitta widened anteriorly, 1.3–1.5 times as wide as fronto-orbital plate at middle; parafacial 2–3 times as wide as flagellomere 1 at middle height in lateral view; genal height 0.4–0.5 as wide as eye height; facial carina low and indistinct. Fronto- orbital plate sparsely with 4–6 small black hairs; parafacial bare; 10–11 inclinate frontal setae; inner vertical seta about 0.4 times as long as eye height; outer vertical seta absent; ocellar seta strong, proclinate, longer than inner vertical seta; vibrissa situated slightly above lower margin of face; occiput with 2 rows of black hairs behind pos- tocular setae. Antenna falling short of lower margin of face by 0.8–1.0 times length of flagellomere 1; flagellomere 1 about 3 times as long as wide; pedicel with a long seta which is about as long as arista; arista including plumosity 1.5–2 times as wide as flagellomere 1; palpus about as long as prementum; prementum 5–7 times as long as wide. Thorax black in ground color, with grayish yellow to gray pruinosity; scutum with 5 black longitudinal vittae on presutural scutum, inner vittae extending to anterior 1/4 of postsutural scutum and the median vitta extending to anterior 3/4 of postsutural scutum; outer vitta about 1/4–1/5 as wide as pruinose portion between inner and outer vittae; postpronotal lobe, scutellum, postalar callus dark brown, with grayish white pruinosity; pleura black, with grayish white pruinosity. Prosternum 3–4 times as long as wide; postpronotal lobe with 5–6 setae, 3 strong basal setae arranged in a triangle; 2 presutural and 2 postsutural acrostichal setae, 3 presutural and 4 postsutural dorsocentral setae, 3 supra-alar setae and the 1st seta as long as notopleural seta; 3 katepisternal setae; anepimeron with 1–2 strong setae; a row of discal scutellar setae; apical scutellar setae about as long as scutellum, subapical scutellar seta longer than apical scutellar seta. Wing hyaline, evenly and slightly tinged with pale brown; tegula black; basicosta reddish yellow to brown; lower calypter pale yellowish white; halter yellow. Costal spine absent; bend of vein M with a short appendix; relative length of costal sections 2nd, 3rd and 4th approximately as 4:7:3; vein M from dm-cu crossvein to its bend 2–2.5 times as long as distance between the bend and wing margin. Legs black; pulvilli brownish yellow, fore claws and pulvilli longer than 5th tarsomere of fore leg; fore tarsi distinctly longer than head height; fore tibia with a row of anterodorsal setae on the basal 2/3, 2–3 posterodorsal setae, 2 ventral setae; mid tibia with 2–3 anterodorsal?2–3 posterodorsal and 1 ventral setae; hind tibia with 4–5 anterodorsal setae on the basal 2/3, 2–3 posterodorsal setae, 2 ventral setae. Abdomen long ovate, mostly black in ground color, with brown on side and venter, dense grayish white pruinosity on whole tergites; dark longitudinal median portion on tergite 3. Syntergite 1+2 excavated to posterior margin, without median marginal setae, with 1–2 lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 with 1 pair of median marginal setae, 1–2 lateral marginal setae; tergites 4 and 5 each with a row of strong marginal setae; tergites 3 and 4 without discal setae; tergite 5 with a row of discal setae; recumbent black hairs on tergites. Sternite 5 nearly rectangular, lateral lobe broad and rounded apically, V-shaped median cleft deep and wide, about 2/3 length of the sternite. Apical 2/3 of cerci distinctly narrowed and pointed, cerci shorter than surstylus in caudal view, apex bent ventrally in lateral view; surstylus broad, rounded apically; pregonite long and bent posteriorly; postgonite shorter than basiphallus; distiphallus long, sclerotized basal part with small spines on ventral surface, shorter than membranous apical part. Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA, Liaoning: Heshangmaozi (41°12′N 124°30′E), 600–1200 m, Tanggou, Benxi, 23.vii.2008, Y. Zhi. Paratype. CHINA, Liaoning: 1 male, same data as holotype (SYNU). Etymology. Specific epithet is named for the northern location of the type locality, borealis meaning northern in Latin. Distribution. China (Liaoning). Remarks. This species is treated in Dinera by having narrow frons, fronto-orbital plate sparsely with 4–6 hairs, fore tarsi distinctly longer than head height, and hind tibia with 4–5 irregular anterodorsal setae in length. It is distinguished from other species of Dinera in having a low and indistinct facial carina and abdomen brown on side and venter.

