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Seasonal Patterns in the Diversity of Apis and Non-Apis Bees in an Agro-Ecosystem: a Case Study from Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka

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Seasonal Patterns in the Diversity of Apis and Non-Apis Bees in an Agro-Ecosystem: a Case Study from Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka Current Biotica 6(4): 432-444, 2013 ISSN 0973-4031 Seasonal patterns in the diversity of Apis and non-Apis bees in an agro-ecosystem: A case study from eastern dry zone of Karnataka Arati Pannure* and K. Chandrashekara Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore - 560065, India *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A study has been taken up to investigate seasonal patterns in the diversity of bee fauna in different landscape elements of GKVK farming system, Bangalore. The study was carried out over a period of one year from August, 2009 to October, 2010. During sampling, a total of 2030 bees were collected which belong to 20 genera and 65 species. In this paper, the temporal variation in abundance of bee species is examined and compared the patterns in different species. The study concluded that there was a trend towards increased bee abundance and richness during winter with increased flowering with a subsequent decline over the course of the summer season. The assessment of diversity of any taxon at a given temporal or spatial scale is important for its conservation and management. KEY WORDS: Agroecosystem, Apis, Halictids, Megachilids, Non-Apis bees INTRODUCTION (Heemert et al., 1990; Tuell et al., 2009). Moreover, their populations and Apoidea has an important role as diversity also serve as bioindicators of pollinating agents in the ecosystem. the state of many environments Among the pollinator groups, honey (Tscharntke et al., 1998; Keven, 1999; bees have been considered a priority Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2002; group. In addition to honey bees, non- Tylianakis et al., 2004). They are the Apis bees have been recognized for their best indicators of overall species vigorous and quite rapid pollination in richness in agroecosystems, together many crops. In recent years, the use of with Coleoptera and Heteroptera (Duelli many non-Apis species of bees has and Obrist, 1998). opened a new era in pollination studies 432 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 6(4): 432-444, 2013 ISSN 0973-4031 Both, bee abundance and species year), often corresponds with the richness were subject to marked seasonal flowering of their host plants. For this variations in any habitat. Temporally, reason, solitary species can only benefit bee communities can vary widely on an from flowering crops when the bloom annual, seasonal and even diurnal basis. falls into their active period (Westphal et Temporal variation can be the combined al., 2008). According to Wolfe and result of life history traits and Barrett (1988) temporal changes in the environmental factors (Oertli, 2005). pollinator (bee) fauna occurs over a time These Apiformes as a whole tend to be and highest densities correspond to the mostly diurnal, with daily activities peak flowering seasons. Oertli et al., greatly influenced by such factors as 2005 have shown that changes in the temperature, illumination thresholds, season have a marked effect on the wind and precipitation (Cane et al., ecological patterns shown by a bee 2006). Several studies examined the assemblage. Differences among species community structure of bee populations in the pattern of temporal variation in living on one site but only few studies abundance could have important have attempted to show the bee implications for comparisons of the population fluctuation across seasons diversity and faunal composition of and the years (Oertli et al., 2005). These species assemblages between natural and seasonal variations in bee population are agro-ecosystem in different seasons. The attributed mainly to host plant information about the status of non-Apis phenology. bee population fluctuation, the impact of the changes in farming practice and Plant Phenology and Seasonality agricultural management on the bee in Bees: Bee species have distinct species richness and abundance is very phenologies (Wcislo and Cane, 1996). scanty. In light of these challenges an Bee abundance positively relates to the attempt has been made to study the number of flowering plant species seasonal dynamics of Apis and non-Apis (Williams et al., 2001; Kleijn and bees. Langevelde, 2006; Kearns and Oliveras, 2009). Solitary bees have shorter life MATERIALS AND METHODS cycles than social bee species. Several studies have shown that a limited period The present study was aimed to of activity of many species of solitary understand seasonal patterns of Apis and bees (one or two months during the non- Apis bee fauna of agroecosystems 433 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 6(4): 432-444, 2013 ISSN 0973-4031 in GKVK campus, Bangalore. The study traps for three days each month. Bees was carried out over a period of one year were collected with sweep nets only if from August, 2009 to October, 2010. warm temperatures and bright sunshine The campus is located at 12°58’ latitude persist. Bees were collected by direct North and 77°35’ longitude East at an netting on flowering plants between 10- altitude of 930 meters above sea level. 