Ad Hoc Session of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology

Ad Hoc Session of The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology

Specialized Agency

Queen’s National Model United Nations 2021

1 International Tech Summit 2018 From the Secretary-General

Dear Delegates,

It is my privilege to welcome you to Queen’s National Model United Nations 2021! My name is Samuel Tobert, and it is my honour to serve as your Secretary-General for QNMUN 2021. Originally from Vancouver, B.C. I study Biochemistry, Political Science and Business at Queen’s University. Model UN has been an integral part of my High School and University careers, and through it, I have met some of my closest friends, made some of my fondest memories, and learned valuable skills, becoming a more engaged global citizen.

I am so glad that you have chosen to join us for this year’s iteration of QNMUN, held virtually for the first time in our history. COVID-19 has brought many challenges to our community and has presented new obstacles to Model UN; however, I can confidently say that our team has been working tirelessly to deliver a high quality and engaging conference for you. If there is anything we can do to make our conference more accessible in its online format, please do not hesitate to reach out.

With this year marking my 8th on the Model UN circuit, I reflect upon the many experiences that I have had in MUN. I can confidently say that Model UN is one of the most fulfilling activities I have had the privilege to participate in. It has made me a better speaker, a better problem solver and taught me so much about myself and the world we live in. From a small Crisis Committee negotiating the denuclearization of the Koreas to a 400-person General Assembly on improving the education of Women and Girls, I have found my love for MUN at conferences across North America. I hope that QNMUN will inspire all of you to learn more about how you can make a difference in the communities you are a part of and will inspire you to further pursue Model UN in the future!

This year I am excited to announce that we have many resources available to you to help you prepare for the conference. In addition to this background guide and the delegate handbook, we will be hosting a drop-in mentorship session for all delegates Thursday, February 4th, in the afternoon and evening. There you can gain tips and tricks on debate and research and speak to Model UN veterans – I highly encourage all of you to attend! I would also encourage you to talk to your sponsor teachers about having your team join the QNMUN Mentorship Program. This program, taught by experienced University Model UN delegates, can help guide your Model UN team throughout the school year with material and mentorship, preparing you for conferences and teaching you essential Model UN skills.

This year we have an incredible set of committees that I cannot wait for all of you to experience. From local representatives discussing Canadian Dairy Farming to Women of the Naval Auxiliary discussing Anti-Submarine Warfare in 1942, I am sure the committees you will find this year at QNMUN are like no other.

Whatever committee you are in, and whether this is your first Model UN conference or if you are a veteran in your final year of High School, I hope you will thoroughly enjoy your time at QNMUN 2021! Best regards, Smauel Tobert Samuel tobert Secretary-General, QNMUN 2021 2 International Tech Summit 2018 From your Committee Director

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to QNMUN 2021! My name is Nora Mangan, and I will be your committee director for the Ad Hoc Session of The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology: International Tech Summit 2018.

Before I have the opportunity to meet you, I would love to introduce myself on paper. I am currently in my second year of Queen’s University, majoring in Geography and working toward a certificate in geographic information systems. This year marks my first time working with the QNMUN team, but I was very active in high school Model UN. My love for Model UN started in Grade 11 when being a late addition to our Model UN team, other delegates from my high school questioned my abilities. To prove them wrong, I spent every spare minute researching and drafting potential resolutions at my first conference, hosted by Dartmouth. I left that weekend with a Best Delegate gavel and an immense amount of pride. I was elected to the executive board of my high school chapter in Grade 12, finding purpose in teaching the tricks of the trade to new delegates. Outside of Model UN, you could probably find me playing pick-up soccer at Tindall Field or hunched over my computer working on a GIS lab at Mackintosh-Corry Hall.

The topics covered by this committee were chosen due to their applicability to current events. Although you will be representing specific positions and their interests, it is important for everyone to explore and discuss the impact of big tech and social media use. Hopefully, this committee will allow you to understand better big tech’s role in our society and where you stand as a user.