NEW DINERA SPECIES FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3275 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 21 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited.

FIGURES 1–6. Male in dorsal and lateral view. 1–2. Dinera borealis sp. nov. 3–4. Dinera guangxiensis sp. nov. 5–6. Dinera nigrisquama sp. nov.

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FIGURES 7–11. Dinera borealis sp. nov. 7. Head of male in lateral view. 8–9. Epandrium, cerci and surstyli in caudal and lateral views. 10. Aedeagal apodeme, ejaculatory apodeme, hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite, basiphallus and distiphallus in lateral view. 11. Sternite 5. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Dinera guangxiensis sp. nov. (Figs. 3–4, 12–16)

Diagnosis. Antenna reddish brown except apical 4/5 of flagellomere 1 black, thorax with longitudinal black inner vittae merged on postsutural scutum; abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with a black trapezoidal marking on apical 4/ 5, and without discal setae. Description. Body length about 12.0–15.0 mm. Male. Head black in ground color, gena reddish brown, with grayish white pruinosity; frontal vitta dark brown; lunula brown; flagellomere 1 black on apical 4/5, its basal 1/5 and pedicel and scape reddish brown and arista dark brown to reddish brown; palpus reddish yellow. Frons at narrowest point 0.1–0.11 of head width; frontal vitta widened anteriorly, 1–1.5 times as wide as fronto-orbital plate at middle; parafacial about twice as wide as

NEW DINERA SPECIES FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3275 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 23 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. flagellomere 1 in profile; genal height about 0.4 times as high as eye height; facial carina high and arched in lateral view. Fronto-orbital plate and parafacial bare; 15 to 16 inclinate frontal setae, the strongest one about as long as inner vertical seta; inner vertical seta 0.4–0.5 times as long as eye height; outer vertical seta absent; ocellar seta and postocellar seta strong, ocellar seta 1.2–1.3 times as long as inner vertical seta. Flagellomere 1 3–4 times as long as wide, 2–2.5 times as long as pedicel; pedicel with two long setae, lower one slightly longer and about as long as antenna; antenna falling short of lower margin of face by 0.8–1.0 length of flagellomere 1; arista including plumosity 2.0–2.2 times as wide as flagellomere 1; palpus about 7/9 as long as vibrissa; prementum 5–6 times as long as wide.

FIGURES 12–16. Dinera guangxiensis sp. nov. 12. Head of male in lateral view. 13–14. Epandrium, cerci and surstyli in caudal and lateral views. 15. Aedeagal apodeme, ejaculatory apodeme, hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite, basiphallus and distiphallus in lateral view. 16. Sternite 5. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Thorax black in ground color, with grayish white pruinosity; scutum with 5 black longitudinal vittae, outer vitta about as wide as pruinose portion between inner and outer vittae on presutural area, inner vittae extending to posterior half of postsutural scutum and merged; scutellum black, with grayish white pruinosity on outer margin;