12 am on the same day of the ‘Bee pan All the laboratory work was carried out traps’ collection. Bee pan traps were set in Department of Entomology, out in the field for three days during last University of Agricultural Sciences, week of each month. To evaluate GKVK campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, differences and changes in bee diversity India. throughout the sampling period at GKVK, the occurrence and abundance Climate: GKVK campus comes under of number of individuals of bee genera the Eastern dry zone of Karnataka. It has and species were catalogued for each three seasons. Summers characterized by month. warm, sunny dry weather that occurs from March to June, whereas winters are RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cool and dry from November to The study investigated the February. The rainfall in GKVK is seasonal patterns of the ecologically bimodal with an average precipitation of important bee pollinators in agro- 80 cm. The highest amount of rainfall is ecosystem at GKVK campus using received between July-August monthly surveys. In total, 2030 bees (monsoon), the second rainy season representing 65 species belonging to occurs in September-October (post- three bee families (Apidae, Halictidae monsoon) although some amount of and Megachilidae) were recorded. rains also received during summer (Pre- monsoon). Sweep net sampling Sampling Methods: For assessing seasonal patterns, bee fauna was Sweep-net method is sampled using sweep nets and ‘Bee pan indispensable sampling method for traps.’ The collection was made year surveying bee community as it has around from August, 2009 to July, 2010 number of advantages. The monthly with sweep-net and from November, changes in the occurrence pattern were 2009 to October, 2010 using bee pan determined based on the net collection and visual observation. A total of 336 434 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 6(4): 432-444, 2013 ISSN 0973-4031 individual bees representing three Ceratina binghami Cockerell, Apis families, 19 genera and 48 species were cerana F., Apis florae F. and Apis collected by sweep-netting. Sweep-net dorsata F. were more common and collections were made exhaustively on abundant in all the sampling months. the flowering plants during August, The species, Nomia westwoodi Gribodo, September, November and December Nomia iridescens Smith, Megachile months. During the later months, only lanata F. , Megachile anthracina Smith, ‘new’ entries of bees were collected in Xylocopa latipes (Drury), Xylocopa sweeps and other common genera and aestuans L., Xylocopa sp. 3, Ceratina species collected earlier were identified hieroglyphica Smith, Ceratina in the field to species and released back. smaragdula (F.), Amegilla bicincta, The purpose was to collect only Amegilla violacea (Lepeletier), Thyreus representative samples, of the bee fauna sp. 1, Thyreus sp. 2, Thyreus sp. 3 were of GKVK, Bangalore. For further encountered throughout the study period. analysis, the sweep net sampling data was used by scoring for ‘presence’ and The bee species, Steganomus sp., ‘absence’ of each species during the Liptriches sp. 1, Sphecodes sp., sampling bout. Lassioglossum sp. 8, Lithurgus sp., Anthidiellum sp., Megachile hera The monthly collection of bees Bingham, Megachile sp. 3, Coelioxys indicated a variation in their occurrence capitata Smith, Coelioxys confusa, over the study period from August, 2009 Coelioxys basalis Smith, Braunsapis sp., to July, 2010. Both abundance and Xylocopa sp. 5, Amegilla sp were least species richness of bees was observed to common and encountered only during vary across calendar months. In general, one, two or three months. The species, bees were found to be abundant during Nomioides sp., Lassioglossum sp. 3, August, September, October, November, Lassioglossum sp. 4, Euaspis edentata, December, January and February Megachile disjuncta, Megachile sp. 1, (monsoon and winter months) of 2009 Megachile sp. 2, Xylocopa sp. 1, and 2010 and less abundant during Xylocopa sp. 2, Xylocopa sp. 4, March, April, May June and July in Xylocopa sp. 5 occurred in winter 2010. Seasonal occurrence and their months and decreased later in summer. abundance of all bee species caught in The megachilids were active from Sweep-nets are mentioned in the Table September, 2009 to January, 2010 and 1. The species, Halictus sp. 1, Amegilla their numbers decreased drastically in confusa (Smith), Amegilla zonata (L.), summer months. 435 www.currentbiotica.com Current Biotica 6(4): 432-444, 2013 ISSN 0973-4031 Net collections yielded a richer biasing the collection towards large, bee fauna in the late rainy and winter active or visually attractive bees and also months when many of the plant were at controlled for variation in sampling peak flowering stage and less in the late effort and time. Bees collected in ‘bee summer when flowering of the many pan traps’ belonged to the families plants in the campus ceased. However, Halictidae, Megachilidae and Apidae, as many polylectic bee species were found was the case with bees collected by throughout the study period.
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