If you have any questions about the committee, opportunities at Queen’s University, or want to introduce yourself, feel free to email me at [email protected]. I am so excited to meet you all in February and bring this concept to life. Nora Mangan

nora Mangan Committee Director

3 International Tech Summit 2018 Position Papers

Position papers are an opportunity to gather your thoughts, prioritize issues, and begin planning for the committee before any debate begins.

A position paper should be about one page in length, single-spaced in Times New Roman font. The format that will be easiest for you to write and the Dias to read will be in three paragraphs. In the first paragraph, you should outline what your delegation feels are the most pressing or significant issues facing the committee. Also, include facts that you have found in your research that you think will prove highly relevant. In the second, I would like to see a preview of what your delegation will be arguing in committee. How are the interests of the individual, organization, or nation you represent uniquely positioned to address the issues you identified? In the third paragraph, you can present solutions to the problems that will benefit your delegation and ideas you would want to see in a successful resolution.

Please send position papers for The Ad Hoc Session of The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology to [email protected] by 23:59EST on February 4th. All position papers will be scanned for plagiarism, so be sure to cite your sources. For those representing individuals, you may use the first person when writing your position paper; for those representing the delegation of nations, you would use the third person. As an example, “the Delegation of the United Kingdom” believes as opposed to “I believe.” Delegates who would like guidance on writing their position papers are encouraged to get in touch with their committee Director via Email or attend our drop-in mentorship session taking place Thursday afternoon and evening on February 4th via Zoom.

4 International Tech Summit 2018 by member states alone. Social media and tech representatives will not only have the same voice Background Information as member states, but they will hold the same power in the voting process. Delegates include The United Nations Commission on representatives from the largest technology and Science and Technology for Development social networking companies. These delegates (CTSD) is a subsidiary body of the Economic and will not represent their residing member state Social Council. The commission was established but rather offer recommendations for resolutions to provide the General Assembly with analytical that would benefit their corporate interests. advice and policy recommendations pertaining There will also be delegates from major to challenges arising from rapid technology member states of the CTSD: politicians holding advancement. The CSTD recognizes that technology and developmental positions in science and technology have the power to shape their government. Similarly, these delegates the development of nations and societies; the will vie for their countries’ self-interests and commission provides a space where members ideologies. The relationship between member can discuss how this can be done ethically and states and technology companies is dependent sustainably. on the economic and governmental structure of the residing nation. Since this panel is an Besides the annual meeting of the international collaboration, these relationships CTSD, ad hoc panels meet between sessions will vary among delegates and will influence to examine specific issues on science and how blocs form. technology. These ad hoc panels are composed of experts and known participants in the field of study, so they can provide the CTSD with more specialized recommendations. This committee will function as one of the ad hoc panels.1

An ad hoc panel of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development has been called today to discuss the pressing issue of social media’s power in our society. With recent events, social media companies have been in the spotlight for negligence and fostering of misinformation campaigns and poor mental health. Governmental parties have been accused of abusing these platforms for personal gain and violating citizen’s fundamental freedoms in the process. For these reasons, this issue is a collaborative measure and cannot be handled