24 · Zootaxa 3275 © 2012 Magnolia Press ZHANG & FU TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. pleura black, with grayish white pruinosity. Prosternum 1.5–2.0 times as long as wide; 4 postpronotal setae, 3 basal setae arranged in a triangle, 2 presutural and 2–3 postsutural acrostichal setae; 3 presutural and 4 postsutural dorsocentral setae; 2–3 postsutural intra-alar setae; 3 supra-alar setae, prealar seta about 0.5 times as long as the first intra-alar seta; 3 katepisternal setae; 1 anepimeral seta thin, extending to posterior margin of upper calypter; apical scutellar seta about 1.5 times as long as scutellum, shorter than subapical scutellar seta; 2–4 discal scutellar setae. Wing hyaline, slightly tinged with pale brownish; tegula black; basicosta reddish yellow on basal half and dark on apex; lower calypter pale yellowish white; halter reddish yellow. Costal spine indistinct; base of vein R4+5 with 3–4 fine hairs on dorsal and ventral surfaces; relative length of costal sections 2nd, 3rd and 4th approximately as 4:6:3; vein M from dm-cu crossvein to its bend about 3 times distance between the bend and wing margin. Legs black; pulvilli pale brown. Fore tarsi distinctly longer than head height; fore claws and pulvilli longer than 5th tarsomere; fore tibia with a row of short anterodorsal setae on basal 3/5 and 2 posterior setae; mid tibia with 1–2 anterodorsal and 2–3 posterior setae, usually without, sometimes with a short ventral seta; hind tibia with 3–4 anterodorsal, 3–4 posterodorsal and 1–2 ventral setae. Abdomen ovate, black in ground color, with grayish white pruinosity on entire dorsum; tergites 3 and 4 each with a black trapezoidal marking on apical 4/5; recumbent seta-like black hairs on tergites. Syntergite 1+2 almost excavated to posterior margin, with 1 pair of median marginal and 1–2 pairs of lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 with 1 pair of median marginal and 2–3 pairs of lateral marginal setae, without discal setae; tergite 4 with a row of strong marginal setae, without discal setae; tergite 5 with a row of strong marginal setae and some irregularly set discal setae. Sternite 5 quadrangular, posterior lobe weakly pointed at apex in ventral view, V-shaped median cleft deep and wide. Male terminalia. Cerci short, wide at base and narrowed to apex on distal half in caudal view; surstylus wide and rounded apically; surstylus longer than cerci in lateral view, pregonite flat and curved ventrally; postgonite shorter than basiphallus; distiphallus long, sclerotized basal part slightly shorter than membranous apical part. Female. Vertex about 2/5 head width; outer vertical seta about 0.6 times as long as inner vertical seta, 2 proclinate orbital setae, and 1 reclinate upper orbital seta; genal height 0.5–0.6 times as long as eye height; claws and pulvilli shorter than 5th tarsomere; mid tibia with 1 strong ventral seta; abdomen wide ovate. Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA, Guangxi: Dayaoshan Mountain (24°10′N 110°23′E), 630–1200 m, Jinxiu, 13–18.v.2011, Q. Wang. Paratypes. CHINA: 6 males, 2 females, same locality and date as holotype, C.-T. Zhang, C. Fu, Q. Wang (SYNU). Etymology. Specific epithet is named for the province of the type locality, Guangxi. Distribution. China (Guangxi). Remarks. This species is very similar to D. takanoi (Mesnil), but differs from the latter in having long and dark brown flagellomere 1 except base brown, flagellomere 1 3–4 times as long as wide, palpus distinctly longer than antenna, abdomen dark brown, tergite 4 without discal seta.

Dinera nigrisquama sp. nov. (Figs. 5–6, 17–21)

Diagnosis. Small yellowish fly, 4 narrow dark brown longitudinal vittae on presutural scutum, 2 katepisternal setae, lower calypter dark brown, abdomen densely covered with yellowish pruinosity, without dark markings on tergites. Description. Body length 7.0 mm. Male. Head black in ground color, gena reddish brown, face, lower parafacial, genal dilation and occiput with dense yellowish pruinosity; frontal vitta black; lunula dark brown; antenna and palpus black. Frons narrowest in front of ocellar triangle, about 1/15 head width or less than the distance between inner margin of posterior ocelli; frontal vitta strongly widened anteriorly, linear at narrowest point; parafacial weakly widened below, about 2 times as wide as flagellomere 1 at middle height; genal height about 1/2 eye height; facial carina developed, high and protruding, arched in lateral view; lower margin of face protruding forward. Fronto-orbital plate and parafacial bare. Inner and outer vertical setae slender and hair-like, about 2/5 eye height; ocellar seta rather strong, 0.5–0.6 times eye height; 9–11 inclinate frontal setae, longest seta about as long as ocellar seta; vibrissa inserted slightly above lower margin of face. Antenna falling short of lower margin of face by length of flagellomere 1; flagellom-

NEW DINERA SPECIES FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3275 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 25 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. ere 1 2–2.5 times as long as pedicel, 1.5–2 times as long as width; pedicel with a long seta that is as long as pedicel and flagellomere 1 combined; arista including plumosity 1.5–2 times as wide as flagellomere 1. Prementum slender, 4–5 times as long as wide; palpus about as long as prementum.

FIGURES 17–21. Dinera nigrisquama sp. nov. 17. Head of male in lateral view. 18–19. Epandrium, cerci and surstyli in caudal and lateral views. 20. Aedeagal apodeme, ejaculatory apodeme, hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite, basiphallus and distiphallus in lateral view. 21. Sternite 5. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Thorax black in ground color, with yellow pruinosity on dorsum and pleura; with 4 narrow black longitudinal vittae on dorsum, outer vitta narrower than distance between inner and outer vittae on presutural area. Postpronotal lobe and scutellum black in ground color. Prosternum about twice as long as wide. Postpronotal lobe with 4–5 setae, 3 strong basal setae nearly in a straight line; 2 presutural and 2 postsutural acrostichal setae; 2 presutural and 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae; 2 postsutural intra-alar setae; 3 supra-alar setae; 2 katepisternal setae; scutellum with a pair of discal setae, apical scutellar setae crossed and slightly longer than scutellum, shorter than subapical

26 · Zootaxa 3275 © 2012 Magnolia Press ZHANG & FU TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. scutellar seta. Wings hyaline, pale brown; tegula dark brown; basicosta brownish yellow; lower calypter dark brownish. Costal spine absent; relative length of second, third and fourth costal sections approximately as 1:2:1; vein M from dm-cu crossvein to its bend about 2.5 times as long as distance between the bend and wing margin. Legs black, claws black, pulvilli pale yellowish. Claws and pulvilli equal in length to or slightly shorter than tarsomere 5. Fore tarsi distinctly longer than head height. Fore tibia with a row of short anterodorsal and 2 posterior setae; mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal and 1 posterior seta, without ventral seta; hind tibia with 3–5 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal and 2–3 ventral setae, and 2 preapical dorsal and 2 preapical ventral setae. Abdomen long ovate, black in ground color, with dense yellow pruinosity on whole tergites. Syntergite 1+2 excavated 1/2 way to posterior margin, with 1 long hair-like lateral marginal seta, without median marginal setae; abdominal tergites with erect long hairs, without median discal setae; tergite 3 with 1 pair of strong median marginal and 2–3 pairs of long hair-like lateral marginal setae; tergites 4 and 5 each with a row of marginal setae. Ster- nite 5 nearly square, lateral lobe bluntly round; V-shaped median cleft deep and narrow. Male terminalia. Cerci wide at base and strongly narrowed on apical 1/2 in caudal view, slightly and evenly curved ventrally; surstylus bluntly rounded in lateral view; postgonite about as long as basiphallus; distiphallus long, apical membranous part 2–2.5 times as long as basal sclerotized part. Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA, Yunnan: Baimaxueshan Mountain (28°41′N 99°00′E), 4250m, Deqin, 27.vii.2008, S.-C. Bai (SYNU). Paratype. CHINA, Yunnan: 1 male, Yakou, 4000 m, Daxueshan, Shangri-la (= Zhongdian), 21.viii.1981, X.-Z. Zhang (IZCAS). Etymology. Specific epithet is taken from a diagnostic character of this species, the dark brown calypter. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Remarks. This species is very similar to D. maculosa Zhang & Shima (which has 3 wide dark longitudinal vittae on presutural scutum, syntergite 1+2 excavated 2/3–4/5 of the way to posterior margin, 3 katepisternal setae, and tergites 3 and 4 with a triangular black marking in male), but differs from it in having 4 narrow dark longitudinal vittae on presutural scutum, syntergite 1+2 excavated 1/2 way to posterior margin, 2 katepisternal setae, tergites 3 and 4 without a triangular black marking, and cerci narrowed apically in caudal view.

Key to species

The key of Zhang and Shima (2006) to the Palaearctic and Oriental species of Dinera can be modified as follows to accommodate the three new species described herein.