5 International Tech Summit 2018 problem. The public receives information from multiple platforms: mobile devices, computers, TOPIC A: and television. However, there has not been Role of Media in Misinformation a sufficient system for research across all and Political Campaigns platforms. Therefore, many studies rely on a single platform, such as the use of Twitter.2 The term “fake news” has been popularized Studies regarding political misinformation since the 2016 US presidential election. The cannot account for the relativity of fake news term refers to misinformation spread on social to verified information.3 For this reason, the media platforms, mainly information regarding prevalence of misinformation is highly disputed politics. “Fake news” may be in the form of among both researchers and the public. satirical articles misinterpreted as true or Regardless, most researchers agree that the misleading information purposefully spread to evident rise of public distrust in the information deceive viewers. Political clickbait has lured the posted online warrants the title of a crisis. Not public into believing absurd conspiracy theories only are people consuming false information, and clouding politicians’ images with false but studies also show that people are now less stories. Social media companies are profiting likely to consume or accept new information. off political advertisements, but are losing users due to the ethical concerns of running deceitful Nations have abused social media advertisements. While political parties, interest in the past, altering the outcome of foreign groups and foreign governments hold blame elections and compromising the fundamentals for the actual advertisements, social media of informed, free choice that democracy companies are involved due to their negligence. was built upon. The US Senate Intelligence Committee has recently conducted two studies on Russian misinformation campaigns after Facebook announced a Kremlin-backed campaign that promotes hostile social and political advertisements was hosted on its site. The specific campaign identified by Facebook posted on topics including immigration, race, and human rights. In a blog, Facebook Chief Security Officer, Alex Stamos, wrote, “the ads and accounts appeared to focus on amplifying divisive social and political messages across the ideological spectrum.”4 In their studies, the US Senate Intelligence Committee was The prevalence and urgency of largely reliant on data sets willingly provided this misinformation crisis has generated by major social media companies who disagreements due to the complexity of the have been affected by Russian propaganda accounts. The committee concluded that the

6 International Tech Summit 2018 Saint Petersburg based company, the Internet specific personality traits, such as social media Research Agency, was backed by the Russian users who own firearms, to create targeted Federation and sought to undermine public faith voter profiles. Cambridge Analytica switched in democracy in the Report on Russian Active their alliances to presidential candidate Donald Measures Campaigns and Interference in the Trump when Ted Cruz ultimately dropped 2016 US Election: Russia’s Use of Social Media.5 out of the race.8 Facebook has admitted to Chairman Burr of the intelligence committee giving various companies access to users’ stated, “By flooding social media with false personal data, which led to a public outcry for reports, conspiracy theories, and trolls, and by governments to regulate online platforms’ data exploiting existing divisions, Russia is trying to practices. However, Facebook has argued that breed distrust of our democratic institutions... the terms were clear, and data was not released other adversaries, including China, North Korea, without users’ permission. The social media and Iran, are following suit. Any solution has to company had data-sharing arrangements with balance America’s national security interests other companies such as Microsoft, Apple, and with our constitutionally-protected right to Huawei.9 In the case of Cambridge Analytica, it is free speech. Social media companies, federal estimated that up to 87 million people had their agencies, law enforcement, and Congress must Facebook information shared with Cambridge work together to address these challenges”.6 Analytica.10 The issue of online privacy now With the influence of misinformation, the voice becomes an ethical issue. While some users are of foreign powers may hold more power than aware of their information being collected, the the authentic opinions of American citizens. If terms of use are typically unclear or ignored, a resolution is not found, this will continue to meaning users are unaware of how extensive be a major influence in the upcoming 2020 US data collection of their personal information presidential election. is. Capitalists have argued that this should not be an issue and that social media companies Foreign powers are not the sole blame should not compromise their business. However, for misinformation during elections; a majority targeted advertisements based on voter profiles of targeted, false political information comes have been said to worsen the “fake news” crisis. from domestic parties. The current and ongoing With voter profiles, only information that users example is the Cambridge Analytica scandal. politically align with comes up on their feed. In early 2018, Facebook and the data analytics This can create a positive feedback system firm Cambridge Analytica were exposed of consuming misinformation, furthering the for their involvement in a large data breach. political divide within nations. Cambridge Analytica, with CEO Alexander Nix and owner Robert Mercer, collected data points Similarly, misinformation was reported from Facebook and other social networks and to have affected the 2016 United Kingdom sold them to political campaigns.7 In 2016, European Union membership referendum, also U.S. Senator Ted Cruz’s presidential campaign known as the Brexit referendum. Social media reportedly relied on Cambridge Analytica for companies permitted the release of digital $5.8 million in data services. The data tracked ads with apparent political misinformation. For

7 International Tech Summit 2018 example, Vote Leave’s official Brexit campaign media considered a threat to the country. In advertised a tabloid-style suggestion that 2010, a white paper was released stating that the Turkey’s entire population would be immigrating entirety of the internet within Chinese territory to Britain. Other ads included the claim that is under Chinese sovereignty. Additionally, all the EU was planning to ban tea kettles.11 The media companies are now required to sign Brexit referendum had a surprisingly high the “Public Pledge on Self-Regulation and turnout of voters, a turnout of 72.2% compared Professional Ethics for China Internet Industry,”; to 66.2% for the 2015 General Election.12 Some a pledge to identify and prevent the conveyance scholars argue that this increased turnout was of information deemed impermissible by due to social media’s wide-spread usage for Chinese authorities.14 Recently, there have acquiring information, where post-truth online been reports that the Chinese Communist advertisements led to emotionally charged Party may start pressuring tech companies reactions. Chris Wylie, the former director of to offer the party ownership stakes and give research at Cambridge Analytica, claimed that party members more significant management the Canadian parent company of Cambridge roles.15 In their justification, attention to fake Analytica, the SCL Group, provided social media news was prioritized after the concern of media data analytics for the “Vote Leave” campaign. companies potentially revealing state secrets. He also claims that the SCL group had ties to The white paper describes a prohibition against Russian intelligence officers. Furthermore, data “propagating heretical or superstitious ideas” scientists at the University of Swansea detected and “spreading rumours”.16 Based on a study of 150,000 Russian-based accounts tweeting the Chinese internet in 2016, the government- supporting “Vote Leave” in the days leading controlled the spread of false media and up to the vote. The official “Remain” campaign rumours through this censorship but were also accused the Russian Federation of backing a involved in the distribution of misinformation positive Brexit vote to separate the UK from its themselves.17 Taiwanese officials have European allies.13 claimed that the Chinese government spread misinformation ahead of elections to swing In China, state authority has created Taiwanese voters away from President Tsai an extensively restrictive media environment. Ing-wen’s party and behind candidates who Under the “Great Firewall,” foreign platforms, support Beijing’s interests.18 These claims align such as Twitter and Facebook, are blocked from with global concerns of state-controlled social domestic use. Chinese companies, majorly media influence on foreign elections. TikTok, WeChat, Sina Weibo and Tencent QQ, have replaced them. While the major Chinese One-quarter of social media users reside social media companies maintain that they in nations where the internet is designated free: are privately-owned, President Xi Jinping has where there are no major restrictions on content.19 blurred the lines between public and private However, an unrestricted internet can come with with heavy monitoring. Citizens technically hold risks. The 2016 US presidential election and UK the right to freedom of the press, but vague Brexit vote are the most popularized examples media regulations allow censorship of any of misinformation campaigns exploiting the

8 International Tech Summit 2018 freedom of unrestricted internet. However, Therefore, social media holds power in deciding these same tactics have influenced elections what is exposed to the public. This certainly has in at least sixteen other countries over the past a large influence on public opinion and trust in year. their government. Fact-checking is inherently difficult and raises the question of who should Nations like China and Russia have a be able to fact-check social media platforms. controlled internet, utilizing misinformation to Additionally, a distinction between censorship maintain power within their borders. Practices of “harmful” misinformation vs. parody articles on both sides of the spectrum have become has not been made. While many users argue widespread, with bots, propagandists, and fake that censorship is a violation of freedom of news stories exploiting social media users. speech, social media companies maintain that In democratic states, citizens’ judgement their right to censor lies in the terms of use. in choosing leaders based on factual information has been hindered. The political divide between parties has been magnified, creating a hostile environment. Furthermore, international misinformation campaigns expand the influence of authoritarian regimes internationally to democratic states. State- sponsored misinformation campaigns and internet restrictions prevent objective reporting and may lead to a more homogenous, ill- informed society. These recent events have not only damaged user confidence in online media, but the continuation of these practices have the power to dismantle democracy, international relations, and authentic personal opinion.