7. Antenna black, scape and pedicel at most weakly reddish brown; abdomen mainly black in ground color, tergites 3 and 4 each with fine irregular discal setae arranged on median portion or without them in male ...... 7a - Antenna with scape, pedicel and basal 1/2–2/5 of flagellomere 1 reddish yellow; abdomen usually reddish on sides especially in male, discal setae strong and arranged on posterior portion of tergite 4 and sometimes on tergite 3. . . . . D. takanoi (Mesnil) 7a Tergites 3 and 4 each with fine irregular discal setae arranged on median portion ...... 8 - Tergites 3 and 4 without fine irregular discal seta arranged on median portion in male ...... D. guangxiensis sp. nov. 9. Postpronotal lobe, lateral portion of scutum, posteromedian portion of postsutural scutum, upper portion of anepisternum and scutellum reddish brown; abdomen broadly reddish brown in male and female, black on mid dorsal longitudinal portion...... D. meridionalis Zhang & Shima - Thorax almost entirely black in ground color, at most apex of scutellum narrowly brownish, abdomen dark brown or broadly reddish yellow on sides in male ...... 9a 9a. Facial carina high and developed; abdomen broadly reddish yellow to brown on sides in male, broadly black in female, with thin whitish pruinosity on almost entire dorsum; syntergite 1+2 with 1 pair of median marginal setae ...... 10 - Facial carina low and indistinct; abdomen black in ground color, broadly reddish brown on sides in male, brown on side and venter, with dense grayish white pruinosity on whole tergites; syntergite 1+2 without median marginal setae ...... D. borealis sp. nov. 15. Thoracic dorsum densely covered with dark yellowish gray pruinosity, 3 broad or 4 narrow longitudinal vittae; scutellum brown on base; 2 or 3 presutural and 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae; lower calypter brownish; abdomen densely covered with yellowish brown pruinosity ...... 15a - Thoracic dorsum dark brown, with 5 narrowly black longitudinal vittae, 3 presutural and 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae; scutullum dark black except yellowish brown on marginal region; lower calypter yellowish white; abdominal tergites each with a dark triangular transverse band ...... D. sichuanensis Zhang & Shima 15a. Thoracic dorsum with 3 broad dark longitudinal vittae; 3 katepisternal setae; abdominal syntergite 1+2 excavated almost 4/5 way to posterior margin; triangular black median marking distinct on tergites 3 and 4, median marking rather elongate and dif- fusing marginally, continuous from syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 in female...... D. maculosa Zhang & Shima

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- Thoracic dorsum with 4 narrow dark longitudinal vittae; 2 katepisternal setae; syntergite 1+2 excavated 1/2 way to posterior margin; triangular black marking absent on tergites 3 and 4 ...... D. nigrisquama sp. nov.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Hiroshi Shima (Kyushu University Museum, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Xiao-Lin Chen, Jun Chen, Xue-zhong Zhang (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing), Yan Zhi, Shu- Chong Bai, Qiang Wang (Shenyang Normal University), for loans of valuable specimens and help with photos, and are thankful to the two anonymous referees for their critical reviews. Our special thanks are extended to J.E. O’Hara (editor) and H. Shima, who carefully proofread the manuscript and gave a lot of help and critical comments throughout our work on the final text. This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30870331, 31093430) and the Talented Foundation of Shenyang Normal University (No. 20101222).

References

Crosskey, R.W. (1980) Tachinidae. In: Crosskey, R.W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 822–882. McAlpine, J.F. (1981) Morphology and terminology — adults. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph, 27, 9–63. O’Hara, J.E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia Dipterologica, Supplement, 10, 170 pp. O’Hara, J.E. & Wood, D.M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomol- ogy, International, 18, 410 pp. Sinclair, B.J. (2000) 1.2. Morphology and terminology of Diptera male terminalia. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.), Contribu- tion to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Volume 1. General and applied dipterology. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 53–74. Zhang, C.-t. & Shima, H. (2006) A systematic study of the genus Dinera R.-D. from the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions (Dip- tera, Tachinidae). Zootaxa, 1243, 1–60.