Recently, a common tactic taken by social media companies has been to flag or censor articles that they consider being false. Specifically, select articles written or shared by government officials and political parties on social media have been flagged as “disputed.” In the United States and Canada, conservatives have complained that information supporting their party has been incorrectly flagged or censored. Most agree that social media companies have taken a political stance by censoring some information and not others.

9 International Tech Summit 2018 exposure. The platforms may collect data on Topic B: user’s online activities themselves or outsource a third-party data collection service, such as Mental Health Implications Experian. The data collected is used to generate Social networking sites have generated user-specific advertisements based on a variety advantages for business, education, of collected information. Due to this business and personal relationships by increasing model’s profitability, social media companies connectivity. Since the rise of social networking have designed their applications to create sites, there have been extreme changes in how addiction. Adam Alter, a psychologist at New people interact and communicate. However, York University and author of Irresistible: The many studies have found correlations between Rise of Addictive Technology And The Business online social networking use and psychiatric Of Getting Us Hooked says, “Companies have disorders, especially depression, anxiety, and systematically removed stopping cues – those low self-esteem.20 While the online platforms’ brief moments, like reaching the bottom of a popularity ensures they will not disappear; the screen, that suggest you might want to move on 22 mental health implications have been a serious to something else”. Platforms such as TikTok public health concern. and Instagram have continuous feeds where no action is required to continue, as exposed to A 2017 survey, published by the United posts presented as pages. Similarly, platforms Kingdom’s Royal Society for Public Health, like YouTube and Netflix have developed asked social media users how different social auto-play features. The techniques are similar media platforms affected their mental health. to the ones implemented by casinos, where All the sites received positive feedback in terms addiction arises from the repeated cycles of improving self-identity, emotional support, of uncertainty, anticipation and feedback. community building, and self-expression. Regarding social interactions, platforms have However, they all received blame for sleep taken advantage of users’ desire for social quality issues, bullying, body image, and “fear of validation with “Like” buttons and gamification missing out.” Instagram was rated as the worst elements, such as Snapchat’s “streak” social media application for mental health.21 feature. Social media companies continue to implement these application features due to The majority of social media applications the increased profitability of data collection and are free for users in exchange for advertisement advertisements with greater platform use.

Such implications are especially relevant when applied to the mental health of adolescents. Over 40% of adolescent girls and over 20% of teenage boys report using social media for three or more hours per day.23 Researchers find that adolescents suffer most from sleep disruption due to social media use.

10 International Tech Summit 2018 Greater social media use, nighttime use, and realm of their power. However, users feel that emotional investment in social media were this would be a violation of individual rights. linked to poor sleep quality and symptoms of Furthermore, bans imposed by countries with anxiety and depression. Adolescents report internet designated as free would have simple that they use social media at night to avoid ways around them, such as using alternative IP missing potential social interactions.24 The time addresses. For a ban on social media to be fully displacement argument explains that time spent effective, countries would have to take more with online friends detracts from in-person drastic measures similar to those imposed in social interactions. Researchers have argued China. that online friendships are superficial and may contribute to poor social skills, which lead to Many campaigns have called for action further symptoms of anxiety and depression.25 from social media companies, government, However, many social media companies and policymakers to mitigate social media’s maintain that these are user-specific and do not adverse effects. The campaigns have gained apply generally.26 some traction online, such as the hashtag #StatusofMind from the Young Health After multiple adolescent suicides Movement.28 Some of their requests include connected to social media use, UK politicians changes to the application itself as well as stated that parliament has the sanction to education on safe social media use in classrooms, ban social media. Parents have commented making this an issue including both social media that social media platforms do not censor companies and the state. Additionally, investors disturbing content that may have contributed are giving companies ultimatums. In January to their children’s poor mental health. Instagram 2018, two major investors of Apple wrote a letter responded to the call for change by noting demanding better parental controls.29 While their collaboration with expert groups who controls on applications may arguably help advise them on mental health and self-harm mental health; there are also major positives of implications. these platforms that must be considered. Social media has allowed young people to express Along with most platforms, Instagram themselves in online communities that are maintains that they do not remove certain more accepting. Young people have also turned content based on social media’s positive to social media for relationship building and attributes of connecting with others for emotional support. Young people themselves emotional support. They find that instead of have argued that these positives outweigh the increasing efforts to reduce negative content, negatives. However, many parents believe that they promote supportive groups and pages their children are not able to understand the online. The UK government appreciated steps negative effects. Currently, no major actions already taken by social media companies have been taken by social media companies but argues that it is not enough.27 Preventing or policymakers regarding this issue, which users from visiting popular sites would be a is further prompting the popularity of mental considerable measure, but it is not out of the health campaigns.

11 International Tech Summit 2018 Questions to Consider

Topic A: Topic B:

• Are targeted political advertisements • Should the profitability of social based on psychological voter profiles media advertisements be prioritized over ethical? concerns of mental health effects?

• What steps should be taken, if any, to • What features can be implemented limit the spread of “fake news”? to address mental health concerns?

• Should political advertisers be treated • Should any limits be set on adolescent differently from other advertisers that online use? also use collected data? • How can the positive image of social • How do we determine what is false media in society be restored? and what is truth? Who gets to make those decisions? • How do we solve mental health issues? • How can Big Tech gain trust back from its users? • Do the downsides of social media justify the benefits, especially for younger • What punishment should states audiences? receive who interfere in the elections of others?

• Can there be a balance of internet user freedom and national security?

12 International Tech Summit 2018 Positions

Sheryl Sandberg Matt Hancock Chief Operating Officer of Facebook Secretary of State for Health and Social Jack Dorsey Care CEO of Twitter Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Dan Coats Media and Sport Director of US National Intelligence Delegate of the United Kingdom Delegate of the United States Jack Ma Aleksandr Zharov Co-founder of Alibaba Head of the Russian Federal Service for Joe Toscano Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Founder of the Better Ethics and Information Technologies and Mass Consumer Outcomes Network, Member Communications of the Delegate of the Russian Federation World Economic Forum’s Steering Mahmoud Alavi Committee on Data Protection Iranian Minister of Intelligence Sandy Parakilas Delegate of Iran Former Operations Manager at Facebook Ren Zhengfei Ma Huateng CEO of Huawei CEO of Tencent Tristan Harris Danah Boyd President of the Center for Humane Founder of the Data & Society Research Technology and former design ethicist at Institute Google Jane Horvath Shelly Bruce Senior Director of Global Privacy at Apple Chief of the Canadian Communications David Segal Security Establishment Executive Director of Demand Progress Delegate of Canada Guy Rosen Xu Lin Facebook VP of Product Management Head of the Cyberspace Administration Ben Nimmo of China Senior Fellow for Information Defense at Delegate of China the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Zhang Yinming Research Lab CEO of ByteDance Anna Lembke Edward Snowden Medical Director of Addiction Medicine American Whistleblower and Technology at Stanford University Privacy Activist Dan Ryan CEO of Secure Computing Corporation

13 International Tech Summit 2018 Jonathon Morgan CEO of Yonder AI and Data for Democracy Dr Syed Ismail Shah Chairman of the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Delegate of Pakistan Yoshihide Suga Chief Cabinet Secretary and Former Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications Delegate of Japan Ngene Gituku Chairman of the Communications Authority of Kenya Delegate of Kenya Austin Fernando Chairman of Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka Delegate of Sri Lanka Julie Brill Chief Privacy Officer at Microsoft Craig Aaron Co-CEO of Free Press Adrian Lobsiger Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner of Switzerland Delegate of Switzerland Harrison Tang CEO of Spokeo Guillaume Chaslot Founder of AlgoTransparency Demis Hassabis Artificial intelligence researcher and CEO of DeepMind Rupert Muroch Executive Chairman of News Corp Dennis Self CEO of Acxiom Brian Cassin CEO of Experian

14 International Tech Summit 2018 Bibliography

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4 Stamos, Alex. 2017. “An Update On Information Operations On Facebook.” Facebook. September 6, 2017. https://about.fb.com/ news/2017/09/information-operations-update/.

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13 Scott, Mark. “Cambridge Analytica Helped ‘Cheat’ Brexit Vote and US Election, Claims Whistleblower.” POLITICO. POLITICO, March 29, 2018. https://www.politico.eu/article/cambridge-analytica-chris-wylie-brexit-trump-britain-data-protection-privacy-facebook/.

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15 International Tech Summit 2018 17 Guo, Lei. 2020. “China’s ‘Fake News’ Problem: Exploring the Spread of Online Rumors in the Government-Controlled News Me- dia.” Digital Journalism 8 (8): 992–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1766986.

18 Rogin, Josh. “China’s Interference in the 2018 Elections Succeeded in Taiwan.” The Washington Post. WP Company, December 18, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/18/chinas-interference-elections-succeeded-taiwan/.

19 Hollyer, James R, and Peter Rosendorff. “Analysis | Fake News Is Bad News for Democracy.” The Washington Post. WP Compa- ny, April 5, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/05/fake-news-is-bad-news-democracy/.

20 Pantic, Igor. 2014. “Online Social Networking and Mental Health.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 17 (10): 652–57. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0070.

21 MacMillan, Amanda. 2017. “Why Instagram Is the Worst Social Media for Mental Health.” Time, May 25, 2017. https://time. com/4793331/instagram-social-media-mental-health/.

22 Price, Catherine. 2018. “Trapped - the Secret Ways Social Media Is Built to Be Addictive (and What You Can Do to Fight Back).” Sciencefocus.Com. BBC Science Focus Magazine. October 29, 2018. https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/trapped- the-secret-ways-social-media-is-built-to-be-addictive-and-what-you-can-do-to-fight-back/.

23 Kelly, Yvonne, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, and Amanda Sacker. 2018. “Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.” EClinicalMedicine 6: 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005.

24 Scott, Holly, Stephany M. Biello, and Heather Cleland Woods. 2019. “Identifying Drivers for Bedtime Social Media Use despite Sleep Costs: The Adolescent Perspective.” Sleep Health 5 (6): 539–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.07.006.

25 Zhang, Jie, Hang Hu, Dwight Hennessy, Sibo Zhao, and Yiwen Zhang. “Digital Media and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Heliyon 5, no. 5 (May 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01554.

26 Viner, Russell M., Aswathikutty Gireesh, Neza Stiglic, Lee D. Hudson, Anne-Lise Goddings, Joseph L. Ward, and Dasha E. Nich- olls. 2019. “Roles of Cyberbullying, Sleep, and Physical Activity in Mediating the Effects of Social Media Use on Mental Health and Wellbeing among Young People in England: A Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Data.” The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health 3 (10): 685–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30186-5.

27 “Mental Health: UK Could Ban Social Media over Suicide Images, Minister Warns.” BBC News. BBC, January 27, 2019. https:// www.bbc.com/news/uk-47019912.

28 Young Health Movement, Royal Society for Public Health. 2017. “#StatusofMind Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing.” https://www.rsph.org.uk/static/uploaded/d125b27c-0b62-41c5-a2c0155a8887cd01.pdf.

29 Rosenstein, Barry, and Anne Sheehan. “Open Letter from Jana Partners and Calstrs to Apple Inc.” Think Differently About Kids. JANA Partners LLC and the California State Teachers’ Retirement System, November 12, 2020. https://thinkdifferentlyaboutkids. com/letter/.

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